Tesis sobre el tema "Nectarine"

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The macro-element uptake and distribution by higher density central leader ‘Donnarine’ nectarine trees was studied through the sequential excavation of trees. A large portion, 41.5%, of the nitrogen manifested in the new growth from dormancy up to pit-hardening, originated from nitrogen reserves in the permanent structure. The permanent structure was also an important source of phosphorous reserves. Of the phosphorous in the fruit, leaves and new shoots at pit-hardening, 35.0% came from reserves in the permanent structure. Potassium did not act as an important reserve in the nectarine trees and was taken up throughout the season. From pit hardening to harvest the fruit represented the most important sink for potassium. Calcium and magnesium, like potassium, did not play significant roles as reserves in the nectarine tree and must be available for uptake from the beginning of the season for new growth and development as well as fruit quality. The micro-element uptake and distribution was also studied through the sequential excavation of the same ‘Donnarine’ nectarine trees. Little scientific data is available on this topic. Manganese and iron was found to act as important reserves in the tree with 46.2% of manganese and 59.5% of the iron found in the new growth at pithardening coming from reserves translocated from the permanent structure. Zinc and boron reserves also play a role in nectarine trees, but to a lesser extent than manganese and iron. The seasonal mineral nutrient demand of the same ‘Donnarine’ nectarine trees was determined through the sequential excavation of trees and losses and fixation was calculated. Guidelines regarding nutritional requirements per ton of fruit produced per hectare by higher density nectarine orchards are respectively 3.82kg nitrogen, 0.35kg phosphorous, 4.43kg potassium, 1.53kg calcium, 0.52kg magnesium, 32.45g sodium, 9.44g manganese, 37.46g iron, 3.24g copper, 13.95g zinc and 10.52g boron. Sodium is not commonly considered to be essential to higher plants, but was included in the trial. Nutrient solutions with four different EC (electrical conductivity) levels were applied to ‘Donnarine’ nectarine trees under pulsating drip fertigation for three periods of different lengths, before harvest. Raising the nutrient solution EC to positively affect fruit quality is a technique widely utilised in the vegetable industry. This technique did, however, not have similar positive effects on nectarine fruit grown under a pulsating drip fertigation system. Good production practices such as accurate nutrition and irrigation as well as the correct horticultural inputs should be the primary focus of producers who wish to alter or improve the fruit quality of their crop.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Voedingbestuur strategieë in nektarien boorde Die makro-element opname en verspreiding deur hoër digtheid sentrale leier ‘Donnarine’ nektarien bome is bestudeer d.m.v. opeenvolgende opgrawings van volledige bome en die ontleding van monsters. ‘n Groot hoeveelheid, 41.5%, van die stikstof wat tydens pitverharding in die nuwe groei teenwoordig was, is d.m.v. translokasie vanuit die permanente struktuur van die boom afkomstig. Die permanente struktuur was ook ‘n belangrike bron van fosfaat reserwes. Teen pitverharding was 35.0% van die fosfaat in die nuwe groei afkomstig vanuit die permanente struktuur. Bevindings het getoon dat kalium nie as ‘n reserwe in die nektarien bome opgetree het nie en dié element is deur die groeiseisoen opgeneem. Vanaf pitverharding tot en met oestyd was die vrugte die sterkste setel van aanvraag vir kalium. Kalsium en magnesium het, soos in die geval van kalium, nie ‘n belangrike rol as reserwe vertolk nie. Beskikbaarheid van hierdie elemente vir opname vanaf die begin van die groeiseisoen is dus baie belangrik vir nuwe groei en ontwikkeling asook vrugkwaliteit. Die mikro-element opname en distribusie van dieselfde ‘Donnarine’ nektarien bome is ook bestudeer d.m.v. opeenvolgende opgrawings en analise van volledige bome. Min wetenskaplike literatuur oor hierdie onderwerp is beskikbaar. Bevindings het getoon dat mangaan asook yster baie belangrike reserwes in die nektarien boom is. Tydens pitverharding was 46.2% van die mangaan en 59.5% van die yster wat in die nuwe groei teenwoordig was, afkomstig vanaf reserwes uit die permanente struktuur van die boom. Verder het sink en boor ook as reserwes opgetree, maar tot ‘n mindere mate as mangaan en yster. Die seisoenale behoeftes aan minerale voeding van dieselfde ‘Donnarine’ nektarien bome is bepaal d.m.v. opeenvolgende opgrawings en analise van volledige bome asook die bepaling van verwyderingsverliese en vaslegging. Voedingsriglyne is vasgestel i.t.v. die hoeveelheid voedingstof wat per hektaar benodig word om een ton nektariens te produseer. Die riglyne is as volg: 3.82kg stikstof, 0.35kg fosfaat, 4.43kg kalium, 1.53kg kalsium, 0.52kg magnesium, 32.45g natrium, 9.44g mangaan, 37.46g yster, 3.24g koper, 13.95g sink en 10.52g boor. Natrium word nie in die algemeen as ‘n essensiële plantvoedingselement beskou nie, maar is by die berekeninge ingesluit. Voedingsoplossing met vier verskillende vlakke van EG (elektriese geleiding) is vir drie periodes van verskillende lengtes aan ‘Donnarine’ nekarien bome toegedien. Die verhoging van die EG van voedingsoplossings ten einde kwaliteit te verbeter is ‘n tegniek wat met groot suskses in die groentbedryf toegepas word. Hierdie tegniek het egter nie soortgelyke positiewe effekte op die nektarien vrugkwaliteit gehad nie. Produsente wat hul vrugkwaliteit wil verbeter behoort primêr te fokus op goeie produksiepraktyke soos akkurate voeding en besproeiing asook die korrekte tuinboukundige insette.

Orientador: Fernanda Elizabeth Xidieh Murr
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:39:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_EderAugustoFurtado_D.pdf: 3550124 bytes, checksum: 4ae4c9ab1e30f5794d31594fe6304ecd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Doutorado
Engenharia de Alimentos
Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Most South African peach and nectarine production areas lack in adequate winter chilling. To address these issues, a conventional breeding programme was started, to develop new and improved stone fruit cultivars with special emphasis on climatic adaptation and pomological attributes. This study was conducted to test the accuracy of the scientific method called the phenological method of classification, currently used by the breeding programme to classify the selections in the second phase of evaluation according to chilling requirement. During April 2000 and May 2001 and continuing until the next spring, 20 oneyear- old shoots of 30 peach and nectarine selections were harvested fortnightly from an evaluation orchard on Bien Donné Experiment Farm, Simondium, Western Cape (34° S). All selections were previously categorised as high (>800 Utah chilling units [CU]), medium (400-800 CU) or _low «400 CU) chilling requirement based on phenologic observations. According to the preliminary classification of the selections included in this study, six selections were classified as high, three as medium and 21 as low chilling requirement. Two replicate bundles of shoots of each selection were prepared and forced at 25° C with continuous illumination until no further changes in bud burst occurred for a period of five days after which the shoots were then discarded. CU in the orchard were calculated according to the Utah and Infruitec models. The hours below 12° C and 7° C were also calculated. For each selection the number of days until 20% vegetative and reproductive bud break was plotted over day of year, Utah CU, Infruitec CU, hours below 12° C, and hours below 7° C, and expressed as a parabolic function. Similarly, the inverse of the number of days until 20% bud break or the rate of bud growth was also plotted against all the above variables. The area under these parabolas was statistically analysed using the CANDISC procedure of SAS Release 8.1. The groupings of the CANDISC procedure were more or less consistent with the preliminary groupings obtained with the phenoligical classification method. On 16 May 2000 and 15 May 2001, 100 one-year-old shoots of the same peach and nectarine selections were harvested from the evaluation orchard on Bien Donné Experiment Farm, covered in wet paper towelling and black plastic bags and placed in a cold room kept at a temperature range between 4° C and 7° C. Two replicate bundles of 10 shoots of each selection were prepared fortnightly and forced at 25° C with continuous illumination until no further changes in bud burst occurred for a period of five days after which the shoots were then discarded. CU accumulated in the cold room at each transferral date was calculated according to the Utah model. For each selection the number of days until 20% vegetative bud break was plotted over Utah CU, and expressed as a parabolic function. Similarly, the inverse of the number of days until 20% bud break or the rate of bud growth was also plotted against the above variables. The area under these parabolas was statistically analysed using the CANDISC procedure of SAS Release 8.1. Once again, the groupings of the CANDISC procedure were more or less consistent with the preliminary groupings obtained with the phenoligical classification method. Due to the nature of the scientific method used in this study, there is room for a certain margin of experimental error to occur, which could account for the misclassifications by the CANDISC procedure, when performed on the 2001 season's data. It can be concluded that the phenological method of classifying the selections, as currently used in the breeding programme, is consistent with the results of the scientific method described here. Therefore, it is recommended that the phenological method be used in future to classify the selections according to chilling requirement (CR), as this method is less time consuming and less costly to perform. Finally the outcome of the analysis of one season's data was used as calibration data against which the other season's data was tested and the consistency of the results, using one set of discriminant functions, was tested. It can be concluded that a unique set of discriminant functions is necessary for each winter season to accurately classify selections according to CR with the CANDISC procedure.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Studie van dormansie en koue behoefte van perskes en nektariens Gebrekkige winterkoue is 'n gegewe in die meeste Suid-Afrikaanse perske en nektarien-produksie-streke. Om die gevolge hiervan aan te spreek, is 'n konvensionele teelprogram tot stand gebring om verbeterde steenvrug cultivars te ontwikkel met voortreflike pomologiese eienskappe en wat aangepas is by die plaaslike klimaatstoestande. Hierdie studie is geloods om die akkuraatheid van die wetenskaplike metode, genoem die fenologiese klassifikasie metode, soos tans deur die teelprogram gebruik, waarvolgens seleksies volgens kouebehoefte geklassifiseer word, te toets. Vanaf April 2000 en Mei 2001 tot en met die daaropvolgende lente, is 20 eenjaar-oue lote van 30 perske en nektatrien seleksies twee weekliks in 'n fase 2 evaluasie boord op Bien Donné Proefplaas, te Simondium in die Wes- Kaap (34° S) versamel. AI die seleksies was vooraf op grond van fenologiese waarnemings geklassifiseer in kategorieë van hoog (>800 Utah koue-eenhede [CU]), medium (400-800 CU) of laag «400CU) ten op sigte van kouebehoefte. Hiervolgens val ses van die seleksies wat in die studie ingesluit is in die hoë-, drie in die medium- en 21 in die lae kategorie. Lote van elke seleksie is voorberei en in twee herhalings gebondel, waarna dit geforseer is teen 25° C met deurlopende beligting totdat geen verdere knopbreek vir 'n periode van vyf dae voorgekom het nie, waarna die lote verwyder is. CU in die boord is volgens die Utah en Infruitec modelle bereken. Die aantal uur onder 12° C en onder 7° C is ook bereken. Die aantal dae wat dit elke seleksie geneem het om 20% vegetatiewe en 20% reproduktiewe knopbreek te bereik is bereken en geplot teenoor die dag van die jaar, Utah CU, Infruitec CU, aantal uur onder 12° C en aantal uur onder 7° C en uitgedruk as 'n paraboliese funksie. Die inverse van die aantal dae tot 20% knopbreek, of die tempo van knopbreek, is op soortgelyke wyse geplot teenoor al bogenoemde veranderlikes. Die oppervlakte onder die parabole is statisties ontleed met behulp van die CANDISC prosedure van die SAS program (Vrystelling 8.1). Die groeperings wat met die CANDISC prosedure verkry is het grootliks ooreengestem met die groeperings volgens die fenologiese klassifikasie metode. Op 16 Mei 2000 en 15 Mei 2001, is 100 eenjaar-oue lote van dieselfde perske en nektarien seleksies in die evaluasie boord op Bien Donné versamel, toegedraai in klam handdoekpapier, in swart plastiek sakke geplaas en in 'n koelkamer geplaas waarvan die temperatuur konstant gehou is tussen die grense van 4° C en T" C. Twee herhalings van 10 lote elk, van elke seleksie, is twee weekliks voorberei en geforseer by 25° C met deurlopende beligting totdat geen verdere knopbreek vir 'n periode van vyf dae plaasgevind het nie, waarna die lote verwyder is. Op elke oordragdatum is die aantal CU, wat in die koelkamer geakkumuleer het, volgens die Utah model bereken. Die aantal dae wat dit elke seleksie geneem het om 20% vegetatiewe knopbreek te bereik is bereken en geplot teenoor die Utah CU en uitgedruk as 'n paraboliese funksie. Die inverse van die aantal dae tot 20% knopbreek , dus die tempo van groei, is op soortgelyke wyse bererken en geplot teenoor bogenoemde veranderlikes. Die oppervlak onder die paraboliese funksies is statisties ontleed met behulp van die CANDISC procedure. Die groeperings van die CANDISC prosedure het weereens grootliks ooreengestem met die groeperings wat met die fenologiese metode van klassifikasie verkry is. Weens die aard van die wetenskaplike metode wat tydens hierdie studie gebruik is, kom daar 'n sekere mate van eksperimentele fout voor, wat moontlik die misklassifikasies van die CANDISC prosedure kan verklaar, wanneer dit op die 2001 seisoen se data uitgevoer word. Die gevolgtrekking kan gemaak word dat die resultate van die fenologiese metode, soos dit tans deur die teelprogram gebruik word, ooreenstem met die resultate wat deur die wetenskaplike metode, wat hier beskryf word, verkry is. Dus word daar aanbeveel dat die fenologiese metode in die toekoms gebruik word om die seleksies te klassifiseer volgens koue behoefte (CR), aangesien hierdie metode minder tyd in beslag neem en goedkoper is om uit te voer. Laastens is die resultaat van die analise van een seisoen se data gebruik as kalibrasiedata waarteen die data van die ander seisoen getoets is om so ooreenstemmendheid van die resultate te toets as slegs een stel diskriminant funksies gebruik word. Die slotsom was dat 'n unieke stel diskriminantfunksies nodig is vir elke winter seisoen om die seleksies akkuraat met behulp van die CANDISC prosedure volgens koue-behoefte te klassifiseer.

Thesis (PhD(Agric))--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Postharvest decay of stone fruit in the Western Cape province of South Africa is caused primarily by Botrytis cinerea (grey mould) and Monilinia laxa (brown rot). Little is known about the relative importance and seasonal occurrence of the two pathogens in nectarine and plum orchards, the mode of penetration of fruits by M laxa, latency and subsequent disease expression by the latter pathogen. These aspects were investigated in this study. By sampling from the Unifruco Quality Evaluation Scheme and from 11 stone fruit orchards, observations were made over a 3-year period of the occurrence of grey mould and brown rot in the major stone fruit regions. Botrytis cinerea was found to be the most important pathogen causing blossom blight and postharvest decay on stone fruit. The pathogen was most prominent on early- and mid-season culti~ars. Brown rot was exclusively caused by M laxa and no evidence was found that M fructicoZa had been introduced into the region. Monilina laxa was most prominent on the later maturing cultivars. Botrytis cinerea blossom infection did not contribute directly to postharvest decay. Both surface inoculum and latent infection consistently occurred on fruit in each orchard, although at fluctuating levels. Disease expression on developing fruit was not governed by the amount of B. cinerea occurring on fruit surfaces, but by the ability of fruit to resist disease expression. The amount of B. cinerea on fruits was generally higher during spring than during summer. Monilinia laxa occurred sporadically on the blossoms of late-maturing cultivars. Immature fruit were generally pathogen-free and disease expression occurred on maturing fruit only. These findings suggest that conidia of M laxa are generally produced in orchards when fruits are approaching maturity and can penetrate and infect maturing fruit only. The behaviour of airborne M laxa conidia was subsequently studied on nectarine (cultivar Flamekist) and plum (cultivar Laetitia) fruit. For these studies, an inoculation method that simulates natural infection by airborne conidia was used. Fruit at pit hardening, 2 wk before harvest, harvest stage and after cold storage (nectarines 4 wk at -o.soC followed by 1 wk at 23°C at ±56% RH; plums 10 days at .....().5°C,18 days at 7.5°C followed by 1 wk at 23°C at ±56% RH) were dusted with dry conidia of M laxa in a settling tower. The fruits were incubated for periods ranging from 3 to 48 h at high relative humidity (2':93%, humid fruit) or covered with a film of water (wet fruit). Behaviour of the solitary conidia was examined with an epifluorescence microscope on skin segments stained in a differential stain containing fluorescein diacetate, aniline blue and blankophor. The ability of solitary conidia to colonise the fruit surface, penetrate fruit skins and to induce disease expression was determined by using a differential set of tests. For these tests, fruit were surface-sterilised (30 s in 70% ethanol) or left Unsterile. From each group, fruit were selected for isolation (skin segment test), immersed in a 3% paraquat solution (paraquat-treated fruit test) or left untreated (sound fruit test). 1be findings demonstrated that solitary conidia of M laxa behaved consistently on plum and nectarine fruit surfaces: appressorium formation and direct penetration was not observed on any of the fruit surfaces and germ tubes penetrated fruit predominantly through stomata, lenticels and microfissures in the fruit skin. The monitoring of airborne conidia revealed subtle effects of the fruits on the behaviour of solitary germlings, which could not be seen when using conidial suspensions. On both fruit types, no deleterious effect was seen on conidial and germling survival when fruit were kept humid at pit hardening, 2 wk before harvest and harvest. However, conidial and germling survival were drastically reduced by prolonged wet incubation of fruits. The findings on disease expression in the skin segment, paraquat-treated fruit and sound fruit tests clearly showed that the skin of both nectarine and plum fruits were not penetrated at the pit hardening stage, latent infections were not established and fruitsreacted resistant to disease expression. These facets on both fruit types were furthermore unaffected by wetness. The barrier capacity of the fruit skin of the two stone fruit types however differed drastically later in the season. On nectarine, fruit skins were more readily penetrated and disease expression became more pronounced when fruit approached maturity. Penetration and disease expression on ripening nectarine fruit were furthermore greatly influenced by wetness. Maturing plum fruit, on the other hand, did not display the drastic change in the barrier capacity of fruit skins as observed on nectarine. The influence of wetness on infection and disease expression was also less pronounced than on nectarine. In fact, plum fruit remained asymptomatic in the sound fruit test after inoculation and humid incubation at the 2 wk before harvest stage, harvest stage and after cold storage. Plum fruit at these stages only developed disease after a prolonged period (~12 h) of wet incubation. The paraquat fruit test revealed that these fruits became more susceptible to latent infection, but they were not as susceptible as nectarine. Collectively, these findings indicate that M. laxa fruit rot epidemics on plum and nectarine are driven by inoculum levels on fruit approaching maturity and by weather conditions prevailing during the preharvest and harvest period. However, the barrier capacity of plum skins is considerably more effective than that of nectarine fruit. Wounds would therefore play an important role in the epidemiology of M. laxa on plum fruit. Infection of fresh wounds by airborne M. laxa conidia, and by conidia and germlings that have established on fruits, was therefore investigated. Plum fruit (cultivar Laetitia) at pit hardening, 2 wk before harvest, harvest stage and after cold storage were dusted with dry conidia of M. laxa in a settling tower.- Infection of rionwounded fruit and of fresh wounds by \ the airborne conidia on dry, humid and wet plum fruit surfaces, and by conidia and germlings that have been established on fruits under the wetness regimes was then investigated. Nonwounded immature and mature fruit remained mostly asymptomatic, whereas nonwounded cold stored fruit decayed readily. Wounding drastically increased infection by airborne conidia. Immature fruits were less susceptible to wound infection by the airborne conidia than mature fruits. Conidia dispersed freshly were more successful in infecting fresh wounds than conidia that were deposited, or germlings that established, on fruit surfaces 4 days prior to wounding. This decrease in infectivity was especially pronounced on humid and even more on wet incubated fruit. This study clearly showed that in order to reduce. the incidence of brown rot, inoculum levels on fruit approaching maturity should be reduced by sanitation practices and fungicide applications. Furthermore, it is essential to protect fruits, especially. near-mature fruits, from being wounded.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: EPIDEMIOLOGIE VAN MONILINIA LAXA OP NEKTARIEN EN PRUIM: INFEKSIE VAN VRUGTE DEUR KONIDIA OPSOMMING Naoesverrotting van steenvrugte in die Wes-Kaap provinsie van Suid-Afrika word hoofsaaklik veroorsaak deur Botrytis cinerea (vaalvrot) en Monilinia laxa (bruinvrot). Min is bekend oor die relatiewe belang en seisoenale voorkoms van hierdie patogene in nektarienen pruimboorde, asook oor die infeksieweg, latensie en daaropvolgende siekte-uitdrukking van M laxa. Hierdie aspekte is in dié studie nagevors. \ \ Monsters IS oor 'n 3-jaar periode van die Unifruco Kwaliteitsevalueringskema, en ook van 11 steenvrugboorde verkry. Die voorkoms van vaalvrot en bruinvrot in die hoof steenvrugareas is so bepaal. Botrytis cinerea was die belangrikste patogeen wat betref bloeiselversenging en naoesverrotting. Verder was hierdie patogeen ook meer prominent op die vroeë- en middel-seisoen kultivars. Bruinvrot is uitsluitlik deur M Iaxa veroorsaak en geen aanduiding omtrent die moontlike voorkoms van M fructicola in Suid-Afrika is waargeneem nie. Monilinia laxa was meer prominent op die laat-seisoen kultivars. Botrytis cinerea bloeiselinfeksie het nie direk bygedra tot naoesverrotting nie. Beide oppervlakkige inokulum en latente infeksie het deurgaans, maar wel teen wisselende hoeveelhede, op vrugte in die onderskeie boorde voorgekom. Siekte-uitdrukking op ontwikkelende vrugte is egter nie beinvloed deur die hoeveelheid B. cinerea op die vrug nie, maar eerder deur die vermoë van die vrug om siekte-uitdrukking te onderdruk. Die hoeveelheid B. cinerea op vrugte was verder hoër gedurende lente as gedurende somer. Monilinia laxa het slegs sporadies op die bloeisels van laat-seisoen kultivars voorgekom. Groen vrugte was in die algemeen vry van die patogeen en siekte-uitdrukking het slegs op ryp vrugte plaasgevind. Hierdie bevindinge dui daarop dat M laxa in boorde hoofsaaklik op ryper vrugte geproduseer word. Hierdie swam infekteer ook net ryp vrugte. Die gedrag van luggedraagde M laxa conidia is bestudeer op nektarien- (kultivar Flamekist) en pruimvrugte (kultivar Laetitia). 'n Inokulasie-metode wat natuurlike infeksie deur luggedraagde konidia simuleer, is vir hierdie studies gebruik. Vrugte van die pitverharding-, twee weke voor oes-, oesstadium, asook koud-opgebergde vrugte (nektariene, 4 weke by -o.soe gevolg met 1 week by 23°C en ±56% RH; pruime, 10 dae by -O.5°e, 18 dae by 7.Soe gevolg deur 1 week by 23°C en ±56% RH), is met droë konidia in 'n inokulasietoring geïnokuleer. Die vrugte is vir periodes wat gewissel het van 3 tot 48 h geïnkubeer by hoë relatiewe humiditeit (~93% RH, vogtige vrugte), of dit is bedek met'n film water (nat vrugte). Die gedrag van die enkelspore (konidia) op die vrugoppervlak is met 'n epifluorisensiemikroskoop bestudeer. Skilsegmente is gekleur in 'n kleurstof, bevattende fluorisein diasetaat, analien-blou en blankofor. Die vermoë van die enkelspore om die vrugoppervlak te koloniseer, te penetreer en om siekte-uitdrukking te induseer, is met 'n differensiële stel toetse bepaal. Vir hierdie toetse is die vrugte oppervlakkig gesteriliseer (30 s in 70% etanol), of nie-steriel gelaat. In elke groep is vrugte geneem vir isolasie (skilsegment-to\~ts), of gedoop in "n 3% parakwat-oplossing (parakwat vrugtoets), of\, onbehandeld gelaat (onbehandelde vrugtoets ). Die. bevindinge het op die soortgelyke gedrag van M laxa enkelspore op die verskillende vrugsoorte gedui: appressoria en direkte penetrasie is nie waargeneem nie, en kiembuise het die vrugte hoofsaaklik deur huidmondjies, lentiselle en mikro-krakies .in die vrugskil gepenetreer. Deur luggedraagde spore te bestudeer, is sekere subtiele effekte van die vrug op die gedrag van enkelspore op die vrugoppervlak waargeneem. Op beide vrugtipes is geen nadelige effek op konidiurn- en kiembuisoorlewing opgemerk wanneer die vrugte onder hoë vogtoestande geïnkubeer is. Konidiurn- en kiembuisoorlewing is egter drasties verlaag hoe langer die vrugte onder nat toestande geïnkubeer is. Die bevindinge van die skilsegment-, parakwat en onbehandelde vrugtoetse het duidelik daarop gewys dat die vrugskil van nektarien en pruim nie gepenetreer is tydens die pitverhardingstadium nie, latente infeksies is nie gevorm nie, en die vrugte was bestand teen siekte-uitdrukking. Hierdie fasette op beide vrugtipes is ook nie beinvloed deur inkubasie-natheid nie. Die beskermingskapasiteit van die vrugskil van hierdie steenvrugtipes het egter drasties verskil later in die seisoen. Nektarien-vrugskille is meer geredelik gepenetreer en siekte-uitdrukking het toegeneem met rypwording. Penetrasie en siekteuitdrukking is verder in 'n groot mate deur inkubasie-natheid bevoordeel. Rypwordende pruime het egter nie so In drasties verandering in die beskermingskapasiteit van die vrugskil getoon nie. Die invloed van inkubasie-natheid op infeksie en siekte-uitdrukking was ook minder opsigtelik as op nektarien. Pruimvrugte van die twee weke voor oes-, oesstadium, en , koud-opgebergde pruime, wat onder hoë vog geïnkubeer is, het simptoomloos in die onbehandelde vrugtoets gebly. Vrugte van hierdie stadia het slegs simptome ontwikkel na periodes van langer as 12 h onder nat toestande. Die parakwat-behandelde vrugtoets het egter gewys dat die pruimvrugte meer vatbaar vir latente infeksies raak, maar steeds nie so vatbaar soos die nektarienvrugte nie. Gesamentlik dui hierdie bevindinge daarop <41tM laxa bruinvrot epidemies op pruim en nektarien afhanklik is van inokulumvlakke op rypwordende vrugte, asook die weerstoestande gedurende die vooroes- en oesstadia. Die beskermingskapasiteit van pruim vrugskille was egter aansienlik meer effektief as dié van nektarien vrugte. Wonde op vrugte sal dus 'n groter rol speel in die epidemiologic van M laxa op pruim. Infeksie van vars wonde deur luggedraagde M laxa konidia, en deur konidia en kiembuise wat reeds op die vrugoppervlak gevestig is, is gevolglik bestudeer. Pruimvrugte (kultivar Laetitia) van die pitverharding-, twee weke voor oes-, oesstadium, asook koud- \ \ opgebergde vrugte is in 'n inokulasie-toring geïnokuleer met droë M laxa konidia. .Infeksie , , van nie-gewonde vrugte en van vars wonde deur luggedraagde konidia op droë, vogtige en nat pruim vrugoppervlaktes, asook deur konidia en kiembuise wat reeds op die vrugoppervlak onder hierdie toestande gevestig is, is bepaal. Nie-gewonde groen tot ryp vrugte het meestal simptoomloos gebly, terwyl koud-opgebergde ryp vrugte wel verrot het. Wonde .het die hoeveelheid infeksie deur luggedraagde spore drasties vermeerder. Konidia wat geïnokuleer is op vrugte met vars wonde, was meer in staat om hierdie wonde te infekteer as konidia en kiembuise wat 4 dae voor wonding gevestig is. Hierdie afname in infektiwiteit was meer sigbaar op die vogtige, maar veral die nat vrugte. Hierdie studie het duidelik gewys dat inokulumvlakke op rypwordende vrugte verlaag moet word deur sanitasie-praktyke en fungisiedtoedienings. Dit is verder belangrik om vrugte, veral rypwordende vrugte, teen wonding te beskerm.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.
Full text to be digitised and attached to bibliographic record.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The control of excessive vegetative growth is important in deciduous fruit orchards. Currently the plant growth regulator prohexadione-calcium (p-Ca) is used to control apple shoot growth in the Untited States of America and some European countries. The effect of P-Ca on the shoot and fruit growth of apples (Malus domestica B.), pears (Pyrus cummunis L.), plums (Prunus sa/icina L.) and nectarines (Prunus persica L.) was evaluated. Inhibition of shoot growth can effect fruit growth. Therefore I did a literature review on the fruit growth of pome- and stone fruit. Split pit, a physiological disorder associated with an increased fruit growth rate in stone fruit, was also investigated. During the course of the 2001 / 2002 season two trials were conducted in the Villiersdorp area of the Western Cape on 'Golden Delicious' and 'Granny Smith' apple trees. Single and multiple applications of P-Ca at different rates, with and without the surfactant Dash®, were applied. One of these trials was continued during the 2002 / 2003 season. In the 2001 / 2002 season, P-Ca reduced shoot growth in both trials on 'Golden Delicious'. The shoot growth of 'Granny Smith' was reduced in both trials where PCa was applied three or four times. There was an improvement in the fruit size of 'Golden Delicious' in both trials, but there was no improvement in the fruit size of 'Granny Smith'. In the 2002 / 2003 season, the single P-Ca application did not reduce shoot growth. Unfortunately 'Golden Delicious' was harvested before any data were obtained. Once again P-Ca had no effect on the fruit size of 'Granny Smith'. Dash® did not improve the effect ofP-Ca. In the 2002 / 2003 season we replicated one trial on five different pear cultivars in the Wolsely area of the Western Cape. Single and multiple applications of P-Ca at different rates were compared to a girdling treatment (2 weeks after full bloom). 'Early Bon Chretien', 'Rosemarie', 'Flamingo', 'Forelle' and 'Packham's Triumph' pear trees were used and Dash®was added to all 0f the treatments. P-Ca reduced shoot growth in all of the pear cultivars. Girdling reduced shoot growth only in 'Forelle'. P-Ca increased fruit set of 'Early Bon Chretien', 'Rosemarie' and 'Forelle', however, this was associated with a reduced fruit size of 'Early Bon Chretien' and 'Rosemarie'. Girdling did not increase fruit set, but increased fruit size of 'Flamingo' and 'Early Bon Chretien'. P-Ca reduced return bloom of 'Packham's Triumph' and 'Forelle', whereas girdling increased return bloom in all the cultivars except 'Packham's Triumph'. In the 2002 / 2003 season, trials were also conducted on 'Pioneer' and 'Songold' plums and 'May Glo' nectarine in the Wemmershoek and Stellenbosch area of the Western Cape. Single applications at different rates of P-Ca were applied. Dash® was added to all of the treatments. The higher rates of P-Ca reduced the shoot growth of 'Pioneer'. P-Ca only reduced shoot growth of 'Songold' initially and but did not reduce shoot growth of 'May Glo'. P-Ca had no influence on fruit size of 'Pioneer', 'Songold' or 'May Glo'. P-Ca did not aggravate the occurrence of split pit. In conclusion, P-Ca reduced shoot growth in apples and pears when applied at the appropriate rates. Although P-Ca reduced shoot growth of 'Pioneer' plum, more research needs to be done on stone fruit to optimise timing and rate of P-Ca applications.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die beheer van oormatige lootgroei is van kardinale belang in vrugtebome. Tans word die plantgroeireguleerder proheksadioon-kalsium (P-Ca) gebruik om die lootgroei van appels te beheer in die Verenigde State van Amerika en sekere lande in Europa. Die effek van P-Ca op lootgroei en vruggrootte is in proewe op appels (Malus domestica B.), pere (Pyrus cummunis L.), pruime (Prunus salicina L.) en nekatriens (Prunus persica L.) geëvalueer. Aangesien lootgroei inhibisie moontlik vruggroei kan vesnel, is 'n literatuurstudie oor die vruggroei van kern-en steenvrugte gedoen. Die ontwikkelling van gesplete pit by steenvrugte ('n fisiologiese defek geassosieer met versnelde vruggroei) is ook ondersoek. Gedurende die 2001 / 2002 seisoen is P-Ca in twee afsonderlike proewe in die Villiersdorp area van die Wes Kaap geëvalueer. Enkel en veelvuldige toedienings van verskeie konsentrasies P-Ca, met en sonder die benatter Dash", is op 'Golden Delicious' en 'Granny Smith' bome toegedien. Een proef is herhaal gedurende die 2002 / 2003 seisoen. In die 2001 /2002 seisoen het die P-Ca behandelings in beide proewe die lootgroei van 'Golden Delicious' verminder. Die lootgroei van 'Granny Smith' is in beide proewe verminder waar P-Ca 3 of 4 keer toegedien is. Die vruggrootte van 'Golden Delicious', maar nie 'Granny Smith' nie, is in beide proewe deur die P-Ca verbeter. In die 2002 / 2003 seisoen kon die enkeltoedienings van P-Ca nie die lootgroei verminder van 'Golden Delicious' of 'Granny Smith' nie. 'Golden Delicious' is geoes voor enige inligting oor die vruggrootte ingesamel kon word. Weereens het PCa geen invloed op die vruggrootte van 'Granny Smith' gehad nie. Dash® het nie die effek van P-Ca verbeter nie.In die 2002 / 2003 seisoen is proewe met P-Ca gedoen op 5 verskillende peer kultivars in die Wolsely area van die Wes Kaap. P-Ca is teen verskillende konsentrasies, met enkel en veelvuldige bespuitings toegedien en vergelyk met 'n ringelerings behandeling (2 weke na volblom). 'Early Bon Chretien', 'Rosemarie', 'Flamingo', 'Forelle' en 'Packham's Triumph' bome is gebruik en die benatter Dash® is by al die behandelings gevoeg P-Ca toedienings het lootgroei verminder in 'Early Bon Chretien', 'Rosemarie', 'Flamingo', 'Forelle' en 'Packham's Triumph'. Ringelering kon slegs die lootgroei van 'Forelle' verminder. P-Ca het die vrugset van 'Early Bon Chretien', 'Rosemarie'en 'Forelle' verhoog. Die toename in vrugset het gelei tot 'n afname in die vruggrootte van 'Early Bon Chretien' en 'Rosemarie'. Ringelering het die vruggrootte van 'Flamingo' en 'Early Bon Chretien' verbeter. P-Ca het 'n afname in die hoeveelheid reproduktiewe knoppe in die volgende seisoen, van 'Packham's Triumph' en 'Forelle' veroorsaak. Ringelering het 'n toename in die hoeveelheid vegetatiewe knoppe in die volgende seisoen gehad vir al die kultivars, behalwe 'Packham's Triumph'. Geduerende dieselfde seisoen is daar ook proewe gedoen op 'Pioneer' en 'Songold' pruime en 'May Glo' nektarienbome in onderskeidelik die Wemmershoek en Stellenbosch areas van die Wes Kaap. Bome is met enkel toedienings van verskillende konsentrasies P-Ca behandel en die benatter Dash® is by al die behandelings bygevoeg. Die hoër dosisse P-Ca het die lootgroei van 'Pioneer' verminder. P-Ca kon slegs die aanvanklike lootgroei op 'Songold' verminder en kon nie lootgroei van 'May Glo' beperk nie. P-Ca het geen invloed op die vruggrootte van 'Pioneer', 'Songold' of 'May Glo' gehad nie. P-Ca het nie die voorkoms van gesplete-pit vererger nie. Om saam te vat kan gesê word dat P-Ca lootgroei op appels en pere goed beperk teen die regte konsentrasies. Alhoewel P-Ca lootgroei suksesvol beheer het op 'Pioneer', moet daar meer werk gedoen word op steenvrugte.

L'objectiu dels programes de millora genètica del préssec és generar varietats adaptats a les condicions agronòmiques locals i satisfer els requeriments del consumidor. Això últim implica millorar la qualitat del fruit. L'estratègia seguida per molts milloradors es basa en la selección de descendents de creuaments on s’espera segregació per a caràcters fenotípics. Es tracta d’un mètode costós tant en temps com en diners a causa del período de juvenilitad del presseguer (2-3 anys) i també als recursos que suposa el mantener les plàntules en el camp durant el procés d’avaluació i selecció. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi va ser el desenvolupament de marcadors moleculars per a la seva aplicació en la selecció assistida per marcadors (SAM) de tres caràcters del fruit: baixa acidesa, fruit pla i pell glabra. En els dos primers capítols estudiem el locus del carácter subàcido (D) i el fruit pla (S) i hem realitzat l’anàlisis d’associació en les seves respectives regions genòmiques. Per a ambdós caràcters s'han generat i validat marcadors moleculars (SSRs i SNPs) que poden ser directament aplicats a SAM. L'estudi de l’haplotipus subàcid ens va permetre identificar diversos gens candidats. Aquestes resultats ens suggereix l'existència d'un únic origen de l’al·lel subàcido. L'anàlisi del locus S ens va permetre identificar dues INDELs altament associats amb el fruit pla. Aquests polimorfismes es van observar en regió codificant del gen ppa025511m, concretament en el segon exò del gen. Aquesta associació va ser avaluada en un ampli panell de varietats i en una població obtinguda a partir del creuament de dues parentals de fruits plans. L'anàlisi de la seqüència completa d'aquest gen va permetre la identificació de la supressió d'un fragment de 9Kb que afecta la regió 5’UTR del gen així com al primer exò, a l’intró i a una petita part del segon exò. La funció d'aquest gen va ser validada en un mutant tipus “sport” generat espontàneament en un arbre de la varietat plana ‘UFO4’. Es tracta d'un mutante quimèric mb una mutació que només afecta a les cèl·lules de la segona capa meristemàtica (LII), que genera la polpa del fruit. L'amplificació per PCR de l’INDEL d'aquest gen en la polpa del mutant rodó va revelar un canvi a l’al·lel pla. Malgrat que l‘alelo pla és dominant, els fruits plans han de presentar-lo en hetericigosis per a ser viables. Aquest fet amb la reversió a la forma rodona del mutant d’UFO4 suggereixen que aquest al·lel pot actuar com dominant negatiu. En el tercer capítol seqüenciem el genoma de 5 varietats de préssec i els seus respectius mutantes nectarina. Es van a estimar la variabilitat somática i la mutació causal de la pell glabra. La metodología empleada per al processament de les lectures i la identificació dels petis polimorfismes va generar un excés de falsos polimorfismes, possiblement causats per alineaments erronis de les seqüències repetitives del genoma. Mitjançant l'ús d'un filtrat més restrictiu es va reduir aquest valor. Els valors de diversitat nucleotídica i d’heterozigositat van ser similars als observats per Aranzana et al., (2012) i Verd et al., (2013). L’analisi del locus G va mostrar una menor π i una major Ho. Sota dues possibles hipótesis per a l’estudi l’al·lel causal del caràcter nectarina vam identificar diversos gens candidats amb funcions relacionades amb el desenvolupament de la paret cel·lular. No obstant això cap d'ells va resultar ser PpeMYB25 on recentment s’ha descrit una inserció de 7Kb asssociada al carácter nectarina (Vendramin et al., 2014). La insuficient cobertura de seqüenciació en la regió genómica del locus G pot haver estat la causa de la no identificació d’aquest polimorfisme en les nostres seqüències.
The aim of current breeding programs is to provide new fruit varieties adapted to the local agronomic conditions and to satisfy the requirements of the consumers. This last fact implies to improve the fruit quality. The strategy followed by most breeding programs is based on performing controlled crosses to select those individuals showing the target traits. Although this approach has succeed in the production of most of the varieties available today, it is time consuming and costly due the time required to obtain fruits (2-3 years) and the resources needed to keep the seedlings in the field during the evaluation and selection processes. The objective of this thesis was to develop molecular markers useful in marker assisted selection (MAS) for three important agronomical traits in peach fruits: low acidity, flat shape and glabrous skin (nectarine trait). In the first two chapters of this document we have used region-based association analysis to study the architecture of the locus responsible for either sub-acid (D) and flat fruits (S). In both cases the study has provided markers (SSR and SNPs) ready to be applied for MAS in peach breeding programs. The study of the length of the sub-acid haplotype, which is maintained more than 24Kbp long, allowed to hypothesize about a unique origin of this trait and to identify candidate genes. Similarly, the analysis of the S locus allowed the identification of two linked INDELs in the second exon of the gene ppa025511m highly associated with the flat shape of the fruit. The association was tested in a broad panel of varieties and in the offspring of a crossing population between two flat peaches. The sequencing analysis of the whole gene allowed the identification of a big deletion, of about 9Kbp, affecting its 5’ UTR, its first exon and its intron. The function of the gene was validated in a round sport mutant from a flat peach (UFO-4). This mutant was chimeric; the mutation only affected cells of the second layer (LII) of the meristerm, which generates the flesh of the fruit. A PCR amplification of the gene and the use of specific primers for the INDEL revealed a mutation in the flat allele in the flesh of the chimeric mutant, which produced the reversion to the round shape. The obligated heterozygosis of the flat allele and the reversion to the wild shape suggest a dominant negative (DN) mechanism. In the third chapter we sequenced the whole genome of 5 peach varieties and 6 sport nectarines derived from them. We estimated the overall somatic variability and studied the causal mutation from hairy fruit to glabrous. The reads processing and SNP calling revealed an excess of false variants that was especially evident in the analysis of the sport mutants. One of the main causes for the false variants was the misalignments of repetitive regions. The use of more restrictive SNP calling filters reduced the excess of false variants. The nucleotide diversity and heterozygosity of the varieties was similar to the one reported for peach (Aranzana et al., 2012; Verde et al., 2013). The analysis of the variations in the G locus region showed lower and higher Ho. To look for the causal allele for the nectarine trait we postulated two possible causes for the new mutation. These data provided several candidate genes involved in the cell wall development, however none of them was the gene PpeMYB25, where a big insertion of 7Kb in its second exon has recently been described as linked with the trait (Vendramin et al., 2014). This was probably due to an insufficient sequencing coverage in this genomic region.

Esse trabalho teve dois objetivos distintos, quantificar e caracterizar os danos pós-colheita em frutos de ameixa e nectarina na Companhia de Entrepostos e Armazéns Gerais de São Paulo (CEAGESP) e testar produtos que possam ser utilizados no controle das doenças pós-colheita podridão parda (Monilinia fructicola) e podridão mole (Rhizopus stolonifer) nestes dois frutos. Durante a safra 2003 e 2004, foram realizados 20 levantamentos de quantificação de danos em frutos de nectarina e 11 em frutos de ameixa. Em cada levantamento foram avaliados 1% do total de caixas comercializados em cinco permissionários da CEAGESP. A amostragem foi estratificada por variedade, calibre e procedência dos frutos, sendo quantificados danos mecânicos, fisiológicos e doenças pós-colheita. Para o controle da podridão parda e mole, o efeito curativo e protetor do CaCl2, cera e luz UV-C, em diferentes concentrações e o efeito curativo do tratamento com ozônio foram avaliados. A incidência de danos na CEAGESP em frutos de ameixa variou de 5 a 47%, e em nectarina entre 14 e 54%, considerando as safras 2003 e 2004. Tanto em ameixa como em nectarina os danos mais freqüentes foram os mecânicos, com variação de 2 a 25% em frutos de ameixa e de 7 a 30% em frutos de nectarina. Danos fisiológicos variaram de 1 a 22% e de 2 a 18% em frutos de ameixa e nectarina, respectivamente. Danos provocados por doenças variaram de 0 a 13% em frutos de ameixa e de 1 a 9% em frutos de nectarina. Entre os patógenos mais constatados figuraram fungos do gênero Rhizopus, Monilinia, Geotrichum, Cladosporium, Fusarium e Alternaria, além de bactérias. Correlação entre a incidência de frutos com dano mecânico e a incidência de frutos doentes foi constatada na safra 2004, nos dois frutos. Em ameixa, a variedade Gulfblazer apresentou maior incidência a danos mecânicos e fisiológicos. Não foi observada diferença na incidência de danos mecânicos e de doenças, entre as variedades de nectarina avaliadas na safra 2003. Na safra 2004, a incidência de danos mecânicos e fisiológicos foi superior na variedade Sunraycer comparada às demais variedades. Em relação aos produtos testados, no geral, CaCl2 a 1%, mostrou potencial de controle das duas doenças nos dois frutos, aplicado como protetor ou curativo. A cera ECF 124 a base de carnaúba foi o produto mais eficiente, com redução de até 70% das duas doenças em ambos os frutos, principalmente quando aplicada de maneira protetora, a 9%. As doses (1,4 e 5,2 kJm-2) de UV-C testadas não controlaram as doenças com resultados praticamente iguais à testemunha (dose 0,0 kJm-2). A presença de ozônio não reduziu nenhuma das doenças em nenhum dos dois frutos avaliados.
This study had two distinct objectives, to quantify and characterize the postharvest damages in plums and nectarines in the wholesale market of São Paulo (CEAGESP), and to test products that can be used in the control of the postharvest diseases such as the brown rot (Monilinia fructicola) and soft rot (Rhizopus stolonifer) in these two fruits species. Twenty assessments in nectarine and eleven in plums were carried out in 2003 and 2004. In each year 1% of the total of boxes commercialized in five outlets of CEAGESP was assessed, considering mechanical and physiological damages and postharvest diseases. The selection of samples was conducted through stratified sampling, taking fruit cultivar, place of origin and fruit size as the stratification criteria. Curative and protective control measures of brown and soft rot were analyzed testing CaCl2, wax and UV-C light, in different concentrations. The ozone was studied only as curative treatment. The incidence of damages in plums at CEAGESP ranged from 5 to 47%, and in nectarines from 14 to 54%. Either in plums or in nectarines, postharvest mechanical injuries were the most frequent damages, varying from 2 to 25% in plums and from 7 to 30% in nectarines. Physiological damages ranged from 1 to 22% and from 2 to 18% in plums and nectarines, respectively. Postharvest diseases ranged from 0 to 13% in plums and from 1 to 9% in nectarines. The most frequent postarvest pathogens were Rhizopus, Monilinia, Geotrichum, Cladosporium, Fusarium and Alternaria, besides bacteria. A correlation between the incidence of mechanical damages and the incidence of postharvest diseases in 2004 in both fruits was noticed. Cultivar Gulfblazer (plum) showed more incidence of mechanical and physiological damages than Reubennel. No differences were observed in the incidence of mechanical and physiological damages among the cultivars of nectarines assessed in 2003. No difference in the susceptibility to postharvest diseases among the nectarine cultivars Sunred, Sunripe, Sunraycer and Colombina in 2003 was verified. In 2004 cv. Sunraycer showed incidence of mechanical damages significantly higher than the other varieties. Regarding the products tested, as a whole, CaCl2 at 1% showed potential of controlling the two diseases in both kind of fruits, applied as a protective or curative measure. The carnauba wax (ECF 124) was the most efficient product, with a reduction of up to 70% of both diseases in both kind of fruits, mainly when applied as a protective agent, at 9%. The doses (1,4 e 5,2 kJm-2) of UV-C tested did not control the diseases with results practically similar to the reference dose (0,0 kJm-2). The presence of ozone did not reduce either of the diseases in any of the fruits evaluated.

Nectarines suffer low temperature disorders (LTD)when stored for more than 2 - 3 weeks at temperatures below 8 degrees C. LTD take the form of flesh bleeding and browning, loss of juiciness, development of mealiness and failure to ripen normally.It has been shown previously that adding about 15% CO2 to the storage atmosphere at 0 degrees C can delay the development of LTD in some cvv. of peaches and nectarines. The initial aim of this research was to explore the genetic basis of the differences among cultivars in the responses to high CO2.After much investigation, it was shown that both genetic and seasonal factors are involved in the development of LTD in nectarines. The development of LTD is a form of chilling injury since they only occur at temperatures below 8 degrees C. but there was no evidence of of a direct role for ethylene in either causing or delaying LTD. It was proposed that storage at low temperatures causes a metabolic imbalance resulting from changes in the amounts or activities of proteins associated with normal ripening. Proposals were presented to further examine protein expression using storage conditions that affect the rate of development of LTD.

During the last decade peach and nectarine fruit have lost considerable market share, due to increased consumer dissatisfaction with quality at retail markets. This is mainly due to harvesting of too immature fruit and high ripening heterogeneity. The main problem is that the traditional used maturity indexes are not able to objectively detect fruit maturity stage, neither the variability present in the field, leading to a difficult post-harvest management of the product and to high fruit losses. To assess more precisely the fruit ripening other techniques and devices can be used. Recently, a new non-destructive maturity index, based on the vis-NIR technology, the Index of Absorbance Difference (IAD), that correlates with fruit degreening and ethylene production, was introduced and the IAD was used to study peach and nectarine fruit ripening from the “field to the fork”. In order to choose the best techniques to improve fruit quality, a detailed description of the tree structure, of fruit distribution and ripening evolution on the tree was faced. More in details, an architectural model (PlantToon®) was used to design the tree structure and the IAD was applied to characterize the maturity stage of each fruit. Their combined use provided an objective and precise evaluation of the fruit ripening variability, related to different training systems, crop load, fruit exposure and internal temperature. Based on simple field assessment of fruit maturity (as IAD) and growth, a model for an early prediction of harvest date and yield, was developed and validated. The relationship between the non-destructive maturity IAD, and the fruit shelf-life, was also confirmed. Finally the obtained results were validated by consumer test: the fruit sorted in different maturity classes obtained a different consumer acceptance. The improved knowledge, leaded to an innovative management of peach and nectarine fruit, from “field to market”.

During the last decade peach and nectarine fruit have lost considerable market share, due to increased consumer dissatisfaction with quality at retail markets. This is mainly due to harvesting of too immature fruit and high ripening heterogeneity. The main problem is that the traditional used maturity indexes are not able to objectively detect fruit maturity stage, neither the variability present in the field, leading to a difficult post-harvest management of the product and to high fruit losses. To assess more precisely the fruit ripening other techniques and devices can be used. Recently, a new non-destructive maturity index, based on the vis-NIR technology, the Index of Absorbance Difference (IAD), that correlates with fruit degreening and ethylene production, was introduced and the IAD was used to study peach and nectarine fruit ripening from the “field to the fork”. In order to choose the best techniques to improve fruit quality, a detailed description of the tree structure, of fruit distribution and ripening evolution on the tree was faced. More in details, an architectural model (PlantToon®) was used to design the tree structure and the IAD was applied to characterize the maturity stage of each fruit. Their combined use provided an objective and precise evaluation of the fruit ripening variability, related to different training systems, crop load, fruit exposure and internal temperature. Based on simple field assessment of fruit maturity (as IAD) and growth, a model for an early prediction of harvest date and yield, was developed and validated. The relationship between the non-destructive maturity IAD, and the fruit shelf-life, was also confirmed. Finally the obtained results were validated by consumer test: the fruit sorted in different maturity classes obtained a different consumer acceptance. The improved knowledge, leaded to an innovative management of peach and nectarine fruit, from “field to market”.

La podridura marró causada per Monilinia spp. és la malaltia de postcollita més important que afecta a la fruita de pinyol. Malgrat que a Espanya s’ha autoritzat de forma excepcional la matèria activa fludioxonil en postcollita de préssec i nectarina, l’aplicació de fungicides en precollita segueix essent imprescindible per a un bon control de la malaltia. No obstant això, en moltes ocasions els nivells de control són insuficients ocasionant importants pèrdues econòmiques al sector. L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi és l’estudi de diferents estratègies per al control de Monilinia spp. en postcollita, concretament, l’ús d’àcid peracètic (PAA), la millora d’un tractament de radiofreqüències (RF) i l’escalfament per microones (MW). Un bany durant 1 min en 300 mg L-1 de PAA va mostrar una elevada eficàcia i aquesta concentració es va reduir fins a 200 mg L-1 a l’aplicar-se en aigua a 40 ºC. La immersió de la fruita en aigua durant el tractament de RF va solucionar tant la manca d’eficàcia observada en nectarines com la influència del calibre del fruit que va mostrar aquest tractament aplicat en aire, reduint a més el temps d’exposició de 18 a 4.5 min. El tractament de MW a 10 kW durant 95 s va presentar una elevada eficàcia, però aquesta eficàcia va dependre del pes de la fruita. En aplicar les microones amb la fruita submergida en aigua a 40 ºC, el tractament a 20 kW durant 60 s va mostrar un elevat control i a més, la seva eficàcia no es va veure afectada pel pes, el temps d’infecció i la concentració d’inòcul.
La podredumbre parda causada por Monilinia spp. es la enfermedad de poscosecha más importante que afecta a la fruta de hueso. A pesar de que en España se ha autorizado de forma excepcional la materia activa fludioxonil en poscosecha de melocotón y nectarina, la aplicación de fungicidas en precosecha sigue siendo imprescindible para un buen control de la enfermedad. Sin embargo, en muchas ocasiones los niveles de control son insuficientes ocasionando importantes pérdidas económicas. El objetivo de esta tesis es el estudio de diferentes estrategias para el control de Monilinia spp. en poscosecha, concretamente, el uso de ácido peracético (PAA), la mejora de un tratamiento de radiofrecuencias (RF) y el calentamiento por microondas (MW). Un baño durante 1 min en 300 mg L-1 de PAA mostró una elevada eficacia y esta concentración se redujo a 200 mg L-1 al aplicarse en agua a 40 ºC. La immersión de la fruta en agua durante el tratamiento de RF solucionó tanto la falta de eficacia observada en nectarinas como la influencia del tamaño de la fruta que mostró este tratamiento aplicado en aire, reduciendo además el tiempo de tratamiento de 18 a 4.5 min. El tratamiento de MW a 10 kW durante 95 s presentó una elevada eficacia, sin embargo, esta dependió del peso de la fruta. Al aplicarse las MW con la fruta sumergida en agua a 40 ºC, el tratamiento a 20 kW durante 60 s mostró un elevado control y además su eficacia no se vio afectada por el peso, el tiempo de infección y la concentració de inóculo.
Brown rot caused by Monilinia spp. is the most important postharvest disease of stone fruit. Although in Spain the use of fludioxonil has been authorized exceptionally in postharvest of peaches and nectarines, the application of fungicides in preharvest remains essential for a good control of this disease. However, many times the level of control is insufficient causing significant economic losses. The objective of this thesis is to study different strategies to control Monilinia spp. in postharvest, specifically, the use of peracetic acid (PAA), the improvement of a radio frequency (RF) treatment and a microwave (MW) heating. Dipping fruit for 1 min in 300 mg L-1 of PAA showed high efficacy and this concentration was reduced to 200 mg L-1 when applied in water at 40 ºC. Immersion of fruit in water during RF treatment solved both the lack of efficacy observed in nectarines as the influence of fruit size that this treatment showed when applied in air and besides, exposure time was reduced from 18 to 4.5 min. The MW treatment at 10 kW for 95 s showed high efficacy, however, this efficacy depended on fruit weight. When MW treatment was applied with fruit immersed in water at 40 ºC, a treatment at 20 kW for 60 s showed high control and moreover, its efficacy was not affected by fruit weight, infection time and inoculum concentration.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissHCD.pdf: 823965 bytes, checksum: 832c216dc6c20e54dd0a5d50a2acbb87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-14
Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the use of standardization and classification rules, suggested by the CEAGESP, by peach and nectarine producers and wholesalers and identify the effects of this procedure in the supplying and commercialization of the mentioned fruits. The methodology used was the qualitative study and the study case, where the procedure adopted for the information survey was the interviews with producers from two cities of the São Paulo state and with the wholesalers of the Entreposto Terminal de São Paulo (ETSP). Differences were found among the producers from Guapiara and Paranapanema, which the first region is formed of simpler producers without access of information or any kind of technology. Most producers of the second region are optimist about the use of standardization and classification rules and emphasizes that its use is the reason of the peach and nectarine commercialization success, by this, they invest in the improvement of fruit quality by updating, when possible, the technologies used in the production and post-harvest processes. This way, the use of standardization and classification rules helps and provides more benefits than disadvantages to those producers that adopt it. In relation to the wholesalers, it was identified the preference and valorization of classified peach and nectarine, although these agents says that the market does not yet recognize the proper benefits of the use of standardization and classification rules. The conclusion of this dissertation is that use of standardization and classification rules suggested by the CEAGESP works as a tool to help the management of peach and nectarine commercialization process
O objetivo do trabalho consiste em avaliar a utilização da norma de classificação proposta pela CEAGESP, pelos produtores e atacadistas de pêssego e nectarina e identificar os efeitos deste procedimento no abastecimento e comercialização destas frutas. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa qualitativa e o estudo de caso, sendo o procedimento adotado para o levantamento das informações as entrevistas com os produtores rurais de dois municípios do Estado de São Paulo e os atacadistas do Entreposto Terminal de São Paulo (ETSP). Verificaram-se diferenças entre os produtores de Guapiara e Paranapanema, sendo que a primeira região é formada por produtores mais simples, sem acesso às informações e a qualquer tipo de tecnologia. Enquanto que a maioria dos produtores da segunda região é mais otimista quanto ao uso da classificação e ressaltam que ela é o motivo do sucesso da comercialização do pêssego e da nectarina, sendo assim, investem na melhoria da qualidade das frutas, atualizando sempre que possível as tecnologias utilizadas na produção e na pós-colheita. Dessa forma, a classificação auxilia e gera mais benefícios do que desvantagens àqueles produtores que a utilizam. Em relação aos atacadistas, identificou-se a preferência e valorização do pêssego e nectarina classificadas, devido ao fato destas serem mais rentáveis, porém, estes agentes relatam que o mercado ainda não reconhece devidamente os benefícios da classificação. Conclui-se que a utilização da norma proposta pela CEAGESP funciona como uma ferramenta auxiliar na gestão do processo de comercialização do pêssego e da nectarina

L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi doctoral ha estat avaluar la influència que exerceix el període de pre-acondicionat previ a l'emmagatzematge frigorífic a -0.5 º C, les combinacions gasoses de l'atmosfera de conservació frigorífica i la seva posterior vida útil a 20 º C, sobre la producció de compostos volàtils, paràmetres fisicoquímics i avaluació sensorial en quatre varietats de préssec (Early Rich®, Royal Glory®, Sweet Dreamcov i Elegant Lady®) i set de nectarina (Big Top®, Honey Blazecov, Venus®, Honey Royalecov, August Red®, Nectagalacov i Nectaladycov). Per això s'han realitzat quatre estudis: caracterització varietal en recol•lecció, potencial de conservació, efecte del pre-acondicionat a 20 ºC previ a la conservació frigorífica i influència de l'atmosfera gasosa durant l'emmagatzematge. Tenint en compte que les varietats utilitzades en cada estudi van variar i es van fer durant els anys 2009, 2010 i 2011.
El objetivo principal de la presente tesis doctoral ha sido evaluar la influencia que ejerce el periodo de pre-acondicionado previo al almacenamiento frigorífico a -0.5 ºC, las combinaciones gaseosas de la atmósfera de conservación frigorífica y su posterior vida útil a 20 ºC, sobre la producción de compuestos volátiles, parámetros fisicoquímicos y evaluación sensorial en cuatro variedades de melocotón (Early Rich®, Royal Glory®, Sweet Dreamcov y Elegant Lady®) y siete de nectarina (Big Top®, Honey Blazecov, Venus®, Honey Royalecov, August Red®, Nectagalacov y Nectaladycov). Para ello se han realizado cuatro estudios: caracterización varietal en recolección, potencial de conservación, efecto del pre-acondicionado a 20 ºC previo a la conservación frigorífica e influencia de la atmósfera gaseosa durante el almacenamiento. Teniendo en cuenta que las variedades utilizadas en cada estudio variaron y se llevaron a cabo durante los años 2009, 2010 y 2011.
The main objective of this thesis was to evaluate the influence of the pre-conditioning period prior to cold storage at -0.5 ° C and the effect of different atmosphere gas combinations during cold storage and subsequent shelf-life (20ºC) conditions, on the production of volatile compounds, physicochemical parameters and sensory evaluation in four peach varieties (Early Rich ®, Royal ® Glory, Sweet Dreamcov and Elegant Lady ®) and seven nectarine varieties (Big Top ®, Honey Blazecov, Venus ®, Honey Royalecov, August Red ®, and Nectaladycov Nectagalacov). Accordingly, four different experiments were carried out over the years 2009, 2010 and 2011 using different fruit varieties. First, we evaluated and characterize varietal differences upon harvest, then we investigated the storage potential, and finally we assessed the effect of pre-conditioning at 20ºC prior to cold storage and the influence of the gas atmosphere during storage.

Revised; Originally Published: 2000
7 pp.
The mid elevations (3,500 to 6,000 feet) in Arizona can be ideal for growing tree fruit. Site selection can make a pronounced effect on how well fruit will grow and produce. The warmer the site the greater the chance of success. Areas where cold air settles are a poor choice for tree fruit production. Variety selection is very important for good fruit production.February and March are the best months to plant bare root trees, although they can be planted anytime during the dormant season. Try to plant 30 days before bud break. Containerized plants are best planted in late September through early October. The open center pruning system allows for more sunlight to reach all the branches of the tree. Whereas the central leader is used with those trees that are less vigorous. Training trees when young is an important step in ensuring a strong scaffold system when bearing. Fruit thinning helps to control fruit size and consistent bearing. Proper fertilization, irrigation, and pest control will promote healthy productive trees.

Orientador: André Olmos Simões
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-05T17:03:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kotovski_EmiliaRosiane_M.pdf: 8989998 bytes, checksum: 872ec26d6ded19c688d25dfd4f7f091b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: Allamanda L. é um dos 10 gêneros da tribo Plumerieae (Rauvolfioideae, Apocynaceae), sendo constituído por 15 espécies, das quais 13 nativas do Brasil. Este estudo teve por objetivo contribuir para o melhor conhecimento do gênero através do levantamento de dados morfoanatômicos (cortes anatômicos e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura) e testes histoquímicos de estrutura floral em antese de A. cathartica L., A. laevis Markgr., A. puberula A. DC. e A. schottii Pohl, para fornecer caracteres que auxiliem na taxonomia e filogenia da tribo. Os coléteres calicinais estão ausentes em A. cathartica e nas demais espécies, são persistentes, secretores, em número, distribuição e tipos variáveis. Desde o tipo Standard até os bífidos, ramificados e fundidos. Todos os coléteres apresentam pendúnculo não secretor, mas em A. puberula estes são mais longos e estreitos. O corpo secretor é formado por uma epiderme uniestratificada em paliçada secretora e cutícula fina, e um eixo central parenquimático não secretor no qual não foram observados laticíferos, feixes vasculares ou idioblastos. A secreção mista, composta principalmente de polissacarídeos e lipídeos, é liberada pela distensão da cutícula. Nestas espécies, a corola é dividida em duas porções denominadas tubo superior e inferior, sendo que a diferença entre o comprimento destas porções diferencia A. schottii e A. cathartica das demais espécies. Tricomas supra e infrastaminais unicelulares não ornamentados são morfologicamentes e espacialmente diferentes entre si, mas se mantêm constantes entre as espécies. O androceu é constituído por estames formados por um filete curto e antera tetrasporangiada. O filete é ornamentado por tricomas unicelulares, esparsamente distribuídos ou agrupados dependendo da espécie. As anteras apresentam duas porções estéreis: duas expansões basais das tecas dorsais, e um apêndice apical, morfologicamente distintos entre as espécies. A lignificação da antera ocorre de maneira homogênea em todo o endotécio. O anel nectarífero ao redor do ovário, difere no grau de pentalobação e na distribuição dos estômatos entre as espécies. Laticíferos articulados e feixes vasculares estão presentes e distribuídos entre o tecido parenquimático nectarífero. O ovário é sincárpico, bicarpelar, unilocular, súpero, com sutura externa visível entre os carpelos e com placentação parietal. Apenas A. laevis possui estômatos na epiderme ovariana. A cabeça do estile é morfologicamente complexa e dividida em regiões morfofuncionais, com dois apêndices apicais que diferem entre as espécies quanto à morfologia, um corpo principal cônico revestido por um anel apical de longos tricomas secretores, tricomas medianos secretores e anel basal formado por células epidérmicas justapostas não secretoras mais expansão parenquimática, formando projeções arredondadas ou acuminadas, e região receptiva localizada abaixo do anel basal. Os tricomas secretores secretam o mesmo tipo de substâncias hidro e lipofílicas. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo evidenciaram a presença de polimorfismo, principalmente no apêndice apical da antera, coléteres calicinais, nectário e apêndices apicais da cabeça do estilete entre as espécies, sendo úteis para a caracterização interespecíficas, corroborando também para o melhor conhecimento do gênero pela combinação de distintas abordagens que juntas trouxeram maior riqueza de detalhes da estrutura floral que podem auxiliar em futuros estudos taxonômicos e filogenéticos
Abstract: Allamanda L. is one of the 10 genera of the tribe Plumerieae (Rauvolfioideae, Apocynaceae), consisting of 15 species, which 13 are native to Brazil. This study aimed to contribute to a better understanding of the genus through the morphoanatomical data survey (anatomical sections and Scanning Electron Microscopy) and histochemical structure of floral anthesis in A. cathartica L., A. laevis Markgr., A. puberula A. DC. and A. schottii Pohl. The calyx colleters are absent in A. cathartica. In other species, are persistent, secretory, and variable in number, with distribution alternate in A. puberula, opposite in A. laevis and undetermined in A. schottii. The type also varies from the standard to the bifid, branched and fused. All colleters have nonsecretory peduncle, but in A. puberula these are longer and narrower. The secretory body is formed by a secretory palisade epidermis and a thin cuticle, filled with non-secretory parenchyma without laticifers, vascular bundles or idioblasts. The secretion, mainly composed of mucopolysaccharides, is released without the cuticle disruption, which suffers only distention. In these species, the corolla is divided into two portions referred to as upper and lower tube, and the difference between the lengths of these portions separate A. schottii from other species. The unicellular non-ornamented trichomes that are at the upper and lower parts of the stamens are morphologically and spatially different from each other, but remains constant among species, varying only in quantity and size. The androecium comprises a short filament, which is ornamented by unicellular trichomes, variable in length, sparsely distributed or grouped depending on species. The anther presents two sterile portions: wings, formed by the lateral expansion of thecae, which vary proportionately their size in species; and an apical appendix, morphologically distinct among species, formed by connective tissue. The lignification occurs homogeneously throughout the endothecium, including at the sterile wings. A nectary ring around the ovary occurs in all studied species, differing in the degree of lobation between them. At the epidermal tissue in this ring are present stomata, which are distributed throughout nectariferous surface in A. schottii or concentrated in the apical region of the ring from the other species. Anatomically, the nectary shows no variation in the species analyzed, being composed of a uniseriate epidermis and nectary parenchyma, which cells carry starch granules. Articulated laticifers and vascular bundles are present and distributed among the parenchyma tissue in all four species. The ovary is superior and unilocular with visible external suture between the carpels, with parietal placentation. Only A. laevis has stomata in ovarian epidermis. The style-head is morphologically complex and divided into three morphofunctional regions: 01) two apical non-secretory appendices which morphologically differ in each species; 02) a main conical body coated by an apical ring of long secretory trichomes, median secretory trichomes and a basal ring formed by juxtaposed non-secretory epidermal cells forming rounded or acuminate projections at the peripheral expansion of the parenchyma; 03) receptive region located below the basal ring, where the pollen grains that come from another flower are deposited by pollinator. The secretory trichomes of the apical ring and the median ones secrete the same type of hydro and lipophilic substance. The results showed the presence of polymorphism among species, especially in the apical appendix of anther, colleters, nectary and apical appendices of style-head, and that they are useful for the characterization within the genus. The study also collaborated to the best knowledge of the genus by combining three different approaches (SEM, anatomy and histochemistry) that brought together richer details of floral structure that can help for taxonomic purposes
Mestrado
Biologia Vegetal
Mestra em Biologia Vegetal

Orientador: Angelo Luiz Cortelazzo
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T04:47:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leitao_CarlosAndreEspolador_D.pdf: 13217650 bytes, checksum: a26e4baf6ed272da154648cc5de96142 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: Rodriguezia venusta é uma orquídea com potencial ornamental nativa do Brasil e do Peru. Pertence à subtribo Oncidiinae que se encontra na subfamília Epidendroideae que. é, de longe, a maior subfamília de Orchidaceae. Apesar desta família ser amplamente estudada quanto à morfologia e taxonomia, são raros os trabalhos de anatomia, principalmente em se tratando de estruturas secretoras, como se levou a cabo no presente trabalho. Amostras de botões florais, brácteas e folhas em expansão foram processadas para a microscopia e analisadas. Na face abaxial da bráctea que subtende cada flor, em especial na região de sua inserção, encontram-se tricomas que secretam material que reage positivamente a testes para detecção de carboidratos e mucilagem. Como, provavelmente, esta secreção atua como lubrificante durante o crescimento do botão floral sobre a bráctea, concluiu se que a denominação "coléteres" é a mais adequada neste caso. Em se tratando das flores, os tecidos estigmático e transmissor são constituídos por tipos celulares semelhantes, que se caracterizam pela presença de células alongadas que se mantêm unidas por suas paredes terminais, formando assim uma estrutura reticulada. Nos espaços intercelulares ocorre copiosa secreção predominantemente mucilaginosa. Na superfície do estigma e uma porção apical do canal delimitado pelo tecido transmissor, ocorre uma cuticula. R. venusta possui também nectários extraflorais nas folhas em expansão e na bráctea que subtende os botões, além de um nectário floral que se insere na base da face abaxial do labelo. Os nectários extraflorais são anatomicamente semelhantes entre si enquanto o nectário floral é estruturalmente mais complexo e revestido por uma epiderme constituída por tricomas nectaríferos
Abstract: Rodriguezia venusta is an orchid with ornamental potential, native to Brazil and Peru. This specie belongs to subtribe Oncidiinae that is in Epidendroideae, the notorioas biggest Orchidaceae's subfamily. Although the wide morphology and taxonomy studies on this family, the works concerning anatomy are rare, specially focusing the secretory structures, in order that is the objective of the present work. Floral buds, bracts and expansion leaves samples were carried out to microscopy analysis. ln the abaxial side of the bract subtending each flower, especially at the portion of they insertion, there are material secreting trichomes that react positive to carbohydrates and mucilage histochemical tests. Due the probable lubricant action of this secretion during the floral bud growth passing aver the bract, it is expected that "colleters" is the most convenient term to designate these structures. ln the flowers, the stigmatic and transmitting tissues have similar cellular types characterized by the elongated shape. The cellular unions only at the terminal walls give a net shape to the structure. ln the intercellular spaces copious secretion occurs constituted predominantly of mucilage. There is a cuticle on the stigma surface and at the canal delimited by transmitting tissue in it apical region. ln addition, R. venusta has extrafloral nectaries in the growing leaves and in the floral bud subtending bract, and also a floral nectary inserted at the lip base. The extrafloral nectaries are anatomically similar, whereas floral nectary is more complex structurally, being covered by nectariferous trichomes
Doutorado
Biologia Celular
Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

Orientador: Paulo Sergio Moreira Carvalho de Oliveira, Andre Victor Lucci Freitas
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T07:08:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SendoyaEcheverry_SebastianFelipe_M.pdf: 1152705 bytes, checksum: f4c1b0194f043988353ca041df10f1d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: As larvas de Eunica bechina (Lepidóptera; Nymphalidae) se alimentam das folhas jovens do pequi Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae), uma planta que apresenta nectários extraflorais (NEFs). Estes nectários são intensamente visitados por muitas espécies de formigas forrageadoras de néctar no cerrado brasileiro. As formigas exercem uma forte pressão seletiva nas larvas devido à predação e/ou remoção das lagartas na planta hospedeira. Este estudo examina experimentalmente se a presença de formigas nas plantas de C. brasiliense media as decisões de oviposição por fêmeas de E. bechina. O objetivo foi determinar a importância do espaço livre de inimigos para a seleção de locais de oviposição pela borboleta. Neste estudo desenvolvemos experimentos de oviposição em campo em ramos pareados de uma planta de C. brasiliense, desenhados para testar em campo as preferências da borboleta em relação à presença na planta de diferentes tipos de insetos, incluindo algumas espécies de formigas. A presença de um herbívoro especialista do pequi (Edessa rufomarginata, Pentatomidae), ou de uma formiga não agressiva e visitante da planta (Cephalotes pusillus), não influenciaram a oviposição por fêmeas de E. bechina quando comparadas com ramos sem insetos (controle). Por outro lado, detectamos uma redução significativa na freqüência de oviposição em ramos com qualquer uma de duas espécies de formigas do gênero Camponotus quando comparado com ramos controle sem insetos. A tendência de evitar locais da planta ocupados por formigas agressivas não foi afetada com o incremento na demanda de galhos para oviposição pelas fêmeas da população. Sugerimos que as fêmeas de E. bechina utilizam características como forma e tamanho dos insetos como sinais de reconhecimento para mediar a decisão de oviposição. O comportamento das fêmeas de evitar ramos com formigas agressivas pode reduzir a mortalidade da prole sobre a planta hospedeira Esta capacidade de discriminação, além de um conjunto de defesas morfológicas e comportamentais das larvas, aparentemente é fundamental para permitir à E. bechina se especializar em uma planta defendida por formigas tal como o pequi
Abstract: Larvae of Eunica bechina Lepidoptera (Nymphalidae) feed on young leaves of Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae), a shrub bearing extrafloral nectaries that is intensively visited by many nectar-gathering ant species in the Brazilian cerrados. Visiting ants exert strong predation pressure on the caterpillars of E. bechina on the host plant. This field study examines experimentally whether ant presence on C. brasiliense shrubs mediates oviposition decisions by E. bechina females. The aims of this study were to determine the importance of an enemy-free space for the selection of plant locations for oviposition by the butterfly. Oviposition experiments on paired branches of C. brasiliense were designed to test egg-laying preference by Eunica in relation to the presence or absence of different types of insects on the plant. Field experiments demonstrated that presence of a specialist insect herbivore of Caryocar (Edessa rufomarginata, Pentatomidae), or of the non-aggressive visiting ant Cephalotes pusillus, had not effect on oviposition by E. bechina females compared to insect-free control branches. On the other hand, there was a significant reduction in oviposition frequency on branches with either of two aggressive ant species of the genus Camponotus compared to insect-free control branches. Avoidance of plant locations occupied by such aggressive ants persists even under high levels of oviposition sites demand by the females of the local population. We suggest that E. bechina butterflies use ant traits such as size and form as visual recognition cues to mediate oviposition decisions. By doing so, the egg-laying female reduces the probability of larval offspring encountering aggressive ants on the host plant. This discrimination capacity, in addition to an array of behavioral and morphological defenses of the caterpillars, is apparently crucial to permit the butterfly to specialize on such a risky, ant-defended host plant
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestre em Ecologia

Orientador: Jose Roberto Trigo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T21:43:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_MarcelaFernandes_M.pdf: 1168577 bytes, checksum: 50668e658835e5ddf79a806596992a18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
Resumo: Formigas podem exercer um efeito positivo ou negativo na aptidão das plantas com as quais inferagem, dependendo de suas relações com herbívoros, polinizadores e dispersores de sementes. Uma notável característica das interações entre formigas e plantas é a alta freqüência com a qual essas interações são mutualísticas. O suposto beneficio dessas interações é que a aptidão da planta pode ser aumentada indiretamente, já que uma redução na taxa de herbivoria significa uma maior produção de sementes, ou diretamente, através de redução da predação de sementes. Mas será que as plantas realmente se beneficiam da presença dos insetos que atraem?Apesar de alguns estudos terem encontrado beneficios para a planta, há aqueles que indicam o oposto, como os casos em que polinizadores e dispersores de sémentes evitam flores e frutosdevido à presença de formigas. O legado evolutivo das interações entre plantas, herbívoros e formigas é o aparecimento de novas estruturas em plantas. Crotalaria pallida é uma planta muito visitada por formigas devido à presença de nectários extraflorais (NEFs), glândulas produtoras de açúcar sem relação direta com polinização. Superficialmente, pode parecer que as conseqüências para a planta das suas relações com seus herbívoros sejam necessariamente contrárias às conseqüências para o herbívoro. Por outro lado, uma observação mais.cautélosa revela que alguns mecanismos que produzem efeitos negativos no herbívoro não levam automaticamente a um beneficio da planta. Sendo assim, este estudo visa avaliar a relação custo-beneficio da visitação por formigas em C. pallida através de sua aptidão na presença e ausência de formigas, assim como de observações de campo de interações destas plantas com vespas. As taxas de ganho de biomassa e de herbivoria, assim como a produção de flores, vagens e sementes, bem como o peso das sementes não diferiram estatisticamente entre indivíduos de C. pallida com e sem formigas. Por outro lado, o ataque às vagens foi significativamente menor nos indivíduos de C. allida em que as formigas foram excluídas, e a sobrevivência destas plantas foi maior, em comparação com as plantas que foram visitadas normalmente por formigas. Um experimento de campo indicou que a predação de larvas não parece ser influenciada pela presença de vespas, mas apenas por formigas. Por outro lado, durante observações de campo todas as vespas que visitaram racemos de C. pallida foram influenciadas pela Presença de formigas, sendo que algumas reduziram seu tempo de visitação e outras deixaram o racemo após o encontro com formigas. Assim, os resultados obtidos através dos experimentos e observações de campo sugerem que as formigas não afetam a aptidão de C. pallida, pelo menos não nas condições encontradas na área de estudo deste trabalho
Abstract: Ants may have a positive or negative effect on the fitness of the plants with which they interact, depending on its relationship with herbivores, pollinators and seed dispersers. A remarkable characteristic of the interactions between ants and plants is the high frequency with which they are mutualistic. The supposed benefit of these interactions is that the plant fitness may be enhanced indirectly, since herbivory reduction means larger seed production, or direct1y, by reduction on seed predation. But do plants really benefit from the presence of the insects they attract? Despite some studies have found benefits to the plant, there are some that indicate the opposite, like those cases in which pollinators and seed dispersers avoid flowers and fruits due to ant attendance. The evolutive legacy of the interactions between plants, herbivores and ants is the appearance of new plant structures. Crotalaria pallida is a plant highly attended by ants because of its extrafloral nectaries (EFNs), su gar-producing glands with no pollination relationship, located on the base of each flower or pod. Superficially, it may seem that the consequences of the plant relationship with its herbivores are necessar~ly opposed to the consequences to the herbivore. On the other hand, a cautious observation reveals that some mechanisms ;that produce negative effects on the herbivore not automatically lead to a benefit for the plant. Therefor, this work aim to evaluate the magnitude of the costs and benefits of ant attendance to the EFN s of C. pallida on the protection against phytophagous insects, by estimating its fitness in the presence and absence of ants, as well as using field observations of the interactions of these plants with wasps. The rates of biomass gain and herbivory, likewise the flower, pod and seed production, and also seed weight didn't differ significantly between ant-attended and non ant-attended C. pallida plants. As opposed to this, the pod attack was significant1y lower in C. pallida plants not attended by ants, and the survival of these plants was higher, in comparison to the ant-attended plants. A field experiment indicated that larvae predation don't seem to be in:t1uenced by the presence of wasps, but only by ant attendance. On the other hand, during field observations all the wasps visiting C. pallida pods were affected by ant attendance, and some of them reduced its visitation time while others left the pod after meeting an ant. 80, the results we got with the experiments and field observations suggest that the ants don't affect C. pallida fitness, at least not under the conditions found in the area where this work took place
Mestrado
Mestre em Ecologia

Orientadores: Paulo Sergio Moreira Carvalho de Oliveira, André Victor Lucci Freitas
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T09:43:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SendoyaEcheverry_SebastianFelipe_D.pdf: 4690629 bytes, checksum: f883a676253d94c96241592710afbae4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: As formigas são organismos dominantes em muitos ecossistemas tropicais, dentre os quais se encontra o Cerrado. É sabido que no dossel de florestas tropicais a maioria das formigas é altamente dependente de alimentos líquidos derivados das plantas (como nectários extraflorais ou secreções de insetos produtores de exsudatos), sendo considerada funcionalmente como herbívora. A alta abundância destes recursos na folhagem do Cerrado é considerada um incentivo para visitação de formigas, entretanto, não sabemos qual é o grau de dependência da comunidade de formigas de Cerrado por estes recursos. Algumas formigas podem se comportar como predadores oportunistas enquanto forrageiam nas plantas, de forma que para algumas plantas de Cerrado foi comprovado que a presença das formigas pode afetar os níveis de infestação de insetos fitófagos. Neste estudo avaliamos a influência das formigas sobre as larvas de lepidópteros que habitam a folhagem das plantas, tanto para os padrões de uso de hospedeiro como para as estratégias de defesa. Testes de laboratório mostraram que a construção de abrigos foi a estratégia mais frequente e eficiente para evitar o ataque de formigas. Outras características como o tamanho da larva foram importantes para predizer o ataque das formigas, mas seu efeito varia dependendo da espécie de formiga. Dependendo do conjunto de defesas presentes nas larvas os lepidópteros podem responder negativamente à presença de alguns grupos de formigas agressivas, ou não responder caso estejam interagindo com grupos de formigas menos agressivos ou inócuos. Realizamos também levantamentos de larvas e formigas em plantas de quatro fragmentos de Cerrado (no sudeste brasileiro) e encontramos que a quantidade de formigas forrageando numa planta tem um efeito negativo sobre a presença de larvas de lepidóptero. Da mesma forma, lugares com maior densidade de formigas foram também lugares com baixa abundância de larvas. A presença de recursos líquidos alimentícios nas plantas pode ser um fator mediador deste efeito e os grupos de formigas que melhor respondem à presença destes recursos (Camponotus e Pseudomyrmex) foram também os que têm maiores efeitos negativos na presença de larvas. Neste estudo demostramos que o papel das formigas como protetoras das plantas e por tanto a natureza da interação fomrigaplanta varia no espaço. Por um lado, a resposta das formigas à presença de recursos líquidos nas plantas pode ser dependente das condições locais e varia no espaço. Por outro lado, quais formigas estão presentes em cada lugar e a forma em que estas formigas usam os recursos das plantas pode afetar localmente o uso de plantas de Cerrado por larvas de lepidóptero, bem como as estratégias de defesa que ditas larvas podem apresentar. Desta forma, o resultado da interação entre formigas e plantas e especificamente os possíveis benefícios de redução de herbivoria para as plantas são também variáveis no espaço
Abstract: Ants are dominant organisms in tropical ecosystems such as Cerrado savanna. It is well known that most ants in forest canopy are highly dependent on liquid food sources derived from plants (such as extrafloral nectaries and secretions from honey-dew producing insects), being functionally considered as herbivores. The high abundance of those resources in Cerrado is an incentive for ants to visit the foliage, although, we still do not know how dependent the ant community is on those resources. While foraging on plants, some ants can behave as generalist predators, thereby, for some Cerrado plants it has been proved that ant presence may reduce infestation levels of phytophagous insects. In the present study we evaluated the importance of ants visitation for lepidopteran larvae, for both host plant use as well as for the defense strategies. In laboratory tests we showed that shelter construction was the more frequent and most efficient defense of Lepidoptera larvae to avoid ant attack. Other traits such as larval body size were important to predict ant attack, but its effect varied with ant species. Larvae may negatively respond to the presence of some aggressive ant groups and not be affected by innocuous ants, but this response may be affected by the specific defensive set of larvae. We also carried out field samplings of both lepidopteran larvae and foraging ants in four fragments of Cerrado (southeastern Brazil), and we found that the foraging intensity of ants had a negative effect on the probability of finding larvae on plants. We show here that interactions between ants and plants vary across space both in how ants use resources present on plants but also in how they affect herbivorous presence. Localities with higher ant density were also places with low larval abundance. The presence of liquid food resources on plants may be a factor mediating ant effects, and the groups of ants that better responded to those resources were also the ones with higher effect on caterpillar presence. However, ant response to liquid food resources on plants are dependent on local conditions and vary across space. Which ants are present locally and the way that they use plant resources may affect host plant use by lepidopteran larvae, as well as the defensive sets that those larvae may present. This evidence suggest that the importance of the ant-plant mutualism in terms of benefits for both organisms is highly dependent on the characteristics of local communities and vary on space. As consequence, the outcome of ant-plant interaction and specifically the function of ants as plant body guards and the potential benefits for plants of herbivory reduction may highly in some communities and small or even null in others
Doutorado
Ecologia
Doutor em Ecologia

6 pp.
Training and pruning newly-planted deciduous fruit trees is one of the most important steps in developing trees with a strong framework (scaffold branches). Trees with a good framework of branches can support heavy crops without limb breakage and will help to bring the young tree into production at an early age. Selection and arrangement of these branches determines the type of development and growth in later years. The goal of pruning and training is to balance vegetative and fruiting wood growth.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo
El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la harinosidad y la tasa de ablandamiento en los frutos de una población F2 del nectarino ‘Venus’ y de éste. Se caracterizó el estado de madurez de los frutos al momento de cosecha y luego del almacenamiento a 4ºC durante 21 días midiéndoles peso, color de fondo, firmeza de la pulpa y concentración de sólidos solubles. Después de un periodo de almacenamiento a 20ºC hasta alcanzar la madurez de consumo se evaluó la harinosidad de la pulpa, el color de fondo, la firmeza de la pulpa y la concentración de sólidos solubles. Se observó que el 53,3% de los individuos de la población F2 y ‘Venus’ presentaron una pérdida de firmeza de 0,5 kg-f/día. El 28,9% y el 17,8% de los individuos de la población F2 presentó una pérdida de firmeza de 0,74 kg-f/día y 0,99 kg-f/día, respectivamente. Según el método de absorción en papel de jugo libre, el 41,2% de la población F2 presentó frutos harinosos y el 55,7% de la población F2 presentó mayor porcentaje de jugosidad que ‘Venus’.
The objective of this work was to characterize the flesh mealiness and softening rate of fruits of an F2 population of ‘Venus’ nectarine. Fruit maturity stage was characterized at harvest time and after storage at 4°C during 21 days by measuring weight, ground color, flesh firmness and soluble solids concentration. After a storage period at 20°C until reaching ripening, flesh mealiness, ground color, flesh firmness and soluble solids concentration were evaluated. It was observed that 53.3% of the F2 and ‘Venus’ population individuals presented 0.5 kg-f/day of firmness loss. In the F2 population, firmness loss in 28.9 and 17.8% of the individuals was 0.74 kg-f/day and 0.99 kg-f/day, respectively. According to the paper absorption method of free juice, 41.2% of F2 population showed mealy fruits and 55.7% of it exhibited a greater juiciness percentage than ‘Venus’.

Tesis para optar al título profesional de Ingeniera Agrónoma y al grado de Magister en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Mención Producción Frutícola
El procesamiento de los nectarines cv. Summer Fire afecta su calidad en términos de color, firmeza de la pulpa y calidad funcional. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes porcentajes de O2 + CO2 (21 + 0 (aire); 0 + 0; 5 + 0; 5 + 5; 5 + 10 y 21 + 10) sobre la calidad de cascos de nectarines. Los cascos fueron sanitizados y almacenados en atmósfera controlada y evaluados luego de 3, 5, 7 y 9 días a 5 °C. Los resultados indicaron que la aplicación de 5% de O2 + 10% de CO2 mantuvo estable el tono y la firmeza de pulpa, aumentó la concentración de fenoles totales y la capacidad antioxidante total, mientras que redujo los recuentos de aerobios mesófilos por 9 días en comparación al aire. Todas las concentraciones gaseosas aplicadas a excepción del aire redujeron la actividad de la PPO. Por lo que bajas concentraciones de O2 y moderadas de CO2 mantienen la calidad de nectarines MPF por 9 días a 5 °C.
The processing of Summer Fire cv. nectarine caused changes in color, flesh firmness and functional quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different gas percentages (O2 + CO2: 21 + 0 (air); 0 + 0; 5 + 0; 5 + 5; 5 + 10 and 21 + 10) on the quality of nectarine wedges. Wedges were sanitized and stored under different gas concentration and evaluated after 3, 5, 7 and 9 days at 5 °C. Results indicate that 5% de O2 + 10% de CO2 maintained hue angle and firmness of the flesh. Increased total phenolic contents and total antioxidant capacity and decreased mesophilic counts were found during 9 days compared to samples in air. All gas concentrations except air reduced PPO activity. Therefore low O2 and moderate CO2 concentrations maintain the quality of fresh cut nectarines for 9 days at 5 °C.

Tesis presentada para optar al título profesional de Ingeniera Agrónoma y al grado de Magíster en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Mención Producción Frutícola
Los principales problemas observados en nectarines MPF se relacionan con el pardeamiento enzimático y el ablandamiento de la pulpa. Para lograr minimizar estos problemas en cascos de nectarines “Ruby Diamond”, se evaluó el uso de diferentes concentraciones gaseosas mediante el uso de atmósfera controlada. Los nectarines se procesaron a 8 ºC, partiendo con un lavado inicial, corte en cascos y lavado de éstos. Luego los cascos fueron envasados en recipientes de polietileno (200 g de fruta por recipiente) y depositados dentro de contenedores plásticos herméticos. Se aplicaron 5 tratamientos: 5%O2+0%CO2; 5%O2+5%CO2; 0%O2+0%CO2; 21%O2+10%CO2 y 21%O2+0%CO2 (testigo). Los cascos se almacenaron 9 días a 5 ºC, durante los cuales se analizó la actividad fisiológica, parámetros físicos y químicos, calidad sensorial y microbiológica, y contenido de compuestos aromáticos volátiles. Se presentó una disminución de la producción de etileno en todos los tratamientos desde el día del procesamiento (día 0) al día 3 de almacenamiento, con valores entre 2,4-1,1 y 1,3-0,4 μL kg-1·h-1, respectivamente, siendo menor en los cascos tratados con 21%O2 + 10%CO2 (0,4 μL·kg-1·h-1), en comparación con el testigo (1,3 μL·kg-1·h-1). Tras 5 días, todos los tratamientos fueron efectivos en disminuir la producción de etileno en comparación con el testigo. Los parámetros de saturación y tono del color presentaron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos sólo en el día 3 de almacenamiento, en donde los cascos tratados con 21%O2+10%CO2 alcanzaron menor saturación (35,6) y mayor tono (91,9) asociados a un menor pardeamiento. La firmeza y los parámetros químicos no fueron afectados significativamente por las concentraciones gaseosas utilizadas a lo largo del almacenamiento. En relación con el análisis microbiológico, todos los tratamientos tuvieron un efecto inhibitorio sobre el crecimiento de hongos y levaduras en comparación con el testigo y lograron mantener los recuentos de aerobios mesófilos y enterobacterias dentro de los límites establecidos por la legislación Chilena durante 9 días a 5 ºC. En los análisis sensoriales, los tratamientos 21%O2+10%CO2 y 0%O2+0%CO2 presentaron el menor pardeamiento y mejor apariencia hasta el día 7 de almacenamiento, sin conferir sabores extraños en el producto. A su vez todos los tratamientos mantuvieron una calidad sensorial aceptable durante 9 días a 5 °C. De los compuestos volátiles identificados en el perfil aromático de cascos de nectarines “Ruby Diamond”, el acetato de etilo presentó un alto contenido relativo en los cascos tratados con 0% O2 + 0% CO2 (61,0%) hacia el final del almacenamiento (día 9), lo que se relacionó con la aparición de olores y sabores desagradables en los cascos, coincidiendo con las evaluaciones del panel sensorial.

Four Pima cotton entries were grown in large plots at MAC, not treated with insecticide, to determine their response to attack of pink bollworm. P62, an early -maturing germplasm line, sustained significantly less seed damage caused by pink bollworm than did 'Pima S-6', Pima S-6 nectariless, and P62 nectariless. The nectariless trait did not reduce seed damage significantly.

Orientadores: Marlies Sazima, Jose Roberto Trigo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-21T04:06:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Varassin_IsabelaGalarda_M.pdf: 3761553 bytes, checksum: edb82369d049c2e5475a8a2f9ad794df (MD5) Previous issue date: 1996
Resumo: Foram estudadas quatro espécies de Passíflora. P. alata, P. galbana (Parque Estadual de Setiba, Guarapari, ES) e P. mucronata (Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Picinguaba, Ubatuba, SP), que pertencem ao subgênero Passíflora e ocorrem em vegetação de restinga. P. speciosa Gardn. , subgênero Distephana, ocorre em mata atlântica de tabuleiro da Reserva Florestal da CVRD (RFCVRD), Unhares, ES. Foi analisado qualitativa - e quantitativamente o recurso alimentar e foram identificados os constituintes químicos que compõe as unidades de atração visual e olfativa nestas espécies de Passiflora. Foi observado que as espécies de Passiflora estudadas dependem de vetores de pólen para a produção de frutos. P. alata é melitófila, P. galbana e P. mucronata são quiropterófilas e P. speciosa é ornitófila. A polinização é favorecida pela deflexão dos órgãos reprodutivos, que permite que os animais os toquem. O néctar é o recurso alimentar procurado pelos visitantes florais, sendo que o comportamento dos polinizadores vertebrados parece refletir a disponibilidade do recurso, forrageando quando há mais volume de néctar e quando a previsibilidade da quantidade de recurso é maior. A dinâmica de secreção de néctar das espécies estudadas está relacionada com a hidrólise de amido armazenado no nectário. Parece haver uma relação entre o tipo de polinizador e a composição do néctar, inclusive a quantidade de lipídios presentes e a razão Na+/K+. O espectro de absorção nas faixas UV-VIS encontrado nestas flores se adequa à sensibilidade espectral da visão dos polinizadores, com presença de antocianidinas em P. a/ata e P. speciosa. As espécies quiropterófilas possuem pigmentos que refletem na região do visível, e devem ter uma função menos importante na localização das flores por morcegos. Nas espécies polinizadas por animais cujo olfato é bastante desenvolvido, há maior abundância de classes de compostos voláteis. Compostos aromáticos hidroxilados e monoterpenos são provavelmente os responsáveis pelo perfume adocicado das flores de P. alata. Em P. galbana, estes compostos tem participação expressiva no seu perfil de odores. P. speciosa tem leve odor acre, provavelmente conferido por hidrocarbonetos. Sinais olfativos devem estar permitindo a localização do recurso a longa distância, enquanto que a localização do recurso a curta distância seria possível através de orientação visuail ou acústica. Vários compostos que formam as fragrâncias destas espécies de Passiflora ocorrem em outras espécies de plantas; alguns destes também ocorrem em secreções exócrinas de abelhas
Abstract: Four species of Passiflora were studied. P. alata, P. galbana (Parque Estadual de Setiba, Guarapari, ES) and P. mucronata (Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Picinguaba, Ubatuba, SP), belong to the Passiflora subgenus, and occur in restinga vegetation. P. speciosa Gardn., Distephana subgenus occurs in Atlantic forest in the Reserva Florestal da CVRD (RFCVRD), Unhares. The central aims of this study were to analise qualitative and quantitative aspects of the food resources, and to identify visual and olfactory chemical constituents of the units of attraction in these species of Passiflora, to verify their role in pollinator selection, since they have distinct pollination syndromes. Those Passiflora species depend on pollen vectors to produce fruits. P. alata is mellitophylous, P. galbana and P. mucronata are chiropterophylous and P. speciosa is an ornithophylous species. Pollination is facilitated due to the deflection of the reproductive organs. Floral visitors search for nectar as a food resource; the vertebrate pollinator behavior seems to reflect resource availability, as they forage when large amounts of nectar are found and when quantitative resource predictability is greater. The dynamics of nectar secretion is related to nectary starch hydrolysis. There seems to be a relationship between pollinator type and the nectar composition, such as amounts of lipids and Na+/K+ ratio. The UV-VIS spectral absortion of flowers is adjusted to the pollinators' visual spectral sensitivity, with anthocyanidins present in P. alata and P. speciosa. Pigments of the chiropterophylous species reflect in the visible spectra, and might have a little importance in flower location. There is a higher class diversity among the volatiles compounds in the species pollinated by animais with an acute olfactory sense. Hydroxylated aromatic compounds and monoterpenes are probably responsible for the sweet scent of P. alata. In P. galbana, they are also important compounds in the scent profile. P. speciosa has a very faint acrid smell, probably from hydrocarbons. Long distance resource location is probably accomplished by olfactive signals, although visual or acoustic signals could be responsible for short distance orientation. Fragrance compositions of these Passiflora species show compounds also present in other species and in the exocrine secretions of bees
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestre em Ciências Biológicas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-12-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:43:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 borges_ls_dr_botfca.pdf: 5924840 bytes, checksum: 6d98765d919334a14555de3b9568215e (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O jambu (Spilanthes oleracea) é uma planta nativa do Brasil, com propriedades químicas importantes. No Estado de São Paulo, a produção de jambu está direcionada para extração do óleo essencial que está sendo fornecido direto para as indústrias de cosméticos, pela sua qualidade farmacológica. No entanto, pesquisas sobre as propriedades antioxidantes dos extratos aquosos e a ação antifúngica do seu óleo essencial são ainda incipientes. Assim, o objetivo geral do primeiro ao terceiro capitulo foram comparar cultivares de jambu produzidos de forma orgânica e convencional, quanto ao desenvolvimento fenológico das plantas (folha e inflorescência), através dos índices morfo-fisiológicos de crescimento, além das substâncias antioxidantes presentes nos extratos aquosos, teores e composição do óleo essencial, bem como sua ação antifúngica. Nos quarto e quinto capitulos, o objetivo foi o uso de radiação UV-C e aplicação de O2 ( 90-100 Kpa) como tratamento capaz de melhorar o potencial de conservação após o processamento mínimo. As características avaliadas no primeiro capitulo foram: Altura de planta, Área foliar, Massa de matéria fresca, Massa de matéria seca, Índice de área foliar (IAF), Razão de Área Foliar (RAF), Área Foliar Específica (AFE), Razão de Peso das Folhas (RPF), Quantidade de água na parte aérea (QAPA), Peso específico foliar (PEF) e Produtividade econômica. No segundo capitulo, avaliou-se: teor de compostos fenólicos, carotenóides, vitamina C e poliaminas, e a atividade da peroxidase, potencial antioxidante, nitrato e nitrogênio; enquanto que, no terceiro capitulo foi extraído e...
The jambu (Spilanthes oleracea) is a native plant of Brazil, with important chemical properties. In São Paulo, the production is directed jambu for extraction of essential oil being supplied direct to the cosmetic, pharmaceutical for its quality. However, research on its antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts and antifungal effect of the essential oil are still incipient. Thus, the overall goal of the first-third chapter were jambu compare cultivars produced under organic and conventional, as the phenological development of plants (leaf and inflorescence), through morphological and physiological indices of growth, in addition to the antioxidants present in extracts aqueous beyond the content and composition of essential oil as well as its antifungal action. In the fourth and fifth chapters, the goal was the use of UV-C radiation and application of O2 ( 90-100 kPa) as a treatment able to improve the conservation value after processing. The characteristics were evaluated in the first chapter: plant height, leaf area, the fresh mass, dry mass, leaf area index (LAI), Leaf Area Ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA), Reason Weight of Leaves (RPF), Amount of water in the shoot (QAPA) , specific leaf weight (PEF) and economic productivity. In the second chapter, we evaluated: content of phenolic compounds, carotenoids, vitamin C and polyamines, and peroxidase activity, antioxidant potential, and nitrate nitrogen, whereas, in the third chapter was... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima
Coorientador: Rumy Goto
Banca: Francisco Artes Calero
Banca: Regildo Márcio Gonçalves da Silva
Banca: João Domingos Rodrigues
Banca: Armando Reis Tavares
Resumo: O jambu (Spilanthes oleracea) é uma planta nativa do Brasil, com propriedades químicas importantes. No Estado de São Paulo, a produção de jambu está direcionada para extração do óleo essencial que está sendo fornecido direto para as indústrias de cosméticos, pela sua qualidade farmacológica. No entanto, pesquisas sobre as propriedades antioxidantes dos extratos aquosos e a ação antifúngica do seu óleo essencial são ainda incipientes. Assim, o objetivo geral do primeiro ao terceiro capitulo foram comparar cultivares de jambu produzidos de forma orgânica e convencional, quanto ao desenvolvimento fenológico das plantas (folha e inflorescência), através dos índices morfo-fisiológicos de crescimento, além das substâncias antioxidantes presentes nos extratos aquosos, teores e composição do óleo essencial, bem como sua ação antifúngica. Nos quarto e quinto capitulos, o objetivo foi o uso de radiação UV-C e aplicação de O2 ( 90-100 Kpa) como tratamento capaz de melhorar o potencial de conservação após o processamento mínimo. As características avaliadas no primeiro capitulo foram: Altura de planta, Área foliar, Massa de matéria fresca, Massa de matéria seca, Índice de área foliar (IAF), Razão de Área Foliar (RAF), Área Foliar Específica (AFE), Razão de Peso das Folhas (RPF), Quantidade de água na parte aérea (QAPA), Peso específico foliar (PEF) e Produtividade econômica. No segundo capitulo, avaliou-se: teor de compostos fenólicos, carotenóides, vitamina C e poliaminas, e a atividade da peroxidase, potencial antioxidante, nitrato e nitrogênio; enquanto que, no terceiro capitulo foi extraído e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The jambu (Spilanthes oleracea) is a native plant of Brazil, with important chemical properties. In São Paulo, the production is directed jambu for extraction of essential oil being supplied direct to the cosmetic, pharmaceutical for its quality. However, research on its antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts and antifungal effect of the essential oil are still incipient. Thus, the overall goal of the first-third chapter were jambu compare cultivars produced under organic and conventional, as the phenological development of plants (leaf and inflorescence), through morphological and physiological indices of growth, in addition to the antioxidants present in extracts aqueous beyond the content and composition of essential oil as well as its antifungal action. In the fourth and fifth chapters, the goal was the use of UV-C radiation and application of O2 ( 90-100 kPa) as a treatment able to improve the conservation value after processing. The characteristics were evaluated in the first chapter: plant height, leaf area, the fresh mass, dry mass, leaf area index (LAI), Leaf Area Ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA), Reason Weight of Leaves (RPF), Amount of water in the shoot (QAPA) , specific leaf weight (PEF) and economic productivity. In the second chapter, we evaluated: content of phenolic compounds, carotenoids, vitamin C and polyamines, and peroxidase activity, antioxidant potential, and nitrate nitrogen, whereas, in the third chapter was... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

El cultivo de caqui en España ha experimentado en los últimos años un incremento importante, centralizado principalmente en la variedad Rojo Brillante. Los problemas asociados a la centralización del cultivo en una única variedad hacen necesario ampliar la gama varietal con variedades de recolección temprana y tardía, con el fin de ampliar el periodo de comercialización de este cultivo. En el caso de fruta de hueso, en los últimos años se ha producido una disminución de su consumo debido fundamentalmente a un descenso de calidad de los frutos, por lo que disponer de nuevas variedades adaptadas a las demandas del mercado es determinante para el sector productor. El objetivo de esta Tesis fue la evaluación del comportamiento en frigoconservación de nuevas variedades de melocotón, nectarina y albaricoque, así como de variedades de caqui de distinto origen que amplíen la gama varietal de la Comunidad Valenciana. En fruta de hueso se seleccionaron dos variedades de melocotón, tres de nectarina y nueve de albaricoque, procedentes de los programas de mejora genética del Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA). En caqui, el estudio se realizó en veintiuna variedades de importancia agronómica, procedentes del banco de germoplasma del IVIA. La fruta de hueso de cada variedad y campaña se almacenó a 1ºC (95% HR) durante un periodo entre 1 y 4 semanas, seguido de 3 días a 20ºC, periodo de simulación de la comercialización. En caqui, los frutos se almacenaron 5 días a 20ºC, simulando un periodo de comercialización directa, o durante un periodo variable de 1 a 4 semanas a 1ºC (95% HR), seguido de 5 días a 20ºC. En el momento de la recolección y durante el almacenamiento se evaluaron los siguientes parámetros: color, firmeza, pérdida de peso, contenido en sólidos solubles, acidez, índice de madurez, respiración y producción de etileno, producción de compuestos volátiles (acetaldehído y etanol) y calidad sensorial. De las dos variedades de melocotón estudiadas, la variedad VIVAC0059- 08 presentó una buena aptitud a la frigoconservación manteniendo una calidad aceptable tras 4 semanas de almacenamiento a 1ºC, mientras que la conservación en la variedad IVIA0101-01, con una alta calidad en recolección, se vio limitada a su consumo directo. De igual manera, las variedades de nectarina y albaricoque estudiadas, con elevada calidad organoléptica, no mostraron una buena aptitud a la conservación en las condiciones de almacenamiento ensayadas. En todos los casos, el factor limitante en la frigoconservación de estas variedades fue el ablandamiento de los frutos. Teniendo en cuenta que el parámetro limitante en la comercialización de caqui es la pérdida de firmeza, todas las variedades estudiadas presentaron una firmeza adecuada tras el periodo de comercialización de 5 días a 20ºC, a excepción de la variedad Tonewase. Las variedades de polinización constante no astringente (PCNA) mantuvieron un firmeza comercial durante un periodo más prolongado (3-4 semanas) de almacenamiento a 1ºC que el resto de variedades. Por otra parte, las variedades de polinización constante astringente (PCA) `Garidells¿ y `Ferrán 12¿, la variedad de polinización variable no astringente (PVNA) `La Selva 14¿ y la variedad de polinización variable astringente (PVA) `Hiratanenashi¿ mostraron una drástica pérdida de firmeza durante la conservación a 1ºC, lo que podría indicar una alta susceptibilidad de estas variedades a las bajas temperaturas. De todas las variedades estudiadas que se mostraron aptas para una frigoconservación más o menos prolongada, destacan `Aizumishirazu-B¿, `Reus 6¿ y `Tomatero¿ por su recolección más temprana en comparación con `Rojo Brillante¿, mientras que `Constantí¿ y `Amankaki¿ destacaron por su recolección más tardía, lo que hace que estas variedades sean interesantes para ampliar la campaña de comercialización de caqui. En todas las variedades de PCA, PVNA y PVA el tratamiento aplicado para la eliminación de la astringencia con altas concentraciones de CO2 fue efectivo.
Romaguera Romero, S. (2013). Comportamiento postcosecha de variedades de caqui y de nuevas variedades de fruta de hueso de interés comercial [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/29689
TESIS

L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és analitzar l'efecte de diferents sistemes d'encoixinat sobre diversos paràmetres del sòl i d'un cultiu de nectarina primerenca. Es va determinar l'eficiència de sis sistemes d'encoixinat en la reducció de l'evaporació d'un sòl humit en condicions de laboratori i de camp sense conreu. En base als resultats d'aquests assajos, es va efectuar un assaig de tres anys de durada en una plantació de nectarina regada per degoteig per comparar l'eficiència de quatre sistemes d'encoixinat. El plàstic i l'escorça de pi van reduir l'evaporació del sòl, van mantenir una major humitat i van controlar millor la salinitat del sòl que el sòl nu i l'encoixinat de geotèxtil. El plàstic va mantenir una major temperatura del sòl, va afavorir la producció i va millorar la qualitat del fruit de la nectarina. L'ús d'encoixinats va millorar lleugerament els paràmetres productius de la nectarina. Aquests paràmetres van estar poc relacionats amb la humitat i la salinitat del sòl.
El objetivo de esta tesis es analizar el efecto de distintos sistemas de acolchado sobre varios parámetros del suelo y de un cultivo de nectarina temprana. Se determinó la eficiencia de seis sistemas de acolchado en la reducción de la evaporación de un suelo húmedo en condiciones de laboratorio y de campo sin cultivo. En base a los resultados de estos ensayos, se efectuó un ensayo de tres años de duración en una plantación de nectarina regada por goteo para comparar la eficiencia de cuatro sistemas de acolchado. El plástico y la corteza de pino redujeron la evaporación del suelo, mantuvieron una mayor humedad y controlaron mejor la salinidad del suelo que el suelo desnudo y el acolchado de geotextil. El plástico mantuvo una mayor temperatura del suelo, favoreció la producción y mejoró la calidad del fruto de la nectarina. El uso de acolchados mejoró ligeramente los parámetros productivos de la nectarina. Estos parámetros estuvieron poco relacionados con la humedad y la salinidad del suelo.
The aim of this thesis is to analyze the effect of different soil mulching materials on various soil parameters and on an early nectarine orchard. The efficiency to reduce evaporation of a moist soil subject to six mulching treatments was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions in a soil without vegetation. Based on results of these experiments, we conducted an experiment during three years in a drip irrigated nectarine orchard to compare the efficiency of four mulching systems. Plastic and pine bark reduced soil evaporation, maintained a higher soil water content and reduced soil salinity. The soil under plastic maintained a higher temperature, favouring the yield and improving the fruit quality of nectarine. The use of mulching materials in nectarine improved slightly the productivity parameters of this crop. These parameters were poorly correlated with soil moisture and salinity.

Memoria para optar al título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo
El análisis del comportamiento de los consumidores a partir de las actitudes y estructuras de preferencias que presentan consumidores chilenos y chinos en relación a duraznos y nectarines para consumo en fresco constituyó el objetivo principal de este estudio. La fuente principal de información fue una encuesta aplicada a una muestra no probabilística de 90 consumidores chilenos y 78 chinos. A partir de ésta se evaluó características sociodemográficas, hábitos de compra y actitudes de consumo. Paralelamente, se evaluó a través de un panel de degustación una variedad de nectarín pulpa amarilla “4B12” y un durazno tradicional pulpa amarilla “5B64”, ambas no comerciales. El análisis se basó en técnicas de análisis multivariado y univariado. Por medio de análisis cluster se logró identificar 2 segmentos para consumidores chilenos: “Informados” (63,3%) y “Desinteresados” (36,7%). Para los consumidores chinos también se identificaron 2 segmentos: “Tradicionales” (57,5%) y “Modernos” (42,3%). A través de análisis conjunto se establecieron estructuras de preferencias para especie, precio y origen. Los segmentos chilenos priorizan el origen y los segmentos chinos el precio. Para todos los segmentos el producto ideal fue: nectarín 4B12, origen Chile y 400 pesos por kilógramo, consignándose importantes similitudes entre consumidores chilenos y chinos.
The analysis of consumer’s behavior in relation to attitudes and structures of preferences related to the fresh consumption of peaches and nectarines that Chilean and Chinese consumers show is the main aim of this study. The main source of information was a survey of a non-probabilistic sample of 90 Chilean consumers and 78 Chinese consumers. Socio-demographic characteristics, buying habits and consumers’ attitudes were assessed in this survey. At the same time, a variety of yellow-fleshed nectarines “4B12” and traditional yellow-fleshed peaches “5B64”, both non-commercial, were assessed by a taste panel. The analysis was based on technique of multivariate and univariate analysis. Through cluster analysis two segments for Chilean consumers were indentified: “the informed” (63,3%) and “the uninterested” (36,7%). For Chinese consumers, there were also two segments identified: “the traditional” (57,5%) and “the modern” (42,3%). After examining the results through conjoint analysis, there were preferences for species, price and origin established. Chilean segments give priority to the origin and Chinese segments give priority to the price. For both segments the ideal product was: nectarine, origin Chile and price 400 Chilean pesos per kilogram, consigning important similarities between Chilean and Chinese consumers.

Peach is one of the most appreciated temperate fruit worldwide with high potential value on the market. However, consumers are not satisfied with the quality attributes of peach and nectarine at consumption and are not stimulated in repurchasing the fruit. This induced a strong decrease in sales in both local and export markets with the consequent drop of revenues for producers. In addition to fresh consumption, the offer of fresh-cut peaches and nectarines is increasing and represent a valid alternative for stone fruit commercialization to match the increasing demand of ready-to-eat product on the market. The aim of this work was to explore the interaction between the maturity at harvest and the development of the fruit flavour during postharvest, including the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) responsible for the aroma. Different peach and nectarine cultivars were used as well as different technologies such as SPME-GC-MS and PTR-ToF-MS to characterize the aroma profile of the fruit. Diverse cold storage lengths were applied to simulate short and long-distance export in which fruit are generally submitted to fulfil market demands. Furthermore, VOCs were also investigated on different cultivars of nectarines submitted to fresh-cut processing. When fruit were submitted to cold storage the volatile profile of the fruit was generally enhanced, weakening the differences present at harvest between maturity classes. Fresh-cut processing, induced a major variation in the volatile profile of the fruit such as the immediate release of VOCs associated with positive sensations, and the production of off-flavour volatiles over time in cold storage. A quality-oriented storage, processing and packaging should include the aroma volatiles to ensure the success of the peach and nectarine industry.

Orientador: João Semir
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-26T00:58:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Meira_RenataMariaStroziAlves_D.pdf: 49856761 bytes, checksum: 6dad5bfa434064dbeaed9c520c608c4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000
Resumo: Uma característica morfológica muito importante, verificada em todas as espécies de Lafoensia, é a presença em suas folhas de uma glândula subapical, caracterizadas como hidatódios. Entretanto, esses hidatódios são atípicos, principalmente pela ausência de estômatos e por não serem vascularizados por terminações exclusivamente xilemáticas. Considerando que hidatódios e nectários extraflorais são estruturalmente semelhantes, este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar estrutural e histoquímicamente a glândula do ápice da folha de Lafoensia vandelliana, descrever o seu desenvolvimento e analisar quimicamente o exsudato secretado. Para tanto amostras de folhas em seis estádios de desenvolvimento foram coletadas, fixadas e incluídas em parafina ou historesina de acordo com a metodologia usual. Cortes longitudinais e transversais seriados foram obtidos em micrótomo rotativo. Parte dos cortes foi corada com safranina e azul de astra e parte foi submetida aos testes para verificação de polissacarídeos, compostos fenólicos e lipídios. Amostras foram diafanizadas conforme metodologia usual e fixadas e preparadas por técnicas usuais para análise em microscópio eletrônico de varredura. O exsudato foi submetido à cromatografia de papel, monodirecional, em seqüência múltipla, para a verificar a presença de açúcares. Glândulas de Lafoensia vandelliana começam a se formar nos primeiros estádios de desenvolvimento da folha e a secreção é evidente até o estádio IV, sendo imperceptível nos estádios finais e nas folhas velhas. Com o desenvolvimento da glândula, xilema e floema confluem para o parênquima nectarífero, voltado para a face abaxial, e as células deste parênquima se dividem, aumentando o volume do tecido. Concomitatemente, a epiderme da face adaxial se projeta para o exterior e na face abaxial se forma uma depressão que é recoberta integralmente pela epiderme, que é destituída de estômatos e se mantém íntegra nos estádios iniciais de desenvolvimento. O néctar secretado se acumula no parênquima nectarífero, determinando elevação da epiderme e degeneração de algumas das células secretoras subepidérmicas. Possivelmente, a secreção seja eliminada por poros da cutícula, uma vez que não se observa rompimento da epiderme. Entretanto, a epiderme não é secretora e essas suposições devem ser confirmadas por estudos mais detalhados de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. A glândula da folha de Lafoensia vandelliana deve ser caracterizada com um nectário extrafloral porque é vascularizada por xilema e por floema em proporções aproximadamente iguais, no exsudato foi constatado a presença deglicose, frutose e sacarose e foram observadas formigas visitando essa glândulas
Abstract: A very important morphological characteristic observed in ali Lafoensia species, is the presence of a sub apical gland in its leaves and characterized as hydathodes. However these hydathodes are atypical mainly by the absence of stomata and not exclusively xylem vascularized. Considering that hydathodes and extrafloral nectaries are structurally similar, this research had the following objectives: to characterize structurally and hystochemically the apical leaf gland of Lafoesnsia vandelliana, describe its development and chemically analyzed the secreted exsudate To carry this on, leaf samples of six developmental stages were collected, fixed and embedded in paraffin or historesin according to standard methodology. Transversal and longitudinal sections were obtained using a rotatory microtome. One fraction of the total sections were stained with safranin and astra blue and the remaining were used to verify the presence of polysaccharides, lipids and phenolic compounds. Samples were cleared as standard methodology and fixed and prepared as usual methodology for Scanning Electron Microscope. Exsudate was submitted to paper chromatography, monodirectional, in multiple sequence to verify the presence of sugars. Lafoensia glands begins to form in the first leaf developmental stages and the secretion is evident up to stage IV, being imperceptible in final stages and in old leaves. With gland development, xylem and phloem converge to the nectariferous parenchyma, towards the abaxial leaf surface, and the cells of this parenchyma divide increasing the tissue volume. At the same time, the adaxial epidermis projects to the exterior forming a depression in the abaxial surface that is entirely covered by an epidermis that lacks stomata and remains intact in the initial development stages. Secreted nectar accumulates in the nectariferous parenchyma, determining an epidermis protuberance and degrading some subepidermal secretory cells. Possibly, the secretion is eliminated through pores in the cuticle, because it was not observed ruptures on the epidermis. However, the epidermis is not a secretory structure and these suppositions should confirmed by more detailed studies using transmission electron microscopy. Leaf gland of Lafoensia vandelliana should be characterized as an extrafloral nectary is xylem and phloem irrigated in approximately equal proportions. In the exsudate was verified the presence of glucose, fructose and sucrose and also was observed ants visiting that gland
Doutorado
Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

Bibliography: leaves 164-172.
Nectarivores feed on aqueous sugar solutions, and their water balance is tightly linked to their energy balance. When nectar is dilute and energy demands are high, consumption of a large excess of preformed water is inevitable. Physiological implications of nectarivory for the lesser double-collared sunbird, Nectarinia chalybea, have been investigated here. Sunbirds consumed 2.7 times their body mass (8 g) per day when feeding on 0.4 M sucrose at an ambient temperature of 10°C, and excreted 87 % of the water. When feeding on 1.2 M sucrose at 30°C, sunbirds drank only 0.5 times their body mass of water daily. In view of the sometimes high flux of water, combined with the low electrolyte concentrations of nectar, sunbirds must be efficient at conserving ions to maintainelectrolyte balance. When 15 mM each of KCl and NaCI were included in a diet of 0.4 M sucrose, sunbirds precisely maintained electrolyte balance by increasing cation excretion from 2 to 17 mM. Considering the high preformed water content of dilute nectar, sunbirds may expend large amounts of energy warming their food to body temperature, which was measured as 42°C irrespective of diet. Modelling revealed that sunbirds feeding on dilute (0.4 M) sucrose at 18°C would use the same proportion of their daily energy intake (4 %) to warm their food as high-latitude aquatic endotherms feeding on fish or invertebrates just above freezing point. The evaporative water loss (and therefore evaporative heat loss) of N. chalybea increased as dietary sucrose concentration decreased (more than two-fold between 1.2 and 0.2 M).

Memoria para optar al título profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención Agroindustria
La aplicación de mínimo proceso en duraznos y nectarines nace como una alternativa de comercialización que resulta atractiva para el consumidor, debido a su rápido y fácil consumo. Sin embargo, para lograr mantener esta fruta en condiciones adecuadas se están estudiando distintas técnicas de conservación, entre las cuales se encuentran el uso combinado de bajas temperaturas y de atmósfera modificada, técnicas que ayudan a mantener la calidad comercial de estos productos por más tiempo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la vida útil de duraznos de la variedad Royal glory y nectarines de las variedades Ruby diamond y August red, sometidos a mínimo proceso, mantenidos en dos tipos de envases y dos temperaturas de conservación. Las etapas a las que fue sometida la fruta fueron: lavado del fruto con agua potable a 5 ºC, pelado y cortado en casco, lavado de los cascos en agua potable a 5 ºC, envasado en dos tipos de bolsas de distinta permeabilidad a los gases B1 (11000-14000 mL CO2 m-2 d-1) y B2 (6000-9000 mL CO2 m-2 d-1) y conservadas a 5 y 8 ºC. Durante el almacenamiento se realizaron mediciones del rendimiento del proceso, la evolución de la atmósfera al interior de las bolsas, respiración, color, firmeza, sólidos solubles totales, pH, acidez titulable y análisis sensorial. El durazno Royal glory y el nectarín Ruby diamond, mostraron un comportamiento similar, presentando una mejor conservación a 5 y 8 º C en bolsa B1. En general no se observaron cambios significativos en los parámetros físicos, químicos y sensoriales, durante los días de almacenamiento. Sin embargo, los cascos envasados en bolsas B2 a 5 y 8 ºC generaron concentraciones de CO2 (38,7 y 51,0 %, respectivamente) 4 a 5 veces mayores que en las bolsas B1 (9,7 y 5,8 %), no logrando una atmósfera adecuada para la conservación de la fruta, causando un mayor deterioro al final de su vida útil. El nectarín variedad August red, presentó una alta acumulación de CO2 (31,6 – 44,0 %) y baja de O2 (1,0 %) en ambos tipos de bolsa (B2 y B1) y en ambas temperaturas de almacenamiento (5 y 8 ºC), generando una atmósfera superior a lo recomendado por diversos autores. Sin embargo, los cascos almacenados en B2 a 5 y 8 ºC fueron los que presentaron mayores cambios físicos, químicos y sensoriales, lo que demostraría que exponer la fruta a estas condiciones por un tiempo prolongado, podría generar el deterioro más rápido de la fruta.
The objective of this study was to determine the shelf life of peaches and nectarines undergoing minimal process, and kept in two types of packages and two storage temperatures. The steps for the preparation of the fruit were: washing of whole fruit with water at 5 ºC, peeled and sliced, washed slices with potable water at 5 ºC, packaged in two types of bags of different gas permeability B1(11000-14000 mL CO2 m-2 d-1) and B2 (6000-9000 mL CO2 m-2 d-1) and stored at 5 ºC and 8 ºC. During storage, color, firmness, total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, O2 consumption, CO2 production respiration and sensory analysis were evaluated The Royal glory cv. peach and Ruby diamond cv. nectarin showed better conservation at 5 y 8 ºC in bag B1, where adequate concentrations of CO2 and O2 were obtained. Important changes were not observed in quality during storage. However the fruit in bag B2 at 8 and 5 ºC failed to provide a suitable atmosphere for the preservation of the fruit, causing further deterioration at the end of shelf-life. The August Red variety failed to generate packaging requirements, in any bag or temperature used, producing CO2 and O2 concentrations outside the suggested ranges. Because of these conditions the slices stored in B2 at 5 and 8 °C were affected in most of the physical, chemical and sensory parameters evaluated. Therefore, under the conditions used in the present study, this variety is not recommended for prolonged storage.

Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) is a cosmopolitan species of fern which possesses extrafloral nectaries. A survey of the arthropod fauna associated with the plant throughout its range in South Africa identified the most widespread and damaging bracken herbivores and those species most likely to be influenced by ants visiting the extrafloral nectaries. Seventeen herbivorous arthropods were found to be definitely feeding on bracken and a further thirteen species with a less certain status were recorded. In addition, several species of ants were observed on the fronds and feeding at the extrafloral nectarie. On the basis of their widespread distribution and abundance, four bracken herbivores emerged as being particularly detrimental to the plant in South Africa. They were an eriophyid gall mite, a leafhopper and two moths. The biology of the two lepidopterans, Appana cinisigna and Panotima sp., suggested that they were potentially vulnerable to ants at various stages of their life histories. Laboratory experiments were undertaken to observe ant-lepidopteran interactions under controlled conditions. The ant Crematogaster peringueyi rapidly removed exposed A. cini igna eggs, but did not appear to regard Panotima eggs as food items. Small instar larvae of both species proved vulnerable, but the larger larvae appeared capable of escaping ant predation. Ant exclusion experiments in the field, using natural and artificially augmented ant densities, were carried out at two sites near Grahamstown. The dominant ant species was C. peringueyi. Neither the numbers of lepidopterans nor levels of herbivory were significantly reduced by the presence of ants . Despite the implications of the laboratory tests, the results of these field experiments did not support the hypothesis that ants which visit bracken extrafloral nectaries benefit the plant. Ant-bracken field studies on other continents also reported no significant ant-related effects, though marginal reductions in the abundance of certain herbivores have been noted at one site in the U.K. Since ant protection does not appear to be an inevitable consequence of having extrafloral nectaries, their value to bracken is in some doubt. The most likely situation where effective protection will occur is when high densities of vulnerable herbivores are preyed upon by large numbers of aggressive ants. However, even under these conditions, enhancement of plant fitness is not inevitable. This raises the question of why extrafloral nectaries have been retained in a plant that is as successful and widespread as bracken.

As herbivorous insects choose where to lay their eggs, maximizing larval performance (optimal oviposition) may be at odds with adult foraging (optimal foraging). Aspen leaf miners (Phyllocnistis populiella; ALM) may choose between leaves with or without extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) as oviposition sites on quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). Reduced ALM mining on leaves with EFNs may be linked to predators that defend leaves and feed at EFNs, and to increased concentrations of secondary leaf compounds. However, direct responses of adult ALM to EFN expression may also explain differences in ALM mining among leaves with and without EFNs. ALM might be less likely to oviposit on leaves with EFNs because these leaves provide poor conditions for larval development. With choice experiments and surveys of ALM oviposition, we examined oviposition site preference in relation to EFN expression. In choice experiments and field surveys adults preferred to oviposit on leaves without EFNs. Increased oviposition was also observed on shoots with high EFN frequencies, suggesting a combination of optimal foraging and optimal oviposition, and a role of EFNs at scales above the leaf level. Higher predation on leaves with EFNs likely exerts selective pressure for the observed ALM oviposition preference for non-EFN leaves.

Orientador: Paulo Sergio Oliveira
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-19T01:23:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_SirayamadeOliveira_M.pdf: 2600944 bytes, checksum: 149a183ef457f319755758554e755c9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 1994
Resumo: Ouratea spectabilis (Ochnaceae) é uma espécie típica de cerrado que possui nectários extraflorais (NEFs) na base das estípulas e na região basal dos pedicelos, onde formigas de várias espécies são o observadas visitando e coletando néctar. A interação entre formigas e os NEFs de Ouratea spectabilis foi estudada em uma área de cerrado em Mogi-Guaçu, SP. A fauna de Formigas visitantes aos NEFs deOuratea spectabilis é constituída de 26 espécies (12 g~neros), com predomínio do gênero Camponotus, tanto em número de espécies como de indivíduos. A fauna de formigas apresentou uma nítida segregação temporal. As espécies de formigas mais comuns durante o dia foram Camponotus crassus, Zacryptocerus pusillus, Pseudomyrmex sp.1, Camponotus sp.1 e Camponotus sp.2, enquanto que as espécies Camponotus pallescens, Camponotus renggeri, Pheidole sp.2, Camponotus abdominalis, Ectatomma edentatum e Camponotus lespesi foram as mais comuns à noite. Indivíduos de Ouratea spectabilis tiveram mais espécies de formigas atacando cupins que plantas vizinhas sem NEFs. o forrageamento diferencial das formigas sobre O. spectabilis resultou em um número significativamente maior de ataques à cupins em botões e folhas novas do que em folhas maduras. Este forrageamento diferencial leva a uma maior atividade das formigas em O. spectabilis nos meses com o maior número de NEFs ativos. Os herbívoros mais abundantes em O. spectabilij foram em ordem decrescente: homópteros, lepidópteros, ortópteros, hemípteros e coleópteros. Os herbívoros mais frequentes foram duas espécies de Udranomia (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). A exclusão forçada de formigas em indivíduos de Ouratea spectabilis resultou em um número maior de lagartas de Udranomia spp. infestando as plantas, ocasionando um dano Significativamente maior às folhas. A ausência de formigas levou a um aumento no número de herbivoros em botões. Formigas parecem ser importantes agentes protetores de estruturas vegetativas de plantas de cerrado, onde a propagaçao vegetativa desempenha um papel fundamental
Abstract: Ouratea spectabilis (Ochnaceae) is a typical cerrado species that bears extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) on the stipules and on the basal region of the pedicel. Many ant species are commonly observed on the plant and actively collect extrafloral nectar. This study investigates the interaction between ants and EFNs of O. Spectabilis in an area of cerrado near Mogi-Guaçu, SP. The ant fauna associated with the EFNs of O. spectabilis consists of 26 species (12 genera). Camponotus ants showed a marked dominance~ both in number of species and individuaIs. There is a clear daily turn over in ant species composition. The diurnal ant fauna is dominated by Camponotus crassus Zacryptocerus pusillus, Pseudomyrmex sp.1, Camponotus sp.1 e Camponotus sp.2. During the night, the principal ant visitors were Camponotus pallescens C. renggeri, Pheidole sp.2 C. abdominalis~ Ectatomma edentatum e C. lespesi. Plants of O. spectabilis were more intensively visited by ants than neighbouring plants lacking EFNs. This difference resulted in many more termites being attacked by ants on Ouratea than on plants without EFNs. Termites were preferably attacked by ants on buds and young leaves. The foraging for extrafloral nectar probably explains the greater ant activity on plants during months (September and October) presenting increased numbers of active EFNs. The most abundant herbivores on O. spectabilis were homopterans, lepidopterans, orthopterans, hemipterans and coleopterans. Caterpillars of two species of Udranomia (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) were frequently observed on the plants. Ant-excluded plants of O. spectabilis had greater numbers of Udranomia caterpillars and higher levels of folivory than plants with free ant access. Plants without ants also presented increased numbers of herbivores on buds. The protection afforded by ants to O. spectabilis does not lead to an increased fruit production by the plants. Ants seem to effectively protect vegetative structures against herbivores in the cerrado. This protection is probably relevant for the plant, since vegetative propagation can play an key role for plants in the cerrado
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestre em Ciências Biológicas

Orientador : Woodruff W. Benson
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-19T02:01:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_PauloSergioMoreiraCarvalhode_D.pdf: 7424619 bytes, checksum: 2b89b7b5fb9c19606612e3ce0812b507 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1988
Resumo: Caryocar brasliense possui nectários extraflorais (NEFs) na face externa das sépalas de seus botões florais, os quais são intensamente visitados por diversas espécies de formigas. Este estudo Investigou a interação de formigas com Caryocar, em vegetação de cerrado, rio município de Itirapina-SP. Foi registrado um total de 34 espécies (17 gêneros) de formigas visitantes de Caryocar, em Itiraplna. Tanto em número de espécies, como em número de indivíduos registrados, formigas Camponotus foram as melhor representadas nos censos realizados sobre Caryocar. Formigas dos gêneros Zacryptocerus, Azteca e Pheldole também foram comumente observadas visitando NEFs de Caryocar. Camponotus crassus, C. aff. blandus e Zacryptocerus pusllus foram as formigas mais abundantes durante o dia, enquanto que Camponotus rufipes, C.rengerl e Pheldole sp. foram as mais abundantes durante a noite. O número de plantas de Caryocar sendo visitadas por formigas foi significativamente maior que o de espécies sem NEFs. Como conseqüência disto, o número de iscas (cupins vivos) atacadas por formigas também foi maior em Caryocar que em plantas sem NEFs. Formigas forragearam preferencialmente sobre botões de Caryocar, atacando um número significativamente maior de cupins nesta região da planta do que em folhas jovens ou adultas. ...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: Caryocar brasliense bears extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) on the outer surface of the sepals of its buds, which are intensively visited by several ant species. This study investigated the interaction between ants and Caryocar in an area of cerrado vegetation near Itirapina-SP. A total of 34 ant species (17 genera) were recorded visiting Caryocar at Itirapina. Both in number of species and individuals Camponotus ants were the most representatives in ant censuses conducted on Caryocar. Other ant genera such as Zacryptocerus, Azteca and Pheidole were also commonly observed on the EFNs of Caryocar. Câmponotus crassus, C. aff. blandus and Zacryptocerus pusillus were the most abundant diurnal ants, while Camponotus rufipes, C. rangeri 1 and Pheidole sp. I were the most abundant nocturnal ones. The number of Caryocar plants belng visited by ants was significantly greater than that of non-nectariferous plants, resulting in many more termite-baits being attacked by ants on Caryocar than on plants without EFNs. Ants foraged more intensively on the buds of Caryocar, where a greater number of termites were attacked, as compared with young or mature leaves. ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations
Doutorado
Ecologia
Doutor em Ciências Biológicas

L'évolution des états des bourgeons (intensité d'endodormance, niveau de croissance avant débourrement) et de leur hétérogénéité, a été étudiée chez la variété de pêcher (Prunus persica L. Batsch) Redhaven, en vue d'améliorer les connaissances sur la genèse des schémas de débourrement des arbres tempérés (en particulier sous hiver doux). La dimension topologique de l'hétérogénéité, aspect majeur de notre étude, a impliqué le recueil de données sur les bourgeons à divers niveaux le long du rameau d'un an. Les traitements expérimentaux ont consisté à forcer en serre chauffée des arbres ayant reçu, en conditions naturelles, une 'dose' plus ou moins faible de 'froid'. Nous avons suivi les états des bourgeons par des méthodes biologiques (test 'boutures', observations phénologiques précises in planta), et aussi des méthodes biochimiques et biophysiques (en vue de juger, par comparaison avec les données du test 'boutures', de leur intérêt pour caracteriser ces états). Les paramètres respiration, humidité pondérale, et dans une moindre mesure, ATP/ADP, se révèlent pouvoir constituer de bons marqueurs du niveau de croissance des bourgeons, mais pas de la capacité de croissance proprement dite donc pas de la fin de l'endodormance. Les évolutions des hiérarchies d'intensité d'endodormance et d'avancement de croissance le long du rameau, révèlent que les débourrements d'arbres plus ou moins "privés de froid" sont l'aboutissement de séquences assez diverses ; en particulier, la basitonie de débourrement implique, chez le pêcher, un renversement assez atypique de l'acrotonie initiale de croissance potentielle, pour lequel les hypothèses explicatives restent assez largement ouvertes. Nos résultats confirment aussi les problèmes de validité modèles de levée d'endodormance et donnent quelques éléments pour leur amélioration

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
Thesis research directed by: Entomology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Memori a par a optar a l Títul o Profesi onal de Ingeniero A grónomo Mención: Fruticultura
La deficiente condición que presentan muchos frutos de carozo al llegar al consumidor final, marca un gran problema en la exportación de frutas frescas, por ello se ha planteado esta investigación, que tiene como objetivos: describir la evolución de los parámetros de calidad técnica y evaluar la calidad sensorial de dos variedades de nectarinas (Venus y Maria Dolce), luego de distintos períodos de almacenaje en condiciones convencionales de postcosecha. Se cosechó la fruta en un huerto comercial de Paine, RM, en dos estados de madurez de acuerdo al color de fondo (verde, M1 y amarillo, M2). El almacenaje de los frutos fue a 0°C por 0; 14; 28 y 42 días. Las evaluaciones se realizaron después de cada salida de frío, más un período de maduración a 20°C, hasta que la firmeza de la pulpa alcanzó entre 1,0 a 2,0 lb-f. Los parámetros de calidad técnica evaluados fueron: peso (fruto, pulpa y carozo), color (epidermis y pulpa), diámetro (ecuatorial y polar), firmeza de pulpa (ambas caras, sutura, hombro y punta), concentración de sólidos solubles, pH, acidez titulable y la relación entre sólidos solubles y la acidez titulable. Por medio del análisis sensorial se evaluó aceptabilidad, apariencia, color, aroma, textura, dulzor, gusto ácido, jugosidad y sabor. Se determinó que, es posible almacenar frutos de la variedad Venus, en ambos estados de madurez por 28 días, sin presentar grandes diferencias en sus parámetros de madurez y atributos de calidad sensorial; periodos de almacenaje más prolongados, disminuyen notablemente la aceptabilidad de esta fruta. Los frutos de la variedad Maria Dolce, en ambos estados de madurez, presentan un buen potencial de almacenaje, de al menos, 42 días en postcosecha, sin influir negativamente en su aceptabilidad. Los frutos de M2, de ambas variedades, fueron los que presentaron un mejor comportamiento en postcosecha.
The poor eating quality of fresh nectarines destinated to long distance markets, is one of the main problems that are facing some countries, as Chile which is a conspicuous exporter of off-season stone fruits to the Northern Hemisphere. This research is focused on the evaluation of some postharvest indexes and quality attributes of two nectarine cultivars (Venus y María Dolce) harvested at two maturity stages kept on long term postharvest. Fruit of two maturity stages, determined by its ground color, was harvested (green, M1 and yellow, M2) and stored at 0°C and 95%R.H. for 0; 14; 28 and 42 days. Evaluations were carried out after the fruit was withdrew of the cold chamber plus a variable period of ripening at 20°C, until the flesh firmness reached among 1.0 to 2.0 kg-f. In each postharvest period, the color (epidermis and flesh), equatorial diameter, flesh firmness, soluble solids (SSC), pH, titratable acidity (TA) were determined. Besides through a panel, visual appearance, color, aroma, flesh texture, sweetness, acidity, juiciness, flavor and degree of liking was evaluated. It is reliable to store Venus peaches at both maturity stages for 28 days without registering differences neither on its maturity parameters nor on its sensorial quality attributes. The most the postharvest period goes on, the degree of liking goes down. Both ‘Maria Dolce’ maturity stages presented good storage potential ability, reaching even 42 days without showing different liking degree of recently harvested fruit. Fruits of M2 of both cultivars were the ones that presented a better behavior, in terms of eating quality and postharvest parameters.

Orientador : Profª. Drª. Erika Amano
Coorientadora : Prof. Dr. Eric de Camargo Smidt
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica. Defesa: Curitiba, 15/12/2016
Inclui referências : f. 32-34;55:56;66:68;76-81
Resumo: Acianthera é formado por aproximadamente 291 espécies de plantas epífitas e litófitas, sendo bem representado no Brasil, onde ocorrem 125 espécies. Em 1986, Acianthera e Pleurobotryum passaram a ser considerados subgêneros de Pleurothallis. Estudos moleculares apontaram que Pleurothallis não era um grupo monofilético, e Acianthera passou a ser circunscrito novamente como gênero de Pleurothallidinae. Após recente revisão taxonômica baseada em dados moleculares, Acianthera foi subdividido em dez seções, dentre elas Acianthera seção Pleurobotryae, que engloba as espécies anteriormente pertencentes ao gênero Pleurobotryum. Acianthera seção Pleurobotryae é formada por quatro espécies: A. atropurpurea, A. crepiniana, A. hatschbachii e A. mantiquyrana. Seus representantes apresentam alto grau de diferenciação morfológica, podendo apresentar cauloma ereto, subereto ou pendente, folhas compressas lateralmente ou cilíndricas. Assim, estudos anatômicos dos representantes da seção podem facilitar a caracterização de seus membros, bem como colaborar na compreensão das relações filogenéticas do gênero. Amostras de raízes, ramicaules e folhas de 15 espécies, representantes de oito das dez seções de Acianthera, foram analisadas em microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia de luz. Os estudos anatômicos de órgãos vegetativos e micromorfológicos florais revelaram caracteres anatômicos sinapomórficos para os representantes de A. seção Pleurobotryae: a presença de folhas unifaciais circulares ou elípticas em secção transversal, folhas circulares com feixes vasculares organizados em círculos concêntricos e mesofilo formado por 28 a 30 camadas de células. Verificamos ainda que as folhas elípticas presentes em A. crepiniana surgiram a partir das folhas circulares presentes nas demais espécies de A. seção Pleurobotryae. Em Acianthera foram observados tricomas radiculares simples e espiralados que se originam na camada mais externa do velame e permanecem na raiz mesmo após o seu completo desenvolvimento. Estes tricomas radiculares atuam na adesão da planta ao substrato e na captação de água e nutrientes. A anatomia floral das espécies de A. seção Pleurobotryae e de outras espécies analisadas, indica que as pétalas reduzidas destas espécies apresentam um feixe vascular colateral, enquanto que as sépalas e o labelo apresentam três feixes vasculares. Em todos os representantes de A. seção Pleurobotryae, a base e o sulco central do labelo apresentaram células com características de nectários. As sépalas e o labelo de todas as espécies analisadas apresentaram células papilosas e tricomas que podem atuar na emissão de odores. As sépalas apresentam poros estomáticos que possivelmente atuam na liberação de odores e o labelo apresenta diferentes tipos de ornamentações na cutícula, além de poros e rupturas, por onde pode ocorrer a liberação de frangrâncias. A presença de tecidos produtores de néctar no labelo das espécies de A. seção Pleurobotryae, é uma característica floral compartilhada entre os representantes desta seção, pois as demais espécies analisadas não apresentaram esta característica. Assim, as espécies de A. seção Pleurobotryae podem atrair os polinizadores pela emissão de odores e recompensá-los produzindo néctar, enquanto que as demais espécies analisadas podem atrair os polinizadores pela emissão de odores e não oferecer recompensas florais. Palavras-chave: Anatomia floral. Folhas unifaciais. Nectários. Osmóforos. Pleurothallis. Pleurobotryum. Tricomas radiculares.
Abstract: Acianthera is formed by approximately 291 species of epiphytic and lithophyte plants, in Brazil there are 125 species. In 1986 Acianthera and Pleurobotryum came to be considered subgenus of Pleurothallis, but molecular studies pointed out that Pleurothallis was not a monophyletic group and Acianthera was again circumscribed as a genus of Pleurothallidinae. After recent taxonomic revision based on molecular data, Acianthera was subdivided into ten sections, among them Acianthera sect. Pleurobotryae that encompasses the species previously belonging to the genus Pleurobotryum. Acianthera sect. Pleurobotryae is formed by four species: A. atropurpurea, A. crepiniana, A. hatschbachii e A. mantiquyrana. Its representatives present a high degree of morphological differentiation, being able to present erect, subereto or pendent ramicaul, lateral or cylindrical compressive leaves. Thus, anatomical studies of the representatives of the section can facilitate the characterization of its members, as well as collaborate in the understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of the genus. Roots, ramicauls and leaves of 15 species representative of eight of the ten sections of Acianthera were analyzed in Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. The study of the vegetative anatomy and floral micromorphology revealed unique anatomical characters for the representatives of A. sect. Pleurobotryae: unifacial leaves, circular or elliptical leaves in cross-section, circular leaves with organized vascular bundles in concentric circles and mesophyll formed by 28 to 30 layers of cells. We also verified that the elliptic leaves present in A. crepiniana appeared from the circular leaves present in the other species of A. sect. Pleurobotryae. In Acianthera, simple and spiraled root trichomes originate in the outermost layer of the velamen and remain in the root even after their complete development. These root trichomes act in the adhesion of the plant to the substrate as well as the water and nutrient uptake. The floral anatomy of the species of A. sect. Pleurobotryae and other species analyzed indicates that the reduced petals of these species present a collateral vascular bundle, whereas the sepals and the lip have three vascular bundles. In all the representatives of the A. sect. Pleurobotryae, the base and the central groove of the lip had cells with nectary characteristics. The sepals and the lip of all the analyzed species presented papillary cells and trichomes that can act in the emission of odors. The sepals have stomatal pores that may act on the release of odors and the lip presents different types of ornaments in the cuticle, as well as pores and ruptures, where the release of frangrances may occur. The presence of nectar-producing tissues in the lip of A. sect Pleurobotryae is a floral characteristic shared by representatives of this section, since the other species analyzed did not present this characteristic. Thus, the species of A. sect. Pleurobotryae can attract pollinators by the emission of odors and reward them producing nectar, While the other species analyzed can attract pollinators by the emission of odors and do not offer floral rewards. Key-words: Floral anatomy. Nectaries. Osmophores. Pleurobotryum. Pleurothallis. Root hairs. Unifacial leaves.

Mención para optar a Titulo Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo
En la actualidad las frutas mínimamente procesadas en fresco (MPF) han tenido un alza debido a los cambios de vida de los consumidores a través del mundo y a sus beneficios nutricionales. Sin embargo, las frutas MPF son muy perecederas por lo que es necesario buscar alternativas de control que prolonguen su vida útil. Para retardar la pérdida de parámetros físicos, químicos y sensoriales de cascos de nectarines var. Zee Glo se utilizaron agentes antipardeantes y atmósfera modificada activa. Los tratamientos utilizados fueron 0-BP (bolsa perforada con 0%AC, 0%EDTA, 0%AA), 1-BP (bolsa perforada con 0,7%AC, 0,3%EDTA, 0,1%AA), 0- MP (bolsa con moderada permeabilidad con 0%AC, 0%EDTA, 0%AA), 0-AP (bolsa con alta permeabilidad con 0,7%AC, 0,3%EDTA,0,1%AA), 1-MP (bolsa con moderada permeabilidad con 0,7%AC, 0,3%EDTA, 0,1%AA), 1-AP (bolsa con alta permeabilidad con 0,7%AC, 0,3%EDTA, 0,1%AA). Se evaluó la tasa respiratoria, producción de etileno, concentración gaseosa, parámetros de color, firmeza, concentración de sólidos solubles, acidez titulable, calidad sensorial, contenido fenólico total, capacidad antioxidante y actividad de PPO. Los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron que los cascos con y sin antipardeantes obtuvieron valores de 50,9 y 52,5 mgCO2·kg-1·h-1 y 3,1 y 3,5 μLC2H4·kg-1·h-1 respectivamente, presentaron una tasa respiratoria y una producción de etileno mayor que la de los frutos enteros en el día 7 de almacenamiento. La concentración atmosférica dentro de las bolsas varió según el tipo de permeabilidad para los cascos sometidos a MP y AP desde el día 3 de almacenamiento. La apariencia de los cascos disminuyó conforme aumentó el pardeamiento. Los tratamientos 1-MP y 1-AP fueron los más efectivos en prevenir la pérdida de luminosidad con valores de 70,4 y 70,2; la pérdida del tono con valores de 89,7 y 90, el aumento de la saturación con valores de 40,5 y 40,7, la pérdida de apariencia con valores de 7,6 y 8,3 cm y el aumento del pardeamiento con valores de 7,3 y 7,3 cm respectivamente en el día 7 de almacenamiento. El contenido fenólico y la capacidad antioxidante presentaron un comportamiento similar al anterior, disminuyendo ambos en el tiempo. Aquellos tratamientos con antipardeantes con un valor de 724 EAG g-1pf y los cascos sometidos a AP, con un valor de 700 EAG g-1pf fueron eficaces en controlar la pérdida del contenido fenólico en el día 7 de almacenamiento; mientras que los cascos con antipardeantes con un valor de 109 μg EAA g-1pf y los sometidos a AP, con un valor de 121,5 μg EAA g-1pf fueron los más eficientes en controlar la pérdida de la capacidad antioxidante. La actividad de la PPO presentó un aumento en el tiempo donde los cascos con antipardeantes con un valor de 0,44 U·ml-¹ proteína, presentaron la menor actividad.
At present, minimally processed fresh fruits (MPF) have increased its production due to changes in lifestyle in worldwide population and their nutritional benefits. However, MPF fruits are very perishable and alternatives treatments to prolong their shelf life must be used. To retard parameters physical, chemical and sensory changes on Zee Glo nectarine wedges anti-browning agents and active modified atmosphere were used. The treatments 0-BP (perforated bag with 0% CA, 0% EDTA, 0% AA), 1- BP (perforated bag with 0.7% CA, 0.3% EDTA, 0.1% AA), 0-MP (moderate permeability with 0% CA, 0% EDTA, 0% AA), 0-AP (high permeability with 0.7% CA, 0.3% EDTA, 0.1% AA), 1-MP (moderate permeability with 0.7% CA, 0.3% EDTA, 0.1% AA), 1-AP (high permeability with 0.7% CA, 0.3% EDTA, 0.1% AA) were used. Respiration rate, ethylene production rate, gas concentration, color parameter, firmness, soluble solid concentration, titratable acidity, sensory quality, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and PPO activity were evaluated. The results showed that the wedges both with and without anti-browning solutions obtained 50.9 and 52.5 mgCO2•kg-1•h-1 and 3.1 and 3.5 μLC2H4•kg-1•h-1 respectively, which filed greater respiratory rate and ethylene production than the whole fruit on day 7 of storage. The atmospheric concentration inside of the bags change with the type of permeability for hulls submitted to MP and HP since day 3 of storage. The appearance of the hulls decreased when the browning increased. Treatments 1-MP and 1-HP were the most effective in preventing the loss of luminosity with values 70.4 and 70.2, the loss of tone with values of 89.7 and 90, increasing the saturation values 40.5 and 40.7, the appearance loss values of 7.6 and 8.3 cm and increased browning with values of 7.3 and 7.3 cm respectively on day 7 of storage. Phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity decreased during the storage that showed a similar to previous pattern. Those anti-browning treatments which reached values of 724 g-1pf EAG and wedges treated with AP which obtained values of 700 g-1pf EAG were effective in controlling the loss of phenolic content on day 7 of storage. Both anti-browning treatments which obtained values 109 μg EAA g-1 and wedges treated with HP reached value of 121.5 μg EAA g-1 of fresh weight were the most efficient in controlling the loss of antioxidant capacity. The PPO activity showed an increase in time where the wedges with antipardeantes showed lower activity with a value of 0.44 U·ml-¹ protein.