Tesis sobre el tema "Naval Prison"

L'écoulement inspiratoire dans les Voies Aériennes Supérieures (VAS) est étudié numériquement et expérimentalement dans un nez plastiné et deux modèles des VAS saines et pathologiques obtenues à partir de coupes scanners de patients. Les simulations sont réalisées en régime laminaire ou turbulent. Les relations pression-débit globales sont mesurées expérimentalement sur les modèles plastinés et de VAS saines stéréolithographié. Cette étude montre : le bon accord expérimental-numérique sur la chute de pression globale ; l'évolution le long du nez de l'aire, du diamètre hydraulique et du nombre de Reynolds local ; la répartition du flux inspiratoire ; les pertes de charge et les variations d'énergie cinétique. Les résultats révèlent le caractère complexe de l'écoulement nasal : principalement laminaire et perturbé par les variations géométriques brusques et présentant une similitude gauche-droite dans le nez plastiné mais pas dans le modèle de VAS saines
The inspiratory airflow in Upper Airways (UA) is tudied both numerically and experimentally in a plastined nose and in two UA geometries ("healthy" and "pathological") obtained from tomodensitometric data of patients. Simulations are performed in laminar and turbulent regimes. Global pressure-flow relationship are experimentally measured on the plastined nose and on the physical model of healthy UA obtained by stereolitography. This study show : the good agreement between experimental and numerical global pressure drop ; the evolution along the nasal axis of area, hydraulic diameter and local Reynolds number ; the distribution of the inspiratory flow ; the pressure drops and kinetic energy variations. Result reveal the highly complex character of the nasal flow : essentially laminar and perturbed by the rapid geometrical changes and exhibiting a similitary between right-left nostril flows for the plastinated nose but not for the healthy geometry

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This work presents itself as a result of the research: Women as the subject of crime: a study on the complex reality of the criminal inmates Dr. John Keys - Natal / RN, done with women incarcerated in the Women's Pavilion Complex Criminal Dr. John Keys. Aimed to investigate the key determinants that lead women to enter the institution to be subject of crime. To better understand the object of our study, we start to understand and analyze the social reality, economic and cultural these women, as well as seizure of their family relationships and emotional, within a gender perspective and consider the analysis of major crimes committed and their determinations. In our study, it appears from successive approximations and procedures theoretical and methodological quality and quantity, we were privileged to documentary research, observation and semi-structured, beyond the theoretical foundation on the subject - that the question of increase in recent years, women in the criminal occurs as a result of socioeconomic reality experienced by those. At the same time, the study has also believe that poverty and crime are not phenomena of cause and effect, however, it is undeniable that the large number of prisoners (as) are poor and live situation of denial of rights. The main focus of the research points to the socio-emotional relationships, both marital and family as the main determinant for inclusion of women in crime, breaking with the myth that the woman is "fragile sex." And, more, points out that the woman in the process of emancipation and achievement of public spaces to commit a crime seek equal to the male. Moreover, the research also denounced in a prison system collapsed, and totally abandoned by the public. That denies all rights provided to prisoners (as), both inside and outside the "walls". It is a system that criminalizes and no one wants to fulfill its role, which is the functional rehabilitation and resocialization of (the) inmates (those). It is hoped that this work could contribute to the unveiling of the reality of women in the criminal - no pretension of exhausting it - and can also contribute to further studies on the subject
Este trabalho apresenta-se como resultado da pesquisa: Mulher como sujeito da criminalidade: um estudo sobre a realidade das presidi?rias do complexo penal Dr.. Jo?o chaves Natal/RN, efetuada com as mulheres encarceradas no Pavilh?o Feminino do Complexo Penal Dr. Jo?o Chaves. Teve como objetivo investigar os principais determinantes que levaram as mulheres da institui??o a inserirem-se como sujeitos da criminalidade. Para compreendermos mais adequadamente o nosso objeto de estudo, partimos da compreens?o e an?lise da realidade social, econ?mica e cultural destas mulheres, assim como, da apreens?o de suas rela??es familiares e afetivas, dentro de uma perspectiva de g?nero, bem como consideramos a an?lise dos principais crimes praticados e suas determina??es. Em nosso estudo, constata-se a partir de aproxima??es sucessivas e procedimentos te?ricos-metodol?gicos quali-quantitativos, nos quais foram privilegiadas ? pesquisa documental, a observa??o e a entrevista semi-estruturada, al?m da fundamenta??o te?rica a respeito do tema - que a quest?o do aumento, nos ?ltimos anos, de mulheres no meio criminal se d? em virtude da realidade socioecon?mica vivenciada por essas. Ao mesmo tempo, o estudo permitiu entender tamb?m que pobreza e criminalidade n?o s?o fen?menos de causa e efeito, por?m, ? ineg?vel que o grande n?mero de presidi?rios (as) s?o pobres e vivenciam situa??o de nega??o de direitos. O foco principal da pesquisa aponta as rela??es s?cio-afetivas, tanto conjugais como familiares como principais determinantes para inser??o das mulheres na criminalidade, rompendo com o mito de que a mulher ? sexo fr?gil . E, mais, aponta que a mulher em seu processo de emancipa??o e conquista dos espa?os p?blicos ao cometerem um crime procuram equiparar-se ao sexo masculino. Por outro lado, a pesquisa tamb?m nos denuncia um sistema penitenci?rio falido, e totalmente abandonado pelo poder p?blico. Que nega todos os direitos previstos aos presos (as), tanto dentro como fora dos muros . ? um sistema que criminaliza e nem se quer consegue cumprir o seu papel, funcional que ? a ressocializa??o e a reeduca??o das (os) presidi?rias (os). Espera-se, que, este trabalho, possa contribuir para o desvelamento da realidade da mulher no meio criminal - sem pretens?o de esgot?-lo - bem como possa contribuir tamb?m para posteriores estudos sobre o tema

Au tout début du XXIe siècle, une équipe d’archéologues plonge sur l’épave d’un petit navire de guerre du XVIIIe siècle, au nord de l’actuelle République Dominicaine. Sa coque est de fabrication américaine, ses canons sont écossais et les boutons d’uniformes sont français. Après avoir suivi quelques fausses pistes, la recherche aux Archives nationales permet de résoudre l’énigme : il s’agit de la corvette française Dragon du chevalier de l’Espine, détruite en janvier 1783 à l’issue d’un court combat contre des vaisseaux britanniques assurant le blocus nord de Saint-Domingue. Cette identification sert de catalyseur à une recherche historique dont le chevalier Joseph de L’Espine du Puy (1759-1826) constitue le personnage central. L’enquête révèle le destin de l’officier de la Marine L’Espine, en amont puis en aval de son fait d’armes de janvier 1783. Jeune chevalier de Malte et officier de la Marine de Louis XVI, L’Espine participe à la guerre de l’Indépendance américaine, effectue un passage obligé dans la Marine de Malte, et participe à des missions secrètes françaises de renseignement naval. La Révolution française vient briser ses espérances et l’oblige à l’exil. En Autriche, il gagne la confiance des hautes autorités autrichiennes en s’engageant sans ambiguïté contre les armées de la France à partir de 1795. L’Espine devient rapidement l’un des cerveaux d’une Marine de guerre autrichienne remise en question à chaque traité signé entre la France et l’Autriche. Promu Feldmarschall-Leutnant en 1813, L’Espine décide de ne pas rentrer en France à la Restauration. Nommé Gouverneur de Milan en novembre 1825, il y meurt le 31 décembre 1826
At the very beginning of the 21st century, a team of archaeologists dived on the wreck of a small 18th century warship in the north of the current Dominican Republic. Its hull is of American manufacture, its guns are Scottish and the buttons of uniforms are French. After having followed some false leads, the research in the National Archives makes it possible to solve this enigma: it concerns the French corvette Dragon of Chevalier de L’Espine, destroyed in January 1783 after a short action against British vessels ensuring the northern blockade of Santo Domingo. This identification serves as a catalyst for a historical research of which Chevalier Joseph de L'Espine du Puy (1759-1826) constitutes the central character. The investigation reveals the fate of the Navy officer L'Espine upstream and downstream of his gallant action in January 1783. Young Knight of Malta and officer of the Navy of Louis XVI, L'Espine participated in the American Revolution, did a mandatory service in the Navy of Malta, and took part in French naval intelligence secret missions. The French Revolution ruined his hopes and forced him into exile. In Austria, he won the confidence of the high Austrian authorities by unambiguously engaging with the armies of France from 1795. L'Espine quickly became one of the brains of an Austrian Navy questioned at each treaty signed between France and Austria. Promoted to Feldmarschall-Leutnant in 1813, L'Espine decided not to return to France at the Restauration. Appointed Governor of Milan in November 1825, he died there on December 31, 1826

La tesi pretén delinear un quadre diversificat de la gestió dels perills de la mar, del conflicte marítim a la Corona d’Aragó entre 1410 i 1458. La cronologia comprèn un dels períodes de la seva màxima expansió en el Mediterrani: des del final del regnat de l’últim rei de la casa de Barcelona, Martí l’Humà, a la mort del segon rei de la dinastia Trastàmara, Alfons el Magnànim. La recerca s’emprèn a partir del punt de vista privilegiat de les tres principals ciutats marítimes de la Corona: Barcelona, València i Mallorca. L’estructura de la tesi s’articula en quatre grans blocs o capítols. El primer, de caràcter introductori, reconstrueix els orígens de la relació entre els diversos òrgans de poder i la guerra marítima: el paper del rei, a través del control dels armaments privats i de la seva pròpia flota, comandada per l’almirall; el de les ciutats marítimes i, successivament, el de la Diputació i el de les corporacions de mercaders. El segon capítol analitza les funcions i la composició de la flota reial i de les flotes ciutadanes. El tercer, versa sobre la guerra de cors privada: els seus objectius, la seva evolució durant les diverses conjuntures polítiques i els seus resultats. Finalment, el quart està dedicat a la captivitat com a conseqüència de la pirateria, específicament als mitjans de redempció lligats al binomi econòmic captura-rescat i al doble ús i rendibilitat de les captures humanes entre cristians i musulmans. La guerra de cors, la pirateria i la guerra marítima en general, com a parts d’un mateix prisma triangular, representaren activitats econòmiques fortament influenciades per les decisions polítiques i els ritmes de la diplomàcia internacional, que, com a conseqüència, comportaren importants repercussions socials. Els mecanismes ofensivo-defensius, les actituds i les respostes conjunturals identificades a les mars durant els regnats dels dos primers Trastàmara marcarien el precedent de futures actuacions en una època molt més convulsa en el camp marítim i naval, mentre que, a la vegada, serien exclusivament representatives d’una realitat política, administrativa i conceptual en vies de desaparició.
This PhD dissertation offers a diversified picture of the management of maritime threats and conflicts in the Crown of Aragon between 1410 and 1458. The chronology covers one of the periods of the Crown’s maximum expansion in the Mediterranean: from the end of the reign of Martin the Humane, the last king of the house of Barcelona, to the death of the second king of the house Trastámara, Alfonso the Magnanimous. My research undertakes the point of view of the three most important maritime cities of the Crown: Barcelona, Valencia and Majorca. The thesis is structured in four big chapters. The first one, by way of introduction, reconstructs the origins of the connections between different management authorities and the maritime war. It analyses the role of the king in controlling privateers and his own fleet, commanded by the admiral; the role of maritime cities, and, successively, that of the Diputació and merchant corporations. The second chapter analyzes the function and composition of the royal fleet and cities’ fleet. The third one deals with the privateering war and includes its objectives, its evolution through various political circumstances and its effects. Finally, the fourth part is dedicated to captivity as a consequence of piracy. This last chapter focuses on the ransoming means linked to the economic duality capture- rescue and on the double use and profitability of human captures between Christians and Muslims.

Au tout début du XXIe siècle, une équipe d’archéologues plonge sur l’épave d’un petit navire de guerre du XVIIIe siècle, au nord de l’actuelle République Dominicaine. Sa coque est de fabrication américaine, ses canons sont écossais et les boutons d’uniformes sont français. Après avoir suivi quelques fausses pistes, la recherche aux Archives nationales permet de résoudre l’énigme : il s’agit de la corvette française Dragon du chevalier de l’Espine, détruite en janvier 1783 à l’issue d’un court combat contre des vaisseaux britanniques assurant le blocus nord de Saint-Domingue. Cette identification sert de catalyseur à une recherche historique dont le chevalier Joseph de L’Espine du Puy (1759-1826) constitue le personnage central. L’enquête révèle le destin de l’officier de la Marine L’Espine, en amont puis en aval de son fait d’armes de janvier 1783. Jeune chevalier de Malte et officier de la Marine de Louis XVI, L’Espine participe à la guerre de l’Indépendance américaine, effectue un passage obligé dans la Marine de Malte, et participe à des missions secrètes françaises de renseignement naval. La Révolution française vient briser ses espérances et l’oblige à l’exil. En Autriche, il gagne la confiance des hautes autorités autrichiennes en s’engageant sans ambiguïté contre les armées de la France à partir de 1795. L’Espine devient rapidement l’un des cerveaux d’une Marine de guerre autrichienne remise en question à chaque traité signé entre la France et l’Autriche. Promu Feldmarschall-Leutnant en 1813, L’Espine décide de ne pas rentrer en France à la Restauration. Nommé Gouverneur de Milan en novembre 1825, il y meurt le 31 décembre 1826
At the very beginning of the 21st century, a team of archaeologists dived on the wreck of a small 18th century warship in the north of the current Dominican Republic. Its hull is of American manufacture, its guns are Scottish and the buttons of uniforms are French. After having followed some false leads, the research in the National Archives makes it possible to solve this enigma: it concerns the French corvette Dragon of Chevalier de L’Espine, destroyed in January 1783 after a short action against British vessels ensuring the northern blockade of Santo Domingo. This identification serves as a catalyst for a historical research of which Chevalier Joseph de L'Espine du Puy (1759-1826) constitutes the central character. The investigation reveals the fate of the Navy officer L'Espine upstream and downstream of his gallant action in January 1783. Young Knight of Malta and officer of the Navy of Louis XVI, L'Espine participated in the American Revolution, did a mandatory service in the Navy of Malta, and took part in French naval intelligence secret missions. The French Revolution ruined his hopes and forced him into exile. In Austria, he won the confidence of the high Austrian authorities by unambiguously engaging with the armies of France from 1795. L'Espine quickly became one of the brains of an Austrian Navy questioned at each treaty signed between France and Austria. Promoted to Feldmarschall-Leutnant in 1813, L'Espine decided not to return to France at the Restauration. Appointed Governor of Milan in November 1825, he died there on December 31, 1826

Les lymphocytes NK (Tueurs Naturels) sont des cellules clés dans la réponse immunitaire innée grâce à leurs fonctions cytotoxiques et régulatrices. Ces lymphocytes peuvent être à l'origine d'hémopathies souvent très agressives et à mauvais pronostic vital, notamment en cas d'infection par le virus d'Epstein-Barr. Les mécanismes de leur physiopathologie sont encore mal connus, d'où des thérapeutiques souvent peu efficaces à long terme. C'est dans ce contexte que nous avons entrepris nos recherches pour améliorer les connaissances sur la physiologie des lymphocytes NK et de leurs équivalents néoplasiques. Notre premier objectif a été d'identifier de nouveaux marqueurs de ces cellules. La production de l'anticorps AY19 dirigé contre la lignée leucémique NK humaine YT nous a permis de mettre en évidence par approche protéomique, une nouvelle isoforme de la protocadhérine 15 (PCDH15) jusqu'ici décrite comme non hématopoïétique. Nous avons démontré après clonage de son cDNA, que cette nouvelle isoforme, la PCDH15C, est une protéine sécrétée. De plus lors de l'étude de lignées cellulaires, nous avons constaté que les transcrits de cette isoforme soluble et de la forme longue transmembranaire, la PCDH15A, sont restreints aux lymphomes NK/T extraganglionnaires de type nasal, aux leucémies NK ainsi qu'aux infections chroniques actives à l'EBV (CAEBV). Les premières investigations sur les prélèvements de lymphomes NK/T extraganglionnaires ont permis de mettre en évidence le transcrit de la PCDH15A et doivent être étendues aux pathologies dont les lignées dérivées sont positives. L'étude de prélèvements de sujets sains a également révélé pour la première fois, une expression du transcrit de la forme longue de la PCDH15 dans les organes lymphoïdes secondaires alors que les cellules du sang sont négatives. Ceci nous indique que la PCDH15A doit également avoir un rôle dans la régulation du système immunitaire en situation physiologique normale. La mise au point d'anticorps dirigés contre les deux isoformes, nous a permis de confirmer leur présence dans certaines lignées dérivées de lymphoproliférations NK et T. L'existence de motifs riches en proline dans la région cytosolique de la PCDH15A, le caractère sécrété de la PCDH15C et le rôle maintenant bien établi des protocadhérines et plus généralement des cadhérines dans la physiopathologie tumorale suggère un rôle essentiel de la PCDH15 dans ces désordres lymphoprolifératifs. Au vue de nos connaissances sur la PCDH15A, nous pensons que cette protéine pourrait induire des signaux par action en trans sur les cellules adjacentes PCDH15A positives voir être un marqueur de résidence. La PCDH15C pourrait quant à elle, être un facteur d'échappement au système immunitaire à l'image du rôle des cadhérines classiques qui agissent via la molécule KLRG1 exprimée sur les lymphocytes NK. Pour mieux comprendre la physiopathologie de ces désordres lymphoprolifératifs, nous avons entrepris de déterminer le profil des récepteurs lymphoïdes exprimés sur des lignées cellulaires dérivées de patients atteints de lymphomes NK/T extraganglionnaire de type nasal, ainsi que de CAEBV, qui évoluent fréquemment en lymphomes. Ces investigations nous ont permis de révéler un déficit d'expression des récepteurs KIR sur la lignée lymphoïdes NK de lymphome NK/T. Ce phénotype serait un des facteurs à l'origine de ces hémopathies puisqu'il autorise la prolifération des cellules en cas de signal activateur. La lignée NK issue de CAEBV présente quant à elle un phénotype KIR- NKG2A-. Nous avons également démontré une absence de cytotoxicité de ces lignées NK contre les cellules K562 malgré un phénotype NKp30+, ce qui confirme les données récentes de la littérature quant à l'incapacité des lymphocytes NK KIR- NKG2A- à lyser des cellules cibles. Ceci suggère de nouvelles voies de physiopathologie de ces désordres lymphoprolifératifs, indépendantes des processus de cytotoxicité granzyme/perforine dépendants
Natural Killer (NK) cells are key cells of the innate immune response thanks to their cytotoxic and regulatory functions. These lymphocytes can give rise to hemopathies which are often aggressive and with a bad vital prognosis, notably after Epstein-Barr virus infection. Their physiopathological mechanisms are still poorly known and treatments are often not efficient. It's in this context that we started our investigations to improve knowledge about NK cells and their neoplasic counterparts. Our first purpose was to identify new marker of these cells. AY19 antibody, which recognises YT NK cell line derived from human leukemia, allowed us to discover by a proteomic approach, a new protocadherin (PCDH) 15's isoforme. Until now, PCDH15 was described as a protein whose expression pattern was non-hematopoietic. We demonstrated after cDNA cloning, that this new isoforme, the PCDH15C, was secreted. Furthermore, we discovered that transcripts of PCDH15C and of the transmembrane form PCDH15A, were expressed in cell lines derived from nasal NK/T cell lymphomas, leukemic NK and chronic active EBV infections. First investigations on NK/T lymphoma biopsies, allowed us to show the presence of the PCDH15A transcript and must be extended to other pathologies whose derived cell lines were positive. Normal secondary lymphoid tissue's study also revealed for the first time, the presence of the PCDH15's long form transcript whereas peripheral blood cells are negative. This protein may therefore have a function in normal physiologic conditions. Production of antibody against these two PCDH15 form, allowed us to confirm their expression in some cell lines derived from NK and T cell lymphoproliferative disorders which were positive in RT-PCR. The PCDH15A's prolin-rich domains, the soluble property of PCDH15C and the now well established role of protocadherins and cadherins in tumoral physiopathology, suggest an essential role for PCDH15 in lymphoproliferatives disorders. We believe that PCDH15A could induce a positive signal delivered in trans to nearby cells expressing PCDH15A, or be a resident marker. The PCDH15C could be an escaping factor in immune response, such as classical cadherins which inhibit NK cells through KLRG1. To better understand the physiopathology of these lymphoproliferative disorders, we determined the receptor pattern in derived cell lines. Our investigations showed a lack of KIR receptor expression in the nasal NK/T lymphoma cell lines, which would be a factor allowing beginning of these hemopathies, since it allows proliferation in case of activating signal. The CAEBV derived cell line display a KIR- NKG2A- phenotype. We also demonstrated a lack of cytotoxicity of these NK cell lines against K562, which confirms the inability of KIRNKG2A- NK cells to lyse these target cells. These results suggest new physiopathological pathways in these lymphoproliferative disorders, which are independent of granzyme/perforine cytotxicity

Au cours de cette étude, nous avons cherché à déterminer l’implication de Washington dans la sécurité de l’Indonésie. Nous nous sommes demandé comment les États-Unis pouvaient revenir dans le jeu politico-sécuritaire indonésien par le biais d’une cause devenue commune, la sécurité maritime. Après avoir examiné l’historique de la relation de l’Indonésie avec l’élément maritime et l’émergence de menaces liées au domaine maritime, nous avons conclu que la sécurisation du domaine maritime apparaît alors comme un leitmotiv sécuritaire commun pour Washington et Jakarta. Confrontée aux errements de la coopération régionale et aux difficultés relatives à sa géographie et à son déficit capacitaire, la sécurisation du domaine maritime indonésien passe donc par l’implication d’un acteur extérieur. En réussissant à convaincre leurs homologues de Jakarta de la nécessité de sécuriser le domaine maritime, les hommes et femmes du Ministère de la Défense, du Département d’État et des administrations américaines ont permis à Washington de revenir dans le jeu sécuritaire indonésien par le biais d’une coopération devenue essentielle pour les deux partenaires
In this study, we tried to determine the exact level of involvement of Washington in Indonesia’s security. We wondered how United States could go back in Indonesian political and security games through a common cause, maritime security.. After considering indonesian maritime history and the rise of threats to maritime domain, we concluded that the securitisation of maritime realm appears as a security leitmotiv for both Washington and Jakarta. Facing with the vagaries of regional cooperation and with difficulties related to the archipelagic geography of the country and the lack of capacity, securising indonesian maritime domain requires the involvement of an external actor. By succeeding in persuading their counterparts in Jakarta of the necessity of securing the maritime domain, men and women of the U.S. Department of Defense, State Department and other agencies have allowed Washington to be back into Indonesia’s security game through an all-out cooperation

Le tourisme international est caractérisé par la mise en relation d’acteurs qui ont des moyens financiers, technologiques et humains très dissemblables. Aussi, compte tenu du pouvoir de levier considérable des acteurs internationaux du tourisme, ceux-ci n’influeront-ils pas les processus décisionnels dans les destinations du Sud ? Notre analyse se concentre sur l’échelle micropolitique de la destination brésilienne de Natal. Les trois hypothèses d’analyse de cette thèse émanent de sa question centrale. La première, c’est que les bases des conflits soient occasionnées en grande partie par les propres acteurs locaux. La deuxième hypothèse est que les acteurs étrangers aient intensifié les conflits déjà existants entre les populations indigènes des territoires occupés par le tourisme. La troisième hypothèse soulève la possibilité que cette influence s’étende parfois au domaine de l’ingérence. L’ethnographie fut choisie à la fois comme une méthode théorique et comme un procédé technique. Un ensemble d’autres méthodes fut également appliqué : les entretiens, l’observation directe, la consultation et l’analyse des documents écrits et l’usage de statistiques et de données chiffrées. Les discussions théoriques alliées à l’analyse des entretiens nous confirment l’incidence des influences internationales sur les processus de prise de décision concernant le tourisme dans la destination brésilienne de Natal. Cette influence est, cependant, très nuancée par le concours et les contre-influences exercées aussi de la part des acteurs étatiques et non étatiques locaux
International tourism is marked by the relationship of multiple actors with very dissimilar financial, technological and human resources. Also, given the high leverage power of international tourism actors, will they not influence decision-making processes in tourism destinations from the global South? Our analysis focuses on the micro-political level in the Brazilian destination of Natal. The three hypotheses of this thesis come from its central issue. The first one is that local actors themselves might largely cause the bases of conflicts. The second hypothesis is that foreign actors might have intensified the already existing conflicts between indigenous peoples from the territories occupied by tourism. The third hypothesis raises the possibility that this influence extends sometimes to the field of interference. Ethnography was chosen both as a theoretical method and as a technical procedure. A set of other methods was also applied: interviews, direct observation, consultation and analysis of written documents and the use of statistics and figures. Theoretical discussions combined with the analysis of the interviews confirm the impact of international influences on the decision-making processes concerning tourism in Natal, Brazil. This influence is, however, highly counterbalanced by the agency and the counter-influences exerted both from state and non-state actors

L’esercito italiano e la conquista della Catalogna (1808-1811) Uno studio di Military Effectiveness nell’Europa napoleonica Settori scientifico-disciplinari SPS/03 – M-STO/02 La ricerca ha lo scopo di ricostruire e valutare l’effettività militare dell’esercito italiano al servizio di Napoleone I. In primo luogo attraverso un’analisi statistica e strategica della costruzione, e del successivo impiego, dell’istituzione militare del Regno d’Italia durante gli anni della sua esistenza (1805-14); successivamente, è stato scelto un caso di studi particolarmente significativo, come la campagna di Catalogna (1808-11, nel contesto della guerra di Indipendenza spagnola), per poter valutare il contributo operazionale e tattico dei corpi inviati dal governo di Milano e la loro integrazione con l’apparato militare complessivo del Primo Impero. La tesi ha voluto rispondere alla mancanza di studi sul comportamento in guerra dell’esercito italiano e, allo stesso tempo, introdurre nella storiografia militare italiana la metodologia di studi, d’origine anglosassone e ormai di tradizione trentennale, di Military Effectiveness. La ricerca si è primariamente basata, oltre che sulla copiosa memorialistica a stampa italiana e francese, sulla documentazione d’archivio della Secrétairerie d’état impériale (Archives Nationales di Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Parigi), del Ministère de la Guerre francese (Service historique de la Défence, di Vincennes, Parigi) e del Ministero della Guerra del Regno d’Italia (Archivio di Stato di Milano). Dal punto di vista dei risultati è stato possibile verificare come l’esercito italiano abbia rappresentato, per Bonaparte, uno strumento duttile e di facile impiego, pur in un contesto di sostanziale marginalità numerica complessiva di fronte alle altre (e cospicue) forze messe in campo da parte dell’Impero e dei suoi altri Stati satellite e alleati. Per quanto riguarda la campagna di conquista della Catalogna è stato invece possibile appurare il fondamentale contributo dato dal contingente italiano, sotto i punti di vista operazionale e tattico, per la buona riuscita dell’invasione; questo primariamente grazie alle elevate caratteristiche generali mostrate dallo stesso, ma anche per peculiarità disciplinari e organizzative che resero i corpi italiani adatti a operazioni particolarmente aggressive.
The Italian Army and the Conquest of Catalonia (1808-1811) A Study of Military Effectiveness in Napoleonic Europe Academic Fields and Disciplines SPS/03 – M-STO/02 The research has the purpose of reconstruct and evaluate the military effectiveness of the Italian Army existed under the reign of Napoleon I. Firstly through a statistic and strategic analysis of the development, and the following deployment, of the military institution of the Kingdom of Italy in the years of its existence (1805-14). Afterwards, a particularly significant case study was chosen, as the campaign of Catalonia (1808-11, in the context of the Peninsular War), in order to assess the operational and tactical contribution of the regiments sent by the Government of Milan and their integration in the overall military apparatus of the First Empire. The thesis wanted to respond to the lack of studies on the Italian army’s behavior in war and, at the same time, to introduce the methodology of the Military Effectiveness Studies (of British and American origin and, by now, enriched by a thirty-year old tradition) in the Italian historiography. The research is primarily based, besides the numerous memoirs of the Italian and French veterans, on the archive documentation of the Secrétairerie d’état impériale (Archives Nationales of Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Paris), of the French Ministère de la Guerre (Service historique de la Défence, of Vincennes, Paris) and of the Italian Ministero della Guerra (Archivio di Stato di Milano). About the results, it has been verified how the Italian army has become a flexible and suitable instrument for Bonaparte, albeit in a context of substantial overall numerical marginality in comparison to the heterogeneous forces available to the Empire and its others satellites and allied states. Regarding the campaign of Catalonia, instead, it was possible to ascertain the fundamental contribution of the Italian regiments, in an operational and tactical perspective, for the success of the invasion. This was primarily due to the excellent general characteristics shown by the expeditionary force, but also to disciplinary and organizational peculiarities that have made the Italian corps suitable for particularly aggressive operations.

This study is an exploration of prison learners' experiences of the educational rehabilitation programmes offered in the Westville Youth Centre School. The study was done in the Westville Youth Centre, which is situated in the Durban Management Area in the province of Kwa-Zulu Natal. The sample consisted of eleven prison learners of the Usethubeni Youth School, nine educators from this school and one control educator (who is responsible for co-ordinating the educational rehabilitation programmes in the Durban Management Area). Data was collected through interviews and questionnaires. Interviews with learners were done at different intervals. There was an in-depth interview with one of the learners and two focus group interviews, which consisted of five learners in each session. A questionnaire was used to gather data from educators and finally an in-depth interview was conducted with the co-ordinator of educational rehabilitation programmes. Photographs of the prison classroom and the cell were taken by the researcher to illustrate the context in which the research was done. The varying methods of data collection revealed that what is referred to as "educational rehabilitation programmes" are programmes similar to any school curricular outside the prison. There is nothing unique about this curriculum. The participants felt that this curriculum was not rehabilitative because it did not include programmes that could curb recidivism (relapsing into crime) by empowering prison learners and helping them "unlearn faulty behaviour." This study concludes with the recommendations for the Department of Correctional Services' policy makers and planners as well as the managers of educational rehabilitation programmes in the Durban Management area.
Thesis (M.Ed.) - University of Durban-Westville, 2002.

The study focuses mainly on the effectiveness of the rehabilitation programmes offered to male juveniles at Westville prison. The study also tries to uncover how the rehabilitation programmes improve the quality of life of the juvenile offenders and how it prepares them for reintegration into the community. A combination of sociological theories has been used interchangeably since they are interrelated. The main theory is symbolic interactionism, including the views of G.H. Mead (1934), W.I.Thomas (1923) and H.S. Becker (1963). Other theories used were differential association by Sutherland (1947); anomie by Merton (1956); subculture by Cohen (1956) and the labeling theory of Schur (1971). Data from prison officials were collected by means of questionnaires and an interview schedule was administered to the juveniles. The results of the findings indicate that rehabilitation programmes offered to male juveniles are effective. The reason being that the number of second time offenders is very small compared to the number of first time offenders. Only six respondents out of 50 were found to be second time offenders. The mam conclusion of the study relates to the effectiveness of rehabilitation programmes. The recommendations of the study focus on communication between prison staff and external agencies.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of Durban-Westville, 1999.

LL.M. (International Law)
The attacks on the World Trade Center and on the Pentagon on 11 September 2001 sent waves of disbelief and shock through the world. It was probably the worst terrorist attack on the United States ever. The horrific terrorist attacks led to a mixture of political, social and economic reaction around the world and also led to the creation of what is today known as the “The war on terror”. When acts of torture by United States officials came to light in 2004, as well as allegations that these acts were authorized by the United States executive as a way of obtaining information from terrorist suspects in the United States’ “War on Terror”, it led to the question – “How was it possible that acts of torture were committed by United States officials”? The purpose of this dissertation is to try to find an answer to this question and also tom establish which definition of torture should be utilized in the United States domestic laws for the establishment of acts of torture.

This dissertation explores the effects of a Prison Theatre project conducted at the Youth Centre at Westville Correctional Centre in 2010. It explores the relationship between change and increased levels of Social Capital that staff and offenders attribute to the performances. The centre houses male offenders between the ages of 18 and 25. The project was of particular interest because it involved offenders, correctional staff and management. The plays were made using a problem-posing methodology that involved the audience in proposing solutions. These were documented and circulated to management, staff, and offenders. The plays addressed three topics. The first topic was chosen by the cast, and the other two topics were chosen by the management. The topics were: Increasing self-esteem in the Youth Centre (Chosen by offenders); No smoking policy (Chosen by management); Sexual assault (Chosen by management). I interviewed the cast, a sample of the audience, and correctional staff and managers. The data was analysed in terms of levels and elements of Social Capital (Putnam, 1995) and included Negative Social Capital. I have not found other examples of research in the field of Prison Theatre that have made use of concepts related to Social Capital to analyse the impact of theatre projects. This research therefore establishes a new area of focus for the field of Prison Theatre. The findings proved that the theatre project was an effective means of increasing communication between members of different gangs and between correctional staff and offenders in a non-threatening manner. This provided opportunities for changes in relations of power and increased problem solving in the correctional environment. As a result two systemic changes occurred. The staff provided feedback on offenders‟ requests and complaints and designated smoking areas were created. The findings demonstrate how notions of Social Capital can explain how theatre affects change in a correctional context because it focuses on social dynamics rather than systemic issues. This is important in a correctional environment where offender‟s ability to effect systemic change is limited.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

The study sought to determine what palliative care services were provided to offenders at Medium B correctional center, which is located at Durban Management Area. It identified the perceptions of offender-patients about the services they received. The study also identified challenges that staff and offender-volunteer caregivers faced in rendering services within a correctional context in South Africa. The sample consisted of three stakeholders, namely, offender-patients who were terminally ill with AIDS at the prison hospital, staff and offender volunteer caregivers. The methods of data collection comprised of content analysis, semi-structured interviews with offender-patients and focus group discussions with staff and offender volunteer caregivers. The study revealed that efforts were made by the Department of Correctional Services to provide services to terminally ill AIDS patients. Legislation and policy frameworks were consistently being developed by the Department to meet the needs of patients and to keep abreast with international best practices. Some services were in accordance with the theoretical framework of palliative care. However, many challenges were experienced because of the contextual constraints in which the services were being rendered. Recommendations to improve the delivery of services were made by all participants in the study. The study concludes with the recommendations by the researcher and suggestions for future research.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2006.

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Education in the Department of Educational Psychology in the Faculty of Education at the University of Zululand, 2006.
This thesis explores the responses of higher education to the national imperative to implement Recognition of Prior Learning. It makes use of a mixed methods mode of research to explore this phenomenon at three sites of higher education delivery in KwaZulu-Natal. The research investigates how these three institutions have responded to the imperative at an institutional level, in terms of policy development, organisational structures and philosophical approach. It also looks at academic staff perceptions of RPL policy and implementation and its successfulness in terms of the integration of RPL into the curriculum, the capacity of the curriculum to facilitate the assessment of RPL and the extent to which it has been implemented within the higher education system. It identifies the articulation of national policy on RPL as one of the factors that impacts on successful implementation. In so doing, barriers to the successful implementation of RPL are also identified and explored. These barriers include epistemological, material and systemic barriers. However, it also seeks to elicit the benefits that higher education sees in implementing RPL, both in terms of fulfilling the goals of higher education and in terms of the benefits for the national economic imperatives and the skills development initiative. Ultimately, the research attempts to establish the extent to which RPL has been institutionalised within the institutions in terms of a set of indicators as identified by the researcher.
University of Zululand