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van Nouhuys, Saskya, David C. Harris y Ann E. Hajek. "Population level interactions between an invasive woodwasp, an invasive nematode and a community of native parasitoids". NeoBiota 82 (9 de febrero de 2023): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.82.96599.
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Parasitic nematodes and hymenopteran parasitoids have been introduced and used extensively to control invasive Eurasian Sirex noctilio woodwasps in pine plantations in the Southern Hemisphere where no members of this community are native. Sirex noctilio has more recently invaded North America where Sirex-associated communities are native. Sirex noctilio and its parasitic nematode, Deladenus siricidicola, plus six native hymenopteran woodwasp parasitoids in New York and Pennsylvania, were sampled from 204 pines in 2011–2019. Sirex noctilio had become the most common woodwasp in this region and the native parasitoids associated with the native woodwasps had expanded their host ranges to use this invader. We investigated the distributions of these species among occupied trees and the interactions between S. noctilio and natural enemies as well as among the natural enemies. Sirex noctilio were strongly aggregated, with a few of the occupied trees hosting hundreds of woodwasps. Nematode parasitism was positively associated with S. noctilio density, and negatively associated with the density of rhyssine parasitoids. Parasitism by the parasitoid Ibalia leucospoides was positively associated with host (S. noctilio) density, while parasitism by the rhyssine parasitoids was negatively associated with density of S. noctilio. Thus, most S. noctilio come from a few attacked trees in a forest, and S. noctilio from those high-density trees experienced high parasitism by both the invasive nematode and the most abundant native parasitoid, I. l. ensiger. There is little evidence for direct competition between the nematodes and parasitoids. The negative association occurring between rhyssine parasitoids and I. l. ensiger suggests rhyssines may suffer from competition with I. l. ensiger which parasitize the host at an earlier life stage. In addition to direct competition with the native woodwasp Sirex nigricornis for suitable larval habitat within weakened trees, the large S. noctilio population increases the parasitoid and nematode populations, which may increase parasitism of S. nigricornis.
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Sallam, M. N., W. A. Overholt y E. Kairu. "Comparative evaluation of Cotesia flavipes and C. sesamiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for the management of Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Kenya". Bulletin of Entomological Research 89, n.º 2 (febrero de 1999): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485399000279.
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AbstractCotesia flavipes Cameron, a gregarious larval endoparasitoid native to the Indo-Australian region, was imported from Pakistan and released in Kenya in 1993 for management of the exotic stemborer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe). Recent reports confirmed the successful establishment of the parasitoid in three locations in Kenya and in northern Tanzania. Functional response studies on this parasitoid and an indigenous congener, Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron), indicated that C. flavipes had a higher searching ability and attacked more larvae when Chilo partellus was the host. When a native stemborer, Sesamia calamistis Hampson, was the host, there was no significant difference between numbers attacked by both parasitoids. Numerical response studies showed that Cotesia flavipes produced more total progeny and female progeny per female parasitoid on Chilo partellus than did Cotesia sesamiae. No significant difference in progeny production was detected between the two parasitoids on S. calamistis. Functional and numerical responses tested in the laboratory gave the same ranking of the two parasitoids on the two hosts as in the field. This study suggests that Cotesia flavipes is a more efficient parasitoid and it is anticipated that it will contribute to the control of both exotic and native stemborers in Kenya.
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Rot, Mojca, Lara Maistrello, Elena Costi, Iris Bernardinelli, Giorgio Malossini, Luca Benvenuto y Stanislav Trdan. "Native and Non-Native Egg Parasitoids Associated with Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys [Stål, 1855]; Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Western Slovenia". Insects 12, n.º 6 (31 de mayo de 2021): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12060505.
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Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), native to East Asia, has become a globally invasive pest, as a serious threat to agricultural production and a notorious nuisance pest in urban areas. Considerable efforts have been made so far to develop effective pest control measures to prevent crop damage. Biological control of this invasive stink bug by egg parasitoids has proven to be the most environmentally sustainable long-term solution. Knowledge of the native egg parasitoid fauna is of key importance when implementing a biological control program. Therefore, the main objective of our study was to detect egg parasitoid species associated with H. halys in the Goriška region (Western Slovenia) and to evaluate their impact on the pest population under field conditions. In the years 2019 and 2020, around 4600 H. halys eggs were collected in the wild and more than 3400 sentinel eggs were exposed to detect parasitoids in the field. Five egg-parasitoid species emerged from H. halys eggs: Anastatus bifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), Telenomus sp., Trissolcus basalis, Trissolcus mitsukurii (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and Ooencyrtus telenomicida (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), all of them are new records for Slovenia. The native species, An. bifasciatus, dominated in urban and suburban areas, while non-native Tr. mitsukurii prevailed in agricultural areas. Overall parasitism rates of naturally laid eggs by the parasitoid species complex in 2019 and 2020 was 3.0 and 14.4%, respectively. Rapid recruitment of native parasitoids, early detection of an effective alien parasitoid species and increasing overall parasitism rates are very encouraging results, which need to be followed and verified in future research.
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Panzavolta, Tiziana, Francesco Croci, Matteo Bracalini, George Melika, Stefano Benedettelli, Guido Tellini Florenzano y Riziero Tiberi. "Population Dynamics of Native Parasitoids Associated with the Asian Chestnut Gall Wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus) in Italy". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8078049.
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Native parasitoids may play an important role in biological control. They may either support or hinder the effectiveness of introduced nonnative parasitoids released for pest control purposes. Results of a three-year survey (2011–2013) of the Asian chestnut gall wasp (ACGW) Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) populations and on parasitism rates by native indigenous parasitoids (a complex of chalcidoid hymenopterans) in Italian chestnut forests are given. Changes in D. kuriphilus gall size and phenology were observed through the three years of study. A total of 13 species of native parasitoids were recorded, accounting for fluctuating parasitism rates. This variability in parasitism rates over the three years was mainly due to the effect of Torymus flavipes (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), which in 2011 accounted for 75% of all parasitoid specimens yet decreased drastically in the following years. This strong fluctuation may be related to climatic conditions. Besides, our data verified that parasitoids do not choose host galls based on their size, though when they do parasitize smaller ones, they exploit them better. Consequently, ACGWs have higher chances of surviving parasitism if they are inside larger galls.
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Klug, T., R. Meyhöfer, M. Kreye y M. Hommes. "Native parasitoids and their potential to control the invasive leafminer,Cameraria ohridellaDESCH. & DIM. (Lep.: Gracillariidae)". Bulletin of Entomological Research 98, n.º 4 (25 de febrero de 2008): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485308005695.
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AbstractIn spite of the fact that since the end of the eighties, the horse chestnut leafminer,Cameraria ohridella, has established itself throughout Europe, native predators such as ants and birds are not attuned to this neozoic species. In contrast, several parasitic wasp species already started to exploit the invasive horse chestnut leafminer, but until now parasitation rates are quite low, mainly because of asynchrony in the lifecycles of parasitoids and host. Only the removal of leaf litter, in which pupae hibernate, is at the moment a strategy to reduce the infestation level in the next year. Unfortunately, not only hibernating horse chestnut leafminers but also parasitoids are removed, and important resources for biocontrol are unused. In the current study, we investigated the potential efficiency of the horse chestnut leafminer parasitoid complex extracted from leaf litter in defined environments. Parasitoids were released at different densities to investigate density dependence in parasitation rates.Although seven different species were released in our experiments, onlyPnigalio agraulesturned out to be responsible for biocontrol ofC. ohridella. We recorded parasitation rates of up to 35%. Overall, parasitation rates were independent of the leafminer density but increased fourfold if ten times more parasitoid individuals were released. Unfortunately, none of the parasitoid species could be established in the experimental units in the long run. Results are compared to other parasitoid-leafminer systems, and promotion of horse chestnut leafminer parasitoids to support natural selection and biological control of the horse chestnut leafminer is discussed.
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Mama Sambo, Sahadatou, Shepard Ndlela, Hannalene du Plessis, Francis Obala y Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed. "Identification, Microhabitat, and Ecological Niche Prediction of Two Promising Native Parasitoids of Tuta absoluta in Kenya". Insects 13, n.º 6 (25 de mayo de 2022): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13060496.
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Associations between the South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), and its native parasitoids need to be updated to increase the implementation of pest control strategies. In this study, T. absoluta-infested tomato plants were collected from three regions in Kenya. The emerged parasitoids were identified, and their abundance was correlated with agroecological parameters, viz. cropping systems, and the abundance of the predator Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae). The study further conducted a habitat suitability prediction for the identified parasitoids. Two parasitoid species, Bracon nigricans (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Stenomesius sp. near japonicus (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) emerged from T. absoluta immature stages, with parasitism rates ranging from 0 to 21% and 0 to 17% respectively. Insecticide application and open field cropping negatively influenced the parasitism by S. sp. nr japonicus. Low occurrence of N. tenuis positively affected B. nigricans parasitism. The predicted occurrence of parasitoid species indicated vast suitable areas for B. nigricans in sub-Saharan Africa, Australia, and South America. Low suitability was observed for S. sp. nr japonicus in Africa. Therefore, native parasitoids, especially B. nigricans could be considered for implementation as a biocontrol agent in the Integrated Pest Management program of T. absoluta.
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Smith, S. M. "Insect parasitoids : a Canadian perspective on their use for biological control of forest insect pests". Phytoprotection 74, n.º 1 (12 de abril de 2005): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/706036ar.
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An overview of biological control programs against forest insect pests is presented with emphasis on Canadian case histories. The work is examined in the context of conservation, introduction, and augmentation (environmental manipulation and inoculative and inundative release) of insect natural enemies, specifically parasitoids. Historically, studies have concentrated on introductions of exotic parasitoids for control of introduced pests where a number of successes have been recorded. More recent work has entailed inoculative and inundative releases of parasitoids against native pests in an attempt to establish new host-parasitoid relationships to reduce pest populations. These have had limited success and are still being explored by Canadian researchers. Current strategies for using natural enemies are inundative release of native species against native pests and conservation of native parasitoids through selective insecticide timing and forest manipulation. Future directions in biological control programs will include these approaches with increased emphasis on biotechnology and the genetic selection or manipulation of 'desired strains' for release. Continued ecological studies will be essential to ensure a more complete understanding of the interaction between these 'selected parasitoids' and the forest/tree parameters which will influence their success (tri-trophic interactions). These parameters, such as tree vigour (pest resistance), spatial distribution and diversity, will also be targeted for selection to improve the effect of insect natural enemies in the forest environment.
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Jara-Chiquito, Juan Luis, Richard R. Askew y Juli Pujade-Villar. "The invasive ACGW Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in Spain: native parasitoid recruitment and association with oak gall inducers in Catalonia". Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 93, n.º 1 (29 de noviembre de 2019): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpz061.
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Abstract The Asian chestnut gall wasp (ACGW), Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), is an invasive pest that affects chestnut trees. The first record of this pest in Spain was in 2012, in Catalonia, and it is now distributed in virtually every chestnut growing area in the country. In this study, we present an overview of parasitoid recruitment by ACGW in Catalonia over a 4-year period (2013–2016) comparing parasitoid communities attacking galls on oak and chestnut trees at the same sites. A total of 22 species of native parasitoids that normally attack oak cynipids emerged from ACGW galls, together with the non-native Torymus sinensis. The most abundant species were Bootanomyia dorsalis, Torymus flavipes, Ormyrus pomaceus and Eupelmus urozonus. The study also found that 20 of the 22 native parasitoids in ACGW galls were also reared from galls of 13 species of oak gall inducer (12 Cynipidae, 1 Cecidomyiidae).
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Silva, G. S., S. M. Jahnke y N. F. Johnson. "Riparian forest fragments in rice fields under different management: differences on hymenopteran parasitoids diversity". Brazilian Journal of Biology 80, n.º 1 (febrero de 2020): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.194760.
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Abstract Hymenopteran parasitoids are important biological control agents in agroecosystems, and their diversity can be increased with habitat heterogeneity. Thus, the purpose of the study is to evaluate the influence of distance of rice-growing areas from natural fragment, type of crop management (organic and conventional) and crop stages (vegetative and reproductive stages) on parasitoids family diversity. The work took place in two irrigated rice crops, one with organic management (O.M.) and another one with conventional management (C.M.), in the municipality of Nova Santa Rita, RS, Brazil, during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons. The parasitoids were collected with Malaise trap arranged at different distances in relation to the native vegetation surrounding the rice crop in both places. Specimens were collected twice a month from seeding until the rice harvest. Average abundance between management, distances and rice development were compared. The most abundant families were Platygastridae, Mymaridae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae and Trichogrammatidae. Parasitoid average abundance was significantly higher on OM only in the second season. There was a negative correlation between distance from native vegetation and parasitoid abundance in C.M. areas. There were differences in the composition of the parasitoid assembly between the phenological stages of rice.
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Foelker, Christopher J., Christopher R. Standley, Dylan Parry y Melissa K. Fierke. "Complex ecological relationships among an assemblage of indigenous hymenopteran parasitoids, the exotic European woodwasp (Sirex noctilio; Hymenoptera: Siricidae), and a native congener". Canadian Entomologist 148, n.º 5 (11 de marzo de 2016): 532–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2016.6.
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AbstractWe collected naturally infested Pinus resinosa Aiton (Pinaceae) and P. sylvestris Linnaeus to investigate phenological patterns and quantify parasitism by a suite of native hymenopteran parasitoids on two woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Siricidae): the invading non-native European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio Fabricius, and a co-colonising native, S. nigricornis Fabricius. We sampled a total of 76 trees from two field sites in 2010 and seven sites in 2011. In raw abundance, S. noctilio outnumbered S. nigricornis by 2:1 in 2010 and by 7.5:1 in 2011. We collected the egg/early instar parasitoid, Ibalia leucospoides ensiger Norton (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae); four species of Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) late larval parasitoids; and Pseudorhyssa nigricornis (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a cleptoparasitoid of rhyssines. Variation in siricid and parasitoid species assemblage and abundance was explained primarily by site, with tree-level factors playing a secondary role. Parasitism was significantly lower in P. sylvestris (13.6%±4.1 SE), a naturalised pine from Europe, than in the native P. resinosa (28.5%±5.0). Total parasitism was 27.6%±5.0 in 2010 and 20.9%±4.7 in 2011. This study represents the most robust analysis of the diverse woodwasp and parasitoid assemblage infesting pines in North America.
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Trivellone, Valeria, Michela Meier, Corrado Cara, Lucia Pollini Paltrinieri, Felix Gugerli, Marco Moretti, Sarah Wolf y Jana Collatz. "Multiscale Determinants Drive Parasitization of Drosophilidae by Hymenopteran Parasitoids in Agricultural Landscapes". Insects 11, n.º 6 (30 de mayo de 2020): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11060334.
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(1) The management of agricultural landscapes for pest suppression requires a thorough understanding of multiple determinants controlling their presence. We investigated the ecological preferences of indigenous parasitoids and their drosophilid hosts to understand the role of native parasitoids as biological control agents of the invasive frugivorous Drosophila suzukii. (2) Using data from an extensive field survey across different habitat types we analyzed the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on parasitoid and drosophilid communities at multiscale levels. (3) Eight parasitoid and 27 drosophilid species were identified. Thirty-four percent variation in drosophilid communities was explained by factors at the landscape scale, and 52% of significant variation of parasitoids by local distribution of three drosophilid species, mainly collected in woodland. Parasitoid communities were significantly influenced by microhabitat type (ground versus canopy) rather than habitat type. All parasitoids except Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae preferred the ground microhabitat. All parasitoids, with the exception of Trichopria drosophilae and Spalangia erythromera, displayed significant preferences among the drosophilid species used in the baited traps. (4) Since they can tolerate a broad range of habitat factors, altogether pupal parasitoids investigated in this study could play a role in biological control programs to suppress D. suzukii, but non-target effects have to be regarded.
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Feng, Y., S. Wratten, H. Sandhu y M. Keller. "Interspecific competition between two generalist parasitoids that attack the leafrollerEpiphyas postvittana(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)". Bulletin of Entomological Research 105, n.º 4 (9 de enero de 2015): 426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485314000923.
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AbstractTwo generalist parasitoids,Dolichogenidea tasmanica(Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) andTherophilus unimaculatus(Turner) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) attack early instars of tortricid moths, including the light brown apple moth,Epiphyas postvittana(Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The two parasitoids co-exist in natural habitats, whileD. tasmanicais dominant in vineyards, whereasT. unimaculatusoccurs mainly in adjacent native vegetation. This difference suggests possible competition between the two species, mediated by habitat. Here, we report on the extent of interspecific differences in host discrimination and the outcome of interspecific competition between the two parasitoids. The parasitoids did not show different behavioural responses to un-parasitized hosts or those that were parasitized by the other species. Larvae ofD. tasmanicaout-competed those ofT. unimaculatus, irrespective of the order or interval between attacks by the two species. The host larvae that were attacked by two parasitoids died more frequently before a parasitoid completed its larval development than those that were attacked by a single parasitoid. Dissection of host larvae parasitized by both species indicated that first instars ofD. tasmanicaattacked and killed larvalT. unimaculatus.
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Avila, G. A., T. M. Withers y G. I. Holwell. "Retrospective host specificity testing of Cotesia urabae to assess the risk posed to the New Zealand nolid moth Celama parvitis". New Zealand Plant Protection 67 (8 de enero de 2014): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2014.67.5772.
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Additional retrospective testing of the gum leaf skeletoniser (Uraba lugens) biological control agent Cotesia urabae was conducted against the endemic moth Celama parvitis Although this native was included in host specificity testing before EPA approved the parasitoids release this work aimed to increase the sample size to better assess the potential risk posed The effect that different periods of host deprivation and prior oviposition experience had on the parasitoids readiness to attack was examined in a sequence of nochoice tests No parasitoids emerged from the 52 of larvae that survived to pupation thus confirming C parvitis as a nonhost Dissections of larvae that died during laboratory rearing revealed that 63 had contained a parasitoid but no C urabae parasitoid larvae developed beyond the second instar Significant differences were found in the attack times according to the parasitoids deprivation levels (age) and it was also observed that the duration until first attack significantly decreased after each nontarget presentation
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Stephen, Fred M. y Lloyd E. Browne. "APPLICATION OF ELIMINADE™ PARASITOID FOOD TO BOLES AND CROWNS OF PINES (PINACEAE) INFESTED WITH DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)". Canadian Entomologist 132, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2000): 983–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent132983-6.
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The southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, is native to pine forests of the southern United States. We describe here techniques for enhancing parasitoid efficacy by direct feeding of parasitoid adults. Our recent research suggests that feeding by female adult D. frontalis parasitoids is important for increased longevity (Mathews and Stephen 1997, 1999; Stephen et al. 1997), and we documented that, with parasitoid feeding, egg resorption decreases and development of new immature eggs increases (Hanano 1996). We suspect that food for D. frontalis parasitoids, in the form of nectar, pollen, or honeydew, is not always available in the forest. We are developing a commercial D. frontalis control strategy based on this assumption.
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Mills, N. J. y M. Kenis. "A study of the parasitoid complex of the European fir budworm, Choristoneura murinana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and its relevance for biological control of related hosts". Bulletin of Entomological Research 81, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1991): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300031990.
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AbstractThe parasitoid complex and apparent parasitism of Choristoneura murinana Hübner were investigated in relation to the relative abundance of budworm larvae at several sites in Europe. A single outbreak population was sampled, while other sites supported varying but much lower host population abundance. Sampling at Sion in Switzerland from 1984–89, indicated that the species richness of the parasitoid complex was correlated with relative host abundance and in general more polyphagous parasitoids were represented in sites with greater budworm abundance. Of the specialized parasitoids, Apanteles murinanae Čapek & Zwölfer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was dominant in less abundant host populations and both Cephaloglypta murinanae (Bauer) and Dirophanes maculicornis (Stephens) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were supported only at greater budworm abundance. These findings are discussed in relation to the use of Choristoneura murinana parasitoids in the biological control of native Choristoneura spp. pests in other continents.
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Agboyi, Lakpo Koku, Georg Goergen, Patrick Beseh, Samuel Adjei Mensah, Victor Attuquaye Clottey, Raymond Glikpo, Alan Buddie et al. "Parasitoid Complex of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in Ghana and Benin". Insects 11, n.º 2 (21 de enero de 2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11020068.
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The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, a moth originating from the American continent, has recently invaded most African countries, where it is seriously threatening food security as a pest of cereals. The current management methods rely heavily on the use of synthetic insecticides but there is a need for more sustainable control methods, including biological control. Surveys were conducted in two West African countries, Ghana and Benin, to determine the native parasitoid complex and assess parasitism rates of S. frugiperda. Samples of S. frugiperda eggs and larvae were collected in maize fields located in 56 and 90 localities of Ghana and Benin, respectively, from July 2018 to July 2019. Ten species were found parasitizing the pest, including two egg parasitoids, one egg–larval, five larval and two larval–pupal parasitoids. The two most abundant parasitoids in both countries were two Braconidae: the egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus bifoveolatus and the larval parasitoid Coccygidum luteum. Parasitism rates were determined in three Ghanaian regions and averages varied from 0% to 75% between sites and from 5% to 38% between regions. These data provide an important baseline for the development of various biological control options. The two egg parasitoids, Telenomus remus and Trichogramma sp. can be used in augmentative biological control and investigations should be conducted to assess how cultural practices can enhance the action of the main parasitoids, C. luteum and Ch. bifoveolatus, in the field. Understanding the parasitoid complex of S. frugiperda in Africa is also necessary before any development of classical biological controls involving the introduction of parasitoids from the Americas.
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Konopka, Joanna K., Tim Haye, Tara Gariepy, Peter Mason, David Gillespie y Jeremy N. McNeil. "An exotic parasitoid provides an invasional lifeline for native parasitoids". Ecology and Evolution 7, n.º 1 (20 de diciembre de 2016): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2577.
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Simmons, Alvin M. "Survey of the Parasitoids of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Coastal South Carolina Using Yellow Sticky Traps". Journal of Entomological Science 33, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1998): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-33.1.7.
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A survey was conducted to identify which native parasitoids of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (sweetpotato whitefly strain-B = silverleaf whitefly) are present in coastal South Carolina and to monitor their seasonal abundance. South Carolina is the northern geographic limit of year-round field populations of B. argentifolii in the eastern U.S. Yellow sticky cards were used to monitor the parasitoids. Parasitoid abundance varied over time and among five coastal South Carolina sweetpotato field locations where pesticide was not used. Five species of parasitoids were found (Encarsia pergandiella, E. nigricephala, E. strenua, E. quaintancei, and Eretmocerus sp.). The most abundant species were E. nigricephala and E. pergandiella (89% in 1993; 70% in 1994). No parasitoid fauna of B. argentifolii had heretofore been reported from fields in South Carolina. This background information will aid in developing a biological control component in a management strategy for B. argentifolii.
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Earley, Nathan G., Paul K. Abram, Robert G. Lalonde y Chandra E. Moffat. "Ovipositor characteristics differ between two parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Figitidae) of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in an adventive landscape". Journal of Hymenoptera Research 95 (17 de febrero de 2023): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.95.89678.
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Different ovipositor characteristics among parasitoid species that share similar niches are associated with different wasp life histories and selective pressures. The length of wasp ovipositors, for example, can determine the accessibility of hosts that feed at different depths within food substrates. Two parasitoids, Ganaspis brasiliensis and Leptopilina japonica (Hymenoptera, Figitidae), which attack Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in their native range, have been investigated for their suitability for the global biological control of the small fruit pest. Despite their sympatry in microhabitat, the parasitoids have differing host ranges, and D. suzukii parasitism rates by each parasitoid species appear to depend on the fruit species occupied by the host species. Adventive populations of both parasitoids have been detected in the Pacific Northwest of Canada and the United States where they can be found parasitizing D. suzukii larvae in crop and non-crop fruits. We dissected and measured the ovipositors of parasitoids reared from three species of fresh fruits at three sites in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, and investigated the influence of parasitoid species, fruit type, and collection site on ovipositor characteristics. We found that ovipositor length differed markedly between the two parasitoid species and between sites while ovipositor width, and stoutness, differed only between the two parasitoid species, but did not vary among sites or fruit hosts. We discuss how ovipositor morphology traits could be associated with differences in life history and host ranges in the two parasitoid species.
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Hollingbery, Erin N., K. S. Pike, G. Graf y D. Graf. "Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) of rabbitbrush aphids and linkage with agriculturally important pest aphids in Washington State, United States of America". Canadian Entomologist 144, n.º 5 (6 de agosto de 2012): 621–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2012.61.
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AbstractRabbitbrush, Chrysothamnus Nuttall spp. (Asteraceae), is a common perennial native shrub across the inland western United States. In the Columbia Basin growing district of Washington State, rabbitbrush is often found in close proximity to potatoes and other agronomic crops, but its value as a conservation reservoir and source of parasitoids of merit in agriculture is unknown. Here, we define the aphid parasitoids frequenting rabbitbrush, their aphid host preferences, seasonal occurrence, and linkage or association with other aphids of economic and noneconomic importance. Extensive field collections, lab-holdings, and rearings were used to explore and characterise the fauna. One new species of aphidiine parasitoid is described and illustrated: Praon cowiche Hollingbery and Pike, new species and a key to the parasitoids of rabbitbrush aphids is provided.
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Golec, Julian R., Ellen Aparicio, Xingeng Wang, Jian J. Duan, Roger W. Fuester, Daria Tatman y Robert R. Kula. "Cerambycid Communities and Their Associated Hymenopteran Parasitoids From Major Hardwood Trees in Delaware: Implications for Biocontrol of Invasive Longhorned Beetles". Environmental Entomology 49, n.º 2 (8 de enero de 2020): 370–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz169.
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Abstract Cerambycidae provide important ecological services in forests yet cause economic damage when they infest living trees. Parasitoids can regulate woodborer populations, providing considerable control of pest cerambycids. Identifying parasitoids of native cerambycids may be useful in managing cerambycid outbreaks and aid in new-association biocontrol of exotic invasive cerambycids. We investigated Cerambycidae and associated hymenopteran parasitoid communities infesting Acer rubrum, Pinus virginiana, and Carya tomentosa from a forest in Delaware from 2005 to 2012. Cerambycid abundance, diversity, and richness, as well as parasitoid abundance, were measured by collecting trees in different conditions: felled, girdled, and naturally infested. Effect of edge or interior red maple on cerambycid abundance, diversity, and richness was examined. Over 14,500 cerambycids of 56 species and 38 genera were collected during the 7-yr period. Eleven species represented 95% of all cerambycids collected. Treatment only affected red maple, showing increased cerambycid richness and diversity from naturally infested trees. Cerambycid richness and diversity were two times greater on hickory than other species when combining girdled and felled treatments. Over 19,000 parasitic Hymenoptera of 12 families emerged from woodborer-infested wood with >70% of individuals belonging to Braconidae. Thirteen known species, and two unknown species, of Braconidae were identified from a subsample of 495 specimens; Ontsira mellipes (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Rhoptrocentrus piceus Marshall (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were the most abundant. This study provides fundamental information on native parasitoids associated with Cerambycidae, including cerambycid larval host associations. Parasitoids identified herein should be investigated for potential adaptation to invasive Cerambycidae to benefit invasive woodborer management.
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SANTOS, JAKELINE MARIA DOS, SÔNIA MARIA FORTI BROGLIO, JÚLIO MARCOS MELGES WALDER, DJISON SILVESTRE DOS SANTOS y THIAGO RAMOS SILVA. "INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION BETWEEN NATIVE AND EXOTIC FRUIT FLY PARASITOIDSIN MIXED ORCHARDS IN MACEIO, ALAGOAS, BRAZIL". Revista Caatinga 29, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2016): 901–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n415rc.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to assess the effects of the release and establishment of the exotic parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead, 1905) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its interspecific competitive relationship with native fruit fly parasitoids in organic and conventional orchards in Maceio, State of Alagoas, Brazil. The exotic parasitoids were reared in the Radio-Entomology Laboratory of the Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, and released (112,350 individuals between five and eight days old) in orchards from June 8 to July12, 2013.Fruit samples were collected randomly every week during one year to assess the D. longicaudata recaptured from plants and fallen fruits on the ground, which were taken to the Entomology Laboratory of the CECA-UFAL, classified and individually placed in plastic containers, containing a layer of 1 cm of sand for pupation of the host larvae. The pupae, obtained after 10 days, were placed in Petri dishes with a layer of sand until the emergence of adults, which were then kept in plastic microtubes, containing ethanol 70%. The release of exotic parasitoids did not displace native species. The same species were found before and after the release in both cultures: Doryctobracon areolatus, Asobara anastrephae, Utetes anastrephae and Opius bellus (Braconidae), Aganaspis pelleranoi (Figitidae) and individuals of the Pteromalidae family. One year after the last release, 44 individuals of the exotic parasitoid were found, showing its establishment in the studied areas.
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Wang, Xingeng, Ellen M. Aparicio, Jian J. Duan, Juli Gould y Kim A. Hoelmer. "Optimizing Parasitoid and Host Densities for Efficient Rearing of Ontsira mellipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Asian Longhorned Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)". Environmental Entomology 49, n.º 5 (14 de agosto de 2020): 1041–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa086.
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Abstract Ontsira mellipes Ashmead is a gregarious larval ectoparasitoid of woodboring cerambycids. It is native to North America but can readily attack the exotic Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky). This study aimed to develop an efficient rearing system for this parasitoid, as a potential novel association biocontrol agent for the beetle, by investigating the effects of different densities of host (two, three, or four larvae) and parasitoid (one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, and eight female wasps) on Ontsira’s parasitization efficiency and reproductive outcomes. Results showed that overall parasitism and total numbers of parasitized hosts or progeny produced increased with host and/or parasitoid densities, but the number of parasitized hosts or progeny produced per female parasitoid decreased with parasitoid density at each given host density. Nonlinear regression indicated a consistent pattern of mutual interference as parasitoid density increased. Additional experiments showed that superparasitism (indirect interference) did not occur probably because the parasitoid detects hosts through vibration cues from host feeding and attacked (thus paralyzed) hosts are no longer detectable. Thus, the interference probably results from direct or exploitative competition. Interestingly, female parasitoids responded to increased parasitoid density with a significant increase in clutch size. Overall, per capita parasitization efficiency or reproductive outcomes were optimized at a low parasitoid–host ratio but with large group size of hosts and parasitoids. Therefore, an optimal combination of exposing three or four parasitoids to four hosts is proposed for efficient mass-rearing of this parasitoid.
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Caniço, Albasini, António Mexia y Luisa Santos. "First Report of Native Parasitoids of Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Mozambique". Insects 11, n.º 9 (8 de septiembre de 2020): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11090615.
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The alien invasive insect pest Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), commonly referred to as fall armyworm (FAW), is causing significant losses to maize production in Africa since its detection in 2016. As an emergency response, governments in several countries distributed and/or promoted massive use of synthetic insecticides among smallholder farmers to fight FAW. The inappropriate use of synthetic insecticides by non-trained and ill-equipped farmers raises environmental and health concerns. This study aimed to assess the occurrence of native parasitoids of FAW, their parasitism rates, and relative abundance in the central province of Manica, Mozambique. A field collection of FAW egg masses and larvae was conducted from May to August 2019 (dry season of the 2018/2019 cropping season) and in December 2019 and January 2020 (rainy season of 2019/2020 cropping season). A total of 101 egg masses and 1444 larvae of FAW were collected from infested fields. Five larval parasitoids were recorded, but no egg parasitism was observed. Coccygidium luteum Brullé (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Drino quadrizonula Thomson (Diptera: Tachinidae) were the primary parasitoids. Maximum parasitism of 23.68% and 8.86% and relative abundance of 100 and 96.3 were recorded for C. luteum and D. quadrizonula, respectively. Total parasitism by different parasitoid species was at 9.49%. Cultural practices favoring the action of these parasitoids should be advocated.
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Sabbatini-Peverieri, Giuseppino, Lucrezia Giovannini, Claudia Benvenuti, Luca Madonni, Kim Hoelmer y Pio Federico Roversi. "Characteristics of the meconia of European egg parasitoids of Halyomorpha halys". Journal of Hymenoptera Research 77 (29 de junio de 2020): 187–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.77.52904.
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Halyomorpha halys is a severe invasive Asian pest worldwide and classical biological control is foreseen as the most promising control method. Egg parasitoids appear to be the most important natural enemies of this pest, especially the Asian hymenopteran Trissolcus japonicus. In the invaded areas, only a few egg parasitoid species have been able to adopt H. halys as a host. Anastatus bifasciatus is the most common native egg parasitoid of H. halys in Europe, but reaches only low levels of parasitization, while several other native species are only occasionally found. Recently, adventive populations have been found both in the USA and in Europe of T. japonicus, and in Italy of a second Asian species, Trissolcus mitsukurii. Species identification based on morphological traits by specialists or by molecular analysis is a crucial step in the management of biological control programs. The ability to identify the genus or species within a narrow guild of egg parasitoids based on adult emergence holes and meconium features can be a simple and useful method to support management efforts. We present here detailed descriptions of the meconium of the most frequent parasitoid species attacking H. halys in Europe and the characteristics of their emergence holes of the adult wasps.
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Zapponi, Livia, Marie Claude Bon, Jalal Melhem Fouani, Gianfranco Anfora, Silvia Schmidt y Martina Falagiarda. "Assemblage of the Egg Parasitoids of the Invasive Stink Bug Halyomorpha halys: Insights on Plant Host Associations". Insects 11, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2020): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11090588.
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Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive alien species and a key agricultural pest. Its native parasitoids (Trissolcus japonicus Ashmead and Tr. mitsukurii Ashmead) have been registered in several countries where H. halys brought dramatic economic losses and where biological control is considered to be the most effective long-term solution. By searching for stink bug egg masses and exposing sentinel egg masses, we monitored the distribution of native and exotic egg parasitoids in Trentino-Alto Adige (Italy), an area where both the host and parasitoids are in expansion. We recorded ten pentatomids, seven parasitoid species, with the first report of Tr. japonicus in this area and a hyperparasitoid. In the assemblage, Anastatus bifasciatus (Geoffroy) and Tr. mitsukurii were the dominant parasitoids, with a different distribution in terms of context and host plants. Sycamore was the host plant where the highest number of naturally laid parasitized egg masses (26%) were recorded. Trissolcus mitsukurii showed the highest parasitism rate, and was often found in apple orchards. The emergence of exotic parasitoids showed a temporal delay compared to native ones. Sequence analysis of 823 bp of the CO1 mitochondrial gene revealed that the recovered Tr. japonicus and Tr. mitsukurii harbored one single haplotype each. These haplotypes were previously found in 2018 in Northern Italy. While sentinel egg masses proved to be very effective in tracking the arrival of exotic Trissolcus species, the collection of stink bug egg masses provided fundamental data on the plant host species. The results lend strong support to the adaptation of exotic Trissolcus species to the environmental conditions of the range of introduction, providing new information on plant host-associations, fundamental for the development of biological control programs.
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Nagarkatti, Sudha, Patrick C. Tobin, Michael C. Saunders y Andrew J. Muza. "Release of native Trichogramma minutum to control grape berry moth". Canadian Entomologist 135, n.º 4 (agosto de 2003): 589–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n02-099.
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AbstractWe studied the effects of inundative releases of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma minutum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on economic injury by grape berry moth, Endopiza viteana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Trichogramma minutum originally collected from natural host populations near North East, Pennsylvania, was mass produced in tobacco hornworm hosts and Mediterranean flour moth. We released T. minutum in border rows, where grape berry moth infestation is typically high, of experiment field station and commercial vineyards from 1996 to 1999. We recorded significant reductions in economic injury in plots where parasitoids were released. In vineyards with low to moderate grape berry moth abundance, four releases during the growing season were adequate in reducing damage at harvest to below 3%. In high-risk vineyards, T. minutum releases reduced damage to levels below 15%. The use of buckwheat as a cover crop to provide nectar in combination with parasitoid releases showed potential benefits in parasitoid activity. A biocarrier and Biosprayer™ were used in mechanized parasitoid-release operations, and no adverse effect on parasitoid emergence was recorded from parasitized eggs using this approach.
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Taylor, Philip B., Jian J. Duan, Roger W. Fuester, Mark Hoddle y Roy Van Driesche. "Parasitoid Guilds ofAgrilusWoodborers (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): Their Diversity and Potential for Use in Biological Control". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/813929.
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Literature studies in North America (US and Canada), Europe, and Asia (particularly Russia, China, Japan, and the Korean peninsula) were reviewed to identify parasitoid guilds associated withAgriluswoodborers. There are at least 12 species of hymenopteran parasitoids attacking eggs ofAgrilusbeetles and 56 species (36 genera), attackingAgriluslarvae infesting various host plants in North America, Asia, and Europe. While most of the egg parasitoids (9 species) belong to the family Encyrtidae, a majority of the larval parasitoids are members of five families: Braconidae (24 species/11 genera), Eulophidae (8 species/4 genera), Ichneumonidae (10 species/9 genera), and Eupelmidae (6 species/5 genera). The highest rate ofAgrilusegg parasitism (>50%) was exerted by encyrtid wasps (4 species) in North America, Asia, and Europe. In contrast, the highest rate ofAgriluslarval parasitism (>50%) was caused by species in two genera of braconids:Atanycolus(North America) andSpathius(Asia), and one eulophid genus,Tetrastichus(Asia and Europe). Reported rate ofAgriluslarval parasitism ichneumonids was frequent in North America, but generally low (<1%). Potential for success in biological control of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennisFairmaire) in the USA with North American native parasitoids and old-association Asian parasitoids is discussed.
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Amorim, Amaro, Raúl Rodrigues, Leonel J. R. Nunes, Mariano Freitas y Luísa Moura. "Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in Minho (Northern Portugal): Bioecology, Native Parasitoid Communities and Biological Control with Torymus sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae)". Agronomy 12, n.º 9 (15 de septiembre de 2022): 2184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092184.
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The Asian chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, native to China, was first detected in Europe in Italy in 2002. In Portugal it was declared in 2014, and it has since affected the Portuguese chestnut production. The introduction of its natural parasitoid Torymus sinensis Kamijo started through inoculative releases according to the National Action Plan for the Control of Dryocosmus kuriphilus, established by the Direção Geral de Agricultura e Veterenária (DGAV), in 2015. This research was carried out during 2018 and 2019, in five chestnut orchards in the Minho region (Northern Portugal). Between January and March 2018, at each location, three monthly harvests of 100 buds were carried out to determine the infestation level. Between April and June 2018, 240 galls were harvested every two weeks, with the purpose of studying the bioecology of D. kuriphilus. In each sampling site, 160 galls were placed in emergence boxes to follow adults of the D. kuriphilus population, and 80 galls were dissected with a binocular magnifying glass, to count and record the evolution of the larval stages of D. kuriphilus and of the parasitoids. The identification of T. sinensis and native parasitoids was carried out. The parasitism rates and Simpson diversity indices were determined. The percentage of buds infested by D. kuriphilus was high in all studied places, varying between 67% and 80%, regardless of the number of T. sinensis releases made and of the chestnut cultivars present in each orchard. The highest rate of parasitism by T. sinensis was 0.5044% and it was recorded in an orchard where there were two releases of T. sinensis in 2016 and 2017 (Arcos de Valdevez—Rio Cabrão—P1). Considering that the exotic parasitoid has already been released in the region since 2016, its establishment in all the chestnut orchards studied was confirmed, although with very low parasitism rates. The natural parasitism associated with the native parasitoid species of D. kuriphilus was confirmed in this work, recording values between 34% and 51% of the parasitized chestnut galls, with 11 species of native parasitoids having been identified: Eupelmus azureos, Eupelmus uruzonus, Eurytoma brunnivientris, Eurytoma pistaciae, Megastigmus dorsalis, Mesopolobus sp., Ormyrus pomaceus, Sycophila biguttata, Sycophila iracemae, Sycophila variegatta and Torymus flavipes.
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Braman, S. K., G. D. Buntin y R. D. Oetting. "Species and Cultivar Influences on Infestation by and Parasitism of a Columbine Leafminer (Phytomyza aquilegivora Spencer)". Journal of Environmental Horticulture 23, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2005): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-23.1.9.
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Abstract Columbine, Aquilegia spp., are regularly attacked by agromyzid leafminers, Phytomyza spp. Effects of columbine species and cultivars on infestation by the leafminer Phytomyza aquilegivora Spencer, and subsequent parasitism by hymenopterous parasitoids was evaluated in two-year field trials at four locations in central and north Georgia. Among 20 columbine taxa planted in non-irrigated, wooded sites in central and north Georgia, two selections (A. flabellata and A. caerulea ‘Dwarf Fantasy Mix’) were comparable to the moderately resistant native species A. canadensis. In irrigated sites in central and north Georgia, all cultivars were equally infested by the leaf miner. The most heavily attacked selections among all sites were A. alpina, A. chrysantha ‘Yellow Star’, A. caerulea, A. caerulea ‘McKana mix’, A. caerulea ‘Music hybrid’, A. skinneri, and A. x hybrida ‘Ruby Port’. The variegated selection, A. vervaeneana ‘Woodside’, sustained intermediate infestation levels as did A. vulgaris ‘Winkie Blue & White’. Cultivar influences on parasitism of leafminers was quantified at two sites. Eleven species of hymenopteran parasitoids representing three families were recovered. Leafminers infesting A. chrysantha ‘Yellow Star’ were most heavily parasitized at both locations. Chrysocharis pentheus Walker was the most abundant parasitoid, representing 41% of all parasitoids collected and 48.4% of the species reared from leafminers in central Georgia. Seladerma sp. was the only parasitoid reared from leafminers collected in north Georgia and represented 22.1% of all parasitoids obtained.
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Rowell, Brent, Nittayaporn Bunsong, Kosin Satthaporn, Sompian Phithamma y Charnnarong Doungsa-ard. "Biological Control of Crucifer Crop Pests and Participatory IPM in Thailand". HortScience 40, n.º 4 (julio de 2005): 1118B—1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1118b.
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Larvae of the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Ypeunomutidae) and other crucifer pests cause severe economic damage to cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata (Brassicaceae) and related vegetables in Thailand and elsewhere in Southeast Asia. Overuse of pesticides is a serious problem in most vegetable growing areas of the country. Six species of parasitoids were reared from DBM larvae and pupae collected in northern Thailand in 1989–90 and 2003–04. The larval parasitoid Cotesiaplutellae Kurdjumov (Braconidae) appears to be the most important parasitoid of DBM in Thailand; other native or naturalized parasitoids may play supplementary roles. These natural enemies can and should be conserved in well thought out, participatory IPM programs. Field experiments comparing local farmer practice (weekly sprays of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides) to a simple IPM protocol using Bt and neem demonstrated superior control and higher yields of undamaged cabbage from the IPM treatment. This information on DBM parasitoids and other natural enemies of crucifer pests has been developed into a poster and other extension materials currently used in national “training of trainer” (for vegetable IPM) programs throughout Thailand. Farmer-centered IPM programs focused on conservation of local DBM parasitoids and on greater implementation of biological control will help alleviate growing public concerns regarding the effects of pesticides on vegetable growers and consumers.
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West, R. J. y M. Kenis. "SCREENING FOUR EXOTIC PARASITOIDS AS POTENTIAL CONTROLS FOR THE EASTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER, LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIA (GUENÉE) (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)". Canadian Entomologist 129, n.º 5 (octubre de 1997): 831–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent129831-5.
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AbstractAmong the 20 geometrid species recovered from annual surveys in coniferous forests in the Swiss Alps, three species, Epirrita autumnata (Borkhausen), Agriopis aurantiaria Hübner, and Poecilopsis isabellae Harrison, were identified as sources for parasitoids that might be suitable as candidates for introduction to Newfoundland to control the eastern hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guenée). Four univoltine Hymenoptera were identified as candidates: Dusona contumax (Forster) (Ichneumonidae) from A. aurantiaria, Dusona sp. from P. isabellae, Aleiodes cf. gastritor (Thunberg) (Braconidae) from E. autumnata, and Aleiodes. sp. from P. isabellae. The candidate parasitoids were confined with their native hosts in the laboratory and observations made to gather basic biological information and define protocols for screening.Small numbers of these parasitoids were shipped to Newfoundland and screened in the laboratory against hemlock looper larvae. Although attacks by D. contumax, Dusona sp., and A. cf. gastritor were observed, parasitoid development did not occur. All parasitoid eggs recovered from the hemlock looper larvae attacked were encapsulated. Dusona contumax, Dusona sp. from P. isabellae, A. cf. gastritor, and Aleoides sp. from P. isabellae are not recommended for introduction against the eastern hemlock looper.
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Bennett, Fred D. "Do Introduced Parasitoids Displace Native Ones?" Florida Entomologist 76, n.º 1 (marzo de 1993): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3496013.
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Kosheleva, Oksana V., Sergey A. Belokobylskij y Natalia I. Kirichenko. "The Hymenopterous Parasitoids of the Lime Leaf Miner Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from Its Native and Invaded Regions in Asian Russia". Diversity 14, n.º 9 (26 de agosto de 2022): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14090707.
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The lime leaf miner Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is an east Asian pest, which has recently distributed across the Palaearctic. Here, we provide the novel data on the diversity of its parasitoids in the Russian Far East (native region) and western Siberia (invaded region). Overall, 19 parasitoids from the Eulophidae (17 species) and Braconidae (2 species) reared from the Ph. issikii larvae and pupae were identified based on morphology and/or DNA barcoding. Among them, 12 species were detected in the Primorskiy Territory (Russian Far East) and 10 species in the Novosibirsk Province (Western Siberia), with only 3 shared species, namely Chrysocharis laomedon (Walker), Elachertus inunctus (Nees) and Sympiesis gordius (Walker). Pleurotroppopsis japonica (Kamijo) is a novel record for Russia, whereas the other eight eulophids are novel for the Novosibisk Province and two for the Primorskiy Territory. The eulophid Mischotetrastichus nadezhdae was recorded as a parasitoid of Ph. issikii for the first time. Four new species were described from the Primorskiy Territory: Achrysocharoides nagasawi sp. nov., A. carinatus sp. nov., Cirrospilus ussuriensis sp. nov., Pholetesor nataliae sp. nov. For all parasitoids, the distribution and hosts are listed; the majority of the species are illustrated. In addition, a checklist of the Ph. issikii parasitoids counting 79 species is compiled for the Palaearctic region.
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Mason, P. G., J. H. Miall, P. Bouchard, A. Brauner, D. R. Gillespie y G. A. P. Gibson. "The parasitoid communities associated with Ceutorhynchus species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Ontario and Québec, Canada". Canadian Entomologist 146, n.º 2 (13 de febrero de 2014): 224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2013.65.
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AbstractSurveys were conducted in Ontario and Québec, Canada to determine the parasitoid communities associated with Ceutorhynchus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) weevil species that are potential nontarget hosts of candidate biological control agents of the cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham). New host plant associations are documented for Ceutorhynchus americanus Buchanan, Ceutorhynchus neglectus Blatchley, and Ceutorhynchus omissus Fall. More than 18 species of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) were associated with six Ceutorhynchus species reared from siliques and stems of Brassicaceae plants. Silique-feeding Ceutorhynchus species supported a more diverse parasitoid community than stem-feeding or root crown-feeding species. The major components of the parasitoid assemblage of the native C. neglectus included Mesopolobus gemellus Baur and Muller, Mesopolobus moryoides Gibson, Trichomalus lucidus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and a cryptic species complex previously reported as Necremnus tidius (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). These species, plus Trimeromicrus maculatus Gahan (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) were the main parasitoids attacking the native C. omissus. The major parasitoids associated with the accidently introduced Ceutorhynchus erysimi (Fabricius) and Ceutorhynchus typhae (Herbst) included T. maculatus, the N. tidius species complex, M. gemellus, and M. moryoides. Trichomalus perfectus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a major parasitoid of C. obstrictus in Europe, is an accidental introduction first reared in Canada from that host in 2009 and first collected from C. omissus in 2011. Mesopolobus gemellus is shown to have a broad host range. These findings highlight the need for a cautious approach before introducing new biological control agents.
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Jaraleño-Teniente, Jannet, J. Refugio Lomeli-Flores, Esteban Rodríguez-Leyva, Rafael Bujanos-Muñiz y Susana E. Rodríguez-Rodríguez. "Egg Parasitoids Survey of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Maize and Sorghum in Central Mexico". Insects 11, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2020): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11030157.
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Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) is the main maize pest in America and was recently detected as an invasive pest in some countries in Asia and Africa. Among its natural enemies presented in Mexico, Trichogramma pretiosum Riley is the only egg parasitoid used in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs regardless of its effectiveness. A search for natural enemies of S. frugiperda was then carried out to determine whether this parasitoid has been established, and to detect native egg parasitoids or predators associated with this pest. The sentinel technique (egg masses) was used, and then placed in maize and sorghum fields in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman and Platner, an egg parasitoid, and Chelonus insularis Cresson egg-larva parasitoid were recovered from field surveys. Among the natural enemies that preyed on eggs of S. frugiperda, we found mites of the genus Balaustium, and Dermaptera of the genus Doru, both species in great abundance. Laboratory tests were performed to compare the potential parasitism of T. atopovirilia against T. pretiosum. T. atopovirilia obtained 70.14% parasitism while T. pretiosum, 29.23%. In field cages, three doses of the parasitoids were tested. Total parasitism did not exceed 8% in any of the two species, but T. atopovirilia parasitized a greater number of hosts using two and three parasitoids per pest egg. Then, the use of Trichogramma species needs to be reevaluated in biological control programs against S. frugiperda.
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Bauer, Leah S., Jian J. Duan, Juli R. Gould y Roy Van Driesche. "Progress in the classical biological control of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in North America". Canadian Entomologist 147, n.º 3 (12 de mayo de 2015): 300–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.18.
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AbstractFirst detected in North America in 2002, the emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire; Coleoptera: Buprestidae), an invasive phloem-feeding beetle from Asia, has killed tens of millions of ash (Fraxinus Linnaeus; Oleaceae) trees. Although few parasitoids attack EAB in North America, three parasitoid species were found attacking EAB in China: the egg parasitoid Oobius agrili Zhang and Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and two larval parasitoids Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). In 2007, classical biological control of EAB began in the United States of America after release of these three species was approved. In 2013, release of the larval parasitoids was approved in Canada. Research continues at study sites in Michigan, United States of America where the establishment, prevalence, and spread of O. agrili and T. planipennisi have been monitored since 2008. However, establishment of S. agrili remains unconfirmed in northern areas, and its release is now restricted to regions below the 40th parallel. In 2015, approval for release of Spathius galinae Belokobylskij (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an EAB larval parasitoid from the Russian Far East, may be granted in the United States of America. Researchers are guardedly optimistic that a complex of introduced and native natural enemies will regulate EAB densities below a tolerance threshold for survival of ash species or genotypes in forested ecosystems.
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Lyons, D. Barry. "PHENOLOGY OF THE NATIVE PARASITOID SINOPHORUS MEGALODONTIS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) RELATIVE TO ITS INTRODUCED HOST, THE PINE FALSE WEBWORM (HYMENOPTERA: PAMPHILIIDAE)". Canadian Entomologist 131, n.º 6 (diciembre de 1999): 787–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent131787-6.
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AbstractThe parasitoid Sinophorus megalodontis Sanborne is a univoltine endoparasitoid that attacks larvae of the pine false webworm, Acantholyda erythrocephala (L.). The morphologies of the egg, instar 1, and cocoon are described. Adult-emergence and Malaise traps were used to examine the patterns of adult activity in Ontario. Adults emerged from the soil over 17 d, in late May and early June, and the median emergence of males preceded that of females by 3.5 d. The sex ratio of emerging adults was approximately 1:1. Malaise traps collected more adults than did emergence traps and also provided information on adult flight period, but collections were biased towards captures of males. Dissections indicated that S. megalodontis oviposited in all instars of the host and that temporal and spatial variations occurred in coincidence with host instars. Encapsulation and superparasitism limited effectiveness of the parasitoids in reducing host populations. At the end of the larval period, the parasitism rate was 17.1%, but encapsulation reduced the effective rate to 9.0%. Superparasitism was observed in 4.8% of the host larvae. There was some indication that parasitism resulted in retardation of host development. Later-dropping host larvae had a significantly greater incidence of parasitism. The host is an introduced insect from Europe, whereas the parasitoid is likely endemic to North America. Few North American parasitoids attack this introduced species, and S. megalodontis appears limited in its ability to reduce the size of pine false webworm populations. Consequently, pine false webworm is a suitable candidate for classical biological control attempts with introduced parasitoids from Europe.
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Frank, Steven D., Kristi M. Backe, Casey McDaniel, Matthew Green, Sarah Widney y Robert R. Dunn. "Exotic urban trees conserve similar natural enemy communities to native congeners but have fewer pests". PeerJ 7 (7 de marzo de 2019): e6531. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6531.
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Urban trees serve a critical conservation function by supporting arthropod and vertebrate communities but are often subject to arthropod pest infestations. Native trees are thought to support richer arthropod communities than exotic trees but may also be more susceptible to herbivorous pests. Exotic trees may be less susceptible to herbivores but provide less conservation value as a consequence. We tested the hypotheses that native species in Acer and Quercus would have more herbivorous pests than exotic congeners and different communities of arthropod natural enemies. The density of scale insects, common urban tree pests, was greatest on a native Acer and a native Quercus than exotic congeners in both years of our research (2012 and 2016) and sometimes reached damaging levels. However, differences in predator and parasitoid abundance, diversity, and communities were not consistent between native and exotic species in either genus and were generally similar. For example, in 2012 neither predator nor parasitoid abundance differed among native and exotic Acer congeners but in 2016 a native species, A. saccharum, had the least of both groups. A native, Q. phellos, had significantly more predators and parasitoids in 2012 than its native and exotic congeners but no differences in 2016. Parasitoid communities were significantly different among Acer species and Quercus species due in each case to greater abundance of a single family on one native tree species. These native and exotic tree species could help conserve arthropod natural enemies and achieve pest management goals.
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MODIC, Špela, Primož ŽIGON y Jaka RAZINGER. "Trichopria drosophilae (Diapriidae) and Leptopilina heterotoma (Figitidae), native parasitoids of Drosophila suzukii, confirmed in Slovenia". Acta agriculturae Slovenica 113, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2019): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2019.113.1.15.
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The Spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), <em>Drosophila suzukii</em> (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera, Drosophilidae) was recorded for the first time in Slovenia in autumn 2010. Shortly thereafter, it turned out to be one of the most important insect pests of soft and stone fruit in Slovenia and elsewhere. Within the expert work in the field of plant protection, more precisely within task inventarisation of beneficial organisms for biological control, the presence of indigenous <em>D. suzukii</em> parasitoids was investigated in 2018. Sentinel traps baited with <em>D. suzukii</em> larvae and pupae in banana slices enriched with artificial food medium for drosophilids were used for inventorying <em>D. suzukii</em> parasitoids in raspberries. The pupal parasitoid<em> Trichopria drosophilae </em>(Perkins, 1910)<em> </em>(Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) and the larval parasitoid <em>Leptopilina heterotoma </em>(Thompson, 1862)<em> </em>(Hymenoptera: Figitidae)<em> </em>were recorded parasitizing <em>D. suzukii</em>for the first time in Slovenia in August 2018 in Central Slovenia (Ljubljana).<p> </p><p> </p><p> </p>
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Łukowski, Janek, Baraniak, Walczak y Karolewski. "Changing Host Plants Causes Structural Differences in the Parasitoid Complex of the Monophagous Moth Yponomeuta evonymella, but Does Not Improve Survival Rate". Insects 10, n.º 7 (4 de julio de 2019): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10070197.
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Recently in Poland, cases of host expansion have frequently been observed in the typically monophagous bird-cherry ermine moth (Yponomeuta evonymella), which has moved from its native host plant, bird cherry (Prunus padus), to a new, widely distributed plant that is invasive in Europe, black cherry (P. serotina). We attempted to verify the reasons behind this host change in the context of the enemy-free space hypothesis by focusing on parasitoids attacking larval Y. evonymella on one of three host plant variants: The primary host, P. padus; initially P. padus and later P. serotina (P. padus/P. serotina); or the new host, P. serotina. This experiment investigated if changing the host plant could be beneficial to Y. evonymella in terms of escaping from harmful parasitoids and improving survival rate. We identified nine species of parasitoids that attack larval Y. evonymella, and we found that the number of parasitoid species showed a downward trend from the primary host plant to the P. padus/P. serotina combination to the new host plant alone. We observed a significant difference among variants in relation to the percentage of cocoons killed by specific parasitoids, but no effects of non-specific parasitoids or other factors. Total mortality did not significantly differ (ca. 37%) among larval rearing variants. Changing the host plant caused differences in the structure of the parasitoid complex of Y. evonymella but did not improve its survival rate. This study does not indicate that the host expansion of Y. evonymella is associated with the enemy-free space hypothesis; we therefore discuss alternative scenarios that may be more likely.
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Hartnett, Dominic E., Frances H. MacDonald, Nicholas A. Martin, Graham P. Walker y Darren F. Ward. "A survey of the adventive parasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and native larval parasitoids of native Lepidoptera". New Zealand Journal of Zoology 45, n.º 4 (1 de marzo de 2018): 326–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2018.1426021.
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Nakamichi, Yasufumi, Midori Tuda y Eric Wajnberg. "Intraspecific interference between native parasitoids modified by a non‐native parasitoid and its consequence on population dynamics". Ecological Entomology 45, n.º 6 (4 de julio de 2020): 1263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/een.12909.
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Wang, Xingeng, Nathalie Ramualde, Ellen M. Aparicio, Matteo Maspero, Jian J. Duan y Lincoln Smith. "Optimal Conditions for Diapause Survival of Aprostocetus fukutai, an Egg Parasitoid for Biological Control of Anoplophora chinensis". Insects 12, n.º 6 (9 de junio de 2021): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12060535.
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Aprostocetus fukutai is a specialist egg parasitoid of the citrus longhorned beetle Anoplophora chinensis, a high-risk invasive pest of hardwood trees. The parasitoid overwinters as diapausing mature larvae within the host egg and emerges in early summer in synchrony with the egg-laying peak of A. chinensis. This study investigated the parasitoid’s diapause survival in parasitized host eggs that either remained in potted trees under semi-natural conditions in southern France or were removed from the wood and held at four different humidities (44, 75, 85–93 and 100% RH) at 11 °C or four different temperature regimes (2, 5, 10 and 12.5 °C) at 100% RH in the laboratory. The temperature regimes reflect overwintering temperatures across the parasitoid’s geographical distribution in its native range. Results show that the parasitoid resumed its development to the adult stage at normal rearing conditions (22 °C, 100% RH, 14L:10D) after 6- or 7-months cold chilling at both the semi-natural and laboratory conditions. It had a low survival rate (36.7%) on potted plants due to desiccation or tree wound defense response. No parasitoids survived at 44% RH, but survival rate increased with humidity, reaching the highest (93.7%) at 100% RH. Survival rate also increased from 21.0% at 2 °C to 82.8% at 12.5 °C. Post-diapause developmental time decreased with increased humidity or temperature. There was no difference in the lifetime fecundity of emerged females from 2 and 12.5 °C. These results suggest that 100% RH and 12.5 °C are the most suitable diapause conditions for laboratory rearing of this parasitoid.
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Keerthi, Manikyanahalli Chandrashekara, Sachin Suresh Suroshe, Sagar Doddachowdappa, Kadanakuppe Thammayya Shivakumara, Hosapura Shekhararaju Mahesha, Virendra Singh Rana, Ankita Gupta et al. "Bio-Intensive Tactics for the Management of Invasive Fall Armyworm for Organic Maize Production". Plants 12, n.º 3 (3 de febrero de 2023): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12030685.
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Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an invasive pest native to the American continent. The present study focused on bio-intensive tactics like intercropping, using natural enemies, botanical insecticides and biopesticides for managing S. frugiperda for the organic production of maize in Indian conditions. A total of eight different parasitoids attacking the different stages of S. frugiperda viz., eggs and larvae were found in the study area. The total parasitism rate due to all the parasitoids ranged from 28.37 to 42.44%. The egg-larval parasitoid, Chelonus formosanus Sonan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was the dominant parasitoid (12.55%), followed by Chelonus nr. blackburni (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (10.98%) and Coccygydium sp. (4.85%). About 36.58 percent of the egg masses collected was parasitized by egg parasitoids, among which Telenomus remus (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) was the dominant parasitoid. The botanicals insecticides such as citronella and annona extract were most effective, resulting in 100% mortality of FAW larvae (168 h after treatment). The essential oil of garlic (100%) was found highly effective in inhibiting egg hatching, followed by geraniol (90.76%). The maize intercropped with lady’s finger (okra) recorded significantly the lowest pest infestation and recorded higher grain yield (6.17 q/ha) than other intercropping systems and control (5.10 q/ha). The overall bioefficacy of commercial biopesticides against the larvae of S. frugiperda was in the following order azadirachtin > Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) > Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) at 168 h after treatment.
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Nisha, R. y J. S. Kennedy. "Effect of Native and Non-native Hosts on the Biology of Acerophagus papayae Noyes and Schauff, the Introduced Parasitoid of Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara De Willink". Journal of Biological Control 30, n.º 2 (26 de agosto de 2016): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jbc/30/2/14922.
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The bioecology study of any parasitoid using alternative hosts imposes divergent selection pressures on parasitoid populations. In this study, we investigated the bioecology potential of parasitoid <em>Acerophagus papayae</em> Noyes and Schauff on papaya mealybug <em>Paracoccus marginatus</em> Williams and Granara De Willink from different plant hosts. The parameters studied were adult longevity (survival of progeny), fecundity and productivity of female mealybugs and sex ratio of progenies of <em>P. marginatus</em>. The results showed significant differences in bioecology of parasitoid on their natal host (<em>P. marginatus</em> from papaya) compared with the non-natal hosts (<em>P. marginatus</em> from non papaya hosts). It is also compared with honey concentration solution and potato sprouts. The parasitoid is well adapted to the natal host that is papaya compared to others host. However, parasitoids showed a similar high fitness on both natal and non natal hosts. This results could be used to increase the effectiveness of biological control programme on different views.
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Rand, Tatyana A., Wendell L. Morrill, Justin B. Runyon, Kim A. Hoelmer, Thomas G. Shanower, Jeffrey L. Littlefield y David K. Weaver. "Assessing phenological synchrony between the Chinese sawfly, Cephus fumipennis (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), its egg-larval parasitoid, Collyria catoptron (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), and the North American sawfly, Cephus cinctus: implications for biological control". Canadian Entomologist 148, n.º 4 (7 de diciembre de 2015): 482–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.64.
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AbstractMany pest and beneficial insects overwinter as larvae in a state of diapause, with development resuming in the spring. In these cases, rates of post-diapause development of parasitoids must be synchronised with the vulnerable life stages of their hosts. Phenological asynchrony between introduced parasitoids and their targeted hosts has limited the success of some biological control efforts. Here, we assess the potential synchrony between Collyria catoptron Wahl (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid of the Chinese wheat stem sawfly, Cephus fumipennis Eversmann (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), which is being considered as a biological control against a novel host species, Cephus cinctus Norton, in North America. We compared development timing and emergence patterns of both native and exotic species of sawflies with that of the parasitoid. We found that the mean number of days between termination of larval diapause and adult eclosion varied by less than one day across species, and patterns of emergence were also similar. The rate of development of this egg-larval parasitoid was within the range necessary to attack C. cinctus eggs. Furthermore, the development of C. cinctus from western Montana, United States of America most closely matched that of the parasitoid, suggesting western Montana as a possible release area.
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Andreadis, Stefanos S., Nikoloz E. Gogolashvili, Georgios T. Fifis, Emmanouel I. Navrozidis y Thomas Thomidis. "First Report of Native Parasitoids of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Greece". Insects 12, n.º 11 (31 de octubre de 2021): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12110984.
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Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an endemic species of East Asia; it was introduced into Europe in 2007. It has a wide range of hosts as it feeds on over 170 host plant species and significantly impacts crop production. In Greece, H. halys causes significant losses in the production of kiwi, peaches, and green beans; thus, control of this species (including biological control) is essential. Here, we focus on the potential impact of native natural enemies of H. halys in Greece. From June to October 2020, we sampled naturally field-laid H. halys egg masses to recover native parasitoids. A total of 20 egg masses of H. halys were collected from infested fields from different locations in northern Greece. Out of 529 eggs, 45 parasitoids managed to hatch successfully. The overall parasitism rate was 8.5%. We found two species of Hymenopteran egg parasitoids attacking H. halys eggs—Anastatus bifasciatus (Geoffrey) (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) and Ooencyrtus telenomicida (Vassiliev) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), with the former comprising 58% of all parasitoids that were recovered. These results contribute to the knowledge about the natural enemy community that attacks H. halys in Greece, and the use of these native egg parasitoids in biological control programs may be a viable H. halys management strategy.
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Ludwick, Dalton C., Layne B. Leake, William R. Morrison, Jesús R. Lara, Mark S. Hoddle, Elijah J. Talamas y Tracy C. Leskey. "Influence of Holding Conditions and Storage Duration of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Eggs on Adventive and Quarantine Populations of Trissolcus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) Behavior and Parasitism Success". Environmental Entomology 50, n.º 3 (8 de febrero de 2021): 550–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa183.
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Abstract Halyomorpha halys (Stål) is an invasive pest in the United States and other countries. In its native range, H. halys eggs are parasitized by a co-evolved parasitoid, Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead). In the United States, T. japonicus, a classical biological control candidate, is being redistributed in many states where adventive populations exist. To establish if H. halys egg holding conditions affect T. japonicus foraging behavior or successful parasitism, naïve, female parasitoids from an adventive population were allowed to forage in laboratory bioassay arenas with either fresh or frozen (−20 or −80°C) egg masses, the latter held for five durations ranging from 1 h to 112 d. Parasitoid movements were recorded for 1 h. Thereafter, parasitoids were transferred with the same egg mass for 23 h. Additionally, female parasitoids from a quarantine colony were exposed to: 1) pairs of fresh egg masses and egg masses frozen at −40°C (>24 h) or 2) a single fresh egg mass or egg mass frozen at −40°C (<1 h). All exposed egg masses were held to assess progeny emergence. In the foraging bioassay, holding temperature and storage duration appeared to influence host-finding and host quality. Egg masses held at −80°C and fresh egg masses resulted in significantly greater levels of parasitism and progeny emergence compared with eggs held at −20°C. No differences were recorded between egg masses held at −40°C for ≤1 h and fresh egg masses. These results will help refine methods for preparation of egg masses for sentinel monitoring and parasitoid mass rearing protocols.
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Jones, Michael I., Juli R. Gould, Hope J. Mahon y Melissa K. Fierke. "Phenology of Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and Its Introduced Larval Parasitoids in the Northeastern United States". Journal of Economic Entomology 113, n.º 2 (12 de diciembre de 2019): 622–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz304.
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Abstract Biological control offers a long-term and sustainable option for controlling the destructive forest pest emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, in North America. Three larval parasitoids, Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Eulophidae), and Spathius galinae Belokobylskij & Strazanac, have been introduced to North America from the native range of EAB (northeastern Asia). While T. planipennisi appears to be persisting where it has been introduced in northern United States, S. agrili failed to establish in northeastern states. The more recently identified parasitoid S. galinae was recovered from the Russian Far East and climate matching suggests it should be suited for release in colder climates. We collected data on the phenology of EAB and its introduced larval parasitoids from colonies established in an insectary, growth chambers, and field-caged trees in Syracuse, New York to determine whether asynchrony between parasitoids and EAB or climate could impact establishment and persistence. Phenological data indicated EAB has one and 2-yr life cycles in New York, with parasitoid-susceptible EAB larvae available spring to fall for parasitism. Insectary and growth chamber studies indicated S. galinae and T. planipennisi were synchronous with EAB phenology, and field studies suggested both species could overwinter in northeastern climates. Spathius agrili was asynchronous with EAB phenology and climate, emerging when fewer parasitoid-susceptible EAB larvae were available and temperatures were not optimal for survival. Our results suggest S. galinae and T. planipennisi are suited for biological control of EAB at the northern limits of its range in North America.