Literatura académica sobre el tema "Nano cellulose fibrillée"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Nano cellulose fibrillée"
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Michael Jacob Ioelovich. "Microcellulose Vs Nanocellulose – A Review". World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 5, n.º 2 (30 de marzo de 2022): 001–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2022.5.2.0037.
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Cellulose is the most abundant and renewable natural semi-crystalline polysaccharide. This biopolymer is an inexhaustible source of natural fibers (NFs), and valuable raw material for the production of microparticles of microcrystalline (MCC) and powdered cellulose (PC), as well as other cellulose micro-products, which are widely used in biomedicine, production of food additives, plastics, and other materials. In addition, cellulose has a nano-fibrillar architecture that promotes the release of free cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and nanocrystals (CNCs). This review article describes the preparation methods, structural characteristics, properties, and applications of different types of micro- (NFs, MCC, and PC) and nano-cellulose (CNFs, CNCs). Two main shortcomings hindering the wide application of various types of Nano cellulose (NC) were discovered, such as high production expenses and the difficulty of competing with commercial types of micro-cellulose. To reduce the production cost of NC, a waste-free technology can be used, which allows completely utilize materials and chemicals, and produce cheap nanocrystalline aggregates (NCA) with zero emission of liquid and solid waste. Due to the low cost, such a nanostructured product, NCA, will be quite competitive with commercial micro-celluloses (MCC, PC, etc.) and can be used, e.g., as filler and thickener.
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Osong, Sinke H., Sven Norgren, Per Engstrand, Mathias Lundberg y Peter Hansen. "Crill: A novel technique to characterize nano-ligno-cellulose". Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 29, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2014): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2014-29-02-p190-194.
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Abstract The CrillEye is a technique for qualitatively assessing loose slender and fibrillar particles created during pulping. It has also been demonstrated that the crill measurement technique can easily be used to measure the degree of fibrillation of mechanical pulp based nano-ligno-cellulose (NLC). The measurement technique is based on an optical response of a suspension at two wavelengths of light; UV and IR. The UV light contains information on both fibres and crill, while IR only contains information on fibres. The resolution on the CrillEye module is based on optical response of the pulp and on an analogue signal analysis making it concentration independent. Characterization of particlesize distribution of nano-ligno-cellulose is both important and challenging. The objective of the work presented in this paper was to study the crill values of TMP and CTMP based nano-ligno-celluloses as a function of homogenization time. Results showed that the crill value of both TMP-NLC and CTMP-NLC correlated fairly well with the homogenization time.
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Srinivasa, Prashanth y Artem Kulachenko. "Analysis of the compressive response of Nano Fibrillar Cellulose foams". Mechanics of Materials 80 (enero de 2015): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2014.09.006.
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Wan, Ying, Jian Li, Jitong Ma, Yanan Li, Ren Wang, Zhengxing Chen y Tao Wang. "Fixing zein at the fibrillar carboxymethyl cellulose toward an amphiphilic nano-network". Food Chemistry 398 (enero de 2023): 133862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133862.
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Swingler, Sam, Abhishek Gupta, Hazel Gibson, Marek Kowalczuk, Wayne Heaselgrave y Iza Radecka. "Recent Advances and Applications of Bacterial Cellulose in Biomedicine". Polymers 13, n.º 3 (28 de enero de 2021): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030412.
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Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an extracellular polymer produced by Komagateibacter xylinus, which has been shown to possess a multitude of properties, which makes it innately useful as a next-generation biopolymer. The structure of BC is comprised of glucose monomer units polymerised by cellulose synthase in β-1-4 glucan chains which form uniaxially orientated BC fibril bundles which measure 3–8 nm in diameter. BC is chemically identical to vegetal cellulose. However, when BC is compared with other natural or synthetic analogues, it shows a much higher performance in biomedical applications, potable treatment, nano-filters and functional applications. The main reason for this superiority is due to the high level of chemical purity, nano-fibrillar matrix and crystallinity. Upon using BC as a carrier or scaffold with other materials, unique and novel characteristics can be observed, which are all relatable to the features of BC. These properties, which include high tensile strength, high water holding capabilities and microfibrillar matrices, coupled with the overall physicochemical assets of bacterial cellulose makes it an ideal candidate for further scientific research into biopolymer development. This review thoroughly explores several areas in which BC is being investigated, ranging from biomedical applications to electronic applications, with a focus on the use as a next-generation wound dressing. The purpose of this review is to consolidate and discuss the most recent advancements in the applications of bacterial cellulose, primarily in biomedicine, but also in biotechnology.
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Bhagia, Samarthya, John R. Dunlap, Mohammed Zahid A. Khuraishi, Richard R. Lowden, Wellington Muchero, Uday K. Vaidya, Yunqiao Pu y Arthur J. Ragauskas. "Fabrication of lignocellulosic biomass paper containing nanofibrillated biomass". BioResources 16, n.º 1 (13 de noviembre de 2020): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.1.209-222.
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Fibrillated cellulose has been frequently used for making nanopapers and thin films. However, limited work has been carried out in the construction of such materials using native lignocellulosic biomass. Making papers from fibrillated biomass allows complete utilization of whole plant material and may reduce chemical and energy consumption. Ultra-friction grinding was used to directly fibrillate knife-milled poplar into micro- to nano-sized biomass fibers. Papers were made using the fibrillated biomass containing nanofibrillated biomass and their mechanical properties were tested. Biomass papers made via press-drying had higher tensile strength than papers made by air-drying. A higher press-drying temperature of 180 °C produced stronger papers than at 150 °C. Guar gum substantially increased the strength of the press-dried papers in comparison to cationic starch. Press-drying increased the thermogravimetric peak decomposition temperature by 13 °C in comparison to air-drying.
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Raut, Mahendra P., Emmanuel Asare, Syed Mohammad Daniel Syed Mohamed, Elliot N. Amadi y Ipsita Roy. "Bacterial Cellulose-Based Blends and Composites: Versatile Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, n.º 2 (4 de enero de 2023): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24020986.
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Cellulose of bacterial origin, known as bacterial cellulose (BC), is one of the most versatile biomaterials that has a huge potential in tissue engineering due to its favourable mechanical properties, high hydrophilicity, crystallinity, and purity. Additional properties such as porous nano-fibrillar 3D structure and a high degree of polymerisation of BC mimic the properties of the native extracellular matrix (ECM), making it an excellent material for the fabrication of composite scaffolds suitable for cell growth and tissue development. Recently, the fabrication of BC-based scaffolds, including composites and blends with nanomaterials, and other biocompatible polymers has received particular attention owing to their desirable properties for tissue engineering. These have proven to be promising advanced materials in hard and soft tissue engineering. This review presents the latest state-of-the-art modified/functionalised BC-based composites and blends as advanced materials in tissue engineering. Their applicability as an ideal biomaterial in targeted tissue repair including bone, cartilage, vascular, skin, nerve, and cardiac tissue has been discussed. Additionally, this review briefly summarises the latest updates on the production strategies and characterisation of BC and its composites and blends. Finally, the challenges in the future development and the direction of future research are also discussed.
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Żywicka, Anna, Daria Ciecholewska-Juśko, Radosław Drozd, Rafał Rakoczy, Maciej Konopacki, Marian Kordas, Adam Junka, Paweł Migdał y Karol Fijałkowski. "Preparation of Komagataeibacter xylinus Inoculum for Bacterial Cellulose Biosynthesis Using Magnetically Assisted External-Loop Airlift Bioreactor". Polymers 13, n.º 22 (15 de noviembre de 2021): 3950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13223950.
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The aim of this study was to demonstrate the applicability of a novel magnetically assisted external-loop airlift bioreactor (EL-ALB), equipped with rotating magnetic field (RMF) generators for the preparation of Komagataeibacterxylinus inoculum during three-cycle repeated fed-batch cultures, further used for bacterial cellulose (BC) production. The fermentation carried out in the RMF-assisted EL-ALB allowed to obtain an inoculum of more than 200× higher cellular density compared to classical methods of inoculum preparation. The inoculum obtained in the RMF-assisted EL-ALB was characterized by a high and stable metabolic activity during repeated batch fermentation process. The application of the RMF-assisted EL-ALB for K. xylinus inoculum production did not induce the formation of cellulose-deficient mutants. It was also confirmed that the ability of K. xylinus to produce BC was at the same level (7.26 g/L of dry mass), regardless of inoculum age. Additionally, the BC obtained from the inoculum produced in the RMF-assisted EL-ALB was characterized by reproducible water-related properties, mechanical strength, nano-fibrillar structure and total crystallinity index. The lack of any negative impact of inoculum preparation method using RMF-assisted EL-ALB on BC properties is of paramount value for its future applications, including use as a biomaterial in tissue engineering, wound healing, and drug delivery, where especially BC liquid capacity, nanostructure, crystallinity, and mechanical properties play essential roles.
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Queirós, E. C., S. P. Pinheiro, J. E. Pereira, J. Prada, I. Pires, F. Dourado, P. Parpot y M. Gama. "Hemostatic Dressings Made of Oxidized Bacterial Nanocellulose Membranes". Polysaccharides 2, n.º 1 (19 de febrero de 2021): 80–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides2010006.
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Surgicel® (regenerated oxidized cellulose) is a bio-absorbable hemostatic material widely applied to prevent surgery-derived adhesions. Some critical issues have been reported associated with this biomaterial, which we aimed to overcome by producing bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) membranes with hemostatic activity, through electrochemical oxidation using the tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) radical. Samples were characterized by FTIR, NMR, SEM, XRD and their degree of polymerization. The oxidation degree was evaluated by titration of the carboxyl groups and the hemostatic behavior by whole-blood-clotting assays. In vitro and in vivo biodegradability of oxidized BNC membranes were evaluated and compared with that of Surgicel®. The oxidation degree increased from 4% to 7% and up to 15%, corresponding to an applied charge of 400, 700 and 1200 Coulombs, respectively. The oxidized BNC preserved the crystallinity and the 3D nano-fibrillar network, and demonstrated hemostatic activity, although not as effective as that of Surgicel®. In vivo assays demonstrated that the oxidized membranes did not induce an inflammatory response, revealing a good biocompatibility. However, non-degraded oxidized BNC was still detected at the implantation site after 56 days.
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Subramanian, Ramjee, Henrik Fordsmand y Hannu Paulapuro. "Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) - cellulose composite fillers: Effects of PCC particle structure on the production and properties of uncoated fine paper". BioResources 2, n.º 1 (24 de febrero de 2007): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.2.1.91-105.
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This work examines the precipitation of PCC – pulp composite fillers with varying crystal habits and their effects on the papermaking properties of printing and writing paper. Colloidal (c-PCC), rhombohedral (r-PCC), and scalenohedral types (s-PCC) of composite PCCs were produced and compared with commercial reference PCCs. Scanning electron micros-copy showed the c-PCC to be a high-surface-area nano-structured PCC. The rhombohedral composite was formed in clusters like a spider-web structure. Under similar experimental conditions, composite PCC was formed as individual ellipsoidal crystals and some of the particles had malformed structure, in contrast to the structured reference s-PCC. The co-precipitation and the structure of PCC significantly influence the forming, consolidation, and properties of paper, as well as its perform-ance in printing. Composite c-PCC showed the highest retention during forming. At higher filler contents, dewatering was reduced significantly with handsheets containing s- and r-PCC composite fillers. Colloidal composite hand-sheets showed the lowest tensile index and internal bond strength, while the rhombohedral composite gave the highest z-directional bond strength. Compared with the traditional reference samples containing commercial PCCs, paper with s- and r-composites had significantly higher density but similar light scattering ability. Addition of fibrillar fines to fine paper increased print rub fastness significantly in both laser and inkjet printed samples.
Tesis sobre el tema "Nano cellulose fibrillée"
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Castro, Cabrera Isis. "Epoxy vitrimer materials based on disulfide exchange chemistry : experimental study and modeling of the stress relaxation - application to composites reinforced by nanofibrillated cellulose". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOUL0010.
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Les résines époxy thermodurcissables ont attiré l'attention de nombreuses industries en raison de leur polyvalence, des adhésifs aux matériaux composites. Malgré leur versatilité, le recyclage, la durabilité et développement durable de ces thermodurs majoritairement pétrosourcés limitent leur utilisation. Des réseaux adaptables covalents (CAN) comme les vitrimères peuvent offrir une solution pour faire face à ces problèmes. Le système époxy DGEBA‒4-APDS, basé sur la chimie d'échange de disulfures, a montré des propriétés de recyclabilité, mais son comportement vitrimère n'a pas été encore complètement vérifié. Dans le présent travail, toutes les propriétés propres aux vitrimères sont étudiées afin de s’assurer du caractère vitrimère de ce matériau. De façon intéressante, la température d’échange des liaisons réversibles propre aux vitrimères (Tv) est proche de la transition vitreuse du matériau (Tg). Il en découle que sa relaxation, qui s’opère légèrement au-dessus de sa Tg, est influencée à la fois par les réactions d'échange des liaisons réversibles et par la relaxation du polymère en lui-même. De ce fait, il est proposé un modèle adapté de relaxation des contraintes qui prend en compte ces deux phénomènes. Ce modèle rhéologique a permis également d'évaluer la relaxation de cette matrice époxy-vitrimère renforcée par des nanofibrilles de cellulose (NFC). Ce composite vitrimère à base de NFC est un matériau léger durable et présentant des propriétés mécaniques similaires à celles des réseaux covalents non-adaptables. Une étude initiale pour augmenter la durabilité de ce vitrimère époxy a consisté à modifier la surface de la NFC par un agent de couplage glycidoxy silane. Une méthode simple de greffage des NFC est proposée, et la caractérisation du réseau silane entourant les NFC a été réaliséeEpoxy thermoset resins have drawn the attention of many industries due to their versatility, from adhesives to polymer composites. Yet, the re-processability, sustainability, and durability of resins limit their use. The covalent adaptable networks (CANs) like vitrimers can afford a solution to overcome these issues. The epoxy resin, DGEBA‒4-APDS, based on the disulfide exchange chemistry, has shown re-processability properties, but its vitrimer properties have not been fully verified. In the present work, all the vitrimer properties are reviewed to classify it as a vitrimer material. Interestingly, the vitrimer exchange operating temperature (Tv) is close to its glass transition (Tg). So, its relaxation behavior, slightly above Tg, is influenced by the bond exchange reactions and the segmental relaxations of the network. Thus, an adapted stress relaxation model that considers both relaxation phenomena is proposed. This developed rheological model leads to evaluate the epoxy vitrimer matrix reinforced by nano fibrillated cellulose (NFC). The vitrimer composite made with NFC performs a sustainable lightweight material and exhibits mechanical properties similar to non-covalent adaptable networks. A preliminary study to increase material durability has consisted in the NFC surface modification by glycidoxy silane coupling agent. A simple NFC grafting method is proposed, and the surface characterization of the silane network surrounding the NFC is well-explored
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Falcoz-Vigne, Léa. "Caractérisation et modélisation des interactions cellulose - hémicelluloses au sein des microfibrilles de cellulose (MFC)". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV091/document.
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Le cadre de cette étude est le coût énergétique lié à la production des Microfibrilles de Cellulose (MFC) qui est aujourd’hui un facteur limitant à son développement à l’échelle industrielle. Le but de cette étude est de caractériser les interactions cellulose/hémicellulose au sein de ces systèmes.Des MFC provenant de différentes pâtes à papier chimiques ont été caractérisées par RMN du solide afin d’obtenir des informations à l’échelle moléculaire. Suite à l’optimisation d’un protocole expérimental, les hémicelluloses contenues dans les MFC issues de pâte kraft de bouleau ont ensuite été extraites avec un rendement de 60% et sont composés uniquement d’un homopolymère de xylan de DP 75.La turbidimétrie a été utilisée pour qualifier la qualité des suspensions, dont il a été montré qu’elle dépend fortement du procédé de mise en pâte et du séchage. Des corrélations positives ont été établies entre l’état de dispersion et les propriétés mécaniques de feuilles de papier additionnées de microfibrilles. L’analyse RMN de modèles biomimétiques reconstitués a confirmé le changement de conformation du xylan lorsqu’il est adsorbé sur la cellulose et les mesures de surface spécifique ont montré que seule la couche de xylan en contact avec la cellulose était concernée par ce changement.Les interactions cellulose/xylane ont été étudiées par RMN du solide et par dynamique moléculaire atomistique (MD). Les simulations MD ont montré que le xylan s’adsorbe parallèlement aux chaines de cellulose. Des mesures d'interaction sur ce système ont conduit à une mesure d'énergie de 9kJ/résidu de xylose.Des tests de mesure d’adhésion ont également été réalisés à partir d’un modèle trois couches constitué de xylan entre deux films de cellulose et une forte adhésion a pu être observée.L’utilisation de xylanase comme prétraitement est proposé pour améliorer la production des MFCThe study was motivated by the necessity to reduce the high energy costs of Micro-Fibrillated Cellulose (MFC) production, which is a limiting factor for its industrial development and aimed at understanding the cellulose/hemicelluloses interaction within this system. MFC resulting from different chemical pulps were characterized by solid-state NMR spectroscopy to get information on the hemicelluloses content and molecular conformation. By optimizing an extraction protocol, more than 60% of the residual hemicelluloses were extracted from birch kraft MFC and characterized as a high purity homopolymer of β-1,4 linked xylan of DP 75.Turbidimetry was used to qualify the quality of the suspensions, which strongly depended on the pulping and drying history. Positive correlations between the state of dispersion, specific surface and mechanical properties of MFC-reinforced handsheets were evidenced.Cellulose/xylan interactions were investigated using solid-state NMR and atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. NMR spectra confirmed that xylan in contact with cellulose altered its conformation, from the three-fold helix to a presumable cellulose-like two-fold one. In combination with specific surface area measurements, the conformational change was shown to happen only for the first layer of xylan adsorbed in direct interaction with the cellulose surface. MD simulations showed that adsorbed xylan tends to align parallel to the cellulose chain direction fully extended. Interaction energy between xylan chain and cellulose surface estimated with MD was 9kJ/xylose. Then a three-layers system made of xylan between two cellulose films were built to perform adhesion tests that showed strong adhesion between xylan and cellulose surfaces. Xylanase was proposed as a pulp pretreatment for MFC production
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Guezennec, Céline. "Développement de nouveaux matériaux d'emballage à partir de micro- et nano-fibrilles de cellulose". Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENI067/document.
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Développement de nouveaux matériaux d'emballage à base de micro- et nano-fibrilles de cellulose. Les micro- et nano-fibrilles de cellulose (MFC/NFC) sont des nanomatériaux issus de ressources renouvelables présentant un fort intérêt notamment pour le domaine de l'emballage. En plus des avantages naturels de la cellulose, ces matériaux offrent des propriétés barrières prometteuses (Oxygen, graisse), de bonnes propriétés de résistance mécanique ainsi que la possibilité de produire des films transparents. L'objectif de cette thèse était de développer par des procédés d'endution un carton barrière au gaz et aux graisses en utilisant les MFC/NFC. Différentes suspensions de MFC/NFC ont été premièrement characterisées puis utilisées pour la production de films afin de déterminer leurs propriétés intrinsèques. Des films modèles ont ensuite été développés avec la production de composites matrice/MFC. Une dernière partie était focalisée sur l'introduction de MFC/NFC dans des sauces de couchage afin de développer une couche barrière à la surface d'un carton. Un démonstrateur a ainsi été validé à l'échelle pilote. Le potentiel des MFC/NFC a été démontré comme agent de séchage et comme composant principale d'une couche barrière. Mots clès: Micro- et nano-fibrilles de cellulose, couche barrières, procédés d'enductionDevelopment of new packaging materials based on micro- and nano-fibrillated cellulose. The micro- and nanofibrillated cellulose (MFC/NFC) are nanomaterials from revewable resource with a high interest and partly for the packaging development. MFC combined both interesting properties (high tensile strength, good barrier to oxygen and grease, good transparency) and the advantages of natural cellulose source. The objective of this thesis was to develop a barrier packaging board based on MFC/NFC by coating processes. Firstly, the study focussed on the characterisation of the MFC suspensions, on the manufacturing of MFC self-standing films and on the determination of their properties. Secondly, the development of MFC based composites was studied as model films. The last part was devoted to the introduction of MFC in coating colours in order to develop a barrier layer at the board surface. Trials at pilot scale demonstrated the industrial feasibility of this product. The potential of the use of MFC/NFC was demonstrated to be used as a drying additive and a main composant of barrier layer. Keywords: Micro- and nanofibrillated cellulose, barrier layer, coating processes
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Guezennec, Celine. "Développement de nouveaux matériaux d'emballage à partir de micro- et nano-fibrilles de cellulose". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00870839.
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Développement de nouveaux matériaux d'emballage à base de micro- et nano-fibrilles de cellulose. Les micro- et nano-fibrilles de cellulose (MFC/NFC) sont des nanomatériaux issus de ressources renouvelables présentant un fort intérêt notamment pour le domaine de l'emballage. En plus des avantages naturels de la cellulose, ces matériaux offrent des propriétés barrières prometteuses (Oxygen, graisse), de bonnes propriétés de résistance mécanique ainsi que la possibilité de produire des films transparents. L'objectif de cette thèse était de développer par des procédés d'endution un carton barrière au gaz et aux graisses en utilisant les MFC/NFC. Différentes suspensions de MFC/NFC ont été premièrement characterisées puis utilisées pour la production de films afin de déterminer leurs propriétés intrinsèques. Des films modèles ont ensuite été développés avec la production de composites matrice/MFC. Une dernière partie était focalisée sur l'introduction de MFC/NFC dans des sauces de couchage afin de développer une couche barrière à la surface d'un carton. Un démonstrateur a ainsi été validé à l'échelle pilote. Le potentiel des MFC/NFC a été démontré comme agent de séchage et comme composant principale d'une couche barrière. Mots clès: Micro- et nano-fibrilles de cellulose, couche barrières, procédés d'enduction
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Lin, Xiaofeng. "Toward nanofiltration membranes with layer-by-layer assembled and nano-reinforced separation layers". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAE012/document.
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Ce travail de thèse a été consacré à l'élaboration d'un nouveau type de membranes de nanofiltration efficaces avec des propriétés améliorées (flux élevé et rétention élevée, et de bonnes propriétés mécaniques) en déposant un revêtement assemblé couche-par-couche (LbL) sur des supports poreux. Après avoir systématiquement étudié le mécanisme de croissance des films assemblés couche par couche des polyélectrolytes choisis et la relation entre les structures de ces films et les performances des membranes résultant, nous avons identifié avec succès les meilleures structures multicouches pour la construction de membranes de nanofiltration de référence avec des performances optimales. En outre, en prenant avantage de la technique LbL, nous avons introduit une couche de diffusion latérale assemblée soit de nanofibrilles de cellulose ou de nanotubes de carbone, qui permet d’augmenter le flux de 30% tout en conservant la même rétention par rapport à la membrane de référence. En plus, les films assemblés à base de chitosan et nanofibrils de cellulose ont montré une forte résistance à la traction allant jusqu’à 450 MPa et un module d’Young jusqu’à 50 GPaThis thesis work was devoted to the development of a novel and efficient nanofiltration membrane with improved properties (high flux and high retention, good mechanical strength) by coating Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembled films onto porous membrane support. After having systematically studied the growth mechanism of LbL-assembled films of chosen polyelectrolytes and the relationship between the structures of these films and the membrane performance of the resulting NF membranes, we successfully identified the best multilayer structures for constructing nanofiltration membranes (NF) of reference with optimal membrane performance. Furthermore, taking advantages of the LbL-assembly, we successfully introduced LbL-assembled lateral diffusion layer that is made of either cellulose nanofibrils or carbon nanotubes, which in turn led to membranes with 30% higher flux. In addition, the LbL-assembled films of chitosan and cellulose nanofibrils showed surprisingly strong tensile strength of up to 450 MPa and a high Young modulus of up to 50 GPa