Tesis sobre el tema "N-carbènes hétérocycliques"
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Hellou, Nora. "Complexes organométalliques de carbènes N-hétérocycliques hélicoïdaux". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S147/document.
Texto completoDuring my PhD work, I have developed new molecular architectures combining helicenes and N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC). Firstly, a novel family of cycloiridiated complexes bearing NHC-[4,6]helicene ligands, of general formula IrLCp*X, in which the ligand bear a helicene and a NHC grafted through a methylene bridge, were obtained. The chiroptical properties of these complexes have been analyzed both experimentally and theoretically. In this way, we have demonstrated the good communication between the helicene and NHC units through the iridacycle, and the contribution of the NHC in the chiroptical properties. Secondly, monocoordinated iridium(I) complexes of general formula IrL(COD)X, in which the ligands are this time constituted of orthofused NHC-helicenes, were obtained. The efficiency of these complexes in enantioselective catalysis was evaluated in a hydrogen transfer reaction on acetophenone, and revealed rather modest enantiomeric excess (ee) up to 36%. Then, cyclometallated iridium(III) complexes of general formula IrL(dfppy)2 were prepared and have shown to be phosphorescent in the green region with very long lifetimes. The comparison of the emission properties with an analogous complex without helicenic unit enabled to highlight the contribution of both the d orbitals of the iridium metal and the helicoïdal-NHC unit. Finally, other methods for the development of new NHC-helicenes structures have been explored. Among them, the synthesis of a [4]helicene-benzimidazole by transformation of a helicene-boronate, and the subsequent in situ deprotonation and cycloiridation, have been performed
Forcher, Gwénaël. "Vers la synthèse de carbènes N-hétérocycliques chiraux". Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01019677.
Texto completoMakhlouf, Brahmi Malika. "Réactivité des complexes carbènes N-hétérocycliques-boranes (NHC-Boranes)". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066480.
Texto completoN-heterocyclic carbenes boranes (NHC-Boranes) complexes are novel structures whose reactivity —especially organic— has not been explored. Our goal was to investigate the influence of the NHC complexation on the reactivity at the boron atom. We focused first on radical reactions. Computational studies showed that the values of the B-H BDE of these complexes are low enough to use them as radical hydrogen donors in the Barton-McCombie deoxygenation of xanthates. We thus reported that two NHC-BH3 complexes reduce different secondary xanthates in acceptable yields under the Barton-McCombie conditions. Then, we found that palladium could mediate the reduction of a variety of aryl halides and triflates by using NHC-boranes complexes as an hydride donors. In addition, we found that, by changing the borane, palladium could catalyze sp2–sp2 and sp2–sp3 C–C couplings in good to excellent yields. NHC-boranes complexes are hence a family of new boron partners for Suzuki-Miyaura couplings. Finally, we discovered a new reactivity by generating a borenium cation stabilized by the NHC ligand. This reactivity allows us to synthesize fluorinated NHC-boranes complexes
Benhamou, Laure. "Ligands carbènes N-hétérocycliques : de la complexation sur le ruthenium(0) aux carbènes anioniques". Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1189/.
Texto completoThis work concerns the use of N-heterocyclic carbenes as ancillary ligands or as active species in catalysis. The first part deals with the chemistry of N-heterocyclic carbenes and their imidazolium precursors with the ruthenium(0) complex Ru(CO)2(PPh3)3 (Roper’s complex). We have shown that these reactions need to be chelation-assisted and the nature of directing group is determinant. It results that the C-H activation in position 2 of the imidazolium salt by the Ru(0) complex occurs only with a precoordinated homoallylic arm on one nitrogen and gives a Ru(II)-alkyl complex with a five-membered metallacycle. A Ru(0)-NHC complex has also been prepared by reaction of the NHC-olefin ligand and the Roper’s complex. The reactivity of this Ru(0)-NHC-olefin complex with acids allowed the observation of intermediates involved in the isomerisation process of the olefinic arm which ultimately led to the five membered metallacycle. The second part of this work focuses on the study of a new five-membered anionic NHC, the imidazol-2-ylidene-4-olate. First, we have developed an easy synthetic method to prepare the imidazolium precursor of this carbene and we have studied its reactivity with electrophiles. Then, we have studied the coordination chemistry of the anionic carbene. In particular we have found a way to functionalize the enolate moiety after complexation on a metal center. According to this method we have synthesized several M-NHC complexes (M = Rh, Cu) with different functional groups on the backbone of the heterocycle. These modifications were found to have a deep influence on the electronic properties of the ligand
Gojon, Sophie. "Carbènes N-hétérocycliques : nouvelle méthode de synthèse et activité catalytique pour la réticulation de silicone". Toulouse 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU30321.
Texto completoThe main objective of this thesis is to study the synthesis of N-heterocyclic (NHCs) and their catalytic activity toward silicone elastomer formation
Brousses, Rémy. "Études structurales de carbènes de Fischer et de complexes carbéniques N-hétérocycliques par diffraction des rayons X à haute résolution". Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2256/.
Texto completoHigh resolution X-ray diffraction analyses enable the experimental determination of the charge density distribution within compounds. In this context, we have investigated the structure of Fischer carbenes and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHCs) complexes of the first-row transition metals series, Mn(I) and Fe(II). At first, on the basis of the high-resolution structural analysis of the MeCp(CO)2Mn=C(Me)OEt complex, we will show that non-covalent interactions between the ethoxy substituent of the carbene ligand and the carbonyl ligands are responsible of the conformation of the Mn(I) piano-stool alkylalkoxy carbene complexes. Analysis of the Cp(CO)2Mn=C(Ph)OC6H2Cl3-2,4,6 complex revealed the existence of a non-covalent interaction between the aryl substituent and the proximal carbonyl group. We will show that, beyond its incidence on the conformation of the complexes, this type of interaction also induces a red-shift of the IR ?CO frequencies of the carbonyl ligand and as a consequence, modifies their response relative the electron-donicity of the ancillary ligands. Then, we were prompted to extend these studies to Mn(I) and Fe(II) NHC piano-stool complexes of the type Cp(CO)2Mn(NHC) and Cp(CO)2Fe(NHC). We will show that a non-covalent interaction between the aryl substituent of the NHC ligand and the proximal carbonyl group also occurs in this type of complexes. In the last part, we will focus on the synthesis and the structural characterization of Mn(II) NHC complexes resulting from the one-electron oxidation of the Cp(CO)2Mn(NHC) complexes cited above. These radical complexes appeared to be stable and one of them could be analyzed by high-resolution X-ray diffraction
Thomasset, Amélia. "Synthèse de carbènes N-hétérocycliques chiraux et applications en catalyse asymétrique". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01070636.
Texto completoBlanc, Romain. "Organocatalyse par des carbènes N-hétérocycliques : application à la synthèse d’organoétains fonctionnels". Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX30034.
Texto completoA new reaction of Bu3Sn-SiMe3 addition, organocatalysed by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs) onto aromatic, aliphatic and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes to obtain α-silyloxyalkylstannanes and γ-silyloxyallylstannanes was studied. This new reaction of transfer of trimethylsilyltributylstannane organocatalysed by NHCs was first realized on variously substituted aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes. This reaction, tolerant towards numerous functions, led with excellent conversions to the expected α-silyloxyalkylstannanes. This methodology was then applied to α,β-insatured aldehydes. A significant number of Michael adducts whose configuration of the enol silyl was totally controlled was obtained. As possible application, a “one pot” sequence, addition of Bu3Sn-SiMe3 followed by retro-brook or allylstannation was then undertaken from α-silyloxyalkylstannanes or from γ-silyloxyallylstannanes. During this study, a new organocatalytic property of NHCs for the allylic double bond isomerization was discovered
Wolf, Joffrey. "Préparation de précurseurs de carbènes N-hétérocycliques bidentes, étude de leur complexation et catalyse". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00168421.
Texto completostabilité et très actif en comparaison à d'autres ligands.
Les récents travaux sur la synthèse de ligands bidentes comportant un NHC et un groupement azoté coordonnant, puis de complexes de palladium, rhodium et iridium très actifs en catalyse, nous ont orientés vers la préparation de ligands analogues avec des hétéroatomes différents.
Dans cette thématique nouvellement développée au sein de notre équipe, nous avons mis au point deux méthodes de synthèse originales donnant accès à de nouveaux précurseurs de carbènes N-hétérocycliques, composés d'un groupement imidazolium et d'un second groupement
coordonnant qui sera soit une phosphine, soit un thioéther.
L'étude de ces ligands a permis de développer une chimie de coordination riche avec Ni, Pd, Rh, Ru et Ir. Ainsi, quatre modes de coordination ont été mis en évidence : soit une monocoordination de l'hétéroatome ou du NHC, soit une double coordination de l'hétéroatome et du carbène Nhétérocylique selon des modes dit « normal » ou « anormal ». Nos études ont montré que le mode de coordination adopté par les ligands dépendait des conditions expérimentales, de la réactivité du métal et de son affinité pour l'hétéroatome.
L'obtention de tels complexes a permis d'effectuer quelques tests préliminaires en hydrosilylation et hydrogénation avec le rhodium(I). Une étude approfondie de la réaction de couplage d'un organomagnésien et d'un halogénure d'aryle (réaction de Kumada-Corriu-Tamao) a été menée avec les complexes du nickel(II).
Aroua, Rahma. "Etudes de complexes organométalliques formés par des calixarènes fonctionnalisés par des carbènes N-hétérocycliques". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAF062/document.
Texto completoA series of new calix[4]arenes bearing one or two imidazoliums units in the lower rim were synthesized as precursors of N-heterocyclic carbenes for the synthesis of the corresponding nickel complexes. All products obtained were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, microanalysis and mass spectroscopy and was revealed to be in cone conformation. The application of Ni-NHC-calix[4]arene in Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling showed moderate to good conversions. This is been depending on the length of the alkyl chain and the number of the catalytic centers grafted on the platform
Loxq, Pauline. "Ligands carbènes N-hétérocycliques fonctionnalisés chiraux pour les réactions de couplage C-C asymétriques". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2567/.
Texto completoThe access to new biologically active molecules requires synthetic methodologies that could allow the synthesis of only one enantiomer. Asymmetric catalysis in general and asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura coupling in particular are part of this strategy. Our purpose in this field is to develop new chiral catalysts for the asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura reaction. Two families of palladium complexes bearing chiral bifunctional ferrocenyl NHC/phosphine and NHC/amine ligands have been developed. The first family of complexes has been synthesised, fully characterised and used as catalysts for the asymmetric version of the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction. The second family of complexes bearing hemilabile NHC/amine ligands has been obtained via an original synthetic pathway. In addition, a free carbene directly connected to the ferrocenyl unit has been successfully isolated and characterised. Finally, in order to develop new redox-active catalysts, new phthalocyanine-type macrocycles containing ferrocenyl units fused in their pi system have been successfully synthesised
Morvan, Didier. "Synthèses de sels d'imidazolium fonctionnalisés précurseurs de carbènes N-hétérocycliques et applications en chimie organométallique". Brest, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BRES2020.
Texto completoImidazolium salts have singular chemical properties and are widely used in organic or organometallic chemistry. This organic salt which has been employed as an excellent Nheterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursor. N-Heterocyclic carbene ligands are widely used in organometallic chemistry for its well-known σ-donor properties and interestingly the incorporation of functionality is possible on the nitrogen atoms. In the first part of my PhD thesis, we developed, following a methodologic approach, the synthesis of functionalised imidazolium salts. New methods or simplified methods have been identified to produce imidazolium salts with a wide range of fonctions. The second aspect of this PhD thesis, has concern the exploration of the coordination properties of the new functionalised imidazolium salt, to design models of hydrogenase (hydrogenases are metalloenzymes that catalyze the reduction of protons to dihydrogen at very high rates) and to study the hemilability of these new ligands on rhodium complexes
Guitet, Maxime. "Fonctionnalisation des cols primaire et secondaire de l’alpha-cyclodextrine et études de complexes NHC-cyclodextrines-métaux". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066507.
Texto completoTwo aspects of the cyclodextrins (CDs) chemistry were studied. On one hand two new methods of functionalization were developed. First using iodine and triethylsilane the 3 position of polybenzylated CDs could be selectively deprotected. Second, based on the known DIBAL-H reactivity in the lab and preventing the AD reactivity, an unprecedented ACE triol was obtained. A kinetic study enlightened the mechanism, showing the existence of two intermediate diols converging to the triol. Furthermore, this strategy was combined to the known tandem debenzylation/azido reduction to afford deoxy amino-diols CDs. On the other hand, CD-NHC-Metals (NHC=N-Heterocyclic Carbene) hybrid complexes were synthesized. Two NHCs were introduced on A and D positions of the primary rim of perbenzylated and permethylated α-CDs and the corresponding PdII complexes prepared. These complexes were used in Suzuki cross-coupling. Then, after capping the CD in AD with a NHC, the AgI, CuI and AuI complexes were obtainded. A structural study evidenced the position of the metal inside the cavity, inducing original C-H…M, C-H…X et π…X interactions, confirmed by ligand exchange experiments. Finally, the gold complex show good activity in cycloisomerisation, even affording enantioselectivity
Longevial, Jean-François. "Synthèse et propriétés de complexes d'Or(I) de carbènes N-hétérocycliques fusionnés à des porphyrines". Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT205/document.
Texto completoThis PhD work is devoted to the synthesis of porphyrins fused to imidazolium rings and their use as precursors of N-heterocyclic carbene ligands (NHC). Therefore, these compounds possess two coordination sites, the internal (the macrocycle) and the external (the NHC ligand) ones, allowing the synthesis of dinuclear complexes. This study is mainly centered on the synthesis of metalloporphyrins conjugated with peripheral gold(I) complexes such as [(NHC)AuCl]. In view of applications in photodynamic therapy (PDT), the functionalization of these complexes by carbohydrates was achieved through the substitution of chloride ligands of peripheral gold(I) complexes. Biological tests on cell cultures show a clear potentialization of the photodynamic properties of the photosensitizers bearing mannose ligands bound to gold(I). Following this study, the synthesis of porphyrins fused to two imidazolium rings was achieved allowing for the first time the synthesis of trinuclear species such as Au/M/Au (M = inner metal in the porphyrin core) with different geometries. These compounds open interesting perspectives in view of obtaining photosensitizers having two carbohydrates at their periphery. Moreover, it was shown that trinuclear species such as Au/Zn/Au can be used as molecular building-blocks for the synthesis of organometallic polymers in view of applications in (photo)catalysis
Marrot, Sébastien. "Carbènes N-Hétérocycliques : Des catalyseurs en chimie des silicones. Carbodiphosphoranes cycliques : Synthèse, coordination et réactivité". Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30037.
Texto completoIn a first chapter, we are interested in the use of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes like nucleophilic organic catalysts for ring opening polymerization of octamethylcyclosiloxane and for reactions of polycondensation. In a second chapter, we carry out a bibliographical review on compounds presenting two cumulated ylides functions : carbodiphosphoranes. In a third chapter, we present the synthesis and the coordination of new cyclic carbodiphosphoranes. They are recognized to be strong s-donor ligands for transition metals. In a fourth chapter, we study the thermolysis of one of these compounds which leads by rearrangement to the formation of a 1,2l5-azaphosphète. A theoretical study highlights an inter-conversion between carbodiphosphoranes and disphosphinocarbenes
Masoud, Salekh. "New olefin metathesis catalysts with fluorinated NHC ligands : synthesis and catalytic activity". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S136/document.
Texto completoAn efficient approach to a new family of unsymmetrical 1,3-bis(aryl)-4,5-dihydroimidazolium salts comprising bulky hexafluoroisopropylmethoxy group in para- or ortho-position in one of the N-aryl substituents has been developed. New imidazolinium salts with fluoroalkyl-containing mono-ortho-aryl substituent at one of the nitrogen atom have also been synthesized. It was found that these imidazolinium salts are effective NHC precursors and provided an efficient access to a series of new ruthenium carbene complexes with unsymmetrical fluorinated NHC ligands. The method involves in situ generation of the carbene via treatment of the starting salts with potassium hexamethyldisilazide and subsequent ligand exchange reaction with PCy3-containing first generation Grubbs and Hoveyda complexes. The catalytic activity of the new complexes has been investigated on model reactions of intra- and intermolecular olefin metathesis. It was found that most of the synthesized complexes exhibited high activity in cyclization of diethyl diallylmalonate and in cross metathesis of allyl benzene with 1,3-diacetoxybut-2-ene. Their performance has proved to be comparable with commonly used second generation Grubbs and Hoveyda catalysts, with sometimes some differences in the initiation step. Structural and electronic impact of fluorinated unsymmetrical NHC on reactivity of new ruthenium complexes has been studied. In particular, it was revealed that Hoveyda type catalysts with mono-ortho-aryl substituted NHC ligands have demonstrated very high initiation rate in CM reactions. On the contrary, catalysts with more donating N-alkyl NHCs have displayed low activity; for instance, the N-tert-butyl substituted complex has proved to be absolutely inert both in RCM and CM reactions. Symmetrical ruthenium carbene complexes bearing NHC ligands with two hexafluoroisopropylmethoxy group in para-positions of N-aryl moieties are significantly inferior in reactivity with respect to their asymmetric counterparts showing the strong influence of the desymmetrization factor on catalytic activity
Toutah, Krimo. "Synthèse de ligands carbènes N-hétérocycliques et utilisation dans la réaction d'allylation d'électrophiles palladocatalysée en présence de diéthilzinc". Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066322.
Texto completoPalladium-catalyzed transformations involving electrophilic allylpalladium species (Tsuji-Trost reaction) represent an important area of homogeneous catalysis. On the other hand, allylation reactions of electrophiles, catalyzed by PdII or Pd0, have also been reported. Various efficient catalytic systems have been developed for aldehydes, imines, ketones or Michael acceptors as the electrophiles. Among these, the allylic acetates/dialkylzinc system, initially developed by Tamaru, has been well studied and a few enantioselective allylation reactions of aldehydes, using chiral monophosphane-Pd complexes, have been reported. N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have emerged as an important family of ligands for transition-metal-catalyzed reactions. Recently, it has been considered that the strong σ-donor effect associated with NHCs could be exploited to confer nucleophilic properties on allyl palladium complexes and promote the allylation of electrophiles such as aldehydes. In 2009, Shi reported the first asymmetric allylation reaction of aldehydes by using chiral bis(NHC)PdII complexes in the presence of diethylzinc. The same year, we reported that [(NHC)(PR3)PdX2] complexes were appropriate pre-catalysts for the diethylzinc-mediated palladium-catalyzed allylation of aldehydes and ketones. The mechanism was investigated with [(NHC)Pd(Allyl)Cl] complexes, revealing that nucleophilic [(NHC)Pd(Allyl)(Alkyl)] species were likely involved in the key-step of the reaction. During this thesis, we gave a possible explanation of the role of diethylzinc in the allylation reaction, and made a comparison between the use of well-defined and in-situ generated NHC-Pd complexes. We also presented a study concerning the scope of this reaction using several electrophiles and allyl acetates, then applied it in an asymmetric version by using chiral NHC ligands synthesized in the laboratory
Zhang, Pinglu. "Cyclodextrin-(N-Heterocyclic Carbene)-Metal Complexes for Cavity-Dependent Catalysis". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066380/document.
Texto completoCyclodextrin (CD)-NHC-Metal complexes (NHC=N-Heterocyclic Carbene), including the AgI, CuI and AuI complexes were synthesized. A structural study showed that the metal was inside the cavity, and induced by C-H…M, C-H…X and π…X interactions. Variations on α-, β-, γ-CD cavities and NHC derivatives (midazole, benzimidazole, triazole) were studied. When the size of the cavity increased, these interactions decreased. Furthermore, stronger σ-donating effects lead to stronger interactions. CD-Cu complexes showed good activity in catalytic hydroboration of alkynes. The selectivity is depending on the size of the cavity of the catalyst. α-CD copper complex gives linear hydroboration products, while β-CD copper complex yields the branched isomers. The CD-Cu species potentially involved in the catalytic cycle were studied, two different mechanisms were thus proposed. In the α-CD-Cu complex catalyzed reactions, the catalytic process takes place outside the cavity; while a bigger cavity β-CD permits the catalysis to take place inside the cavity. Furthermore, the gold complexes also show different enantioselectivity and regioselectivity in cycloisomerization using different cavity-based catalysts. Catalytic results evidenced the selectivity of a catalytic reaction is dependent on the cavity of the CD-NHC-metal complexes
Chardon, Edith. "N-Heterocyclic carbene complexes : toward innovative anticancer agents". Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6265.
Texto completoAmong the existing anticancer agents, cisplatin or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), represents the most known and commonly used chemotherapeutic drug worldwide highlighting the potential of metals in medicinal chemistry. However, its clinical effectiveness is also accompanied by severe side toxicities and cell-resistance mechanisms. These therapeutic limitations have encouraged the development of substitutes to cisplatin and have led to the discovery of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes of several late transition metals as new anticancer agents with similar to higher in vitro activities than cisplatin. In this context, the present project dealt with the synthesis and the study of novel cytotoxic NHC complexes of some transition metals (mainly platinum). Two simple, reproducible and modular synthetic routes were developed for the easy functionalization post-complexation of NHC derivatives using (a) ruthenium-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition and (b) ligand substitution. In order to improve the efficacy and selectivity of the NHC complexes, we have extended these strategies of functionalization to the attachment of biologically interesting moieties such as targeting agents, hydrosoluble groups and fluorescent dyes. In vitro cytotoxic activities of these newly synthesized complexes were measured against a wide variety of cancerous cells. The majority of the compounds demonstrated higher activities than the benchmark cisplatin and some were selective toward tumoral cells. These promising early-stage results offer new perspectives in cancer therapy while giving alternatives to the biomedical limitations of cisplatin
Schnee, Gilles. "Synthèse et réactivité de nouveaux complexes des métaux du groupe 13 portés par des ligands carbènes N-hétérocycliques". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAF053/document.
Texto completoAt the beginning of this work, few studies had been performed on the complexation of N-heterocyclic carbenes with oxophilic metals, in high oxidation states such as group 13 metals. The synthetic routes optimization has extended the number of complexes-type NHC-MIII (M = aluminum, gallium and indium), and the corresponding cationic complexes. The combination of these precursors with sterically congested NHCs allowed the observation of unprecedented reactivities (abnormal complexes, Frustrated Lewis Pairs, N-heterocyclic dicarbenes). In a second step, the unusual reactivity of NHC ligands has allowed the isolation of analogues of the Tebbe’s reagent, formed to be very active in the methylenation of carbonyl compounds
Fèvre, Maréva. "Phosphines, carbènes N-hétérocycliques (NHCs) et nouveaux précurseurs de NHCs pour la catalyse organique de réactions (macro)moléculaires". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14618/document.
Texto completoIn this thesis work, some points are adressed in order to broaden the scope of the application of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as organic catalysts/activators.The novel NHC precursors studied first, i.e. azolium hydrogen carbonates, are synthesized in a one-step undemanding process, in contrast to NHCs whose synthesis and isolation is often a tedious procedure. We then showed that these species are air-stable and are at the equilibrium, in solution, with their azolium-2-carboxylates homologues (NHC-CO2 adducts). The use of such precatalysts thus allows facilitating the manipulation of NHCs, while maintaining an efficient catalytic activity in molecular chemistry as well as in polymer synthesis.We then proposed to use NHCs in conjunction with organic Lewis acids (silanes or boranes) as a possible means to induce a cooperative dual activation mechanism (Lewis acid/base) in order to increase the potential of NHCs for “model” (macro)molecular reactions.Finally, a commercial phosphine was used to trigger the group transfer polymerization of alkyl (meth)acrylates in a “controlled/living” fashion
Ren, Hui. "Synthèses, caractérisation et étude structurale de complexes de type carbènes N-hétérocycliques basés sur des Calix[4]arènes". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10315.
Texto completoThis thesis will focus on development of N-heterocyclic carbene palladium complexes based on calix[4]arenes: from synthesis, characterization and structural study to evaluation of catalytic activity. A new series of calix[4]arene supported N-heterocyclic carbene palladium complexes was developed and fully characterized. A mono-substituted calix[4]arene was prepared through conventional procedures, following with the attachment of imidazolyl derivative groups to compose the precursors of novel NHCs ligands. Undergoing the alkylation with n-butylbromide and corresponding metallation with palladium and pyridine, original complexes were obtained. After a full characterization in solution and solid state, the evaluation of catalytic activity was undertaken through Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions which revealed good performances. The conformational study as well as the catalytic results in catalysis did not allow putting in evidence a supramolecular effect of the macrocycle cavity towards the coupling process. With the aim of localize catalytic center inside of the cavity, steric constrain was involved in the form of new Pd-NHC-complexes. Dimeric Pd complexes were synthesized and fully characterized as well. Several approaches to construct intramolecular linkers for fixing the conformation were elaborated. The conception of ‘flexible steric bulky’ inspired the research on confined structure of calix[4]arene, such as encapsulation and capped configuration. Relative progresses were carried out and discussed
Teci, Matthieu. "Coordination chemistry of N-heterocyclic carbenes substituted by alkylfluorényl groups : weak interactions, steric effets, catalysis". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAF010/document.
Texto completoThis thesis deals with a series of N-heterocyclic carbene ligands (NHCs) in which the N atoms bear expanded alkylfluorenyl (AF) substituents. Special focus has been put on the steric properties of these new ligands, as well as their influence on catalytic reactions involving Pd and Cu centres.The first part of this work describes the synthesis of a series of AF-substituted azolium salts suitable for the preparation of palladium PEPPSI-NHC complexes. These turned out to be very active in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions between para-substituted aryl chlorides and arylboronic acids. Structural and NMR studies revealed that in all the complexes, the NHC ligand displays a "bimodal pincer" type behaviour, that is functions as a tridentate ligand bound to the metal through both covalent and non covalent bonds, the former involving the carbenic C atom, the latter CH atoms of the wingtips.In the second part of the study, a series of linear [AuCl(NHC)] and [CuCl(NHC)] complexes were prepared. In some of them were observed weak CH•••M interactions involving the alkyl chains fixing the metal centre in a position below the NHC ring plane. This leads to an unusual coordination of the ligand able to freeze out the movement of the metal centre during its natural oscillation about the M-carbene axis.In the last part of this thesis, one of the [CuCl(NHC)] complexes synthesised was shown to be highly efficient in the catalytic hydrosilylation of functionalised/sterically crowded aldehydes and ketones (TONs up to 1000). Its high stability was attributed to the variable encumbrance of the ligand
Asila, Victoire. "Syntheses of N-Heterocyclic carbenes-stabilized metallic nanoclusters and nanoparticles". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS087.pdf.
Texto completoIn this work we developed a new synthesis of phosphine and N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs)-stabilized gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) through the reduction of AuClPPh3 by NaBH4 in the presence of imidazolium salts as NHC precursors. The samples were characterized by various techniques, especially electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Most of the nanoclusters which were obtained are stabilized by PPh3. However, a very stable Au11(PPh3)7(NHC)Br2+ nanocluster was synthesized. The follow-up of the aging of the samples by ESI-MS showed the evolution of the composition of the suspensions over time. Less stable nanocluster structures did not remain in suspension with aging. Then, a second synthesis was performed by reduction of HAuCl4.3H2O by NaBH4 in the presence of imidazolium salts as NHC precursors and NaH as base. Gold nanoclusters stabilized by NHCs were obtained with different gold nuclearities. A strong effect of the NHC ligand on the nature of the obtained nanoclusters was revealed. Synthesis with the imidazolium salt 1,3-didodecylimidazoliumbromide (C12-Br) allowed the formation of very stable [Au13(C12)9Br3]2+ nanocluster. Finally, the synthesis of Ag2S nanoparticles stabilized by water-soluble NHCs has been reported. A silver-NHC complex was synthesized and then placed in the presence of an S2- source. The synthesis by microwave heating gave promising results since Ag2S nanoparticles emitting in the second infrared window was demonstrated. Indeed, this is the window of transparency of biological tissues which is of interest for biological applications
Ling, Xiang. "N-heterocyclic carbenes coated nanocrystals and supracrystals". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066334/document.
Texto completoNanomaterials have received extraordinary attention owing to their unique properties, strongly associated to their nanoscale dimensions. In particular, noble metal (Au, Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit particular mechanical, electronic, optical and magnetic properties and present a high potential for developing applications in many domains with important societal impacts. Due to their higher stability by comparison with other metal-based nanoparticles, Au NPs have been extensively investigated for research in nanotechnology. In the last decades, N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have emerged as an essential class of neutral ligands in organometallic chemistry. NHCs are characterized by their high synthetic flexibility, their specific geometry, and a very strong metalCcarbene bond in metal complexes. All these properties have been widely studied and exploited for applications in homogeneous catalysis and for the development of biologically active complexes. By comparison, the use of NHCs in nanomaterials remains largely unexplored. In this work, the potential of NHC ligands in the field of nanomaterials, as coating agents for gold nanocrystals synthesis, stabilization and self-assembly into supracrystals has been explored. First, well-defined silver and gold–NHC complexes with different well-known NHC ligands are investigated for their relevance to generate stable nanocrystals (NCs) under reductive conditions with a good control of nanocrystals size. We demonstrate that both Au and Ag NCs can be formed by reduction of metal-NHC complexes with amine-boranes. The efficiency of the process and the average size and size distribution of the nanocrystals markedly depends on the structure of the NHC ligand. However, we demonstrate in this part that different pathways are involved to generate nanocrystals from Au or Ag precursors, as a specific reaction is observed between Ag-NHCs and thiols leading to the formation of silver thiolates whereas the corresponding Au-NHCs remain unchanged
César, Vincent. "Ligands carbènes n-hétérocycliques chiraux par assemblage modulaire d'unités oxazolines et imidazol-2-ylidènes : Synthèse et application en catalyse homogène". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/CESAR_Vincent_2004.pdf.
Texto completoThis work, part of the field of homogeneous catalysis, describes the development of chiral N heterocyclic carbenes based on a modular assembly between oxazoline and imidazolylidene units. First a large library of imidazolium salts, precursors for the bidentate ligands oxazolinyl-imidazolylidene, was obtained by a single coupling step. The second part is devoted to the coordination chemistry of the achiral representative of this family of ligands. Several transition metal complexes were synthesized and analyzed by X-ray diffraction studies. The palladium(II) complex was found to catalyze the coupling of activated aryl chlorides in catalytic Heck and Suzuki reactions. Cationic, chiral rhodium(I) complexes were then applied as catalysts in the asymmetric catalytic hydrosilylation reaction of prochiral ketones. The optimized catalytic system is remarkably active and induces high enantioselectivity for aryl-alkyl ketones and, in particular, for dialkyl ketones (enantiomeric excess up to 95%). In the last part the synthesis and complexation on a rhodium(III) centre of a chiral, tridentate bisoxazoline-carbene ligand are reported. This carbene is effectively tridentate with a quasi planar skeleton and could be highly efficient as a stereoinducting ligand for asymmetric catalysis
Krzesinski, Pawel. "Catalyseurs de métathèse des oléfines au ruthénium à stabilité et efficacité accrues par conception de nouveaux ligands carbènes N-hétérocycliques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSES006.
Texto completoNo doubt catalysis is one of the most relevant tools used in the chemical industry, allowing to obtain a myriad of sometimes otherwise inaccessible molecules. Catalyst's auxiliary ligands play a significant role in defining the activity, selectivity and stability of the resulting catalysts. In this respect, N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands have shown a broad utility as spectator ligands that can stabilize catalytic intermediates. The most important impact of NHCs is arguably in the field of olefin metathesis (OM), a reaction that has already become a device of prominent importance in organic synthesis. The work described here aimed at NHC ligand design to achieve more stable, durable and thus more efficient OM catalysts. Two strategies were investigated to enhance the stability of corresponding NHC OM catalysts. The thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter of the thesis describes relevant state-of-the-art. In the second chapter, a strategy for a robust Z-selective OM catalyst was investigated, followed by chapter three reporting catalysts designed for an efficient tetrasubstituted carbon-carbon double bond formation. The last part of the work describes in chapter four a potential application of the obtained catalytic systems. The thesis concludes with an experimental section and references in chapters five and six respectively. Within the first strategy for a more efficient catalyst, attempts to obtain a robust Z-selective catalyst bearing a chelating LX-type NHC ligand were explored by altering the X-type carbon-based ligand. The research objectives were diversified into two axes, where a synthesis of OM catalysts bearing bidentate NHC ligands comprising either a barbituric heterocycle (axis A) or N-heterocyclic olefin (NHO) moiety (axis B) were attempted. Several ruthenium(II) complexes bearing the targeted NHC-barbiturate ligand were successfully synthesized. However, the corresponding OM catalyst could not be obtained and a mechanism was proposed to explain the observed reactivity. In the next part, the synthesis of an NHC-NHO OM catalyst was attempted. However, the formation of the corresponding ruthenium-NHC complex was precluded due to an unexpected ring opening of the formed imidazolinylidene heterocycle. The reactivity of the novel class NHC-NHO ligand was explored in the coordination chemistry of rhodium(I) and palladium(II) metal centers, ultimately leading to the synthesis of the first NHC-NHO complex based on a palladium platform. The third chapter is based on a second strategy for a more efficient catalyst, presenting advancements in the formation of tetrasubstituted carbon-carbon double bonds using OM. Considering that the anticipated, deleterious catalyst deactivation pathway requires the rotation of the N-aryl arm of the NHC ligand, a second decker of aromatic groups in benzimidazolylidene-based N-phenyl NHC ligands was introduced. This led to robust and highly efficient ruthenium OM catalysts in challenging metathesis reactions of tri- and tetra-substituted olefins. The beneficial effect of these upper aromatic "wings" on the stability and activity of ruthenium complexes is rationalized through the experimental determination of the stereoelectronic properties of the NHC ligands, complemented by DFT calculations on the nature of the through-space interactions between the aromatics and on the decomposition pathway of precatalysts. At last, the obtained catalytic systems were tested in the synthesis of bio-based polyesters and polyamides. To demonstrate the applicability of this study, a technical grade methyl oleate was used for the self-cross metathesis step. Such material derives from broadly available sunflower or rapeseed oil and contains a substantial amount (20 wt%) of methyl linoleate. The obtained dimethyl octadec-9-enedioate was used in a subsequent polycondensation with a co-monomer (diol or diamine), which resulted in the formation of polymeric materials
Pinaud, Julien. "Catalyse organique par les carbènes N-hétérocycliques (NHCs) et leur version supportée sur polymères à des fins de recyclage". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14135/document.
Texto completoN-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have been employed as organic catalysts for the step-growth polymerization of terephtaldehyde. This part is an application to polymer chemistry of the so-called “benzoin condensation”, reaction catalyzed by NHCs involving a mono-aldehyde substrate. Poly(1,4-phenylene-1-oxo-2-hydroxyethylene)s or « polybenzoins » have thus been obtained by polymerization reactions conducted in DMSO or THF at temperatures below 40°C. Presence of cyclic polybenzoins has been put forward. The content of such cyclic species was found to vary as a function of the NHC catalyst employed and of the reaction media used. In a second part, simple solutions have been proposed to easily handle NHCs, by avoiding their degradation. For this purpose, polymer supports bearing NHCs moities, i.e “poly(NHC)s”, have been developed and employed for the purpose of organocatalysis. Even if “poly(NHC)s” were found to be recyclable, they still remain sensitive to impurities. Another way to protect the carbenic centers is to react “poly(NHC)s” with CO2. The adducts thus obtained, “poly(NHC-CO2)s”, can then be employed as precursors for the in situ generation of “poly(NHC)s”, by a simple thermal activation. A further carboxylation of such generated species allow for the recovering of “poly(NHC-CO2)s”. Finally, synthetic methods for the preparation of imidazolium (molecular version) and polyimidazolium (supported polymer version) salts with hydrogenocarbonate (HCO3-) as counter-anion have been developed. Such precursors can serve as precatalysts (molecular or supported) to generate, by heating, NHCs and poly(NHC)s, giving a practice way to conduct organocalysed reactions and recycle the catalysts
Cassirame, Bénédicte. "Couplages C-C utilisant des triarylbismuthines catalysés par le PEPPSI". Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1116.
Texto completoMetallocatalysed crosscoupling reactions have been highlighted by the attribution of the 2010 Nobel Chemistry Price since they allow CC bond formation when classical SN1 or SN2 do not permit it. Furthermore, they give access to many pharmaceutics and agronomic compounds but also molecules used for their supramolecular properties. Nowadays, reactions are really efficient but reactants are not always readily accessible and can't be classified as green reagents. Since all its atoms act over the catalytic process and because they are not considered as toxic so far, triarylbismuthines may be a good alternative to circumvent the limitation described above. However, they suffer a main drawback, their reductive dimerisation. In order to avoid this side-reaction, a new greenest process has been developed on a benchmark reaction based on PEPPSI, an NHC/Pd catalyst. These conditions gave usually excellent yields, either for the biaryle or heterobiaryle crosscoupling reaction. The range of substituents is really wide on the aryle halide moiety but slightly more limited on the triarylbismuthine reagents. Then, this catalytic process has been applied without modification to an elimination/crosscoupling domino reaction. A GC/MS and 13C NMR supported comparative kinetic study showed that a 2nd order elimination take place before the C-C bond formation. Fluoride anion and triarylbismuthine act together. Therefore triarylbismuthine play a dual role: base and aryl transfer reagent. This mechanism study led to chimioselective reactions that allow many paths for the synthesis of Ar-Ar-C C-Ar containing compounds with a good control on geometry of this highly conjugated structure. This catalytic process allows also bromocoumarine C-Br bond activation. Thus, crosscoupling may be selectively performed at the 3-, 4- or 6- position of coumarines. The reactivity order difference of these positions even allow hightly selective mono crosscoupling reaction on 3,4- or 3,6-dibromocoumarines for further biological application. To conclude, our PEPPSI based greenest process avoid the dimerisation of bismuthines and give easy access to many compounds of great interest either for their biological or physical properties
Oertel, Anna Magdalena. "Synthèse et réactivité de complexes du nickel(II) comportant des ligands carbène N-hétérocyclique : des réactions de couplage C-C croisé à l'activation de liaisons C-H". Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/OERTEL_Anna_Magdalena_2010.pdf.
Texto completoThe research in this thesis targets some aspects of the chemistry of nickel-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes. A series of half-sandwich nickel(II) complexes, [Ni(R-NHC-n-Bu]XCp†] (Cp† = Cp, Cp*, X = Cl, I), bearing a N-bound n-butyl sidearm NHC ligands has been synthesized from the appropriate imidazolium halides and nickelocene or [Ni(acac)Cp*] as models for heterogenized versions of these complexes. All these complexes were fully characterized by standard spectroscopic techniques [1H and 13C{1H}NMR spectroscopy, 2D spectroscopy when appropriate, MS, and elemental analyses]. Furthermore, many representative complexes were the subject of single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. All these complexes feature a two-legged piano stool geometry common for 18-electron MCp†L2 compounds with a trigonal planar geometry around the central nickel atom. The [Ni(Ar-NHC-n-Bu)ICp] compounds are highly active catalysts for the Suzuki cross-coupling of aryl bromides or chlorides with phenylboronic acid in the absence of any reductant or co-catalyst and show higher turnover frequencies (TOF) than seen in their closely related symmetric [Ni(Ar2-NHC)LCp†] counterparts. The origin of the improved stability of the in situ generated active species is discussed. A heterogenized version of these complexes onto alumina has been prepared by employing 3-(trialkoxysilylpropyl)imidazolium halides and tested in Suzuki cross-coupling. In the prospect of enhancing the longevity of the active species, unprecedented half-sandwich Ni(II) complexes bearing two different NHC ligands were prepared by displacement of the labile acetonitrile ligand from [Ni(Ar2-NHC)(CH3CN)Cp]+X- with a “free” NHC. The resulting cationic bis-(NHC)-nickel complexes [Ni(NHC)(NHC’)Cp]+X- show remarkable stability, and thus low acitivity in Suzuki couplings. The Ni– NHC bonds are particularly robust as can be demonstrated by the displacement of the Cp, and not of a NHC ligand, when these bis-NHC Cp complexes are protonated. The final chapter presents a novel reaction in which the base-promoted activation of sp3-hybridized C– H bonds a- to functional organic groups at Cp†Ni-NHC centres was achieved. The scope and breadth of this activation is demonstrated by the activation of acetonitrile, acetone and other ketones under relatively mild conditions to give a range of new nickel alkyls. A remarkable double activation of acetone was notably demonstrated. The activation of C–H bonds a-to nitriles in NHC-attached sidearms to give a series of new half-sandwich nickelacycles was also achieved. Possible mechanistic pathways for these reactions have been the subject of theoretical DFT analyses. Similarly to the bis-NHC species, the nickelacycles show great robustness of the NHC– and alkyl–Ni bonds
Bheeter, Linus Paulin. "catalyseurs à base de ligands carbène N-hétérocycliques dérivés de fer et de nickel pour les réactions catalytiques d'hydrosilylation et d'hydroboration". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S182.
Texto completoThe research work described in this manuscript has for main objective the development of new homogeneous catalytic systems based on N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) iron and nickel complexes for hydrosilyation and borylation reactions. The first chapter describes the use of [Cp(NHC)Fe(CO)₂][X] (X = I, PF₆) complexes bearing benzimidazole or imidazole NHC type ligands for hydrosilylation of benzaldehyde and acetophenone. In a second chapter, we have shown that half-sandwich NHC-nickel complexes in the presence of a catalytic amount of NaHBEt3 can be efficient catalysts for the reduction of aldehydes, ketones, aldimines and ketimines in the presence of diphenylsilane. In the last chapter, two new series of non-classical NHC-nickel triazole complexes had been developed: (i) one series with half sandwich NHC-nickel triazole complexes and (ii) another one based on chelating anionic amido-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene nickel complexes. The two series of complexes were then evaluated in catalytic borylation cross coupling reaction
Ulm, Franck. "Synthèse et applications de complexes de nickel(II) pour l’optimisation et la compréhension des réactions d’hydrofonctionnalisation et d’activation C–H". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAF043.
Texto completoThe first study showed that among several half sandwich nickel complexes, [NiCp*Cl(IMes)] was the most active pre-catalyst for the hydroboration of styrene derivatives but also that the nature of the borane had a great influence on the addition regioselectivity. With optimized conditions in hand, we examined the scope of the reaction with HBPin and HBCat. In addition, mechanistic studies and isolation of a Ni(I) specie allowed us to propose a mechanism that takes all the previous results into account. The second study highlighted the good performances of (2-C,S)-[NiCp{Bn-NHC-(CH2)2-StBu}](PF6) for the hydrosilylation of aldehydes and ketones, confirming the concept of hemilability. This study has also been completed by the synthesis and the evaluation of the performance for the same reaction of (2-C,N)-[NiCp{Mes-NHC-CH2-Py}](Br) bearing a picolyl group that is apparently more coordinant than a sulfur group. Finally, the last study has been oriented toward the cyclonickelation of the dmba and the 2-phenylpyridine by means of AMLA/CMD mechanism already known with palladium
Rose, Clémence. "De la synthèse de porphyrines fonctionnalisées par des sels d'imidazolium à la formation de dimères de porphyrines cofaciales assemblées par des liaisons métal-carbène". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS083.
Texto completoThis PhD work is devoted to the synthesis of porphyrins functionalized in meso positions with one or four imidazolium rings. First of all, these compounds have been tested as photosensitizers for in vitro studies for photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications on breast cancer cells MCF-7. Regarding to the efficiency of some of them in PDT, chlorine-based compounds functionalized with an imidazole/imidazolium ring have also been synthesized through hemi-synthetic pathway, with spirulina-extracted chlorophyll a as precursor. Then, porphyrins functionalized in meso positions with four imidazolium rings have been used as precursors of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) ligands for the synthesis of cofacial porphyrin dimers assembled by M-CNHC bonds. The modularity of these assemblies has been explored by modifying assembling metal cations (M = AgI, AuI), organic spacers between porphyrins and NHCs or the nature of the intern metal M’ located in the porphyrin cores of the dimer (M’ = 2H, ZnII, CoII/III). Electronic and biological properties of these dimers have been investigated. Preliminary results have also been obtained in the field of host-guest chemistry (encapsulation of small molecules) and in electrocatalysis for the O2 reduction reaction (ORR)
Nawaz, Faisal. "Design and synthesis of functionalized carbenes as organocatalysts and reaction intermediates". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4369.
Texto completoN-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have become extremely popular organocatalysts in last decade. In this manuscript, we present our work in the design and the synthesis of a new class of bifunctional NHC organocatalysts, and their applications in enantioselective reactions with homoenolate equivalents. Additionally, a conceptually new synthetic approach to pyrid-2-ylidene carbenes is proposed and used in an original three-component reaction. In a broad sense, this work contributes to the progress of knowledge on the use of NHCs as organocatalysts and reaction intermediates
Lefebvre, Jean-François. "Synthèse et propriétés de ligands de type carbène N-hétérocyclique conjugués à une porphyrines". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20141/document.
Texto completoIn addition to the usual inner coordination site of porphyrins, it is possible to functionalize the macrocycle by external coordination sites. This PhD thesis is devoted to the functionalization of two neighboring b-pyrrolic carbons in order to obtain porphyrins fused to peripheral N-heterocyclic carbene ligands (NHC).NHC ligands are known to display outstanding electronic properties which render them important ligands in the fields of catalysis and organometallic chemistry. The aim of this PhD work was to study the influence of the porphyrin on the electronic properties of the peripheral NHC ligand, and to modulate the electronic and catalytic properties of anchored metal complexes according to the chemical modifications brought to the porphyrin, ie. its metallation or the protonation of the free-base porphyrin.Firstly, the different synthetic procedures to obtain porphyrins fused to imidazolium rings were developed. These imidazolium salts are the key precursors of the porphyrin-NHC ligands. In order to study the catalytic properties of metal complexes containing porphyrin-NHC ligands, several palladium(II) complexes were synthesized and characterized. The study of the catalystic properties of these complexes showed that better catalytic activities were observed if the porphyrins contain a metal cation. Then, the electronic properties of these NHC ligands were evaluated for (NHC)Rh(COD)X and (NHC)Rh(CO)2X complexes with X = I or Cl
Nzahou, Ottou Winnie. "Organopolymérisations du méthacrylate de méthyle induites par les carbène N-hétérocycliques et par des paires de Lewis organiques". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0303/document.
Texto completoThe reactivity of imidazol-ylidene N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as direct initiators for the polymerization of miscellaneous (meth)acrylic monomers, mainly methylmethacrylate (MMA), has been screened in the absence of any other co-activator.Different reactivities have been observed according to the structure of the NHC and thenature of the substrate. Computational studies allowed rationalizing steric and electroniceffects involved in these reactions.The use of a peculiar NHCs as catalyst for the polymerization of MMA using alcohols as initiators has then been investigated. This simple and efficient method also allows achieving amphiphilic block copolymers by using hydroxylated poly(ethylene oxide)s asmacro-initiators. Combined computational and experimental investigations have provided insights into the mechanism of polymerization.Various Lewis pairs including a silicon-based compound as acid and NHC or a trialkyl(aryl)phosphine as base, have been investigated to trigger an efficient polymerization of MMA.In this case, the polymerization is expected to proceed via a cooperative/dual activation mechanism
Bourichon, Damien. "Approche théorique de la compréhension de la réactivité de carbènes N-Hétérocycliques vis-à-vis de systèmes (méth)acryliques. Application en polymérisation". Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU3041.
Texto completoThe main objective of this thesis was to understand, by a joint theoretical/experimental approach, polymerization reactions of polar monomers, especially (meth)acrylic derivatives, organocacatalyzed polymerizations by N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) used alone or in combination with an organic molecule (alcohol) or a Lewis acid. Rationalization of both electronic and steric effects of the carbene was performed on the first steps of the polymerization mechanism by the functional density theory (DFT) and also on potentially competitive mechanisms (cyclodimerization) by two theoretical methods: DFT and molecular dynamics (MD). The addition of a third molecule such as an alcohol or a Lewis acid (borane or silane) has also been theoretically studied in detail in order to better understand the effect of this association on the nature of the privileged pathway and the effectiveness of the polymerization
Jagenbrein, Martin. "Complexes of Bi, Pd, Ir and Hg and N-heterocyclic ligands". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAF023.
Texto completoThe purpose of this thesis was the synthesis of novel pro-ligands to NHCs and their corresponding metal complexes, notably of iridium. While the attempt to find a new pathway to obtain NHC complexes starting from the corresponding imidazole-2-thiones did not yield the expected result, it was possible to obtain interesting coordination compounds from those imidazole-2-thiones themselves:A dinuclear Bi complex was prepared that served as an effective transmetallation agent toward Pd. Novel pincer-type NHC pro-ligands were obtained, and several iridium complexes of their corresponding NHC ligands were prepared. Furthermore, several mercury complexes of these ligands were synthesized. Finally, a series of imidazolium salts bearing potentially hemilabile functionalities were prepared and their reactivity toward Ir was studied
Hameury, Sophie. "Oxygen-functionalized NHC ligands and their nickel(II), silver(I) and palladium(II) complexes". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAF010.
Texto completoThe purpose of this work was the synthesis of complexes bearing O-functionalized NHC ligands in order to test their catalytic properties in ethylene oligomerization. In order to have access to alcohol-functionalized complexes, the corresponding silver complexes were synthesized for transmetallation purpose. Whereas no concluding results were obtained with the alcohol function in association with nickel, it was possible to access an alcoholate-functionalized NHC ligand by deprotonation of the corresponding pro-ligand. Thus, polynuclear nickel complexes were prepared, some of them included in their structure a lithium cation originating from the base. For comparison, alcohol- and alcoholate-functionalized NHC palladium complexes were synthesized by direct reaction of the pro-ligand with Pd(acac)2 followed by acidobasic reactions. Because of the complexity of the chemistry of NHC-alcohol ligands associated with nickel, the ether functionality was explored. A library of nickel complexes was synthesized and tested in the catalytic ethylene oligomerization
Hippolyte, Laura. "New syntheses of N-heterocyclic carbene-stabilized gold nanoparticles". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2018SORUS148.pdf.
Texto completoOver the past decade, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) have drawn considerable interest in the field of materials chemistry. Indeed, this relatively new class of ligands forms strong bonds with a wide range of metals and their structures and electronic properties can be tuned “at-will” through organic synthesis. This strong bond is of particular interest for gold nanoparticles. Indeed, gold nanoparticles have many potential applications, for example in sensors, catalysis or medicine, but those potential applications are sometimes hindered by a lack of stability of the surface ligand. A few syntheses of NHC-stabilized gold nanoparticles have already been described in the literature but each presents their own set of drawbacks. This thesis work has focused on the development of new syntheses of NHC-stabilized gold nanoparticles. First, by revisiting a literature procedure starting from imidazolium salts, we managed to develop a one-pot synthesis starting only from commercially available AuCl, NaBH4 and easily synthesized imidazolium salts. A totally new synthesis was developed using NHC-boranes, which are stable Lewis adducts. Here, we reported for the first time their use as a 2-in-1 reagent, able to reduce the metallic precursor and provide the nanoparticles stabilizing ligands. Finally, we are the first to report a synthesis of gold nanoparticles stabilized by mesoionic carbenes (MIC). MICs are a sub-class of NHCs synthesized by well-known “click-chemistry”, which present unique electronic properties. Throughout this work, special care was taken to characterize the nanoparticles, notably by XPS
Gibard, Clémentine. "Synthèse, fonctionnalisation et applications de métallo-NHC du groupe 11". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22519/document.
Texto completoN-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have been used very frequently as ligands for the preparation of transition metal-based catalysts as well as drug candidates. This work will present a simplification of imidazoliniums synthesis and a new preparation of Ag-, Cu-NHC complexes. Aqueous ammonia will be used for the solubilisation of metallic species and as a base for the deprotonation of imidazoli(ni)um salts providing a mild, quick and easy metallation procedure. The functionalisation of NHC ligands, in definite positions, allows the modulation of some of their characteristics without interfering with the remarkable properties of their complexes. New functionalisation strategies by azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction at the periphery of aromatics cores, were developped. This can be described by the following three synthetics strategies: pre-, post- and auto-functionalisation. Pre-functionnalisations strategy of precursors allows the synthesis of coinage metal-NHC complexes, for which variation of solubility is easily obtained. Thermal Huisgen reactions and SPAAC are achievable on the Au-NHC azide modified complexes directly, in a post-functionalisation pathway. Furthermore, the post-functionnalisation strategy was extended to Cu-NHC complexes resulting in an auto-functionalisation process. This allowed subsequently the introduction of sensitive biomolecules without protection/deprotection steps. Finally, water soluble Cu-NHCs complexes were used as CuAAC catalyst in bio-compatible media. Lipophilic Ag-NHCs complexes were tested as antibacterials (antibiofilm and growth inhibition activities)
Nawaz, Faisal. "Design and synthesis of functionalized carbenes as organocatalysts and reaction intermediates". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4369.
Texto completoN-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have become extremely popular organocatalysts in last decade. In this manuscript, we present our work in the design and the synthesis of a new class of bifunctional NHC organocatalysts, and their applications in enantioselective reactions with homoenolate equivalents. Additionally, a conceptually new synthetic approach to pyrid-2-ylidene carbenes is proposed and used in an original three-component reaction. In a broad sense, this work contributes to the progress of knowledge on the use of NHCs as organocatalysts and reaction intermediates
Akhdar, Ayman. "Synthesis, Modification And Click Of Arylopeptoids Using Carbene-Based Catalysts". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UCFAC117.
Texto completoArylopeptoids (i.e. oligomeric N-substituted aminomethyl benzamides) is a class of peptoid-inspired oligoamides with aromatic backbone. They retain advantageous features of peptoids such as straightforward synthesis by submonomer approach and conformational preferences governed by cis-trans isomerism of N,N-disubstituted amides. These N-alkylated aromatic oligoamides may be developed as proteomimetics or scaffolds for multivalent display. The aim of this thesis was to explore the chemical diversity accessible from linear and cyclic arylopeptoids through Click chemistry using Copper carbene as catalyst. First, access and properties of Copper (I)-N-heterocyclic carbene catalyst was exposed. Also, an extension of the quantitative NMR was presented to study the purity of this catalyst and other organometallic compounds. The development of an efficient CuAAC protocol on-resin using Copper (I)-N-heterocyclic carbene catalyst for the functionalization of arylopeptoids has allowed the efficient preparation of a library of linear oligomers carrying several triazole-type side chains. Beside, combinatorial and sequential approaches have been implemented leading to huge accessible chemical diversity. Post-modification of the triazoles into triazoliums has led to several series of triazolium-based arylopeptoids exhibiting amphipathic character. Their antibacterial activity against a panel of bacterial strains has been evaluated. The access to 3-dimensional crown- and tube-like structures from constrained arylopeptoid macrocycles by CuAAC reaction using the Cu-NHC catalyst also proved to be efficient with a selectivity depending on the spatial preorganization of the cyclic core and proper choice of the NHC catalyst. Finally, the access to H-shaped arylopeptoids was studied using CuAAC reaction on resin. Overall, this work highlights the potential of the Copper (I)-N-heterocyclic carbene as catalyst for CuAAC to perform on-resin poly-functionalization of arylopeptoids and to build complex 3D-architectures
Porcheron, Alexandre. "Plasmonic nanoparticles modified by coordination complexes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS471.
Texto completoThe aim of this work was to build new hybrid nano-objects made from a gold nanoparticle on which coordination complexes are grafted. The expected effect for such an architecture was a synergy between the plasmonic properties of the nanoparticles and the optical or electronic properties of the metallic complexes. A key feature of this construction has been the use of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) as stabilizing ligands and anchoring platform. In a first part, two heteroditopic molecules, containing a phenanthroline group and an imidazolium group, precursor of NHC, have been synthesized. Gold nanoparticles have subsequently been prepared from these precursors, NaBH4 and a gold salt. In a second part, mesoionique carbenes (MIC), a sub-type of NHC, which derived from triazoliums, have been studied as alternative stabilizing ligands and anchoring platform. A triazolium, bearing a pyridine group has been prepared and used for the synthesis of MIC stabilized gold nanoparticles. In a third part, a method to measure the ligands grafting density has been developed. Based on the ligands release and their analysis by NMR, it has allowed to obtain the grafting density of each ligand for nanoparticles stabilized by two different NHC. The grafting of Ni(II) or Fe(II/III) complexes on the previously prepared gold nanoparticles has finally been investigated. A final and unrelated part, which deals with the use of NHC-BH3 in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles, led to study a NHC imidazolium borate as a new precursor of NHC
Flahaut, Alexandre. "Utilisation de complexes carbènes N-hétérocyclique-palladium dans la réaction de Tsuji-Trost et dans la réaction umpolung d'allylation de dérivés carbonylés". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066149.
Texto completoBoselli, Luca. "Synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene gold(I) complexes : towards the development of new organometallic drugs". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2579/.
Texto completoBiomedical applications of gold complexes based on N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are beginning to unfold. Some cationic gold(I) NHCs complexes show antimitochondrial activities, a very promising action mode in the fight against cancer; due to their positive charge these complexes target preferentially tumor cells, leading to cell death. In this work of thesis, three groups of new NHC-based gold and heterobimetallic complexes involving aliphatic or aromatic amino-functionalized NHCs with interesting potential in biomedical research have been synthesized and characterized. The first group is formed by three luminescent heterobimetallic gold(I)-ruthenium(II) complexes containing heteroditopic bipyridine-NHC ligands. These compounds have been biologically investigated by in vitro tests for their antitumoral, antileishmanial and antimalarial activities. Finally, imaging studies in cancer cells have been performed exploiting the luminescent properties of the most active compound. The second group of molecules is concerned by cationic gold(I) complexes containing two 1-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]imidazolydene ligands. First the complexes have been tested for their antiproliferative activity in prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Lipophilicity (Log P) has been determined for these complexes. The most active complex has been tested for the cytotoxic activities in five human cancer cell lines and primary endothelial cells demonstrating a potent action and selectivity for cancer cells. In addition, antileishmanial and antimalarial activities of these compounds have been investigated showing interesting results. The third group is formed by a hetero-dinuclear gold(I)-silver(I) and a trinuclear gold(I)-copper(II) complexes containing phenanthroline-NHC ligands. The compounds are formed by two different organometallic units potentially able to act as multi-targeting anticancer drug
Guérin, David. "Métathèse de fluorooléfines en milieux homogène et hétérogène pour la conception de composés fluorés à haute valeur ajoutée". Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN2057.
Texto completoThe first part of this PhD thesis presents a detailed methodological study for the ring-closing-metathesis (RCM) reaction of fluorinated olefins, in homogeneous medium, involving dienes bearing central amide or oxaza bonds. The key parameters of this reaction have been studied and various substitution strategies, on both terminal olefin positions, have been developed, allowing reaching the best conversion rates ever obtained in terms of fluorinated olefin metathesis. The second part of this book describes the access to (E) fluoropseudopeptides, from -lactams having a fluoroolefin, previously synthesized through ring closing metathesis. A general method for the preparation of a range of Xaa-[(E)CF=CH]-Gly fluoropseudopeptides is presented. The third part of this manuscript is dedicated to a piece of work toward the development of the RCM reaction of fluorinated olefins through supported catalysis, using Bio-Ru-SILP materials. These materials consist of an ionic liquid phase, immobilized on a biodegradable alginate support, wherein a ruthenium catalyst has been dissolved. The results of ring-closing-metathesis experiments leading to
Maerten, Eddy. "Synthèse directe de cétones arylpyridiniques par couplage carbonylant d'halogénopyridines catalysé par des systèmes palladium-carbène N-hétérocycliques et réduction asymétrique des cétones". Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Maerten.pdf.
Texto completoRaynaud, Jean. "Carbènes N-hétérocycliques comme activateurs "multi-tâches" des réactions de polymérisations par transfert de groupe des (meth)acryliques et par ouverture de cycle des oxiranes". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR13995/document.
Texto completoThe use of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as multitask organic activators has enabled the polymerization of two classes of monomers: polar vinylic monomers like (meth)acrylics, and cyclic epoxides. In particular, the NHC-catalyzed group transfer polymerization (GTP) has been used to polymerize both acrylic and methacrylic monomers, either in polar or apolar solvents, in the presence of a silyl ketene acetal as initiator. On this basis, “all-acrylic” block copolymers have been synthesized. In another study, the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ethylene and propylene oxides was induced by NHCs. In one case, NHCs have been used as initiators of the reaction. On the other hand, using a third compound, they have served as catalysts for the ROP. Heterobifonctional poly(ethylene oxide)s and poly(propylene oxide)s have been synthesized. A final approach has brought together the two polymerization methods. Using a single initiating system, the sequential copolymerization of a polar vinylic monomer and a cyclic monomer has been achieved
Bouchardy, Lucie. "Elaboration de liquides ioniques (chiraux) réversibles et applications en catalyse organique et en glycochimie. Carbènes N-hétérocycliques chiraux : synthèse et application dans la réaction d'addition conjuguée". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS400/document.
Texto completoAt first, this work deals with the synthesis of a novel class of single-component reversible chiral ionic liquids derived from natural aminoacids. Reversibility was demonstrated by NMR, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. These compounds were tested as organocatalysts in an asymmetric Michael addition leading to the formation of expected product in moderate yields. Chiral silylamines, precursors to reversible ionic liquids were also evaluated in the synthesis of Warfarin through an asymmetric Michael addition. Good yields were obtained. However, these catalysts have resulted in only low enantioselectivity. Moreover, the use of reversible ionic liquid as a temporary protecting group in glycochemistry, for the synthesis of disaccharides was also implemented. Secondly, some new chiral imidazolinium salts, precursors to NHCs, were synthesized from (S)-pyroglutamic acid, for copper-catalyzed conjugate addition of Grignard reagents to α,β-unsaturated ketones applications. The results have shown moderate enantioselectivity with very good catalytic activity and excellent regioselectivity