Tesis sobre el tema "Mwl"

Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) has made an important contribution to polymer and particle characterization since its invention by Svedberg (Svedberg and Nichols 1923; Svedberg and Pederson 1940) in 1923. In 1926, Svedberg won the Nobel price for his scientific work on disperse systems including work with AUC. The first important discovery performed with AUC was to show the existence of macromolecules. Since that time AUC has become an important tool to study polymers in biophysics and biochemistry. AUC is an absolute technique that does not need any standard. Molar masses between 200 and 1014 g/mol and particle size between 1 and 5000 nm can be detected by AUC. Sample can be fractionated into its components due to its molar mass, particle size, structure or density without any stationary phase requirement as it is the case in chromatographic techniques. This very property of AUC earns it an important status in the analysis of polymers and particles. The distribution of molar mass, particle sizes and densities can be measured with the fractionation. Different types of experiments can give complementary physicochemical parameters. For example, sedimentation equilibrium experiments can lead to the study of pure thermodynamics. For complex mixtures, AUC is the main method that can analyze the system. Interactions between molecules can be studied at different concentrations without destroying the chemical equilibrium (Kim et al. 1977). Biologically relevant weak interactions can also be monitored (K ≈ 10-100 M-1). An analytical ultracentrifuge experiment can yield the following information: • Molecular weight of the sample • Number of the components in the sample if the sample is not a single component • Homogeneity of the sample • Molecular weight distribution if the sample is not a single component • Size and shape of macromolecules & particles • Aggregation & interaction of macromolecules • Conformational changes of macromolecules • Sedimentation coefficient and density distribution Such an extremely wide application area of AUC allows the investigation of all samples consisting of a solvent and a dispersed or dissolved substance including gels, micro gels, dispersions, emulsions and solutions. Another fact is that solvent or pH limitation does not exist for this method. A lot of new application areas are still flourishing, although the technique is 80 years old. In 1970s, 1500 AUC were operational throughout the world. At those times, due to the limitation in detection technologies, experimental results were obtained with photographic records. As time passed, faster techniques such as size exclusion chromatography (SEC), light scattering (LS) or SDS-gel electrophoresis occupied the same research fields with AUC. Due to these relatively new techniques, AUC began to loose its importance. In the 1980s, only a few AUC were in use throughout the world. In the beginning of the 1990s a modern AUC -the Optima XL-A - was released by Beckman Instruments (Giebeler 1992). The Optima XL-A was equipped with a modern computerized scanning absorption detector. The addition of Rayleigh Interference Optics is introduced which is called XL-I AUC. Furthermore, major development in computers made the analysis easier with the help of new analysis software. Today, about 400 XL-I AUC exist worldwide. It is usually applied in the industry of pharmacy, biopharmacy and polymer companies as well as in academic research fields such as biochemistry, biophysics, molecular biology and material science. About 350 core scientific publications which use analytical ultracentrifugation are published every year (source: SciFinder 2008 ) with an increasing number of references (436 reference in 2008). A tremendous progress has been made in method and analysis software after digitalization of experimental data with the release of XL-I. In comparison to the previous decade, data analysis became more efficient and reliable. Today, AUC labs can routinely use sophisticated data analysis methods for determination of sedimentation coefficient distributions (Demeler and van Holde 2004; Schuck 2000; Stafford 1992), molar mass distributions (Brookes and Demeler 2008; Brookes et al. 2006; Brown and Schuck 2006), interaction constants (Cao and Demeler 2008; Schuck 1998; Stafford and Sherwood 2004), particle size distributions with Angstrom resolution (Cölfen and Pauck 1997) and the simulations determination of size and shape distributions from sedimentation velocity experiments (Brookes and Demeler 2005; Brookes et al. 2006). These methods are also available in powerful software packages that combines various methods, such as, Ultrascan (Demeler 2005), Sedift/Sedphat (Schuck 1998; Vistica et al. 2004) and Sedanal (Stafford and Sherwood 2004). All these powerful packages are free of charge. Furthermore, Ultrascans source code is licensed under the GNU Public License (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html). Thus, Ultrascan can be further improved by any research group. Workshops are organized to support these software packages. Despite of the tremendous developments in data analysis, hardware for the system has not developed much. Although there are various user developed detectors in research laboratories, they are not commercially available. Since 1992, only one new optical system called “the fluorescence optics” (Schmidt and Reisner, 1992, MacGregor et al. 2004, MacGregor, 2006, Laue and Kroe, in press) has been commercialized. However, except that, there has been no commercially available improvement in the optical system. The interesting fact about the current hardware of the XL-I is that it is 20 years old, although there has been an enormous development in microelectronics, software and in optical systems in the last 20 years, which could be utilized for improved detectors. As examples of user developed detector, Bhattacharyya (Bhattacharyya 2006) described a Multiwavelength-Analytical Ultracentrifuge (MWL-AUC), a Raman detector and a small angle laser light scattering detector in his PhD thesis. MWL-AUC became operational, but a very high noise level prevented to work with real samples. Tests with the Raman detector were not successful due to the low light intensity and thus high integration time is required. The small angle laser light scattering detector could only detect latex particles but failed to detect smaller particles and molecules due to low sensitivity of the detector (a photodiode was used as detector). The primary motivation of this work is to construct a detector which can measure new physico-chemical properties with AUC with a nicely fractionated sample in the cell. The final goal is to obtain a multiwavelength detector for the AUC that measures complementary quantities. Instrument development is an option for a scientist only when there is a huge potential benefit but there is no available commercial enterprise developing appropriate equipment, or if there is not enough financial support to buy it. The first case was our motivation for developing detectors for AUC. Our aim is to use today’s technological advances in microelectronics, programming, mechanics in order to develop new detectors for AUC and improve the existing MWL detector to routine operation mode. The project has multiple aspects which can be listed as mechanical, electronical, optical, software, hardware, chemical, industrial and biological. Hence, by its nature it is a multidisciplinary project. Again by its nature it contains the structural problem of its kind; the problem of determining the exact discipline to follow at each new step. It comprises the risk of becoming lost in some direction. Having that fact in mind, we have chosen the simplest possible solution to any optical, mechanical, electronic, software or hardware problem we have encountered and we have always tried to see the overall picture. In this research, we have designed CCD-C-AUC (CCD Camera UV/Vis absorption detector for AUC) and SLS-AUC (Static Light Scattering detector for AUC) and tested them. One of the SLS-AUC designs produced successful test results, but the design could not be brought to the operational stage. However, the operational state Multiwavelength Analytical Ultracentrifuge (MWL-AUC) AUC has been developed which is an important detector in the fields of chemistry, biology and industry. In this thesis, the operational state Multiwavelength Analytical Ultracentrifuge (MWL-AUC) AUC is to be introduced. Consequently, three different applications of MWL-AUC to the aforementioned disciplines shall be presented. First of all, application of MWL-AUC to a biological system which is a mixture of proteins lgG, aldolase and BSA is presented. An application of MWL-AUC to a mass-produced industrial sample (β-carotene gelatin composite particles) which is manufactured by BASF AG, is presented. Finally, it is shown how MWL-AUC will impact on nano-particle science by investigating the quantum size effect of CdTe and its growth mechanism. In this thesis, mainly the relation between new technological developments and detector development for AUC is investigated. Pioneering results are obtained that indicate the possible direction to be followed for the future of AUC. As an example, each MWL-AUC data contains thousands of wavelengths. MWL-AUC data also contains spectral information at each radial point. Data can be separated to its single wavelength files and can be analyzed classically with existing software packages. All the existing software packages including Ultrascan, Sedfit, Sedanal can analyze only single wavelength data, so new extraordinary software developments are needed. As a first attempt, Emre Brookes and Borries Demeler have developed mutliwavelength module in order to analyze the MWL-AUC data. This module analyzes each wavelength separately and independently. We appreciate Emre Brookes and Borries Demeler for their important contribution to the development of the software. Unfortunately, this module requires huge amount of computer power and does not take into account the spectral information during the analysis. New software algorithms are needed which take into account the spectral information and analyze all wavelengths accordingly. We would like also invite the programmers of Ultrascan, Sedfit, Sedanal and the other programs, to develop new algorithms in this direction.
Die analytische Chemie versucht die chemische Zusammensetzung, chemische und physikalische Eigenschaften von biologischen oder künstlichen Materialien zu bestimmen. Mit der Entwicklung deren Methoden können genauere Informationen über die Umweltverschmutzung, das Ozonloch, Proteinfunktionen und Wechselwirkungen im menschlichen Körper erlangt werden. Es sind eine Vielzahl von analytischen Techniken vorhanden, die durch Verbesserungen in der Mikroelektronik, Mechanik, Informatik und Nanotechnologie einer markanten Entwicklung unterworfen wurden. In dieser Arbeit wurde versucht die Detektionskapazität der analytischen Ultrazentrifuge zu erhöhen. Die analytische Ultrazentrifuge (AUZ) ist eine gut bekannte, sehr leistungsstarke Trennungsmethode. AUZ benutzt die Zentrifugalkraft zum Trennen von Stoffen. Die Probe kann für die Messung gelöst oder in einer Flüssigkeit dispergiert werden. Makromoleküle, Proteine und kolloidale Systeme in Lösung können in einer AUZ Zelle zwischen 1000-60000 Rotationen pro Minute zentrifugiert werden, wie beispielsweise in der kommerziellen Beckmann AUZ. Die Rotationsbeschleunigung entspricht 73-262mal der Erdschwerebeschleunigung (= 9.81 m s-2) für eine radiale Position von 6.5 Zentimeter. Diese Kraft ist der Schlüsselfaktor für die Fähigkeit der AUZ sogar kleine Moleküle und Ionen zu trennen. Die Experimente wurden bei kontrollierter Rotationsgeschwindigkeit und Temperatur ausgeführt. Drei verschiedene, neue Detektoren wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konstruiert und getestet. Diese Detektoren haben die analytischen Informationen sehr verbessert. Dies wurde für Proteine, halbleitende Nanopartikel sowie auch für industrielle Produkte gezeigt.

Cette thèse retrace l'histoire du projet éditorial "Différents aspects de la culture islamique" (1977-2016) de l'UNESCO. Il est question d'analyser l'investissement des organisations arabes et islamiques dans les programmes de sciences humaines et sociales de l'UNESCO, à partir d'une étude de cas. Au milieu des années 1970, l'histoire de l'islam et des musulmans se révèle être un enjeu de soft power pour des autorités religieuses et politiques en quête de leadership islamique mondial. Des controverses académiques voient le jour et un rapport de force s'installe entre intellectuels musulmans libéraux et intégraux aux prises avec des logiques d'influence idéologique régionale. Comment écrire une histoire scientifique de l'Islam prenant en compte la reconnaissance culturelle, l'urgence de la question raciale, la lutte contre les préjugés sur l'islam et les musulmans et le respect des croyances religieuses? Les années 1980 marquent une nouvelle étape. La Conférence Générale de l'UNESCO reconnait pour la première fois la religion comme une composante à part entière de l'identité culturelle. L'OCI-ISESCO s'imposent dès lors comme les organisations de la Troisième voie et mettent fin à la pluralisation et la concurrence des acteurs. S'ouvrent alors deux décennies de plan de normalisation culturelle islamique à l'UNESCO, dans un contexte international marqué par le terrorisme islamique et l'ouverture au dialogue interculturel et religieux
This thesis traces the history of UNESCO's editorial project "The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture" (1977-2016). It aims to analyze the investment of Arab and Islamic organizations in UNESCO's human and social sciences programs from a case study. In the mid-1970s, the history of Islam and Muslims became a soft power issue for religious and political authorities seeking global Islamic leadership. Academic controversies emerged between liberal and integral Muslim intellectuals struggling with logics of regional ideological influence. How to write a scientific history of Islam considering cultural recognition, the urgency of the racial issue, the fight against prejudices about Islam and Muslims, and respect for religious beliefs?The 1980s opened a new stage. For the first time, the UNESCO General Conference recognizes religion as an integral component of cultural identity. The OIC-ISESCO stands out as the Third Way organizations and puts an end to the pluralization and competition of actors. It's the beginning of two decades of Islamic cultural normalization at UNESCO in a global context marked by Islamic terrorism, and openness to intercultural and religious dialogue

Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Manitoba, 2006.
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Department of Soil Science. Includes bibliographical references.

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Honey and propolis are produced by bees from the nectar and sap collected from plants. In the process, the phenolic compounds derived from secondary metabolism of plants are incorporated into the products mentioned. Honey and propolis samples from multiple regions have been characterized and phenolic compounds can be divided into: hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and glycosylated flavonoids. In the literature, there is no consensus among the authors about the values for in vitro antioxidant activity. Moreover, these methods do not represent physiological conditions such as concentration of substrates and metabolites interaction. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an alternative tool for a biological assays, since it is similar to mammalian cells. The main goal of this study is to compare the antioxidant potential of different phenolic compounds classes using representatives morin, rutin, chlorogenic acid and syringic acid in control strains (BY4741) and mutant (?sod1 and ?gsh1) of S. cerevisiae. They were evaluated in dose-dependent toxicity, stress tolerance, and lipid peroxidation. All tested phenolic compounds were effective in reducing intracellular oxidative damage, especially the chlorogenic acid in the control strain. When compared to stressed cells, it promoted 75% increase on cell survival rates, compared with 57% on average for the other treatments; and 60% decrease in levels of lipid peroxidation, compared to reductions close to 47% with other treatments. In mutant strains, all compounds presented similar results. Thus, two components of the class hydroxycinnamic acid, caffeic acid and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) were tested comparatively. Both acted as an antioxidant in S. cerevisiae, however CAPE was the most toxic substance promoting the most significant increase on reduced glutathione levels among hydroxycinnamic derivatives. This result supports some related research that claims phenolic compounds protectection is related to activation of the antioxidant system as xenobiotic action of these substances
O mel e a pr?polis s?o produzidos por abelhas, a partir da coleta de n?ctar e seiva das plantas. No processo, os compostos fen?licos oriundos do metabolismo secund?rio dos vegetais s?o incorporados aos produtos mencionados. Amostras de mel e pr?polis de diferentes regi?es foram caracterizadas e o conte?do de compostos fen?licos pode ser dividido em: derivados do ?cido hidroxibenzoico, derivados do ?cido hidroxicin?mico, flavonoides e flavonoides glicosilados. Na literatura, valores de atividade antioxidante in vitro descritos divergem consideravelmente entre os autores. Al?m disso, os m?todos in vitro (DPPH, ABTS, FRAPP, dentre outros) n?o representam condi??es fisiol?gicas como concentra??o de substratos e intera??o de metab?litos. A levedura Saccharomyces cerevisie ? uma ferramenta para ensaio biol?gico, uma vez que apresenta elevada semelhan?a com c?lulas de mam?feros superiores no sistema de defesa antioxidante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o potencial antioxidante de diferentes classes de compostos fen?licos, utilizando os representantes morina, rutina, ?cido sir?ngico e clorog?nico em cepas controle (BY4741) e mutantes (?sod1 e ?gsh1) de S. cerevisiae. Foram avaliados toxidez dose-dependente, toler?ncia ao estresse e peroxida??o lip?dica. Todos os compostos fen?licos testados foram efetivos em reduzir danos oxidativos intracelulares, com destaque para o ?cido clorog?nico na cepa controle. Quando comparado ?s c?lulas estressadas, este promoveu aumentos de 75% de sobreviv?ncia, contra 57% em m?dia dos demais tratamentos; e diminui??o de 60% em n?veis de peroxida??o lip?dica, contra redu??o pr?xima a 47% dos demais tratamentos. Nas cepas mutantes, todas as subst?ncias tiveram resultados semelhantes entre si. Desta forma, outros dois componentes da classe do ?cido hidroxicin?mico, ?cido cafeico e ?ster fenet?lico do ?cido cafeico (CAPE), foram testados comparativamente. Ambos atuaram como antioxidante em S. cerevisiae, entretanto CAPE foi a subst?ncia mais t?xica e tamb?m a que promoveu aumento mais significativo de glutationa reduzida dentre os derivados hidroxicin?micos. Esse resultado corrobora com dados de estudos que apontam que a atividade protetora dos compostos fen?licos est? relacionada a ativa??o do sistema antioxidante por a??o xenobi?tica dessas subst?ncias

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There is a piece of fiction. It?s called Inveross?mil. It?s made of three short stories, entitled ?Impenetr?vel?, ?Inacess?vel? e ?Inveross?mil?. There is a work of theory. It?s nameless. It enrolls problems in the language, it discusses each item, it brings examples. It approaches the nature of the technique employed in literary texts, it questions its need. And that?s all.
H? uma obra ficcional. Chama-se Inveross?mil. ? composta de tr?s contos, intitulados ?Impenetr?vel?, ?Inacess?vel? e ?Inveross?mil?. H? uma obra te?rica. N?o tem nome. Prop?e uma lista de problemas de linguagem, discute cada ponto, traz exemplos. Aborda a natureza da t?cnica empregada em textos liter?rios, questiona sua necessidade. E isso ? tudo.

El negocio consiste en la creación de un aplicativo móvil y un sitio web, donde podrá ser utilizado como una vitrina virtual en donde técnicos especialistas ofertan sus servicios a los potenciales clientes, de igual manera permitirá al nuestro cliente interactuar con la plataforma en donde tendrá la opción de elegir según el servicio que requiera. Nuestra fuente de ingresos será mediante comisiones, es decir, cuando un técnico especialista es seleccionado por un cliente para un trabajo específico, este podrá ser cotizado y pagado por el cliente de dos formas, la primera a través de la plataforma y la segunda pagado en efectivo al usuario, el monto cotizado y pagado por el cliente tendrá una retención del 30%. Se estima que el año tres de nuestras operaciones, se recuperará lo invertido y se empezara a generar rentabilidad, con un aproximado de 3000 clientes. El monto de la rentabilidad al cierre ascenderá a un monto mayor a S/. 47,000.
The business consists in the creation of a mobile application and a website where it can be used as a virtual showcase. In this virtual showcase specialist can offer theirs services to potential clients, in the same way will allow their clients to interact with the platform where they will have the option to choose the service the require. Commissions will be our source of income, when a specialist is selected by a client for a specific job, this can be quoted and paid by the client in two ways, the first through the platform and the second paid in cash to the user, the amount quoted and paid by the customer will have a 30% withholding. By the Third years of starting the bussiness we estimate that we will recover the investment and start generating profitability, with an approximate of 3000 customers. The amount of the profitability at closing will amount to an amount greater than S /. 47,000.
Trabajo de investigación

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The present paper aims to reflect about the creative process of visual artist Leya Mira Brander (born 1976 in São Paulo), in an attempt to unwrap the gestures that turn her unique as a printmaker. Among the various possibilities of cropping, we chose the approach of the technical procedures involved in the making of images, the relationship between image and memory and the use of the word as a poetic recurrence. Divided into three chapters, the first one examines the making of the engraving in its implications and consequences, and the montage and procedural methodology in her work, based on theoretical considerations by Georges DidiHuberman and Walter Benjamin. The second chapter addresses the compositional visual elements of the artist's work in the light of image and memory, emphasizing her thematic preferences and references involving the gestures of citation and metamorphosis. The result are images that derive from her own universe as well as from the mention of icons in the history of art. In the same chapter, we also seek to reflect on the legacy of irony and allegory present in her work, whose theoretical shield poured the writings of Giorgio Agamben and Pedro Duarte. The third and final chapter is intended to place the word and its uses in the creation of the artist process, ending with words that manifest as reports of love, analyzed in the light of the writings of Roland Barthes.
Esta pesquisa procurou refletir sobre o processo criativo da artista visual Leya Mira Brander (São Paulo, 1976), numa tentativa de desembrulhar os gestos que a singularizam como gravurista. Dentre as diversas possibilidades de recorte, optou-se pela abordagem dos procedimentos técnicos envolvidos na fatura de suas imagens, pela relação entre a imagem e a memória e pelo uso da palavra como recorrência poética. Divididos em três capítulos, o primeiro deles analisa a fatura da gravura em metal em suas implicações e desdobramentos, e a montagem como metodologia processual no conjunto de sua obra, o qual foi embasado pelas considerações dos teóricos Georges Didi-Huberman e Walter Benjamin. No segundo capítulo, abordaram-se os elementos visuais compositivos da obra da artista sob o horizonte da imagem e da memória, ressaltando-se suas preferências temáticas e referências diante dos gestos de citação e metamorfose de imagens advindas tanto de seu universo particular quanto da menção a ícones da história da arte. Ainda nesse capítulo, buscou-se refletir sobre o legado da ironia e da alegoria presentes em seus trabalhos, cujo amparo teórico se serviu dos escritos de Giorgio Agamben e Pedro Duarte. Ao terceiro e último capítulo, destinou-se o lugar à palavra e seus usos no processo de criação da artista, finalizando com aqueles que se manifestam como relatos de amor, analisados sob a luz dos escritos de Roland Barthes.

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The purpose of this project is to portray a particular trait combination between guilt and fear and establish a connection between the analysis of Freud and Bauman on the notion of ill-being . Our reading of Freud's literature on the ill-being of civilization points to guilt as being a key element in the civilizing project, which transgresses the authenticity of the values of life and leads the subject to live continually immersed in a state of hardship. From this perspective, to be protected of threats of any kind, everyone is bound to sacrifice freedom and convert pleasure into guilt. In a civilized dimension obsessed with security, more freedom is akin to less ill-being. Bauman attempts to analyze the issue from the aspect of uncertainty and undetermination, which according to you are striking features of contemporaneity. According to the author, in the postmodern condition we find a deep lack of certainty, protection and security. The fearfulness is very numerous and inseparable from human life. He presents the foundations of social fears that plague individuals in liquid modernity, seeking to identify their common origins. In his view all that human beings have always sought was happiness and that it could only be obtained through communion between security and freedom, irreconcilable throughout history, incompatible in the modern civilization but apparently viable for consumption.
O propósito do presente trabalho é estabelecer um diálogo entre as análises de Freud (O mal-estar na civilização) e Bauman (O mal-estar da pós-modernidade) acerca da noção de Mal-estar, a fim de mostrar um traço específico da combinação entre culpa e medo, que seria a vida para o consumo. Nossa leitura sobre o Mal-estar na civilização de Freud aponta para o sentimento de culpa como um elemento fundamental dentro do projeto civilizatório, que fere a autenticidade dos valores da vida e conduz o sujeito a viver continuamente mergulhado numa incômoda condição. Nessa perspectiva, em nome da proteção contra ameaças de qualquer tipo, todos são convocados para sacrificar a liberdade, convertendo prazer por culpa, ainda que na dimensão civilizada obcecada pela segurança, mais liberdade seja sinônimo de menos mal-estar. Bauman procura analisar a questão sob o aspecto da insegurança e indeterminação que, no seu entendimento, são traços marcantes da contemporaneidade. De acordo com o autor, na pós-modernidade encontramos um momento profundamente carente de certezas, proteção e segurança, os medos são inúmeros e inseparáveis da vida humana. Ele apresenta os alicerces sociais dos medos que assolam os indivíduos na modernidade líquida, procurando identificar suas origens comuns. Na visão dele tudo o que o ser humano sempre buscou foi a felicidade, que só poderia ser obtida através da comunhão entre segurança e liberdade, inconciliáveis ao longo da história, incompatíveis na civilização moderna, sólida ou líquida, mas, aparentemente, viáveis no consumo.

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O objeto de estudo deste trabalho foi uma leitura filosófica do Mal na Psicanálise freudiana, mais precisamente no livro O mal-estar na civilização. Procuramos determinar as formas e origem do mal, consequentemente do sofrimento humano, na referida obra, como também as alternativas apresentadas para diminuir as suas conseqüências. Neste livro, Freud denuncia toda a extensão do desamparo humano, demonstrando a impossibilidade de o superarmos, mostrando, no entanto, quie o poensar esta orfandade, é o melhor meio de se amenizar os problemas por este desamparo

O presente estudo apresenta-se como um convite para a reflexão sobre o fazer psicológico e sua prática profissional. Trata-se de um exercício em que a pesquisa propõe-se a reverberar cristalizações e problematizar modelos e formas. O recorte empírico utilizado foram as vivências da pesquisadora como psicóloga no hospital psiquiátrico, no presídio, no consultório particular, na psicologia escolar, na saúde escolar, na educação especial, na formação de psicólogos, na saúde pública e no “divã eletrônico” das comunicações contemporâneas. Para cumprir este propósito, um memorial permitiu o percurso de exploração conceitual, seguindo pela intensidade de vivências, descrevendo e registrando a singularidade da pesquisadora em cada momento de experimentação. A genealogia se colocou como a oportunidade de detecção de emergências ante aquilo que se põe como molde ao exercício profissional regulamentado e aos protocolos de trabalho do fazer psicológico nas instituições de educação ou de saúde. Além dos afetos, desconfortos e dúvidas sentidos no percurso memorial, a escrita sistemática permitiu trazer as agitações e as intensidades do outro-em-nós, dando ao texto o atributo da interrogação vivencial. São interrogações vivenciais as pistas que conduzem ao texto autoral da tese, onde o plano teórico é o da experiência de habitar e ser habitado por terceiros-em-nós. A escrita sistemática se faz relatando/reavendo as sensações abertas pelo trabalho psicológico, revelando alguns dispositivos de poder/saber/subjetivação que compõem o quadro complexo da trama “psico-lógica” que fabrica seus outros. Deixando de lado os discursos classificatórios e prescritores das Psicologias, a tese apresentada versa sobre a alteridade e o devir humano, seguindo a trilha de autores como Nietzsche, Foucault, Deleuze, Guattari e Heidegger, entre outros. As conclusões são pela emergência de um fazer nômade, que não habite uma forma ou um lugar, mas que se faça em reinvenção incessante, estratégia de busca por uma ética da alteridade, que crie e recrie continuamente o psico-lógico. Esta reinvenção incessante ou auto produção permanente se estabeleceria por meio da conexão de espaços de escuta, acolhendo o estranhamento e experimentando, com alegria, a diferenciação. A tese se afirma pela defesa de uma abordagem que aceite e proponha a Psicologia como lugar criativo, capaz de destravar a máquina de guerra nas instituições de ensino ou de saúde contra preconceitos, segregações e classificações identitárias, ousadas na invenção de entornos, de si e de mundos.
El presente estudio es una invitación a la reflexión sobre el hacer psicológico e su práctica profesional. Es un ejercicio en que la investigación tiene como objetivo reverberar cristalizaciones y cuestionar modelos y formas. La corte empírica usada fueron las experiencias de la investigadora como psicóloga en el hospital psiquiátrico, en la prisión, en la clínica privada, en la psicología escolar, en la salud escolar, en la educación especial, en la formación de los psicólogos, en la salud pública y en el “diván electrónico” de las comunicaciones contemporáneas. Para lograr este propósito, un texto de memorias permitió lo curso de exploración conceptual, seguindo la intensidad de las existencias, describiendo y registrando la singularidad de la investigadora en cada momento de experimentación. La genealogía se puso como la oportunidad de descubrimiento de emergencias ante de eso que si pone como el molde al ejercicio profesional regulado y los protocolos de trabajo del hacer psicológico en las instituciones de educación o de salud. Además de los afectos, las dudas y el malestar experimentado en el trayecto de memoria, la escritura sistemática permitió traer las agitaciones y las intensidades del otro-en-nosotros, dando al texto el atributo vivencial interrogativo. Las interrogaciones vivenciais son las pistas que conducen al texto de la tesis, realizado por el cartógrafo y psicodramatista Lerinha, dónde lo plan teórico es el de la experiencia de habitar y ser habitado por terceros-en-nosotros. La escritura sistemática és hecha relatando/reavendo las sensaciones creadas por el trabajo psicológico, revelando algunos dispositivos del poder/saber/subjetivación que componen el cuadro complejo de la trama “psico-lógica”, que fabrica sus otros. Dejando al lado los discursos calificativos y prescritores de las Psicologías, el presente estudio discute el alteridad y el devir humano, siguiendo los pasos de autores como Nietzsche, Foucault, Deleuze, Guattari y Heidegger, entre otros. Las conclusiones son por la emergencia de un hacer nómade, que no habita una forma o un lugar, pero eso se hace en el reinvenção incesante, una estrategia de la búsqueda para una ética del alteridad que crea y recrea continuamente el psico-lógico. La reinvenção incesante o la autoprodução permanentes se establecerían por la conexión de espacios de escucha, dando la bienvenida a el estranhamento e intentando, con felicidad, la diferenciación. El presente estudio se afirma por la defensa de un espacio que acepta y propone la Psicología como el lugar creativo, capaz de desbloquear la máquina de guerra en las instituciones de educación o de salud contra lo prejuicio, la segregación y las clasificaciones identitárias, atreviéndose en la invención del entornos, de sí mismo y de mundos.

Mat och hälsa är av stor betydelse för barns utveckling. I Sverige idag lider vart femte barn av övervikt. Flera undersökningar visar på att svenska barns kostvanor har förändrats. Barn äter idag felaktigt, för lite grönsaker, för mycket sött och rör sig alldeles för lite. Syftet med denna uppsats är lyfta fram vikten av att barn får en hälsosam start i livet, särskilt avseende matvanor. Syftet är vidare att diskutera skolans och föräldrarnas ansvar i detta. I mitt föreliggande arbete har jag undersökt hur ansvarsfördelning och samarbetet, som gäller mellan föräldrar och skola vad avser barns matvanor, sett ut på en skola i Malmö. Föräldrar, skolledning och skolkökspersonal har blivit intervjuade. Vidare har jag satt samarbete i fokus och resultat visar bland annat att de intervjuade föräldrarna anser att det stora ansvaret för deras barns matvanor och hälsa ligger på föräldrarna själva.. Föräldrar ansåg dock att skolans betydelse för maten och hälsan är stor. Resultat från föräldrarna visar också att tidsbrist var den största faktorn för barns idag osundare liv. Brister i kommunikation och samarbetet mellan föräldrar och skola är ett faktum. Ingen av föräldrarna hade något intryck att skolan arbetade för att främja betydelsen av mat och hälsa. Varje part kämpar vidare med sina problem, utan att ta hjälp av övriga, vilket är mycket otillfredsställande.

Syftet med vår studie är att se vilket pedagogiskt syfte barnböcker kan ha på en förskola i jämställdhetsarbetet. För att konkretisera syftet formulerade vi följande arbetsfrågor: Hur ser pedagoger med olika roller i förskoleverksamheten på jämställdhetsfrågor, knutna till förskolan? Hur kan barnböcker i förskoleverksamheten användas för att främja jämställdhets? Hur kan pedagoger jobba vidare med böcker? Vi har i vår studie en sociokulturell ansats, det innebär att vi utgår från att barnets lärande sker i samspel med andra och i relation till sin omgivning. Vi valde en kvalitativ metod för att kunna gå in på djupet av tre personers erfarenheter och tankar från förskolans verksamhet. Vi har kommit fram till att pedagogernas roll och deras förhållningssätt är mycket centralt i hur jämställdhetsarbetet utformas i förskolans verksamhet och med hjälp av böcker kan konkreta upplevelser erbjudas och fånga barnens intresse och uppmärksamhet.

Syftet med denna C-uppsats är att synliggöra hinder och möjligheter för att inom ämnet idrott och hälsa implementera hjärt-lungräddning samt belysa och problematisera kring en eventuell framskrivning av hjärt-lungräddningsbegreppet, HLR, i kursplanens uppnåendemål i år nio. Uppsatsen baseras på en kvalitativ intervjustudie genomförd i Stockholm hösten 2006. Våra intervjupersoner har alla anknytning till skolämnet idrott och hälsa och de är aktörer på tre olika nivåer i skolvärlden. Skolverket representerar formuleringsarenan, lärarutbildarna representerar transformeringsarenan och idrottslärarna representerar realiseringsarenan. De har alla fått resonera kring målet om livräddande första hjälp och dess betydelse, legitimitet och uppnåbarhet, vilka intentioner som kan tänkas ligga bakom målformuleringen och vad som kan tala för respektive emot att även inkludera HLR-begreppet. Vi har sett både hinder och möjligheter för HLR i idrottsundervisningen. Faktorer som tid, ekonomi och lärarattityder spelar in. Dessa ger oftast sken av att utgöra hinder för livräddningsundervisningen, men egentligen skulle det inte behöva vara så. Tid finns om man bara vill då dagens öppna kursplan tillåter lärarna att själva disponera den. Okunskap verkar till viss del ligga bakom argumentet om ekonomi – strukturerat och genomtänkt behöver inte momentet bli så kostsamt. I slutänden verkar det som om lärarattityden är det avgörande för vad som kommer med i undervisningen – prioriteras inte ett moment så blir det inte någonting som eleverna får kunskaper i, utan endast ”ett hum om”. På frågan huruvida HLR bör skrivas in i målets formulering eller inte finns det inget enkelt svar, men kanske skulle en framskrivning trots allt resultera i bättre förutsättningar för livräddningsundervisningen och en större kunskap hos skolelever i hur de kan hjälpa en människa i nöd.

Life-saving and BLS in Physical ecucation

Arbetet ämnar undersöka vilken effekt på spelupplevelsen ett transient kontra permanent mål har i ett spel med permadeath, samt hur spelaren reagerar på mekaniken när spelets förutsättningar förändras. Arbetet utgår ifrån hypotesen att ett spel som presenteras med ett transient mål är mer passande för permadeath och gör döden mer acceptabelt för spelaren. Arbetet går först igenom en introduktion av permadeath som spelmekanik, vad förlust i spelsammanhang innebär, samt de två mål-variationerna, följt av arbetets frågeställning och hur denna ska utmätas. För detta arbete har ett spel med permdeath skapats i två variationer, en presenterad med ett permanent mål och en med ett transient mål. Testen utfördes sedan genom två grupper, vars spelupplevelse mättes genom en enkätundersökning. Resultatet från denna undersökning visade att det inte fanns någon märkbar skillnad mellan spelversionerna och deras mål, vilket berodde till stor del på hur testspelen i sig var designade. Resultatet visar dock andra intressanta aspekter av permdeath, så som vilka effekter andra mekaniker i speldesignen kan ha på permadeath och områden som måste tas hänsyn till om det ska vara meningsfullt att påstå att ett spel innehåller permadeath.

Denna uppsats undersöker Uppsala kommuns arbete med blandning av upplåtelseformer vid nyproduktion av bostäder. Flera metoder används i studien: en kvalitativ textanalys av policydokument, en intervju med en tjänsteman samt en kvantitativ metod som ligger till grund för deskriptiva kartor över upplåtelseblandningen i Uppsala centralort. Resultaten visar på att upplåtelseblandning är en aktiv policy i Uppsala kommun, tongivande motiveringar för blandningen är social sammanhållning och hållbarhet. Det finns mål för att minst 30 procent av nyproduktion samt 37 procent av bostadsbeståndet i kommunen ska utgöras av hyresrätter. Kommunens medel för upplåtelseblandning är främst prisdifferentiering vid markanvisning. Hos tjänstemän finns en viss tveksamhet mot upplåtelseblandning som ett mål, då det snarare anses vara ett medel för social blandning och mer jämlik bostadsmarknad än ett mål i sig. Studien kommer även fram till att förändringar av andelen upplåtelseformer i olika delar av Uppsala centralort och kringliggande områden lett till både ökad blandning och homogenisering. Nyproduktion kan sägas vara en av de bakomliggande orsakerna till förändringarna, men även ombildning av upplåtelseformer kan antas vara orsaken till förändrad blandningsgrad.

Denna rapport är ett examensarbete som utförts vid Institutionen för datavetenskap vid Högskolan i Skövde.

Examensarbetet behandlar transportlogistik och samordning av företag i allmänhet, samt ett transportsamordningsprojekt i Falköping.

Denna rapport syftar till att utgöra en form av rekommendation för en sådan transportsamverkan.

Rapporten inleds med en bakgrundsbeskrivning där jag redovisar varför och hur transportsamordningsprojektet i Falköping startade samt vilka fördelar en fungerande transportsamverkan kan ge.

I introduktionen gör jag en historisk tillbakablick över transportlogistikens utveckling samt beskriver de fyra transportkomponenterna; väg, terminal, godsbärare och drivmedel. Här behandlar jag även organisationsteoretiska faktorer som kan inverka vid en samordning av företag.

Rapporten innehåller också en detaljerad problembeskrivning där jag avgränsar problemet samt ger två perspektiv ur vilka problemen kan granskas. Dessutom anger jag ett antal problemställningar som jag anser vara intressanta och motiverar varför jag ser dem som intressanta.

Vidare redovisar jag mitt tillvägagångssätt vid genomförandet av en intervjuundersökning, analyserar den insamlade informationen samt drar slutsatser med utgångspunkt från denna analys samt reflekterar över hur det projekt jag studerat varit organiserat och hur det har utvecklats.

I rapportens sista kapitel försöker jag, med utgångspunkt från de erfarenheter jag skaffat mig under arbetets gång, att ge ett antal rekommendationer gällande transportsamordning och projekt liknande det i Falköping.

Ericastiftelsen bedriver forskning om psykodynamisk barnpsykoterapi. En pågående studie är Målprojektet där olika aspekter av målformuleringar analyseras. Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka målformuleringarnas innehåll samt att belysa fem barnpsykoterapeuters upplevelser av att arbeta med mål i ärenden under psykoterapeututbildningen. Metoden var kvalitativ och bestod av en del där målen kategoriserades och en annan del där intervjumaterialet bearbetades. Barnpsykoterapeuternas målformuleringar delades in i tre kategorier med emotionellt fokus, problemfokus och socialt fokus. Föräldrarnas formuleringar involverade även föräldrarollen, familjen och syften med behandlingen. Föräldraterapeuterna hade också fokus på föräldrarollen men även på parrelationen och individen. Barnpsykoterapeuterna upplevde arbetet med målformuleringarna positivt med få nackdelar. De såg möjligheter med detta arbete. Målen ställdes utifrån olika perspektiv och var både abstrakta och konkreta. Sammanfattningsvis kan sägas att den psykodynamiska psykoterapins komplexitet gestaltade sig i målformuleringarna. Målformuleringarna ser därför ut att kunna bidra till att konkretisera den psykodynamiska processen.

Diseñador Industrial
No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo
Dentro del contexto de la cultura en Santiago de Chile, el área de intervención tiene que ver con el mundo del espectáculo y sus métodos de difusión. En especial, con el festival Santiago a Mil que cada año, desde 1993 en el mes de Enero, celebra y promueve la cultura a través de las artes escénicas. Es un acontecimiento único en Santiago y desde hace algún tiempo se ha ido ramificando hacia otras regiones de Chile. La potencialización de la difusión del festival Santiago a Mil en Chile es una tarea clave para lograr que las personas se motiven a participar de la cultura. Esto constituye una prioridad para las políticas culturales, para quienes realizan este festival y sobre todo para nuestra sociedad. El interés de los chilenos por la cultura es grande. Los eventos gratuitos siempre están repletos, lo que demuestra que hay público. Existe un esfuerzo por difundir el festival Santiago a Mil entre todas las personas que habitan la ciudad y más que eso, el hecho de hacerlas sentir parte de algo que les pertenece. Se diseñan estrategias de marketing y se busca darlo a conocer a través de los medios de comunicación, lo que es una buena forma de publicitar el festival. El problema es que esto no es suficiente, pues las medidas tomadas hasta ahora para difundir y promocionar no bastan para lograr que las personas realmente se den la oportunidad de emocionarse y se sientan estimuladas a hacerse parte de la escena cultural propuesta por Santiago a Mil. Esto no sucede porque, aunque existe la intención, el reto propuesto aun no se encuentra bien implementado. El proyecto tiene como fin la generación de experiencias sensoriales en el espacio público a través de intervenciones tridimensionales. Este constructo lúdico está pensado para servir como herramienta de apoyo en la promoción del festival Santiago a Mil en las calles de la capital, donde se espera aparezcan nuevas instancias de experimentación sensitiva y perceptual según la curiosidad del usuario.

ITC/USA 2011 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Seventh Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2011 / Bally's Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada
Describing data formats has gone a long way in providing a common thread for moving test programs from one test range to another without incurring massive code rewrites. The introduction of the IRIG 106-93 standard provided the Telemetry Attributes Transfer Standard (TMATS) to achieve interoperability between the test article and ground processing system. The integrated Network Enhanced Telemetry (iNET) Metadata Description Language (MDL) extends the concept to include descriptions of the equipment configuration and setup. This MDL declarative language is both vendor neutral and vendor customizable (where needed) and extends interoperability down to the individual components of the instrumentation system. This paper describes the current state of MDL and its use across intended vendor lines.

Évoquer les paradoxes du Mal en littérature revient à travailler sur les paradoxes d'une littérature qui, du Moyen-Âge à nos jours, a voulu renverser la définition que la doxa propose du Mal pour enfin l'accepter, leMal étant défini comme le "pire" après s'être presque confondu avec son contraire, le Bien. Trois bouleversements semblent structurer l'approche littéraire du Mal, l'un aurait lieu dès le 16ème siècle, dès lors que les écrivains rient de ce qui effrayait leurs ancêtres - le péché - l'autre paraît au 19ème siècle alors que le Mal fascine par sa beauté. Enfin, tout en signant la mort de Dieu, la littérature revient à une vision terrifiante du Mal, se réconciliant avec la doxa et interrogeant notre responsabilité. Répercutant ou précédant les trouvailles des autres sciences humaines, la littérature décrit le Mal en interrogeant ses origines, sa paradoxale justification et ses acteurs qui quittent 20ème et 21ème siècles l'univers des monstres pour celui des hommes effroyablement ordinaires.

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Mil e uma Orlans é uma tese que apresenta e discute as produções da artista, performer e criadora da Carnal Art, juntamente com o período que sensibilizou inúmeras noções de representação. Os trabalhos de Orlan vão da mudança de nome, de fisionomia e utilização de composições fotográficas à biotecnologia. Essa plurissemia, mixada, transvalora ícones artísticos e existenciais, ao mesmo tempo em que movimenta o uso de várias tecnologias. Eis a recente herança pós-moderna: a de promover potentes invenções desnaturalizantes, a partir dos rearranjos estético-éticos, propostos desde o grande turning point comportamental dos anos 1960, quando Orlan e outros questionadores rebeldes vieram a público produzir curtos-circuitos nas compreensões sobre o corpo, o gênero, a subjetividade e a arte contemporânea. A tese propõe demonstrar o contexto da artista, situar a época em que iniciou seus trabalhos e apontar algumas diferenças entre as suas criações e as de seus congêneres, artistas que, igualmente, foram tocados pelas transformações sensibilizadoras de um período, que ecoa até os nossos dias.
Salvador

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención: Producción Animal
En Comunidades Agrícolas de la Región de Coquimbo, ante la escasez de forraje herbáceo, especialmente en años secos, existe una práctica de manejo que consiste en quebrar las ramas de los espinos dañando, en muchos casos, su recuperación y éstas son entregadas al ganado caprino para satisfacer las demandas de alimento. Con el fin de que este recurso se mantenga y se recupere de las distintas intervenciones realizadas por los habitantes de la Región de Coquimbo, en la zona semiárida se realizó este trabajo en que se mostraron los efectos de intensidades de corte en el rebrote de Acacia caven (Mol.) Mol., cortes a intensidades altas, medias y bajas, y sin intervención, de las cuales se midió y estimó la presencia de rebrote, el número de rebrotes, peso seco del material consumible, longitud del rebrote y curvas de crecimiento del rebrote. Este estudio se realizó en Rinconada de Maipú, específicamente en el sector de secano, en la comuna de Maipú, Región Metropolitana, con una duración de siete meses, comenzando en agosto de 2006 y terminando en marzo de 2007. Para esto se utilizaron 32 espinos de características más o menos similares. De los resultados obtenidos se observó. en los espinos intervenidos, una gran capacidad de rebrotar, ya que después de tres meses de realizado el corte todos presentaron rebrote. En los espinos intervenidos a intensidades baja y media de corte se observó el mayor número de rebrotes y el mayor peso seco del material consumible al final del período de recuperación. El efecto de las intensidades de corte en la longitud del rebrote no fue significativo. Sin embargo, en los ejemplares sin intervención, se observó una menor longitud en comparación a los ejemplares intervenidos. Las curvas de crecimiento de los ejemplares intervenidos se ajustan claramente a una curva de crecimiento típico, la del ejemplar no intervenido es más bien recta, ya que su velocidad de crecimiento es más constante. La mayor velocidad de crecimiento del rebrote fue encontrada en el tratamiento de intensidad media de corte. Por lo tanto, es el que se recupera más rápido después de la intervención.
In Agricultural Communities of the Region of Coquimbo, when there is herbaceous forage shortage especially in years droughts, a handling practice exists that, consists of breaking the branches of the espinos, damaging in many cases its recovery and these are given to the goat cattle to satisfy the demands of food. In order that this resource stays and it recovers of the different interventions realised by the inhabitants from the Region of Coquimbo, in the semi-arid zone work was realised in which were the effects of intensities of cuts in the sprout again of Acacia caven (Mol.) Mol., you cut to high, average and low intensities, and without intervention, of which the sprout again presence, the number of sprouts again was moderate and considered, dry weight of the consumable material, length of the sprout again and curves of growth of the sprout again. This study was realized in Rinconada de Maipú, specifically in the sector of dry land, the commune of Maipú, Metropolitan Region, with duration of seven months, beginning in August of the 2006 and finishing in March of the 2007. For this 32 espinos of more or less similar characteristics were used. Of the obtained results; the great capacity was observed in the taken part espinos to sprout again, since after three months of realized the cut all they presented/displayed sprout again. In the espinos taken part to intensities it lowers and average of it cuts was observed the greater number of sprouts again and the greater dry weight of the consumable material at the end of the period of recovery. The effect of the intensities of cuts in the length of the sprout again was not significant. Nevertheless, in the units without intervention, a smaller growth in comparison was observed the taken part units. The curves of growth of the taken part units clearly adjust to a curve of growth, the one of the taken part unit is not rather straight, since its speed of growth is more constant. The greater speed of growth of the sprout again was found in the treatment of average intensity of cuts, therefore he is the one that reclaims more express after the intervention.

Orientador: Hermogenes de Freitas Leitão Filho
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Neste trabalho é apresentado o estudo taxonômico do gênero Maytenus MoI. (Celastraceae), no Brasil extra-amazônico. Para tanto, foram examinados materiais botânicos pertencentes a diversos herbários, acrescidos de algumas observações de campo. O gênero Mavtenus é predominantemente tropical e distingue-se pelos ramos inermes, frutos apsulares, bivalvares e presença de arilo completo em suas sementes. A nivel especifico, as caracteristicas de 'maior significado taxonômico são a morfologia dos ramos novos, como a presença ou ausência de lenticelas, tricomas, alas e angularidade; caracteres foliares; tipo de inflorescência e forma dos frutos. Quarenta e três espécies, agrupadas nas seções Mavtenus e Oxvphvlla Loes., foram reconhecidas, das quais cinco são novas. Além de chaves analíticas, para todos os táxons são fornecidos descrições, ilustrações, listagem do material examinado, mapas de distribuição geográfica e comentários sobre morfologia, nomenclatura, tipificação e relacionamento genérico e infragenérico. Os estados, da Bahia (Chapada Diamantina e região litorânea) e do Rio de Janeiro (mata atlântica) abrigam o maior número de táxons endêmicos. As espécies M. basidentata, M. comocladiaeformis, M. glazioviana e M. radkloferiana
Abstract: This work comprises the taxonomic investigation of the extra-amazonian Brazilian species of the genus Maytenus Mol. (Celastraceae). Botanical material from several herbaria were examined and some field observations were made. The genus Maytenua is mainly tropical and differenciated by its spineless branches, capsular, bivalvular fruits and seeds with a complete aril. At the apecific leveI the most significant the characteristics are the morphology of the young branches such as presence or absence of lenticels, trichomes, wings and angularity; leaf characters; type of inflorescence and shape of the fruits. Forty-three species, grouped in the sections Mavtenus MoI. and Oxyphylla Loes, were acknowledged, five of wich are new. Besides the analytical keys for alI the taxa, descriptions, illustrations, a list of the examined material, geographical distribution and commentaries on morphology, nomenclature, typification and generic and infrageneric relationships are presented. The state of Bahia (Chapada Diamantina and Coastal Region) and Rio de Janeiro (Atlantic Forest) present the highest number of endemic taxa. The species M. basidentata, M. glazioviana, M. comocladiaeformis and M. radkloferiana are included in the category "rare" and probably on the verge of extinction
Doutorado
Biologia Vegetal
Doutor em Ciências Biológicas

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A presente dissertação pretende explorar o conceito de mal, na obra de Paul Ricoeur (1923- 2005). Para isso avaliamos sua obra como um todo, mas com foco em três livros, pois os mesmos destacam os momentos de interpretação, do nosso autor, no que tange sua aproximação do problema do mal. São eles: THE SYMBOLISM OF EVIL, O MAL: UM DESAFIO À FILOSOFIA E À TEOLOGIA, e O SI-MESMO COMO UM OUTRO. Contudo, invertemos a ordem cronológica dos textos para uma abordagem original que prima chegar à maneira de como Paul Ricoeur propõe uma solução ao problema do mal. Desenvolvemos como o autor interpreta que a história da filosofia e a história da teologia desenvolveram o problema do mal, e a partir daí expomos como nosso autor o aborda, isto é na perspectiva de uma pessoa que sofre. Para então verificar como as raízes da interpretação e possível solução são encontradas nos mitos e símbolos do mal, e mais como o homem é falível e frágil em relação ao problema do mal. Para então, enfim, explorar sua pequena ética. Onde acreditamos ser possível concluir o combate ao mal através das instituições justas.
This present thesis will explore the concept of evil, in the work of Paul Ricoeur (1923-2005). To do this we evaluate his work as a whole, but focused on three books, as they highlight moments of interpretation, of our author, regarding their approach to the problem of evil. They are: THE SYMBOLISM OF EVIL, EVIL: A CHALLENGE TO PHILOSOPHY AND THEOLOGY, and THE ONESELF AS ANOTHER. But we inverted the chronological order of the texts to make an original approach that excels as a way to get to Paul Ricoeur proposal of a solution to the problem of evil. We have exposed how, as the author interprets the history of philosophy and history of theology, he developed the problem of evil, and from there too we have exposed how our author addresses it, that is, from the perspective of a person who suffers. To then see how the roots of the interpretation and possible solution, for the problem, are founded in myths and symbols of evil, and more, how man is fallible, and fragile in relation to the problem of evil. By then, finally, exploring his small ethics. Where we believe we can finish with the confrontation against evil through just institutions.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka om det finns några skillnader i hur svenska ekonomistuderande kvinnor och män uppfattar tilldelade mål i en arbetsplatskontext. Studien grundade sig i tidigare observerade skillnader hos kvinnor och män gällande tron på den egna förmågan. Detta då det är en viktig faktor för vilket utfall ett tilldelat mål kommer att generera, vilket därför även bör påverka hur målen uppfattas. Metoden för studiens genomförande var en kvantitativ enkätstudie vilken kompletterades med en mindre kvalitativ intervjustudie. Den kvantitativa resultaten visade på en skillnad i hur kvinnor och män uppfattar mål när belöningen av ett uppfyllt mål enbart tilldelades till den bäst presterande individen. Vidare visade de kvantitativa resultaten inte på några andra signifikanta skillnader. Av de kvalitativa resultaten framgick vissa mönster som tyder på att kvinnor och män uppfattar mål olika. Studiens resultat bör vara av intresse för organisationer som tillämpar mål som styrmedel där rekommendationen är att de bör användas med viss försiktighet för att inte få motsatt effekt. Vidare öppnar studien upp för fortsatt forskning inom ämnet där mål på individnivå utifrån personliga preferenser är ett fortsatt intressant ämne.

Notre travail a consisté à dégager l'ordre rationnel sous-jacent au pêle-mêle dans lequel nous sont livrés les aphorismes de Par-delà bien et mal. Ceci nous a permis de vérifier que le propos exact de Nietzsche, dans ce livre et au-delà dans toute son œuvre, déborde très largement, dans une métaphysique (à propos du mal-misère), et dans une sagesse (à propos du mal-malheur), la morale (à propos du mal-faute) à laquelle, on veut à tort trop souvent le limiter. Ceci nous a donc permis de saisir sa philosophie d'"esprit libre" comme d'abord rejet de la conception traditionnelle d'une humanité malheureuse parce que misérable et méchante, et qui ne peut être heureuse qu'en s'humiliant devant dieu et en lui obéissant. Et ceci nous a permis de saisir sa philosophie comme réciproquement tentative pour élaborer une conception selon laquelle les hommes par-delà de tels biens et de tels maux, moraux, existentiels et métaphysiques - ne seront, selon les termes de l'aphorisme 295 qui sert de conclusion au livre, ni plus ni moins malheureux, mais "plus forts", ni plus ni moins obéissants, mais "plus méchants", ni plus ni moins près de dieu, mais moins misérables, "plus profonds"
This study purposes to expose the rational order underlying the apparent confusion of the aphorisms of Beyond good and evil. This has enabled us to confirm that Nietzsche’s subject, in this book and indeed in all his works, is much broader than morality (concerning evil-fault), to which he is sedulously and erroneously restricted, and encompasses metaphysics (concerning evil-misery) and wisdom (concerning evil-despair). This has allowed us to understand his philosophy of "free spirit" as primarily a rejection of the traditional concept of humanity in torment because of its misery and malice and only able to achieve happiness by casting itself prostrate before god and obeying him. It therefore follows that Nietzsche’s philosophy is an attempt to elaborate the idea that mankind - beyond such good and such evil, moral, existential and metaphysical - will, according to aphorism 295 which serves as a conclusion to the book, be neither happier nor unhappier but "stronger", neither more submissive nor less submissive but "more malicious", neither nearer to god nor farther away from god but less miserable, "more profound"

Parce qu'il est un art, le cinéma a partie liée avec le mal. Mieux, le mal est un principe énergétique du récit cinématographique. Pour soutenir cette hypothèse, on examine certains des principes qui mettent cette dynamique en mouvement puis on inverse l'axe et on s'intéresse à ce que certains cinéastes ont besoin d'établir comme mauvais objet pour alimenter leurs films. Ici sont étudiées certaines des œuvres de Chaplin et Kubrick qui ont vu dans le texte leur adversaire privilégié.

Mal-dite, mal-entendue, la Choah fut d'abord, pour ceux sur qui elle s'est abattue, une horreur indicible. Définissable en termes de traumatisme paradigmatique (à l'origine du questionnement sur la notion de crime contre l'humanité), sorte de « hove » massif et sans précédent, (terme hébreu mettant l'accent sur la mise en suspens du temps dans une sorte de présent figé, ce qu'est tout événement catastrophique) le judéocide peut-il, et comment, s'intégrer dans les mémoires familiales juives et non peser de tout son poids de morts innombrables, au deuil non perlaborable répercutant ses séquelles de générations en générations ? La réponse, en forme de pari, constitue le postulat fondateur de cette recherche : il est possible, aux porteurs de l'identité blessée, de se dégager des séquelles de la rencontre avec le mal. A l'écoute des récits de vie-témoignages des personnes directement touchées et des récits de leurs enfants et petits-enfants de fait témoins de témoins, ainsi qu'à l'appui de toute la création littéraire (particulièrement abondante sur la Choah), le chercheur s'est voulu participant à ce qui peut être perçu et analysé comme un vaste processus de transformation-transmission d'une réalité mortifère en expérience vécue, obligeant chacun à s'affronter de manière personnelle, et innovatrice, à la question du sens. Ce processus, loin d'être linéaire, s'apparente quelque peu à une aventure labyrinthique où l'individu cherche son propre axe existentiel à travers toute une série d'étapes auxquelles contribue l'ensemble des forces collectives. En effet, simultanément et de manière dialectique, s'opère le travail du temps (la possibilité, pour les nouvelles générations d'oser questionner les témoins directs, parents et grands-parents) et s'activent les forces collectives : recherches des historiens, permettant de vérifier comment l'incroyable s'est réellement produit, jugements des assassins, commémorations et rites de deuil collectif, reconstitution de la judaïcité en Europe occidentale ; sans oublier les nouveaux événements, et d'abord la création de l'Etat d'Israël, dont la succession temporelle, après la Choah, ne laisse pas d'être ambigüe. Se dégager des séquelles de la rencontre du mal fait à l'homme par l'homme ne se révèle en fait possible que de manière hautement paradoxale : en s'engageant. C’est en s'interrogeant sur sa place dans l'histoire familiale…
Wrongly told, wrongly heard, the holocaust (Shoah) was, first and foremost, for those were caught in it, unspeakable horror. While definable in terms of paradigmatic trauma (in which the questionning on the notion of crim against humanity finds its origin), a kind of massive and unprecedented hove (a hebrew word which stresses the suspension, in a kind of congealed present, of all that constitutes a catastrophic event), can the mass murder of jews be integrated in jewish family memories, and how? Or will it weigh with the burden of the innumerable deaths, the mourning for which cannot be perlaborated, and carry its after-affects through the succession of generations? The answer is the founding postulate of this study: it is possible, for those who carry the wounded identity, to free themselves from the consequences of the encounter with evil. Having listened to the life stories-testimonies of individuals who were directly involved, and to the stories of their children and grand-children- witnesses of witnesses - and with the support of the profuse lieracy creation which the Shoah has generated, the author of this study wants to be participant in what can be perceived and analyzed as a vast process of transformation-transmission of a death-carrying reality into living experience, that forces every one to confront the question of meaning in a personnal and novel way. This process, far from being linear, is to be somehow compared to a labyrinthine experience, wherein the individual searches for his or her existencial axis, through a series of steps to which the totality of collective forces contribute. Indeed, simultaneously and in a dialectic manner, the work of time (the possibility for new generations to dare ask questions to the direct witnesses, either parents or grands-parents) operate, and the collective forces get activated: historical research, which verifies how the incredible actually happened, trial of the murderers, commemorations and collective mourning, reconstruction of jewish communities in western europe, not to speak of recent events and first of all creation of the state israel, the emergence of which is by no way unambiguous. To free oneself of the aftermath of the encounter with the wrong perpetrated by man on human beings is in fact possible only in a highly paradoxical manner: through personal involvement. It is by confronting the quest…

Abstract

Student democracy as an objective and as a means

Essay in Political Science, D-level

Author: Erik Lisshammar

Tutor: Susan Marton

Despite attitudes towards student democracy being generally positive, students have almost no influence over their position. This implementation study looks into whether or not students’ weak position of power results from something other than a democratising of schools taking priority when student influence is encouraged.

With an aim of explaining what is hoped to be achieved and if these intentions are to be spread, the purpose is to investigate to what extent standards concerning student democracy are transferred between institutions. In order to find out, the question is posed of whether their aims for student democracy conform. This overriding question is coupled together with the following four defining research questions:

1. Why does the government seek student democracy/influence?

2. Why does parliament seek student democracy/influence?

3. Why does the National Agency for Education seek student democracy/influence?

4. Why does the high school board for Karlstad and Hammarö seek student democracy/influence?

To answer all these questions, the theory of sociological institutionalisation is put into operation. It is then applied to documents that illustrate the institutions’ incentives and relations to one another. When the contents of the texts are analysed it is clear that all parties really want to increase student democracy/influence. Furthermore, all the institutions have an aim to improve students’ democratic power in society together with perceptions and behaviour in public life. The government and parliament are alone in striving after an improvement in students’ learning and making use of their competence, so the answer to the overriding question is actually no. Similarly, the National Agency for Education is also alone in its ambition to improve students’ knowledge as is the high school board in wanting to increase the freedom of choice for those concerned.

These differences, as well as the similarities, have a clear connection with the inter-institutional exchanges. Differing objectives are caused by an unsuccessful transfer of standards, whilst identical standards arise as a consequence of successful transfers.

Ekonomins globalisering, informationsrevolutionen och de stora ideologiernas sammanbrott har lett till förändrade förutsättningar för många företag. Ökad professionalisering har för vissa företag blivit nödvändigt för att kunna vara konkurrenskraftiga. Detta har inneburit ett ökad kunskapsbehov för företag, viket lett till att en ny typ av organisationer vuxit fram. Dessa organisationer, som har ett antal gemensamma karakteristika såsom flexibel struktur, få nivåer i hierarkin, hög kunskapsnivå och relativt nystartade, benämns exempelvis adhocratier, organiska organisationer eller kunskapsintensiva organisationer. Ofta är de relativt små och återfinns i konsultbranschen.

Forskningen på hur den här typen av företag fungerar har hittills varit begränsad. Föreliggande studie söker därför till viss del råda bot på detta. Studien har undersökt vilken typ av mål den här typen av företag har och hur strategiformuleringsprocessen ser ut i den här typen av företag. En betydande fundering som genomsyrar arbetet är om dessa företag utnyttjar sina anställdas kompetens.

För att studera fenomenet empiriskt har ett företag av den här typen valts ut och ett antal intervjuer har genomförts. De resultat som framkommit pekar på att de mål det undersökta företaget har är av mer långsiktig karaktär och mer kan liknas vid vision än mätbara nyckeltal. Ett undantag vad gäller långsiktiga mål är överlevnad, vilket man dock snarare betraktar som en förutsättning än som ett konkret mål.

Med överlevnad som första prioritet blir strategin inga konkreta riktlinjer, utan snarare en rad övergripande idéer gällande den verksamhet man bedriver och bör mer liknas vid improvisation inom vissa ramverk. Dessa ramverk utgörs i det undersökta företaget delvis av de lagar som reglerar verksamheten (journallag, patientlag etc.), men framför allt de gemensamma föreställningar (kognitiva kartor) de anställda delar. Således får även strategin en mer långsiktig prägel, där ständigt lärande och utveckling sätts i fokus för verksamheten. Utifrån detta perspektiv bör strategi i det undersökta företaget ses som en kontinuerlig process snarare än en tydligt formulerad plan.

Försvarsmakten skall, enligt ett ÖB beslut 2001-01-17, låta högskolelag och högskoleförordningligga till grund för den fortsatta utvecklingen av Försvarsmaktens skolsystem. Jag har undersökthur denna akademiseringsprocess, eller högskoleanpassning, uppfattas idag inomFörsvarsmakten. Jag har också undersökt vilken kunskap som idag finns i Försvarsmakten kringvad akademisk utbildning de facto innebär. Denna uppsats är en kvalitativ undersökning, där detövervägande inslaget är en intervjuundersökning i vilken jag har genomfört djupintervjuer medrepresentanter för olika nivåer inom Försvarsmakten. För att bl.a. belysa bakgrund och göra eninternationell jämförelse har jag kompletterat mina primärdata med sekundärdata. I min uppsatshar jag tre frågeställningar; Hur förhåller sig de olika intressenterna till högskoleanpassningenoch hur motiverar de sitt ställningstagande? Har de olika intressenterna samma uppfattning omvad högskoleanpassad utbildning innebär? Hur upplever de olika intressenterna att FM harhanterat frågan om vetenskaplig grund och beprövad erfarenhet inom FM före ÖB beslut 2001?Jag har i min uppsats funnit att det finns en övervägande positiv attityd till akademiseringen.Det har framkommit några farhågor angående högskoleanpassningen som är generella för fleraav de undersökta grupperna. Det finns en osäkerhet angående hur ÖB beslutet skallimplementeras i Försvarsmakten. Det finns en utbredd uppfattning om att Försvarsmakten varnärmare en akademisk metod före kalla kriget men att detta har gått förlorat under den statiskakalla kriget eran.
According to a decision taken by the supreme commander of the Swedisharmed forces 17 Jan 2001 all future education of personnel shall be subjectedto the rules and regulations lined out by the National Agency for HigherEducation in Sweden. I have tried to find out the level of knowledge regardingacademic methods of education in the Swedish armed forces today. I have alsotried to form a overall picture of how the decision by the supreme commanderhas been received in the force. My essay is a qualitative examination with themain focus on an inquiry where I have conducted in-depth interviews withpersonnel from different levels of the force. In addition to my primary data Ihave supplemented secondary data mainly to create background andinternational comparison. In my essay I have three main questions; how do theparticipants (in the inquiry) position themselves in regards of the trend towardsacademic education, and how do they state reasons for their position? Have allthe participants the same comprehension regarding what academic educationactually implies? From an historical perspective how do the participantsexperience the forces handling of matters like theory of sciences and researchbefore the supreme commander decision 17 Jan 2001? I have in my essay cometo the conclusion that the general comprehension of academic education is inits favour. However positive the attitude there is some matters of concern thatis shared by many of the respondents. There is an widespread uncertaintyconcerning the implementation of academic education. There is also a generalimpression amongst the respondents that we in Sweden were a lot moreacademic in our perspectives before the cold war.
Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 02-04

Today´s industry is driven into development by an increasingly difficult situation of competition that gives less room for miscalculations in the production. One of the most important factors in maintaining your competitiveness is your ability to quickly and efficiently adopt new methods of manufacturing. With the help of new manufacturing methods, the company can improve product design, add new value creating features, and get a faster and more flexible production. However, problems arose with the grading of new manufacturing methods, in order to understand their matureness and if they are ready to be taken into production. This paper aims to investigate the possibility of a rating scale for manufacturing methods and then test this scale on a case study at Volvo CE, Eskilstuna, regarding their introduction of the method Power Skiving in their gear manufacturing. Through studying secondary data regarding already applicable methods for rating of the maturity of technologies and products that are to be introduced into production. Furthermore, have articles regarding proposed methods of rating the maturity of manufacturing methods been revised in order to get an insight into the current situation of rating manufacturing methods and to see what in specific could be of usefulness in rating manufacturing technologies. Beyond secondary data interviews have been conducted with the division of production development at Volvo CE Eskilstuna and with the Director Global Manufacturing Technology at Volvo CE. With the goal of gaining information regarding what they consider crucial in rating manufacturing methods and what is of importance in order to make this rating scale useful in the everyday work. Visits have been made in the production of slewing rings at Volvo CE in order to be able to gather data for the case study regarding the possible introduction of Power Skiving in Volvo CE´s gear manufacturing. The Authors have been able to construct certain criteria that aim to support todays rating matric of introduction of new products in order for it to also work for rating the readiness of new manufacturing methods. Today rating scales for manufacturing methods aren’t widely accepted, the authors, however, assume that it will gain acceptance and there will be more research regarding this subject. Further studies regarding documentation of the ratings and how this rating could be further integrated into daily operation at a company is recommended.

Orientador: Marcos Lutz Muller
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: A tese examina a doutrina do mal radical em Kant. Nas duas primeiras partes, é feita uma reconstrução do argumento de kantiano, tal como desenvolvido na primeira parte da Religião nos Limites da Simples Razão.Também são discutidas as teses da Religião tendo em vista sua consistência com os conceitos fundamentais da filosofia moral apresentada nas obras Fundamentação da Metafisica dos Costumes e Critica da Razão Prática. Na terceira parte, argumenta-se a favor de uma leitura segundo a qual o mal radical deve figurar ao lado do conceito de dever em termos de dignidade conceitual dentro da filosofia prática de Kant. Criticam-se assim as leituras teológicas e antropológicas acerca do lugar e do papel da teoria kantiana do mal moral
Abstract: Not informed.
Doutorado
Doutor em Filosofia

Dissertação de Mestrado em Segurança Alimentar
A produção de mel em Portugal tem sido, geralmente, encarada como uma actividade de lazer, ainda que ultimamente tenham aparecido apicultores que se dedicam de forma profissional à apicultura possuindo já um número elevado de colmeias. A instalação que se vem verificando de uma situação do colapso das abelhas (desaparecimento das abelhas da colmeia) e a ameaça que poderá representar para a agricultura no que respeita à polinização, constituem uma preocupação a nível mundial. A preocupação dos consumidores no que respeita à segurança alimentar, particularmente relacionada com a presença quer de contaminantes químicos como microbiológicos esteve na base do desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Foi desenvolvido um processo de extracção para permitir que a Cromatografia de Camada Fina fosse usada como metodologia de rastreio de pesticidas no mel. Deveria ter sido possível detectar Amitraz ao nível de 0,2 μg/g (LMR 200 μg/kg), Cumafos 0,1 μg/g (LMR 100 μg/kg), Lindano e Metiocarbe 0,00001 μg/g (LMR 0,01 μg/kg) e então confirmar com uma técnica quantitativa. Mas o limite de detecção atingido não se conseguiu aproximar dos valores do Limite Máximo de Resíduo (LMR), sendo necessário prosseguir esta linha de investigação. Caracterizou-se a oferta de mel, enunciando que tipos de méis estão à disposição do consumidor no mercado da região de Lisboa. Analisou-se a rotulagem das embalagens de mel, com a finalidade de observar se a informação fornecida ao consumidor cumpria os requisitos legais. Do conjunto 27% das embalagens apresentaram-se como não conformes. O procedimento de extracção desenvolvido foi aplicado em 23 amostras de mel adquiridas no mercado da região de Lisboa. Procedeu-se também à análise microbiológica das mesmas amostras. Os contaminantes químicos pesquisados foram o lindano, cumafos, metiocarbe sulfóxido e amitraz, pois são utilizados pelos apicultores ou persistem no ambiente e têm sido detectados no mel. Detectou-se pesticidas em 5 das 23 amostras. Em relação aos contaminantes microbiológicos foi pesquisada a presença de Salmonella e de esporos de clostrídeos sulfito-redutores e efectuou-se a contagem de bolores e leveduras. Não foram detectados quaisquer dos microrganismos analisados em nenhuma das amostras de mel. Conclui-se que as amostras de mel analisadas apresentaram, uma elevada qualidade microbiológica.
ABSTRACT - Honey production in Portugal has been, usually, faced as a leisure activity, although lately there have appeared beekeepers that are devoted from a professional way to the beekeeping, already possessing a high number of beehives. The installation of a situation of the collapse of the bees (disappearance of the bees of the beehive) and the threat that can act for the agriculture in what respects to the pollination constitute a concern at world level. The consumers' concern in what respects to the alimentary safety, particularly related with the presence of chemical pollutants as microbiologic was in the base of the development of this work. A process for the extraction of pesticides from honey matrix to be used in Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) was developed. This work aimed at detecting the following levels of contaminants: Amitraz at the level of 0.2 μg/g (LMR 200 μg/kg), Cumafos 0.1 μg/g (LMR 100 μg/kg), Lindano and Metiocarbe 0.00001 μg/g (LMR 0.01 μg/kg) and then to confirm with a quantitative method. The expected detection limits could not be achieved with the developed technique, requiring further research. The honey offer was characterized, enunciating that types of honeys are to the consumer's disposition in the market of the area of Lisbon. The labeling of the honey was analyzed, with the purpose of observing the information supplied the consumer accomplished the legal requirements. Of the group 27% of the labeling they came as you don't conform. The procedure of developed extraction and microbiological analysis was applied in 23 honey samples purchased in the market of the area of Lisbon. The researched chemical pollutants were the lindane, coumaphos, methiocarb sulfoxide and amitraz, because they are used by the beekeepers or they persist in the atmosphere and they have been detected in the honey. It was detected pesticides in 5 of the 23 samples. In relation to the microbiologic pollutants the presence of Salmonella was researched and of Clostridium spores and counting of moulds and yeasts. Any of the microorganisms were not detected analyzed in none of the honey samples. We conclude that the honey samples analyzed presented had a high microbiologic quality.

Un acercamiento a uno de los megaproyectos que se encuentra actualmente enejecución. Un nuevo edificio se vuelve a alzar como el más grande del mundo,pero esta vez sobrepasando la barrera de los mil metros. ¿Cómo está diseñado?,¿Cuál es su proceso constructivo?, ¿Qué retos enfrenta?, ¿Quiénes son losinvolucrados?, son algunas de las interrogantes que este artículo abarca.

En el presente artículo el autor plantea, de una forma lúcida y sencilla, cuáles son los criterios que deberán ser considerados para resolver la mencionada discusión académica. Asimismo, y a manera de introducción, nos brinda una breve pero sólida explicación sobre los elementos característicos de la representación y la estructura de la persona jurídica.

Mal endémique enraciné dans les sociétés, quel que soit leur degré d'évolution, la corruption instaure ses propres règles, en marge des lois. Elle s'infiltre dans tous les secteurs d'activité de la société, au sein des partis politiques, des administrations ; elle met en danger les règles démocratiques et fragilise les Etats en permettant au crime organisé de gangrener tous les rouages de la vie économique et politique à l'échelon international. Or, face à cette menace, les gouvernements, la police et la justice ne sont pas à la hauteur de leur adversaire. Cette thèse a pour but de faire un état des lieux de la corruption en développant tous ces aspects, en évoquant le rôle de la corruption dans l'histoire, son étendue dans différents pays et en approfondissant les mécanismes sur lesquels elle repose. Cette thèse comporte trois parties : les contours de la corruption (Partie I), ses mécanismes (Partie II) et les moyens engagés ainsi que les solutions envisagées pour lutter contre elle (Partie III).

Cette étude se propose de redécouvrir l'auteur injustement mésestimé qu'est Petrus Borel. Jeune France, acteur avec Gautier de la bataille d'Hernani, appartenant avec lui au petit cénacle, il est l'un de ces jeunes créateurs fougueux de la première moitié du XIXème siècle qui vécurent l'art comme une lutte au jour le jour. Principalement connu pour avoir écrit Rhapsodies, Contes immoraux et Madame Putiphar, ce « petit romantique » a été un peu facilement relégué au rang d'auteur mineur parmi d'autres, au sein du mouvement frénétique des années 1830. Il n'est pourtant pas uniquement un écrivain du meurtre et de la violence, mais l'instigateur d'une littérature marginale baignant dans la subversion et le pessimisme. Celui qui se dit « détrompeur » substitue à une esthétique et une éthique du bien et du beau la mise en lumière du laid et du mal, tout en se démarquant à la fois de Sade et du romantisme noir. Champavert et son nihilisme, Madame Putiphar et son univers d'enfermement portent indéniablement la même empreinte du désespoir et de la révolte. Son écriture procède à une mise en abyme de la littérature elle-même, a l'instar des ironistes allemands. L'imaginaire est pour Borel le moyen de confier ses hantises, et ne peut créer de barrière entre l'œuvre et l'existence, l'écrivain et l'homme. Qu'il s'agisse de sa vision de la société, de celle de l'histoire et de la réalité, de ses positions métaphysiques, elles convergent toutes vers la même idée : le mal est pour le lycanthrope tout à la fois universel et intérieur.

Elevers delatagande och beteenden under matematiklektioner kan bero på många olika saker. Tidigare forskning säger att det är viktigt att kunna se målen eleverna har för att kunna förklara deras beteenden.Denna undersökning fokuserar på olika outtalade och uttalade sociala mål och huruvida de kommer i konflikt med andra mer prestationsrelaterade mål. Utgångspunkten har därför varit att försöka identifiera dessa mål.Undersökningen består av tio intervjuer med elever och två observationer av matematiklektioner.Resultatet visar att en elev ofta har flera olika mål att uppnå och att dessa lätt hamnar i konflikt med varandra. Det är ofta de sociala målen som tar över och låter prestationsmål komma i andra hand.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Educação. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação
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Esta dissertação tem como tema as indisciplinas e as violências que ganham sentidos e significados na escola. Para fundamentar teoricamente este estudo, busquei diálogos e identificações possíveis com autores que, ao dizerem o mundo, acalentaram minhas inquietações, ao mesmo tempo em que me trouxeram diferentes questionamentos. Entre eles quero destacar: Maturana (2000; 2002; 2002a; 2003; 2004); Sousa (1999; 2002; 2002a; 2002b; 2004; 2006); Restrepo (2001); Rebelo (2002), entre outros. Tomei como problema de pesquisa compreender qual o conteúdo daquilo que os educadores denominam, na escola, como indisciplinas. Problema este gestado no movimento de adentrar ao campo de estudo, a partir de uma escuta sensível, que permitiu que eu vivesse o cotidiano de duas escolas (uma particular e outra pública) e me aproximasse de uma turma da quinta série e outra da sétima série do Ensino Fundamental. Como um Estudo de Caso, a abordagem desta pesquisa está ancorada num recorte etnográfico e qualitativo em que busquei [...] captar algo da experiência das pessoas (FONSECA, 1999:10), numa procura por alteridades, ou seja, por diferentes maneiras de ser-estar no mundo. Tal aproximação evidenciou a importância de estar imersa no campo de pesquisa, o que exigiu de mim uma ação observadora e a participação nos mais variados momentos do cotidiano das Escolas, fazendo-me presente em vários de seus processos, tecendo relações e imprimindo significados que hoje compõem o mosaico textual desta dissertação. Além das falas dos educandos, colher percepções dos professores e especialistas configurou-se como uma necessidade, na medida em que entendo que qualquer aproximação com o tema das indisciplinas não pode prescindir de uma escuta afetuosa dos sujeitos envolvidos com esta problemática. Dezesseis pessoas (das duas Escolas) permitiram este encontro, são elas: oito educandos, quatro professores, uma orientadora educacional, uma psicóloga e duas coordenadoras pedagógicas. O critério para seleção dos quatro educandos de cada uma das Escolas era que dois fossem considerados indisciplinados e dois não-indisciplinados. A pesquisa evidenciou, entre outros aspectos, as relações dissonantes que se criam entre educadores, educandos, equipe pedagógico-administrativa e Escola, pois de um lado temos um educador afoito para vencer os conteúdos programáticos, e, de outro, a Escola cobrando resultados de um programa que é preciso levar a cabo, ainda que mesclados por competições subterrâneas que reservam lugares de derrotas para aqueles cujo planejamento se desfez ao longo do caminhada, mesmo que tenha sido para dar voz aos educandos, seus maiores interlocutores. E nessa corrida desenfreada aparecem os educandos com suas resistências assumidas, rechaçando as insensibilidades que se revelam incapazes de perguntar: Quem é você? De onde você vem? O que você conhece? Quais são os seus interesses? Neste contexto, as indisciplinas foram explicadas como bagunça, falta de atenção, atos de sair da sala de aula sem pedir autorização, conversas excessivas e, também, como interferências que impedem que a relação educador-educando, mediatizada pelo conhecimento, aconteça. Tirar o educando da sala, encaminhá-lo para coordenação, conversar com ele, chamar seus pais, mas também recusar-se a mandá-lo para fora de sala de aula foram algumas das estratégias anunciadas pelos sujeitos da pesquisa como sendo tentativas de cessar as indisciplinas. As famílias também apareceram como responsáveis pelos comportamentos indisciplinados, na medida em que muitos educadores e especialistas acreditam que isto já vem de casa. Algumas estratégias utilizadas para lidar com as indisciplinas também evidenciaram as violências que transitam pelas Escolas. Enquanto os professores denominam as turmas de indisciplinadas, os educandos os chamam de generais. Entremeios de um lugar chamado Escola.