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Trung Ho, Thu Van, Alison Cottrell, Peter Valentine y Simon Woodley. "Perceived barriers to effective multilevel governance of human-natural systems: an analysis of Marine Protected Areas in Vietnam". Journal of Political Ecology 19, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2012): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v19i1.21711.
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This study of multilevel governance in contemporary Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Vietnam used a qualitative methodology to identify the factors that cause fragmentation of governance structures, leading to ineffective management and governance of these MPAs. These factors relate to formal institutions, socio-economic conditions and social capital. The study reveals different barriers to effective governance at different levels. Socio-economic conditions affect the participation of local communities, whereas formal institutional arrangements are major barriers to the collaboration between state-actors across sectors. Mutual trust, communication and reciprocity may nurture and foster participation and collaboration by actors in the multilevel governance of MPAs. The article stresses the importance of social capital in multilevel governance of human-natural systems. It concludes that the existing institutional structure of MPAs may require reforms to achieve more effective governance and to meet the overall goals of the national MPA network.Keywords: environmental governance, institutions, natural resource management, Marine Protected Areas, human-environment systems, Vietnam
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Kleider, Hanna. "Multilevel governance: Identity, political contestation, and policy". British Journal of Politics and International Relations 22, n.º 4 (20 de agosto de 2020): 792–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369148120936148.
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This commentary takes stock of how Multi-level Governance and European Integration has helped scholars frame empirical research agendas. It focuses on three specific research programmes emanating from the book: (1) the role of identity in multi-level governance, (2) political contestation in multi-level systems, and (3) the effect of multi-level governance on policy outcomes. It aims to highlight existing knowledge in these lines of research whilst offering several critical reflections and directions for future research. The commentary argues that the book’s observation that governance structures are ultimately shaped by identities rather than by efficiency considerations has proved almost prophetic given recent backlash against the EU. The book expertly shows that there is an inherent tension in sharing authority across multiple levels of government, and that multi-level systems require constant recalibration and renegotiation of how authority is shared.
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RABE, BARRY G. "Beyond Kyoto: Climate Change Policy in Multilevel Governance Systems". Governance 20, n.º 3 (julio de 2007): 423–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2007.00365.x.
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Sauerwald, Steve, J. (Hans) van Oosterhout, Marc Van Essen y Mike W. Peng. "Proxy Advisors and Shareholder Dissent: A Cross-Country Comparative Study". Journal of Management 44, n.º 8 (5 de diciembre de 2016): 3364–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206316675928.
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Proxy advisors are information intermediaries that enable shareholders to exercise their voting rights. While proxy advisors’ influence is documented in market-based corporate governance systems, we know little about the corporate governance role of proxy advice in relationship-based governance systems. Drawing on agency theory and the comparative corporate governance literature, we theorize that shareholders are sensitive to the costs and benefits of monitoring by considering internal monitoring capabilities. We also theorize that relative to market-based corporate governance systems, proxy advice is both less influential and has lower predictive quality in relationship-based governance systems. We test our multilevel model using 13,497 voting results from 613 firms in 16 Western European countries and generally find support for our predictions.
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Thürmer, Amelie y Elena Meyer-Clement. "Global City Agency and Multilevel Governance in China". Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 28, n.º 1 (8 de marzo de 2022): 80–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02801006.
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Abstract Over the past few decades, cities have become increasingly active in global climate governance. Although most research on city agency has focused on democratic (often Western) cities, the climate-related activities of Chinese cities in global city networks have also expanded, raising the question of whether cities from nondemocratic political systems can be international actors or whether they are merely extensions of their national governments. This article examines how the Chinese Party-state’s institutions and governing instruments shape cities’ global agency and how these structures impact the work of various city networks operating in China. To this end, it analyzes policy reports, documents, and original interview data collected from city network representatives. The findings demonstrate that city networks in China walk a fine line between their door-opening function for cities to global climate governance and their role as transmitters of the central government’s gatekeeping function, thereby sustaining the hierarchical control structures of the Chinese Party-state.
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Iurato, Andrea. "Global risk governance: what role for public administrations: the paradigm of the EU food safety control and alert systems". International Review of Administrative Sciences 85, n.º 2 (31 de julio de 2017): 304–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852317708250.
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This study explores crucial issues arising from the increasing establishment of supranational risk-governance systems that pursue a compromise between the need for effective governance and the necessity to avoid obstacles regarding trade. In these contexts, national public administrations become a peripheral module in a multilevel system where they see their organization altered and the legitimacy of their actions questioned. The analysis uses as a paradigm the systems on food safety controls and rapid alert in the EU and tries to answer the following questions: How do we give public administrations an effective role in the global scene? Are national administrations destined to become mere executors of supranational-set rules? Outcomes show that legal systems whose multilevel integration reached a high level suggest positive implications deriving from a new model of global governance not involving a reduction in state sovereignty, but leading it to a new role, guaranteeing the accomplishment of supranational-set goals and safeguarding the autonomy of national public administrations. Points for practitioners Practitioners, especially those who hold managerial positions, may often find themselves disoriented when acting in a multilevel context because of the shrinking of their autonomy as well as their submission to external rules and controls. Starting from the analysis of the elected paradigm, practitioners could find that in a well-functioning multilevel regulatory system, national public administrations are able to use their remaining range of discretion, even if minimal, in order to realize innovative organizational models, through which they may avoid direct intervention from upper levels and propose themselves as a model to be borrowed and applied in the whole system.
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Csatlós, Erzsébet. "Public Administrative Law in a Globalized Concept: Legal Nature of the Collaboration of the EU and the Basel Committee". Journal of International Economic Law 22, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2019): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgz015.
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Abstract Multilevel governance describes a global system that enrolls some State functions to perform global solutions for global problems. Multilevel-governance and multilevel administration has legality and accountability concerns on their own, although, there are multilevel structures with non-State playground of trans-regulatory nature at the supranational level of cooperation which means additional shades to the colourful palette. The procedure and the structure concerning the creation and the evaluation of effective banking supervision standards in Europe is unique. Given the fact that the European administrative system is also unique, and as Basel rules are produced in a trans-regulatory network, the collaboration of the two sui generis systems requires the rethinking of the classical legal order features. Rule of law which is the basis of classical international relations in the view of public administration of States is challenged by the newly emerged solutions. Necessity and proportionality are put on a scale with classical values and requirements of public administration and efficiency and effectiveness seem to put it on the side of the new type of collaboration. The normative background of such structure is still immature. The multilevel administrative system of financial supervision including the European Union and the Basel Committee for Banking Supervision at supranational level or speaking in a wider context: the framework for multilevel governance with non-state actors at supranational level, is therefore an example for global administrative law of infant status.
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Vantaggiato, Francesca Pia. "Regulatory relationships across levels of multilevel governance systems: From collaboration to competition". Governance 33, n.º 1 (14 de abril de 2019): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gove.12409.
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Spohrer, Jim, Paolo Piciocchi y Clara Bassano. "Three Frameworks for Service Research: Exploring Multilevel Governance in Nested, Networked Systems". Service Science 4, n.º 2 (junio de 2012): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/serv.1120.0012.
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Pagano, M. A. "Spheres of Governance: Comparative Studies of Cities in Multilevel Governance Systems, edited by Harvey Lazar and Christian Leuprecht." Publius: The Journal of Federalism 39, n.º 1 (30 de julio de 2008): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjn023.
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Jones, Stephen. "Reconceptualising the Governance of Migration Policy in Australia". Hrvatska i komparativna javna uprava 19, n.º 3 (27 de septiembre de 2019): 377–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.31297/hkju.19.3.2.
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This article offers a comprehensive assessment of the current trends in the governance arrangements of migrant settlement policy in Australia. It outlines the context of migrant policy as an important element of nation building and in contributing to the most multicultural society in the OECD. While immigration remains popular with the majority of Australians it is not without challenges in terms of coordination between levels of government to achieve effective outcomes. The lessons from Australia have relevance for other multilevel systems in terms of the need for cooperative approaches that combine top down and bottom up contributions from government agencies at all levels and non-government organisations. The article provides an analysis of governance issues from the perspective of the major stakeholders. The key question addressed in this paper is; what are the key challenges and opportunities of establishing cooperative approaches to immigration policy in a multilevel system? Issues involved in a potential transition of Australia’s immigration policy from a centralist approach to a more cooperative approach will be examined through the lens of a framework of analysis that consists of three scenarios for the structure of immigration policy: the centralist, the cooperative and the asymmetric scenarios.
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Gonçalves, Carlos, Gonçalo Santinha, Anabela Santiago y Gonçalo Barros. "Collaborative place-based health governance systems: stakeholders’ perceptions in the Portuguese Baixo Vouga sub-region". Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 26, suppl 1 (junio de 2021): 2415–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232021266.1.40822020.
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Abstract This study aimed to assess the Baixo Vouga sub-region (Portugal) governance system through 15 interviews with leaders of institutions with decision-making power and provide healthcare. The interviews were subjected to a content analysis, organized in matrices by cases, categories, subcategories, and indicators. Recording units were extracted from the interviews to produce data for each indicator. A Collaborative Place-based Governance Framework systematizing operational definitions of collaborative governance was implemented to serve as a benchmark for assessing the collaborative and place-based dimensions. The Baixo Vouga sub-Region governance system is collaborative because it is based on a shared structure of principles that translates into the services provided. It has a multilevel and multisector collaboration, and can undertake shared decisions. These dimensions could be reinforced through increased participation, autonomy, subsidiarity if more place-based information and practical knowledge were sought. The system would also benefit from an extensive adoption of bottom-up methods to formulate and implement policies.
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Betsill, Michele M. "Regional Governance of Global Climate Change: The North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation". Global Environmental Politics 7, n.º 2 (mayo de 2007): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep.2007.7.2.11.
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Over the past decade the governance of global climate change has evolved into a complex, multi-level process involving actors and initiatives at multiple levels of social organization from the global to the local in both the public and private spheres. This article analyzes the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) as one component of this multilevel governance system. Specifically, it evaluates the CEC as a site of regional climate governance based on three potential advantages of governance through regional organizations: a small number of actors, opportunities for issue linkage, and linkage between national and global governance systems. On each count I find that the benefits of a CEC-based climate governance system are limited and argue for greater consideration of how such a system would interact with other forms of climate governance in North America.
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Popescu, Maria y Lidia Mandru. "A Model for a Process Approach in the Governance System for Sustainable Development". Sustainability 14, n.º 12 (8 de junio de 2022): 6996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14126996.
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The paper refers to the governance of “sustainable development (SD)” and aims to describe a new way of addressing it consisting of a process-based approach. In accordance with this objective, the paper presents three distinct sections: basic concepts on SD and public administration governance; an overview of publications on the SD governance framework; schematic presentation and description of the key SD governance processes, with reference to the “United Nations (UN)” governance system for SD. Applying the process approach to the UN governance for SD is a novelty, and results in a model that reflects its global picture and links with other governance levels. The proposed model is important for decision makers in multilevel governance for SD, helping to better coordinate the changes needed to build inclusive and effective governance systems. It also addresses academics and researchers, creating the framework for the future studies on SD governance processes and ways to improve them.
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Randolph, Robert Van de Graaff. "A multilevel study of structural resilience in interfirm collaboration". Management Decision 54, n.º 1 (8 de febrero de 2016): 248–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-06-2015-0247.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop the concept of a high performance alliance macro-culture as a multilevel construct reflective of resilient collaborative systems of exchange within strategic alliances and explores the distinct capabilities of this multilevel approach in predicting alliance outcomes. Design/methodology/approach – The hypotheses developed in this study are tested using primary data collected from 650 members of 15 non-profit organizations in two multi-organizational collaborative networks. Considering the multilevel nature of the study the structural hypotheses are tested using a multilevel confirmatory factor analysis and the predictive hypotheses are tested using multilevel structural equation modeling. Findings – All but one structural hypothesis are supported and all predictive hypotheses are supported suggesting that a multilevel macro-cultural conceptualization is effective in exploring the relationship between collaborative exchange systems and their outcomes. Research limitations/implications – Limitations stem from the generalizability of the data collected as the alliances formed by non-profit firms may not be wholly reflective of the alliance structures and goals of other firm types. Originality/value – This study primarily contributes to multilevel study of strategic alliances and the study of collaborative norms and structures of allied groupings. The results of this study lend support to the importance of taking a network governance perspective and illustrate the limitations of traditional single-level approaches when studying interfirm collaborative networks and structural resilience therein.
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Brondizio, Eduardo S., Elinor Ostrom y Oran R. Young. "Connectivity and the Governance of Multilevel Social-Ecological Systems: The Role of Social Capital". Annual Review of Environment and Resources 34, n.º 1 (noviembre de 2009): 253–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.environ.020708.100707.
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Hinarejos Parga, Alicia. "Fiscal federalism in the European Union: Evolution and future choices for EMU". Common Market Law Review 50, Issue 6 (1 de diciembre de 2013): 1621–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2013161.
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In order to besustainable as a multilevel system of fiscal and economic governance, EMU faces certain challenges that are common to all federal, multilevel, or fiscally decentralized systems. This paper focuses on three such central challenges: (1) enforcing fiscal discipline; (2) addressing structural inequalities between different euro area economies; and (3) preventing and countering asymmetric shocks. The paper analyses the evolution of the EU's multilevel system of fiscal and economic governance in relation to these three challenges, showing that they have been only partially addressed. If it were to address these obstacles more fully, the EU would face a crucial choice between two ideal models of integration: The "surveillance model", where Member States maintain all taxing power and where the EU is an enforcer of discipline, and the "classic fiscal federalism" model, where the EU acquires an independent sphere of fiscal authority, and thus its own fiscal tools for macroeconomic stabilization. The paper analyses the implications of both models andargues that the surveillance model, when taken to its natural conclusion, poses as much of a threat to Member States' autonomy, and presents us with similar democratic legitimacy problems, as the classic fiscal federalism model.
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Jones, Stephen. "Waste Management in Australia Is an Environmental Crisis: What Needs to Change so Adaptive Governance Can Help?" Sustainability 12, n.º 21 (5 de noviembre de 2020): 9212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219212.
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Research suggests that strengthening cooperation between governments is required to support improved policy outcomes. Despite established cooperative agreements between the levels of government in Australia, a lack of urgency and consistency continues to drive unsustainable approaches toward waste management practices. Adaptive governance has emerged as a potential approach for addressing complexity, with multiple actors collaborating in the design and implementation of challenging environmental issues. The main findings of this research highlight key challenges in multilevel systems and reforms required to establish institutional arrangements that support key adaptive governance enablers in the context of cooperative approaches to waste management.
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Prior, Tahnee Lisa. "Breaking the Wall of Monocentric Governance: Polycentricity in the Governance of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic". Yearbook of Polar Law Online 5, n.º 1 (2013): 185–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427-91000123.
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Abstract We often mistakenly assume that institutional design will remain effective indefinitely. Complex long-term environmental challenges illuminate the disparity between institutions and state boundaries. While globalization has challenged monocentrism, we must look beyond traditional measures and design resilient governance systems, such as polycentric governance, that combine trust and local expertise in small-scale governance with the governance capacity of large-scale systems. These harness globalization’s benefits and provide solutions for the effects of ecosystem changes. This work examines the lessons – benefits, challenges, limitations, and unanswered questions – that may be learned from polycentric governance in the case of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the Arctic, where a polycentric political system has developed as a result of a mismatch in environmental, jurisdictional, and temporal scales. Section One examines characteristics of polycentricity, focusing on actors, multilevel governance, degree of formality, and the nature of interactions. Section Two concentrates on the tools utilized. Section Three applies the outlined framework. Finally, Section Four examines three lessons that global environmental governance may learn from the case study: (1) Peak organizations are effective tools for managing polycentricity, allowing for the inclusion of non-state actors, such as indigenous peoples organizations (2) and epistemic communities (3), in bridging the human-environment nexus.
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Schneider, Mark. "The discerning voter: Party–voter linkages and local distribution under multilevel governance". Party Politics 26, n.º 2 (28 de febrero de 2018): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068818761195.
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What shapes voters’ expectations of receiving private benefits and local public goods in developing world democracies? Models of instrumental voting suggest that voters’ expectations are shaped by co-partisanship; however, this work does not consider the calculations that voters make in multilevel systems where different types of goods are allocated by different tiers of government. In this article, I argue that voters condition their expectations of private benefits on co-partisan ties with the local leader, but only do so with respect to local public goods when the local leader is aligned with the state government that controls the allocation of pork barrel spending. I test my argument with a vignette experiment conducted in rural India that randomly assigns the partisan affiliation of real village politicians and find empirical support for the argument. I also find suggestive evidence of strategic voting in local elections towards leaders aligned with the ruling party.
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Hvelplund, Frede y Søren Djørup. "Multilevel policies for radical transition: Governance for a 100% renewable energy system". Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 35, n.º 7 (25 de mayo de 2017): 1218–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399654417710024.
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Transition from the stored energy of fossil fuel-based systems to fluctuating renewable energy sources requires a fundamental change in both the energy supply system and governance arrangements. According to analyses made using the Aalborg University Energy PLAN model, the infrastructure required to handle fluctuating energy – such as goals for further expanding the exploitation of wind power towards 50% of energy consumption – necessitates the integration of power, district heating, transportation and biomass production, which should be geographically distributed. To enhance our understanding of this paradigmatic technological change, this article presents both a general analysis of the regulatory consequences and a specific analysis of the immediate challenges involved in the transition process, framed within the Danish context. The general conclusion is that the required distributed, local and regional technological energy system needs a bottom up and interactive regulatory framework, where the central government should have a more reflexive and communicative role, providing services and national coordination for an energy system that contains a large share of fluctuating renewable energy sources. A specific conclusion is that the present Danish tariff principles and energy tax system should be fundamentally altered in order to better facilitate the coordination of the heat and electricity sectors, to incentivise the creation of the necessary integration infrastructure.
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Heilmayr, Robert y Eric F. Lambin. "Impacts of nonstate, market-driven governance on Chilean forests". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, n.º 11 (29 de febrero de 2016): 2910–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600394113.
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Global markets for agricultural products, timber, and minerals are critically important drivers of deforestation. The supply chains driving land use change may also provide opportunities to halt deforestation. Market campaigns, moratoria, and certification schemes have been promoted as powerful tools to achieve conservation goals. Despite their promise, there have been few opportunities to rigorously quantify the ability of these nonstate, market-driven (NSMD) governance regimes to deliver conservation outcomes. This study analyzes the impacts of three NSMD governance systems that sought to end the conversion of natural forests to plantations in Chile at the start of the 21st century. Using a multilevel, panel dataset of land use changes in Chile, we identify the impact of participation within each of the governance regimes by implementing a series of matched difference-in-differences analyses. Taking advantage of the mosaic of different NSMD regimes adopted in Chile, we explore the relative effectiveness of different policies. NSMD governance regimes reduced deforestation on participating properties by 2–23%. The NSMD governance regimes we studied included collaborative and confrontational strategies between environmental and industry stakeholders. We find that the more collaborative governance systems studied achieved better environmental performance than more confrontational approaches. Whereas many government conservation programs have targeted regions with little likelihood of conversion, we demonstrate that NSMD governance has the potential to alter behavior on high-deforestation properties.
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Granberg, Mikael, Karyn Bosomworth, Susie Moloney, Ann-Catrin Kristianssen y Hartmut Fünfgeld. "Can Regional-Scale Governance and Planning Support Transformative Adaptation? A Study of Two Places". Sustainability 11, n.º 24 (6 de diciembre de 2019): 6978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11246978.
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The idea that climate change adaptation is best leveraged at the local scale is a well-institutionalized script in both research and formal governance. This idea is based on the argument that the local scale is where climate change impacts are “felt” and experienced. However, sustainable and just climate futures require transformations in systems, norms, and cultures that underpin and reinforce our unsustainable practices and development pathways, not just “local” action. Governance interventions are needed to catalyse such shifts, connecting multilevel and multiscale boundaries of knowledge, values, levels and organizational remits. We critically reflect on current adaptation governance processes in Victoria, Australia and the Gothenburg region, Sweden to explore whether regional-scale governance can provide just as important leverage for adaptation as local governance, by identifying and addressing intersecting gaps and challenges in adaptation at local levels. We suggest that regional-scale adaptation offers possibilities for transformative change because they can identify, connect, and amplify small-scale (local) wins and utilize this collective body of knowledge to challenge and advocate for unblocking stagnated, institutionalized policies and practices, and support transformative change.
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Tonti, Lauren. "Symphony or Cacophony? Orchestrating Federal Mechanics toward Covid-19 Response in the United States and Germany". European Journal of Health Law 29, n.º 1 (4 de marzo de 2022): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718093-bja10063.
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Abstract Governance is a critical upstream tool in public health emergency preparedness, for it provides structure to emergency response. Pandemics, singular public health emergencies, pose challenges to inherently fragmented federal governance systems. Understanding and utilizing the facilitators of response embedded within the system is critical. In its examination of how contemporary federal systems addressed fragmentation in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic, this article uses two mitigation measures, community masking and vaccination administration to compare elements of federal system mechanics in the United States and Germany’s respective pursuits of public health goals. With particular focus on federal-state power-sharing, it analyzes the division and application of federal-state authority, therein examining mechanisms of executive expediency, as well as the cooperation of multilevel actors. Comparing the jurisdictions identifies inter-federal coordination, availability of exigency mechanisms, and federal guidance as facilitators of public health goal achievement.
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Décieux, Jean Philippe. "The Dialectic of Transnational Integration and National Disintegration as Challenge for Multilevel Governance". Social Sciences 10, n.º 7 (9 de julio de 2021): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10070263.
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A large number of studies have detected that within the EU multilevel governance there is a transformation toward a hybrid knowledge co-production that overcomes traditional categories such as locality or embeddedness. There, a sort of sustainable decision-making knowledge is co-developed and theoretically supposed to be applied top-down on the national level of EU member states. However, in practice such processes of unification are always associated with a risk of limited compliance with specific national situations and with a specific national “world of relevancies”. Despite the rise in popularity of these top-down initiatives within international policy levels, there is a lack of studies that empirically analyze how national policy systems respond to these global standardization approaches. Therefore, the central aim of this study is twofold: Based on an exemplary case of an international information system co-produced by an expert group of the European Commission, it first reconstructs whether and how transnational information is integrated on the national policy level. Second, it elucidates factors limiting an application. The results show that this international knowledge system was used for basal purposes and was mainly challenged by non-compliance with national specificities and the existence of alternative knowledge sources.
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Schultz, Lisen, Carl Folke, Henrik Österblom y Per Olsson. "Adaptive governance, ecosystem management, and natural capital". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, n.º 24 (16 de junio de 2015): 7369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1406493112.
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To gain insights into the effects of adaptive governance on natural capital, we compare three well-studied initiatives; a landscape in Southern Sweden, the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, and fisheries in the Southern Ocean. We assess changes in natural capital and ecosystem services related to these social–ecological governance approaches to ecosystem management and investigate their capacity to respond to change and new challenges. The adaptive governance initiatives are compared with other efforts aimed at conservation and sustainable use of natural capital: Natura 2000 in Europe, lobster fisheries in the Gulf of Maine, North America, and fisheries in Europe. In contrast to these efforts, we found that the adaptive governance cases developed capacity to perform ecosystem management, manage multiple ecosystem services, and monitor, communicate, and respond to ecosystem-wide changes at landscape and seascape levels with visible effects on natural capital. They enabled actors to collaborate across diverse interests, sectors, and institutional arrangements and detect opportunities and problems as they developed while nurturing adaptive capacity to deal with them. They all spanned local to international levels of decision making, thus representing multilevel governance systems for managing natural capital. As with any governance system, internal changes and external drivers of global impacts and demands will continue to challenge the long-term success of such initiatives.
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Ongaro, Edoardo. "Five challenges for public administrations in Europe". Administration 63, n.º 3 (1 de diciembre de 2015): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/admin-2015-0021.
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Abstract This article examines five ‘challenges’ facing most administrative systems across Europe. The first challenge stems from the increasingly asymmetric nature of European multilevel governance; the second challenge arises from the missed opportunity of reforming in the absence of a dominant administrative paradigm; the third challenge lies in rescuing and transforming the welfare state; the fourth challenge is concerned with making the most of the knowledge generated in the field of strategic management for strategically managing public services; the fifth challenge lies in staff (de)motivation. These challenges are pitched at very different levels: some are related to issues of public governance, some to issues of scholarly and practitioners’ collective understandings of public administration in Europe, and some to trends in the global economy, and notably the financial, economic and fiscal ‘crises’.
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Hickmann, Thomas y Fee Stehle. "The Embeddedness of Urban Climate Politics in Multilevel Governance: A Case Study of South Africa’s Major Cities". Journal of Environment & Development 28, n.º 1 (26 de diciembre de 2018): 54–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496518819121.
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Numerous scholars have lately highlighted the importance of cities in the global response to climate change. However, we still have little systematic knowledge on the evolution of urban climate politics in the Global South. In particular, we lack empirical studies that examine how local climate actions arise in political-administrative systems of developing and emerging economies. Therefore, this article adopts a multilevel governance perspective to explore the climate mitigation responses of three major cities in South Africa by looking at their vertical and horizontal integration in the wider governance framework. In the absence of a coherent national climate policy, Johannesburg, Cape Town, and Durban have developed distinct climate actions within their jurisdictions. In their effort to address climate change, transnational city networks have provided considerable technical support to these cities. Yet, substantial domestic political-economic obstacles hinder the three cities to develop a more ambitious stance on climate change.
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Sayles, Jesse S. y Jacopo A. Baggio. "Social–ecological network analysis of scale mismatches in estuary watershed restoration". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, n.º 10 (21 de febrero de 2017): E1776—E1785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604405114.
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Resource management boundaries seldom align with environmental systems, which can lead to social and ecological problems. Mapping and analyzing how resource management organizations in different areas collaborate can provide vital information to help overcome such misalignment. Few quantitative approaches exist, however, to analyze social collaborations alongside environmental patterns, especially among local and regional organizations (i.e., in multilevel governance settings). This paper develops and applies such an approach using social–ecological network analysis (SENA), which considers relationships among and between social and ecological units. The framework and methods are shown using an estuary restoration case from Puget Sound, United States. Collaboration patterns and quality are analyzed among local and regional organizations working in hydrologically connected areas. These patterns are correlated with restoration practitioners’ assessments of the productivity of their collaborations to inform network theories for natural resource governance. The SENA is also combined with existing ecological data to jointly consider social and ecological restoration concerns. Results show potentially problematic areas in nearshore environments, where collaboration networks measured by density (percentage of possible network connections) and productivity are weakest. Many areas also have high centralization (a few nodes hold the network together), making network cohesion dependent on key organizations. Although centralization and productivity are inversely related, no clear relationship between density and productivity is observed. This research can help practitioners to identify where governance capacity needs strengthening and jointly consider social and ecological concerns. It advances SENA by developing a multilevel approach to assess social–ecological (or social–environmental) misalignments, also known as scale mismatches.
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Melnyk, Alla. "Multilevel strategic planning in the system of institutional governance mechanisms in Ukraine". Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, n.º 2(96) (10 de julio de 2020): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2020.02.007.
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Introduction. The dilemma of «chaos» (a free choice of behavior by each subject) or development based on assessments and strategic goals, formed in account with internal and external factors that would allow keeping things organised, persists in countries that shape a new economic model. Dismantling of the old economic system, the formation of the foundations of post-industrial development in the XXI century raise the issue of strategic planning. Purpose. The study is devoted to the development of the methodological framework of strategic planning based on clarifying the relationships, goals, differences of its main components in the multilevel management system. Besides, it aims to assess the current practices of strategic planning tools in Ukraine and identify areas for improvement in the context of synergy and its security development. Methods. The methodological basis of the study is the use of systematic and comparative approaches in the analysis of the theory and practice of strategic planning at different levels of government. The following research methods were used: induction and deduction; system analysis is used to identify the components of strategic planning at different levels of management; PEST analysis is used to identify factors leading to insufficient effectiveness of this tool in a multilevel management system; institutional and comparative analysis is used to clarify goals and differences of individual components of the system of strategic planning; abstract and logical is used to identify patterns of evolution of strategic planning in the future; marketing analysis is used to clarify the content of management activities in the framework of strategy. Results. Scientific approaches to the interpretation of the essence and place of strategic planning in the management system are generalized. The author’s position on clarification of the content of strategic planning, delimitation of the concepts of «strategy» (as a direction of action), «strategic planning» (as a management function) is presented. The peculiarities of the presentation of strategic planning at different levels of the management hierarchy in Ukraine are shown. The reasons for the low efficiency of strategic goals success in the course of realization of strategies and strategic plans in domestic practice are revealed. The place of strategic planning in the system of institutional mechanisms of multilevel management is specified considering its current documents in Ukraine; the goals and differences of functional load at different levels of the management hierarchy are differentiated. The empirical analysis of the practice of strategic planning allowed us to identify the main challenges that require the search for management decisions at the methodological, legal, and administrative levels. Specifically, the problem of systematization, hierarchy, and autonomy of planning documents; inconsistency of government’s long-term and medium- term strategies with current financial documents (budgets); low quality of macroeconomic forecasts and disregard for international strategies, the presence of «institutional traps» have been defined. Ways to improve strategic planning at the regional and local levels have been identified, in particular in connection with the decentralization reform and increasing the power of local self-government. Attention is paid to ensuring methodologically sound and procedurally fixed interrelation of planning documents, program and financial documents, organizational and methodological support of monitoring and evaluation, as well as information feedback, application of regional and local marketing tools, etc. The conclusion is made about the expediency of considering strategic planning in the system of management mechanisms in the country as a multilevel system, increasing the level of its systematization to achieve a synergy effect, practical implementation of the highest level of strategic planning - strategizing. Discussion. In the mentioned context, the prospects for further research are the problems of coordination of strategic and financial-budget planning systems, the formation of strategic plans in a new format of administrative-territorial entities, the development of methodological and applied provisions for the implementation of strategies.
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González-Blanco, Jennifer, Mercedes Vila-Alonso y Manuel Guisado-González. "Public Support Agencies for Innovation in Multilevel Governance Systems: Exploring the Existence of Signs of Complementarity and Substitution". Sustainability 11, n.º 20 (18 de octubre de 2019): 5778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205778.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze the existence of indications of complementarity/substitutability between the innovation agencies operating in Spain (regional, national, European, and Seventh Framework Programme), which will allow us to determine the corresponding asymmetries in the implementation of the so-called subsidiarity principle. The data used in the study come from the Panel de Innovación Tecnológica 2015 and 2016 (Spain). The empirical analysis has been carried out by the so-called adoption approach, having previously corrected the selection biases that may be present in the sample. The results obtained indicate that there are indications of substitution between the two Spanish agencies (regional and national), while other relationships between agencies exhibit indications of complementarity. These indications of complementarity/substitutability show that the implementation of the principle of subsidiarity between the two Spanish agencies seem to work correctly, while this implementation is much more diffuse between the two Spanish agencies and the two European agencies. Therefore, these results reveal that there is an obvious asymmetry in the implementation of the principle of subsidiarity between the different agencies. These findings may be an important guide in the decision making of managers. Knowing which agencies are substitutes and which are complementary is extremely relevant information, since it allows the advance determination of which combinations of agencies should be avoided. It also provides policy makers with relevant information for the design of more efficient innovation promotion policies. Finally, this research uses a new methodology for the evaluation of the interaction that takes place between the different public agencies for the promotion of innovation, thus contributing to policy analysts and academics, who conduct such evaluations, have at their disposal a new tool for analysis.
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Caputo, Francesco, Leonard Walletzky y Petr Štepánek. "Towards a systems thinking based view for the governance of a smart city’s ecosystem". Kybernetes 48, n.º 1 (14 de enero de 2019): 108–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-07-2017-0274.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the role of Smart Technologies and Big Data as relevant dimensions in affecting the emerging social and economic dynamics of society with the aim to trace possible guidelines and pathways for decision makers and researchers interested in the governance of the Smart City’s ecosystem. The increasing attention to the domain of technologies and the amazing scenario that is emerging as a consequence of the influence of Smart Technology and Big Data in everyday life require reflection upon the ways in which the world is changing. Design/methodology/approach The paper adopts the interpretative lens provided by the systems thinking to investigate the challenging domain of the Smart City. A qualitative and interpretative approach is adopted to reflect upon the role of technologies in everyday life. Findings The Smart City ecosystem is defined as a multilevel construct useful for understanding how technical and technological dimensions of the Smart City can be managed not only as supportive instruments but also as key pillars to support, facilitate and ensure an effective cognitive alignment among all the involved actors. Originality/value This paper provides a tangible evidence of the systems thinking contribution in analysing, understanding and managing dimensions and paths of social dynamics. A contribution to previous studies is provided with reference to systems thinking, Big Data and Smart City.
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You, Yu y Zhengxu Wang. "The Internet, political trust, and regime types: a cross-national and multilevel analysis". Japanese Journal of Political Science 21, n.º 2 (16 de octubre de 2019): 68–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109919000203.
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AbstractThe Internet has played important roles in driving political changes around the world. Why does it help to topple political regimes in some places but improve the quality of governance in others? We found Internet usage in general leads to citizens’ distrust in political institutions. Different political environments, however, can condition such trust-eroding impacts of the Internet in significantly different ways. A democracy enables citizens to connect their online behaviors and offline expression and organization, releasing political discontent while facilitating state–society communication. On the contrary, by restricting various forms of off-line expression, authoritarian regimes drive Internet-active citizens' discontent and distrust to higher levels. We use the World Values Survey data to establish these different mechanisms across democracies and authoritarian systems. Entropy balancing shows our findings to be highly robust.
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van Vliet, Bas J. M., Gert Spaargaren y Peter Oosterveer. "Sanitation under challenge: contributions from the social sciences". Water Policy 13, n.º 6 (27 de mayo de 2011): 797–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2011.089.
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This paper reviews the contribution the social sciences can make to the challenge of providing access to sustainable sanitation services and infrastructures for billions of people, in both the over- and underdeveloped parts of the world. The paper reviews and discusses three particular social scientific topics relevant for the sanitation challenge: the nature of socio-technical change, the issue of multilevel governance, and the role of the citizen-consumer. It is argued that sanitation is as much a social as it is a technical issue, and that the role of social scientific knowledge needs to be strengthened and given more attention in this context. The key contribution from the social sciences is to be found in its capacity to help widen the narrow, technical definitions of sanitation by including actors and their needs and belief systems, and by highlighting the alternative socio-technical tools and governance arrangements that are instrumental in moving beyond some of the dead-end roads of traditional water engineering and sanitation provision.
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Gorleer, Sam, Piet Bracke y Lesley Hustinx. "The Organizational Field of Blood Collection: A Multilevel Analysis of Organizational Determinants of Blood Donation in Europe". European Sociological Review 36, n.º 3 (31 de enero de 2020): 474–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaa002.
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Abstract Maintaining an adequate blood supply for transfusion poses a pressing challenge to society. We argue that this challenge has not been adequately addressed in previous research. Building upon Healy’s seminal work on ‘blood-collection regimes’ and the subsequent shift towards a field-level approach that broadens the analytical focus beyond the dyadic relationship between donors and organizations, we embed the act of blood donation within the organizational field in which blood establishments operate. We assume that varying modes of governance shape the organizational practices of donor recruitment and blood collection. Our analysis is based on Eurobarometer data from 2014 (number of countries = 28; number of individuals = 19,363). The results identify considerable variance in donation rates according to field characteristics in terms of hierarchical centralization and competitiveness. Decentralized systems without competition perform worst in terms of the recruitment of (first-time) blood donors. Competitive systems in which several different bodies share responsibility for the provision of blood to patients yield the highest donation rates.
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Halbe, Johannes y Claudia Pahl-Wostl. "A Methodological Framework to Initiate and Design Transition Governance Processes". Sustainability 11, n.º 3 (6 de febrero de 2019): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030844.
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Abstract: Sustainability transitions require societal change at multiple levels ranging from individual behavioral change to community projects, businesses that offer sustainable products as well as policy-makers that set suitable incentive structures. Concepts, methods and tools are currently lacking that help to initiate and design transition governance processes based upon an encompassing understanding of such diverse interactions of actors and intervention points. This article presents a methodological framework for the initiation and design of transition governance processes. Based upon a conceptualization of sustainability transitions as multilevel learning processes, the methodological framework includes participatory modeling, a systematic literature review and governance system analysis to identify social units (learning subjects and contexts), challenges (learning objects) and intervention points (learning factors) relevant for initiating case-specific transition governance processes. A case study on sustainable food systems in Ontario, Canada is provided to exemplify the application of the methodological framework. The results demonstrate the merit of combining stakeholder-based and expert-based methods, as several learning factors identified in the participatory process could not be found in the general literature, and vice versa. The methodological framework allowed for an integrated analysis of the diversity of existing initiatives in the case study region and specific intervention points to support place-based sustainability innovations. Initiators of transition governance processes can use the results by designing targeted interventions to facilitate and coordinate existing initiatives or by setting new impulses through purposeful action.
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Aggarwal, Rimjhim M. y LaDawn Haglund. "Advancing Water Sustainability in Megacities: Comparative Study of São Paulo and Delhi Using a Social-Ecological System Framework". Sustainability 11, n.º 19 (26 de septiembre de 2019): 5314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195314.
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In this paper, we frame the problem of urban water sustainability in megacities as a social-ecological system (SES) to examine the underlying coupling of social and ecological factors and processes. Based on our empirical research of two major megacities of the global south, São Paulo and Delhi, we have developed an urban water SES module within the broader SES framework proposed by Ostrom. The module’s multilevel nested structure consists of the following four subsystems: water resource and infrastructure, settlements, governance, and actors. A distinct advantage of our module is that it enables us to capture the plurality of settlements patterns (from formal to informal settlements), actor networks, and governance patterns found in cities of the global south and how these uniquely shape and are shaped by the process of rapid urbanization. We use this module as: (a) an analytical tool to identify the different variables and processes within each subsystem, which through their interactions, have influenced the trajectory of water systems in these cities; (b) a diagnostic tool in a comparative setting to examine why desired goals in terms of service delivery and/or governance were achieved (or not); and (c) a prescriptive tool to identify cross-learnings and practical lessons.
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Zhou, Shan, Roger Simnett y Wendy J. Green. "Assuring a New Market: The Interplay between Country-Level and Company-Level Factors on the Demand for Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Information Assurance and the Choice of Assurance Provider". AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 35, n.º 3 (1 de febrero de 2016): 141–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-51414.
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SUMMARY The need for credible emissions reporting has created international demand for a new and specific type of assurance engagement: assurance of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions information. This study provides an examination of the international GHG assurance market to identify key potential determinants of both the decision to assure and the choice of assurance provider. As well as providing details on this new assurance service, we extend current knowledge by undertaking a multilevel analysis of both country-level (stakeholder orientation and strength of legal system) and company-level (corporate governance) variables. After correcting for potential self-selection bias, our results reveal significant variations in country patterns for both of these decisions, with both the demand for GHG assurance services and the preference for an accounting profession assurance provider found to be higher in countries with a stakeholder orientation and a less stringent legal enforcement system. Further, we find company-level corporate governance systems and processes to be a significant moderator of the country-level factors for both decisions. JEL Classifications: M42.
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Pollermann, Kim, Francis Aubert, Marielle Berriet-Solliec, Catherine Laidin, Denis Lépicier, Hai Vu Pham, Petra Raue y Gitta Schnaut. "Leader as a European Policy for Rural Development in a Multilevel Governance Framework: A Comparison of the Implementation in France, Germany and Italy". European Countryside 12, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2020): 156–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2020-0009.
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AbstractParts of European rural development policies are meant to empower local decision makers. These policies are implemented in very different multilevel governance contexts in the member states. We question the extent to which the institutional differences at the different levels affect the implementation of LEADER (an approach for Community-led Local Development). This contributes to a better understanding of the causes and consequences of different types of LEADER implementation. The research is based on ten case studies in France, Germany and Italy. First, there is an examination of the three different administration systems and the variations of Rural Development Programmes. Based on analyses of documents and interviews with stakeholders, we analysed institutional differences in the LEADER implementation at local level.
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Kingston, Suzanne, Zizhen Wang, Edwin Alblas, Micheál Callaghan, Julie Foulon, Valesca Lima y Geraldine Murphy. "The democratisation of European nature governance 1992–2015: introducing the comparative nature governance index". International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 22, n.º 1 (27 de octubre de 2021): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10784-021-09552-5.
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AbstractEuropean environmental governance has radically transformed over the past two decades. While traditionally enforcement of environmental law has been the responsibility of public authorities (public authorities of the EU Member States, themselves policed by the European Commission), this paradigm has now taken a democratic turn. Led by changes in international environmental law and in particular the UNECE Aarhus Convention (UNECE, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Convention (1998). Convention on access to information, public participation in decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (the Aarhus Convention), signed on June 25, 1998.), EU law now gives important legal rights to members of the public and environmental non-governmental organisations (“ENGOs”) to become involved in environmental governance, by means of accessing environmental information, participating in environmental decision-making and bringing legal proceedings. While doctrinal legal and regulatory scholarship on this embrace of “bottom-up” private environmental governance is now substantial, there has been relatively little quantitative research in the field. This article represents a first step in mapping this evolution of environmental governance laws in the EU. We employ a leximetrics methodology, coding over 6000 environmental governance laws from three levels of legal sources (international, EU and national), to provide the first systematic data showing the transformation of European environmental governance regimes. We develop the Nature Governance Index (“NGI”) to measure how the enforcement tools deployed in international, EU and national law have changed over time, from the birth of the EU’s flagship nature conservation law, the 1992 Habitats Directive (Directive 92/43/EEC). At the national level, we focus on three EU Member States (France, Ireland and the Netherlands) to enable a fine-grained measurement of the changes in national nature governance laws over time. This article introduces our unique datasets and the NGI, describes the process used to collect the datasets and its limitations, and compares the evolution in laws at the international, EU and national levels over the 23-year period from 1992–2015. Our findings provide strong empirical confirmation of the democratic turn in European environmental governance, while revealing the significant divergences between legal systems that remain absent express harmonisation of the Aarhus Convention’s principles in EU law. Our data also set the foundations for future quantitative legal research, enabling deeper analysis of the relationships between the different levels of multilevel environmental governance.
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Лавров, Александр, Aleksandr Lavrov, Лада Поликарпова y Lada Polikarpova. "TERRITORIAL MARKETING AS BASIS FOR MULTILEVEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT". Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2016, n.º 2 (25 de noviembre de 2016): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2016-2-66-72.
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This article features results of research of specific properties and new possibilities of using marketing areas. For this purposes we analysed the main differences between traditional marketing and area marketing. We point out their most significant differences in the composition and content, evaluate competitive positions, purposes, methods, organizational support, place and role in the control system. The analysis disclosed the two-sided nature of the concept of "territory" in the marketplace as a special "commodity" with multiuseful value and as "major company" that produces a certain set of goods and services. On this basis, we formed some approaches to the identification and grouping of the competitive position of the territories. There are three groups: territorial competitive position, the industry's competitive position, territorial and industry competitive position. The article identifies the main purpose of marketing areas, aimed at creating an enabling environment for the implementation of investment proposals, providing the best growth prospects. It shows the place and the role of marketing territories as a key element in the development of control systems in market conditions. There are five stages of formation and development of marketing territories. Accordingly, there are five areas of development management models in market conditions. On this basis, we prove the possibility and the necessity of forming a multi-level development of the control systems in areas across the country as a whole. Each level of control in such system takes a proactive approach and learns new methods of presenting the territory for investors. It generates investment proposals and investment fields, negotiates and coordinates with other levels of management of their investment interests and goals to enable the development through "vectors as corridors" investment development. It implements a set of investment marketing mix. New processes to market-oriented multi-level governance model are described, such as: - management of competitive positions of the territory; - process of interaction with investors; - process of harmonization and lobbying interests of the territory; - process of self-development marketing territories.
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Van Trung Ho, Thu, Simon Woodley, Alison Cottrell y Peter Valentine. "A multilevel analytical framework for more-effective governance in human-natural systems: A case study of marine protected areas in Vietnam". Ocean & Coastal Management 90 (marzo de 2014): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.12.015.
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Kunz, Yvonne, Fenna Otten, Rina Mardiana, Katrin Martens, Imke Roedel y Heiko Faust. "Smallholder Telecoupling and Climate Governance in Jambi Province, Indonesia". Social Sciences 8, n.º 4 (10 de abril de 2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8040115.
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Current debates on climate change have led to an increased demand for sustainable commodities. Serving this demand, sustainability certification schemes and eco-friendly labels have become prominent mechanisms of climate governance. Smallholder farmers in Jambi province, Indonesia, producing palm oil and rubber as the two dominant smallholder crops, are impacted by this distal demand. Zimmerer et al. (2018) suggest analyzing the potential sustainability in such a context with the multilevel smallholder telecoupling framework. Applying this framework to case studies from Jambi province, our first case reveals that smallholder certification for so-called sustainable palm oil does not necessarily influence smallholder towards more sustainable management practices. One explanation might be a discrepancy in sustainability perception between sender and receiver systems. The second case is the setup of an allegedly eco-friendly rubber plantation. The establishment of this model plantation is implemented by a transnational corporation in collaboration with a nature conservation organization, impacting the access to land for adjacent smallholders. The struggle over access to land is not only negotiated between smallholders and the corporation producing “eco-friendly” rubber but also between smallholders and big land mammals lacking access to land since the rubber plantation began to be established. We argue that the concept of sustainability as demanded by the receiving system does not mirror management practices in the sending system, even though the products reach the Global North as supposedly socially and climate-friendly. The smallholder telecoupling framework is helpful for assessing potential sustainability but can be expanded towards conflictive spillovers, second order effects, and a mismatch in sustainability perceptions in order to draw a more comprehensive picture.
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Alberdi, Goiuri y Mirene Begiristain-Zubillaga. "Identifying a Sustainable Food Procurement Strategy in Healthcare Systems: A Scoping Review". Sustainability 13, n.º 4 (23 de febrero de 2021): 2398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042398.
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The healthcare system’s climate footprint is equivalent to 4.4% of global net emission. The food service offered, with subsequent food waste production and energy consumption, falls within the spectrum of environmentally harmful activities. The development of a Sustainable Food Procurement Strategy is an opportunity to counteract these negative effects. This article aims to identify the nature and extent of the evidence found in the literature on the processes related to food procurement within healthcare systems and analyse them from the perspective of sustainability dimensions. A scoping review is carried out using online databases to identify scientific and grey literature published in English during the period 2000–2019. An analytical-synthetic approach is used for charting the data. Twenty-six studies are included; 65% of them published in the last five years. These include research articles (n 11), an opinion article (n 1), policy handbooks and guides (n 2), project reports (n 4) and technical reports (n 3), policy forums (n 1), factsheet documents (n 3), and legislative directives (n 1). The outcomes framework highlights multilevel governance, a sustainable food supply system, and healthy and sustainable food services as the main action areas for a sustainable food procurement strategy, along with six transversal features: long-term commitment, investment, evaluation, communication, gender, and a holistic approach.
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LEEMANN, LUCAS y FABIO WASSERFALLEN. "The Democratic Effect of Direct Democracy". American Political Science Review 110, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2016): 750–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055416000307.
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A key requirement of democratic governance is that policy outcomes and the majority preference of the electorate are congruent. Many studies argue that the more direct democratic a system is, the more often voters get what they want, but the empirical evidence is mixed. This analysis explores the democratic effect of initiatives and referendums theoretically and empirically. The prediction of the formal model is that “bad” representation (i.e., a large preference deviation between the electorate and the political elite) is good for the democratic effect of direct democracy. An empirical investigation of original voter and elite survey data, analyzed with multilevel modeling and poststratification, supports this argument. Building on the literature, the findings of the analysis suggest that the extent to which direct democratic institutions are conducive for policy congruence—and may thus be advisable as democratic correctives to representative systems—depends on the political conflict structure.
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Ecevit, Yüksel Alper y Ekrem Karakoç. "The perils of semi-presidentialism: Confidence in political institutions in contemporary democracies". International Political Science Review 38, n.º 1 (9 de julio de 2016): 4–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192512115599243.
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The degree to which citizens perceive democratic political institutions as trustworthy indicates how well these institutions translate the citizenry’s interests into public policy and how effective and accountable they are seen to be. Low levels of public confidence in political institutions are an indicator of various political problems and are likely to raise concerns over democratic governance. Recent findings that trust in major political institutions has fallen over the last quarter of a century in many democracies have led scholars to examine individual and institutional factors associated with political confidence. Aiming to contribute to this burgeoning literature, this study investigates the impact of semi-presidentialism on public confidence in two major political institutions: the government and parliament. Testing our arguments in 29 democracies through a multilevel analysis, we have found that, compared to presidential and parliamentary systems, semi-presidentialism often generates dual-legitimacy problems, thereby reducing confidence in both government and parliament.
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Helderman, Jan-Kees, Gwyn Bevan y George France. "The rise of the regulatory state in health care: a comparative analysis of the Netherlands, England and Italy". Health Economics, Policy and Law 7, n.º 1 (5 de enero de 2012): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133111000326.
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AbstractIn a relatively short time, regulation has become a significant and distinct feature of how modern states wish to govern and steer their economy and society. Whereas the former ‘dirigiste’ state used to be closely related to public ownership (e.g. hospitals), planning (volume and capacity planning) and centralised administration (e.g. fixed prices and budgets), the new regulatory state relies mainly on the instrument of regulation to achieve its objectives. In this paper, we wish to relate the rise of the ‘regulatory state’ to the path-dependent trajectories and institutional legacies of discrete European health-care systems. For this purpose, we compared the Dutch corporatist social health insurance system, the strongly centralised National Health Service (NHS) of England and federal regionalised NHS system of Italy. Comparing these three different health-care systems suggests that it is indeed possible to identify a general trend towards the rise of the regulatory state in health care in the last two decades. However, although the three countries examined in this paper face similar problems of multilevel governance of networks of third-party payers and providers, each system also gives rise to its own distinct regulatory challenges.
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Francetic, Igor, Fabrizio Tediosi, Paola Salari y Don de Savigny. "Going operational with health systems governance: supervision and incentives to health workers for increased quality of care in Tanzania". Health Policy and Planning 34, Supplement_2 (1 de noviembre de 2019): ii77—ii92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz104.
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Abstract Improving the quality of care is increasingly recognized as a priority of health systems in low- and middle-income countries. Given the labour-intensive nature of healthcare interventions, quality of care largely depends upon the number, training and management of health workers involved in service delivery. Policies available to boost the performance of health workers—and thus the quality of healthcare—include regulation, incentives and supervision—all of which are typically included in quality improvement frameworks and policies. This was the case in Tanzania, where we assessed the role of selected quality improvement policies. To do so, we analysed data from a representative sample of Tanzanian government-managed health facilities, part of the 2014/15 Service Provision Assessment component of the Demographic and Health Survey. We constructed two healthcare quality indicators from data on patient visits: (1) compliance with Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) guidelines and (2) patient satisfaction. Using multilevel ordered logistic regression models, we estimated the associations between the outcomes and selected indicators of incentives and supervisory activity at health worker and health facility level. We did not identify any association for the different indicators of top-down supervision at facility and individual level, neither with IMCI compliance nor with patients’ satisfaction. Bottom-up supervision, defined as meetings between community and health facility staff, was significantly associated with higher patient satisfaction. Financial incentives in the form of salary top-ups were positively associated with both IMCI compliance and patient satisfaction. Both housing allowances and government-subsidized housing were positively associated with our proxies of quality of care. Good healthcare quality is crucial for promoting health in Tanzania not only through direct outcomes of the process of care but also through increased care-seeking behaviour in the communities. The results of this study highlight the role of community involvement, better salary conditions and housing arrangements for health workers.
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Ahmad, Ehtisham. "Multilevel financing of sustainable infrastructure in China—Policy options for inclusive, resilient and green growth". Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 5, n.º 1 (6 de mayo de 2021): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v5i1.1251.
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COVID-19 has amplified existing imbalances, institutional and financing constraints associated with a development strategy that did not take sufficient account of challenges with emissions, environmental damage and health risks associated with climate change in a number of countries, including China. The recovery from the pandemic can be combined with appropriately designed investments that take into account human, social, natural and physical capital, as well as distributional objectives, that can also address commitments under the Paris agreement. An important criterion for sustainable development is that the tax regimes at the national and sub-national levels should reflect the same criteria as the investment strategy. Own-source revenues, are essential to be able to access private financing, including local government bonds and PPPs in a sustainable manner. Governance criteria are also important including information on the buildup of liabilities at all levels of government, to ensure transparent governance.Despite differences in political systems, the Chinese experiences are relevant in a wide range of emerging market countries as the measures utilize institutions and policies reflecting international best practices, including modern tax administrations for the VAT, and income taxes, and benefit-linked property taxes, as well as utilization of balance sheets information consistent with the IMF’s Government Financial Statistics Manual, 2014. The options have significant implications for policy advice and development cooperation for meeting global climate change goals while ensuring sustainable employment generation with transparency and accountability.
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Reh, Christine. "European Integration as Compromise: Recognition, Concessions and the Limits of Cooperation". Government and Opposition 47, n.º 3 (2012): 414–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2012.01369.x.
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AbstractThe role of compromise in EU politics has been widely recognized by scholars and practitioners alike. At the same time, the systematic conceptual, analytical and normative study of compromise has remained an exception. This is surprising, given that the study of compromise can be linked to three broader questions at the heart of integration: (1) How does the EU accommodate diversity? (2) What makes supranational rule normatively justifiable? (3) Who or what defines the limits of cooperation? Against this backdrop, this article sheds light on the concept of compromise, on the role of compromise in legitimizing supranational governance and on the limits to compromise in the European polity. I argue that the EU – a divided, multilevel and functionally restricted polity – is highly dependent on the legitimizing force of ‘inclusive compromise’, which is characterized by the recognition of difference. This is true for horizontal or micro-level relations between political actors (where compromise works through concessions as well as justification, perspective-taking and empathic concern in a process of ‘procedural accommodation’), and for vertical or macro-level relations between systems of governance (where compromise works through ‘constitutional compatibility’). Given the legitimizing force of inclusive compromise, I subsequently identify the limits to such agreements and, thus, to supranational cooperation; I argue that these limits are issue specific and depend on where the costs of cooperation are borne. The article concludes by outlining routes for follow-up empirical research.