Literatura académica sobre el tema "Multi-Contamination of soils"

The study aims to evaluate the applicability of the slurry-TXRF method for estimating background contents and ecological indices in a rapid and convenient way. For this reason, the agricultural soils of the Itata Valley were used as a case study, where 48 soil samples were collected and analyzed. This rapid, minimally sample-intensive, and simultaneous multi-element quantification technique presented high accuracy but lower precision (approx. 20% RSD) compared to the classic total reflection X-ray fluorescence and flame/graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry methods, which require sample digestion. Due to the analytical characteristics of Slurry-TXRF, it can be concluded that the lower precision is likely compensated for, and this method represents a valuable alternative for the rapid and efficient assessment of trace element contamination in agricultural soils. The regional median concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd in the Itata Valley surface soils were found to be 63.7, 9.57, 31.0, 41.1, and 0.56 mg kg−1, respectively, with corresponding upper limits of 47.6, 6.82, 17.0, 30.7, and 0.284 mg kg−1. The ecological indices, including the geoaccumulation index, contamination factor, enrichment factor, and degree of contamination, suggest moderate levels of contamination in the region.

Food security is a critical issue for many global communities. Heavy metal contamination in soils present a major and ongoing ecological risk associated with human activities which may impact the viability and safety of seed-sown crops. To better understand the impacts of soil contamination by heavy metals on seed-sown crop viability, we examined germination responses of eight commercially-important fruit and vegetable crop species to copper, zinc, and lead contamination at levels likely to be found in contaminated regions in Australia. We compared the germination attributes of days to first germination, germination period, and total proportion of seeds germinated under concentration limits of heavy metals detected at degraded sites and current Australian National Environment Protection Measure thresholds for domestic soils (i.e., copper 6,000 mg kg-1, zinc 4,700 mg kg-1, lead 300 mg kg-1). The combined heavy metal treatment (i.e. all three metals) significantly inhibited germination for all edible crop species with only carrots able to germinate under complex, multi-metal-contaminated conditions. Seed viability was significantly decreased in mulberry (M. alba var. tatarica, M. nigra, and M. rubra) and lettuce (L. sativa), with lowered seed germination in all metals compared to carrot (D. carota), radish (R. sativus), tomato (S. lycopersicum) and common bean (P. vulgaris). These results indicate heavy metal contamination is a notable risk to seed-sown crop species, with multi-metal contamination events likely to be severely damaging to lettuce, tomato, radish, common bean, and mulberry crops

Intensive agriculture requires increasing application of fertilizers in order to sustain food production. Improper use of these substances in combination with increasing seawater intrusion results in long-term and nonpoint soil and groundwater contamination. In this work, a 3-D groundwater and solute transport numerical model was created to simulate the effect of excessive fertilizers application along the Bahr El Baqar drain system, in the eastern Nile Delta, Egypt. The geotechnical properties of the soils, hydrologic parameters, and unconfined compressive strength were determined at different sites and used as input parameters for the model. Model results showed that silty clay soils are able to contain the contaminations and preserve the groundwater quality. Nevertheless, sandy soils primarily located at the beginning of the Bahr El Baqar drain allow leakage of fertilizers to the groundwater. Thus, fertilizer application should be properly managed in the top sandy layers to protect the groundwater and soil, as increasing aquifer by excess irrigation water increased the groundwater contamination in confined layers due to the high value of cumulative salt for the current situation while the unconfined zone decreased groundwater and soil contamination. A mass transport 3-D multi-species (MT3D) model was set to identify the optimal measure to tackle soil and groundwater contamination along the Bahr El-Baqar drain system. A potential increase of the abstraction rates in the study area has a positive impact in reducing the transfer of fertilizer contamination to groundwater while it has a negative impact for soil contamination. The scenario analysis further indicated that the installation of a drainage network decreases the groundwater and soil contamination. Both solutions are potentially effective for protection against nonpoint contamination along the Bahr El Baqar drain system. However, a more sustainable management approach of fertilizer application is needed to adequately protect the receptors located further downstream in the Nile Delta.

The analysis of heavy metals and arsenic contamination of soils of the urbanized territory of Svirsk (Irkutsk region) is presented. The features of distribution and concentration of mobile forms of elements – toxicants in soils of different functional zones of the city are revealed. It has been established that the main pollutants of the soils of Svirsk are As, Zn, Pb, Cr, Fe and Cd, which have high accumulation rates. Mainly high–contrast polyelement geochemical anomalies Fe–Pb–As–Zn– Cd–Mn and Cu with extremely dangerous pollution levels are formed in the soil cover of industrial zones. The soils of a private residential area are characterized by local contrasting four–element anomalies Zn–As–Cr–Mn with a dangerous and extremely dangerous degree of pollution, multi–storey residential sector – two-element low-contrast anomalies Cr–Cu with a dangerous and moderately dangerous ecological situation.

Synthetic pesticides are widely applied in modern agriculture, where they are used against diseases, pests, and weeds to secure crop yield and quality. However, their intensive application has led to widespread contamination of the environment, including soils. Due to their inherent toxicity, they might pose a risk to soil health by causing harm to non-target organisms and disrupting ecosystem services in both agricultural and other exposed soils. Following the Swiss National Action Plan on the reduction of pesticide risks, Agroscope has conducted several soil monitoring studies that are briefly presented here. All of them resort to different multi-residue trace analytical approaches to simultaneously quantify up to about 150 modern pesticides by either accelerated solvent, or Quick, Easy, Cheap, Efficient, Rugged, Safe (QuEChERS) extraction, followed by separation and detection with liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. While partly still in progress, our investigations led to the following major findings this far: Multiple pesticides are commonly present in soils, with individual concentrations in agricultural soils often reaching up to a few tens of µg/kg. Pesticide occurrence and concentrations in agricultural soils primarily depend on land use, land use history and cultivated crops. Pesticides can prevail much longer than predicted by their half-lives, and were found in soils even decades after conversion from conventional to organic farming. Corresponding residual fractions can be in the order of a few percent of the originally applied amounts. We further found negative associations of pesticide residues with the abundance of beneficial soil life, underpinning their potential risk to the fertility of agricultural soils. Traces of pesticides are also detected in soils to which they were never applied, indicating contamination, e.g., via spray drift or atmospheric deposition. These results confirm the general notion of both scientists and legislators that prospective risk assessments (RA; as executed during registration and use authorization) should be confirmed and adjusted by retrospective RA (e.g., by environmental monitoring studies of currently used compounds) to jointly lead to an overall reduced environmental risk of pesticides.

Ground contamination by mineral oil and hydrocarbons is a serious problem worldwide. These non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) represents long-term contamination sources to the soil, groundwater, and ecological environment. In the existing numerical simulation models utilized in most simulation programs, the relation between porosity and the hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils is highly simplified as nonlinear. However, the nonlinear porosity effect on soil permeability and the capillary pressures cannot be well considered in this way. In this study, a new mathematical model has been developed to incorporate porosity effects into the hydraulic properties of soils, including the retention behaviour and permeability function of NAPL and water. This model has been implemented in MATLAB using the finite difference method and verified by a centrifuge test about NAPL infiltration. Then, a series of parametric studies will be carried out to investigate the multi-phase flow under a continuously leaking NAPL source. The influence of porosity magnitude and distribution will be investigated. Special attention will be paid to the influence of porosity distribution by soil consolidation on NAPL flow, which is often ignored by the existing simulations using constant porosity values.

Contamination of soils with potentially toxic metals (PTMs) is an environmental problem. In this study, sorption of cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in four soil profiles (two Fluvisols, one Gleysol, and one Cambisol), representing the dominant soils of the Zagreb aquifer system, were studied using a multi element laboratory batch test. Mathematical expressions were applied to establish the relationship between the concentration of the adsorbent in the liquid phase and the solid phaSe at equilibrium and in laboratory conditions. The study revealed that the investigated soils have a higher capacity to sorb Cu than Zn and Cd. The most significant physicochemical characteristics of soils, influencing sorption, are pH, carbonate content (minerals) and organic matter. Although all PTMs in all analyzed soils had a similar sorption capacity, the variation of sorption was higher in the siltic soils (Fluvisols) compared with the texturally finer (loamic) Gleysol and Cambisol soils, as well as in the subsoil horizons compared with the topsoils. Results indicate that sorption of PTMs is more influenced by physicochemical characteristics at different soil depths than by soil type, which is confirmed with a higher affinity for Zn and Cd bonding in the topsoil horizons. Also, it has been shown that Cd may pose more of a threat to soils and groundwater due to its toxicity and relatively high mobility in comparison with Zn and Cu.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the competitive and individual sorption of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn on three natural soils: a Gleyic Fluvisol (content of Cd 30, Cu 25, Pb 2297 and Zn 3718 mg/kg), a Gleyic Cambisol (content of Cd 5, Cu 29, Pb 1158 and Zn 180 mg/kg) and a Chernozem (content of Cd 0.4, Cu 36, Pb 75 and Zn 67 mg/kg). For evaluation of the sorption and desorption, the Freundlich isotherms were used. The results of the model experiment confirmed that the sorption from single-metal solution was more effective than sorption under multi-metal conditions, due to competitive effects. In all tested soils sorption of Cd, Cu and Zn decreased with the rate of other competitive metals; the Pb sorption was not affected by other competitive metals in solutions. Moreover, during multi-metal sorption, Zn was significantly desorbed in Cambisol. In general, sorptions of Cu, Pb and Zn were greater in uncontaminated soil compared to contaminated soils. Clear trend of impact of the contamination on Cd sorption was not observed. The results showed the sorption decreasing in order Chernozem > Fluvisol > Cambisol. The sorption was the greatest in uncontaminated soil with low mobility of studied metals.

Abstract Heavy metal contamination of soils has become a global issue. In pursuit of a reference for the management of heavy metal pollution, numerical simulations were used here to investigate the migration pattern of heavy metals in soil under multi-field coupling of rainfall, temperature, and hydraulic conductivity. Models were built using TOUGHREACT, and measured and simulated values were compared with those of existing studies to verify the accuracy of the software in simulating coupled water vapor-thermal transport and rainfall infiltration. Taking Nanjing rainfall data as an example, the transport pattern of zinc in soil under multi-field coupling was explored. Although evaporation and rainwater infiltration were found to increase with the temperature, the effects of evaporation and temperature counteracted each other, resulting in a weak influence of temperature on heavy metal transport. The hydraulic conductivity of stabilized soil was the main factor controlling zinc migration, with the saturation and heavy metal concentration clouds of soil columns tending to stabilize when the hydraulic conductivity of solidified soil was under 1 × 10-11 m/s.

Ces travaux ont été consacrés à l’étude de l’origine et du devenir des éléments traces métalliques (ETM) et particulièrement de Cu, de Pb et de Zn dans des sols longuement exposés à des émissions d’usines métallurgiques localisées dans le parc national des Calanques (site de l’Escalette) ou dans le complexe industriel de la commune de Fos-sur-Mer (site sidérurgique). Dans les contextes d’une pollution métallurgique historique et d’une pollution actuelle, nous avons utilisé les isotopes stables de Pb, Zn et Cu comme traceurs des sources et de la redistribution de ces métaux anthropogéniques dans les sols et la végétation. Nous avons couplé l’approche isotopique avec les mesures des concentrations élémentaires totales et extraites par différents extractants (NaNO3, DTPA), de la spéciation du Zn par spectroscopie d’absorption des rayons X (par XAS) et de la susceptibilité magnétique. L’utilisation combinée de ces différents outils nous a permis de mettre en évidence la présence des métaux d’origine anthropogénique dans les profils de sols étudiés. Nous avons également déterminé l’étendue latérale de la contamination (jusqu’à 5 km dans les sols des Calanques) ou les cônes d’impact des différentes sous unités de l’usine sidérurgique. Certains de ces métaux anthropogéniques ont migré à travers les profils de sol et peuvent être retrouvés jusque dans les horizons les plus profonds. Par exemple, nous avons calculé que les contributions du Pb anthropogénique au Pb total étaient au minimum de 72% dans les horizons profonds des sols des Calanques. Ces métaux anthropogéniques sont apparus peu biodisponibles pour les végétaux avec de très faibles facteurs de bioaccumulation
In this work, we studied the origin and the fate of Cu, Pb and Zn brought to soils by atmospheric emissions from an active smelter and a historical one. To investigate the redistribution of these anthropogenic Cu, Zn and Pb in the surrounding soils and vegetation, we used stable metal isotopes of Zn, Cu and Pb associated with total and extracted metal concentrations, Zn speciation (by XAS measurements) and magnetic susceptibility.By coupling these techniques, we demonstrated the presence in soils of Pb and Zn originating from the smelters. Anthropogenic metals were concentrated in soil surface horizons and for Zn reached up to 15 and 35 times the geochemical background at resp. the active and historical metallurgical sites. We identified the presence of anthropogenic Pb and Cu in the deepest soil horizons which migrated either as solid (Pb) or solubilized (Cu) forms. Contribution of anthropogenic Pb to total Pb was estimated to be at least 72% at depth in the soils nearby the Escalette former smelter. Anthropogenic Zn was found, at both sites, to be immobilized in soil surface horizons due to its precipitation as Zn-LDH or bonding with Fe. We showed that anthropogenic Pb and Zn solubility was low and that it contrasted with Cu mobility. Therefore, anthropogenic metals appeared to be poorly or not bioavailable to the nearby vegetation. In addition, we highlighted the specific behavior of Mediterranean plants regarding Cu isotopes fractionation, as we measured isotopic enrichment (i.e. in 65Cu) in aerial parts, not observed, so far, in the literature

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Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

La maladie de Crohn est une maladie inflammatoire chronique dont l'étiologie reste inconnue, et les facteurs environnementaux figurent parmi les causes potentielles. Parmi ces facteurs, la contamination des sols n'a jamais été étudiée, bien que de nombreuses substances polluantes qui y sont présentes aient été associées à la maladie dans des études épidémiologiques. La France dispose du plus grand registre de la maladie de Crohn au monde, EPIMAD, qui couvre quatre départements : le Nord, la Somme, le Pas-de-Calais et la Seine-Maritime, où des clusters spatiaux de sur- et de sous-incidence ont été identifiés. Ces clusters ouvrent la voie à des études environnementales.Ainsi, l'approche environnementale de la qualité des sols s'est imposée : les sols des clusters diffèrent-ils en termes de qualité ? Existe-t-il des variations de concentration de polluants entre les clusters à forte et à faible incidence ? Dans l'affirmative, quels sont les éléments ou les mélanges d'éléments en cause ? L'objectif de notre étude est donc de caractériser les sols à l'intérieur de ces clusters et de procéder à une vaste collecte de données des polluants potentiels présents afin de pouvoir comparer la qualité des sols des clusters.Cette thèse a adopté, dans un premier temps, une approche de réutilisation des données, caractérisant les sols sur la base de données existantes et affinant l'interprétation grâce à un indice composite, le "ratio moyen d'imprégnation" (RIM). Face à la rareté des données disponibles, deux vastes campagnes de prélèvements de sols ont été lancées au sein des clusters de la maladie. La première a eu pour objectif un screening des contaminants les plus retrouvés dans les sols. La seconde campagne a adapté une approche ciblée, visant les polluants montrant une potentielle association avec la maladie de Crohn dans la littérature. Ainsi, 14 molécules appartenant aux perturbateurs endocriniens, antibiotiques et médicaments les plus couramment utilisés chez l'Homme ont été mesurées dans les sols. La mesure de ces molécules dans cette matrice complexe n'étant pas normalisée, une méthode analytique a été développée pour détecter ces polluants, et les analyses des échantillons ont été effectuées conformément à ce protocole établi.Cette approche a permis de générer plus de 81 000 nouvelles données caractérisant les polluants des sols échantillonnés. Les bases de données existantes ont été utilisées pour caractériser le paysage physique des clusters et identifier les sources de contamination. Elles nous ont également permis de détecter une corrélation entre les métaux lourds présents dans les sols agricoles et l'incidence de la maladie de Crohn. Par ailleurs, sur le plan écologique, la détection d'hormones dans les zones forestières à des concentrations plus élevées que celles rapportées dans la littérature, constitue un résultat pionnier de cette thèse. A ce jour, sur la base des premières analyses et interprétations, les polluants émergents n'ont pas montré de différence significative entre les clusters de sur-incidence et de sous-incidence. Nous recommandons tout de même des études plus ciblées sur les polluants liés aux pratiques agricoles et leurs effets sur la maladie de Crohn, une voie d'investigation prometteuse dans notre étude
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition with an unknown etiology, and environmental factors are among the potential causes. Among these factors, soil contamination has never been studied, although many soil pollutants have been associated with the disease in epidemiological studies. France has the world's largest Crohn's disease registry, EPIMAD, which covers four departments: Nord, Somme, Pas-de-Calais, and Seine-Maritime, where spatial clusters of high- and low-incidence have been identified. These clusters open the door to environmental studies.Therefore, an environmental approach to soil quality has become necessary: do the soils in the clusters differ in terms of quality? Are there variations in pollutant concentrations between high and low-incidence clusters? If so, what are the elements or cocktail of elements involved? The objective of our study is to characterize the soils within these clusters and collect extensive data on potential soil pollutants to compare soil qualities between the clusters.This thesis initially adopted a data reuse approach, characterizing soils on the basis of existing data and refining interpretation using a composite index, the "mean impregnation ratio" (RIM). Given the scarcity of available data, two large-scale soil sampling campaigns were launched in the disease clusters. The first was aimed at screening for the contaminants most frequently found in soils. The second campaign adapted a targeted approach, targeting pollutants showing an association with Crohn's disease in the literature. Thus, 14 molecules belonging to the endocrine disruptors, antibiotics and drugs most commonly used in humans were measured in soils. As the measurement of these molecules within this complex matrix is not yet normalized, an analytical method was developed to detect these pollutants, and sample analyses were carried out in accordance with this established protocol.This approach generated more than 81,000 new data on the soil pollutants sampled. Existing databases were used to characterize the physical landscape of the clusters and identify sources of contamination. They also enabled us to detect a correlation between heavy metals in agricultural soils and the incidence of Crohn's disease. Furthermore, from an ecological point of view, the detection of hormones in forested areas at concentrations higher than those reported in the literature, constitutes a pioneering result of this thesis. To date, based on initial analyses and interpretations, emerging pollutants have shown no significant difference between over- and under-incidence clusters. We recommend more focused studies on pollutants related to agricultural practices and their effects on Crohn's disease, a promising avenue of investigation in our study

Noteworthy multi-disciplinary undertakings have been taken to investigate the effects of natural fluoride ion (F) contamination since the preceding century. Fluoride is a hazard to the earth and human prosperity. Developed and developing countries are standing up to such enormous extents of issues in light of fluoride in the drinking water. Human use to fluoride has bourgeoned since World War II, on account of fluoridated water and toothpaste just as to the normal defilement by huge ventures, from aluminium to pesticides, where fluoride is an essential mechanical concoction similarly as a waste product. The chapter deals with the proportion of fluoride in nature and its impact on human prosperity, generally on the brain, endocrine system, thyroid, pineal gland, immune system, reproductive system, and organ systems. High assemblies of F in soil may really bargain the life of plants, obliterate soil microbial development, upset the soil environment, and cause soil and water defilement. This chapter further emphasizes various biological approaches for the remediation.

Soils at waste sites must be evaluated for the potential of residual soil contamination to leach and migrate to the groundwater beneath the disposal area. If migration to the aquifer occurs, contaminants can travel vast distances and pollute drinking water wells, thus exposing human receptors to harmful levels of toxins and carcinogens. To prevent groundwater contamination, a contaminant fate and transport analysis is necessary to assess the migration potential of residual soil contaminants. This type of migration analysis is usually performed using a vadose zone model to account for complex geotechnical and chemical variables including: decay processes, infiltration rate, soil properties, vadose zone thickness, and chemical behavior. The distinct advantage of using a complex model is that less restrictive, but still protective, soil threshold levels may be determined avoiding the unnecessary and costly remediation of marginally contaminated soils. However, the disadvantage of such modeling is the additional cost for data collection and labor required to apply these models. In order to allay these higher costs and to achieve a less restrictive but still protective clean-up level, a multiple contaminant and multi layered soil column equilibrium partitioning model was developed which is faster, simpler and less expensive to use.

The paper offers a complex approach to assess underground space as a multi-component system for its development and utilization. It is indicated that a geotechnical analysis of sandy and clayey soils of St. Petersburg needs to be carried out based on two models, i.e. one for a jointed and blocky environs and the other for fine-pored media. It has been established that chemical composition of the ground water in the city is characterized with a high content of alkaline-earth elements, which proves the intensive destruction of construction materials, as well as with presence of organic substances judging by the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand in 5 days (BOD5). For the first time ever, a microbiotic component has been distinguished which determines the following phenomena: 1) alteration of physical and mechanical properties of sandy and clayey soils; 2) development of flowing sand and thixotropic phenomena; 3) biocorrosion of various construction materials. It is stated that even consolidated morainic soils usually viewed as a safe foundation and media for structures of various applications are transformed into weak and easy-deformable materials characterized with low strength in conditions of intensive contamination.

The Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual (MARSSIM) was developed as a multi-agency framework for supporting radioactive site closure in the United States. MARSSIM provides a coherent, technically defensible process for establishing that exposed surfaces (soil or structure) satisfy site cleanup requirements. Site cleanup requirements are assumed to be dose or risk-derived. Unfortunately, many sites have complications that challenge a direct application of MARSSIM. Example complications include decision documents requirements that are not MARSSIM-friendly, the potential for subsurface contamination, and incomplete characterization information. These types of complications are typically the rule, rather than the exception, for sites undergoing radiologically-driven remediation and closure. This paper discusses approaches used to circumvent MARSSIM-related closure issues, while still providing a technically defensible closure protocol that is consistent with the spirit of MARSSIM and acceptable to the regulatory and broader stakeholder community.

Abstract One of prerequisite of any detection system is to get the requirement the risk analysis that estimates mainly the safety and environmental impacts of a loss of containment. From this prerequisite it is possible to consider a strategy for an early detection of a loss of containment, and to choose a method or a technology. Methods of detection belong to two main families: External based Leak Detection System which used local leak sensors to generate a leak alarm. The main External based Leak Detection Systems are acoustic emission detectors, pressure detectors, fiber optic cable, vapor and / or liquid sensing cables;Internal based Leak Detection Systems which used normal field sensors (e.g. pressure transmitters, flowmeters) for leak detection and leak localization. The main internal Leak Detection Systems are:○balancing systems (line balance, volume balance, compensated mass balance etc.);○Real Time Transient Model;○pressure/ flow monitoring;○statistical analysis… The main External based Leak Detection Systems was studied internally through different evaluation and development programs and for some of them in operation. The main findings were the followings: The acoustic based detection is sensitive to external noises as well as some pipeline fluid (multi-phase, critical flow, transit phase) and pipeline elements (e.g. elbows, valves). This technology requires the management of high quantity of data, a significant tuning period, and many sensors connected to the pipeline. Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) using the fiber optic cable media is currently used internally to detect real time intrusion.The pressure emission detectors may be insensitive and require accurate pressure measurement. This technology is difficultly practical on short lines, gas or multi-phase pipelines with transient phases.The vapor / liquid sensing cable technology needs to be physically close to the pipe to become wet in case of leakage. These sensitive cables should be replaced or cleaned after a leak. This technology is ne suitable easily for long distance application. Their retrievable capability with the implementation of pulling chamber every few hundred meters needs to be carefully considered. In addition, this technology is highly sensitive. This implies that false alarms may occurred in case of former contamination (presence of hydrocarbon). This technology is also sensitive to the soil disruption, fluid properties and is affected by the ageing (sensitive polymer alteration). However, this technology is suitable for short distance and for some leaks detection when there is no temperature variation between the fluid and the soil.The Fiber optic solution was highly considered for a leak detection through several evaluation programs and, in particular two PIT (Projet d’Innovation Technologique) Projects. These two PIT projects were performed between 2015 and 2019 and presented to the following ADIPEC sessions○(Baque, 2017) 2017 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference SPE-188669-MS Early Gas Detection○(Baque, 2020) 2020 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference SPE-203293-MS Fiber Optic Liquid Leakage Detection Note: Some of the paragraph parts of this manuscript are extracted from these two SPE documents referred (Baque, 2017) and (Baque, 2020). Other evaluation and development programs not presented previously are also presented in this manuscript.