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1

BORTESI, Laura. "Muc expression and their prognostic value in cholangiocarcinoma". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Verona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/337443.

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Il colangiocarcinoma (CC) è un tumore composto da cellule che ricordano quelle dei dotti biliari e rappresenta il secondo tumore epatico come incidenza dopo l’epatocarcinoma, costituendo il 5-10% delle neoplasie primitive epatiche. A livello mondiale il colangiocarcinoma rende conto del 3% di tutti i carcinomi del tratto gastroenterico. Numerosi studi hanno messo in evidenza il fatto che i tassi di incidenza e mortalità per il colangiocarcinoma intraepatico (IHCC) stanno aumentando, mentre quelli per il colangiocarcinoma extraepatico (EHCC) stanno globalmente diminuendo. Ad oggi l’unica terapia potenzialmente curativa è quella chirurgica e questi pazienti hanno una prognosi infausta con una sopravvivenza di pochi mesi. Al momento una delle ragioni per cui questo tumore si presenta tardivamente è la mancanza di un marcatore diagnostico sensibile e specifico che permetta una diagnosi precoce. Lo scopo del nostro lavoro era trovare un marcatore sensibile e specifico, dosabile nel siero dei pazienti che si correli con il tipo tumorale e con le dimensioni del tumore in quanto la sopravvivenza è del 70-80% per quei pazienti con tumori piccoli scoperti incidentalmente in corso di trapianto per colangite sclerosante primitiva. Le Mucine sono glicoproteine altamente glicosilate con un ruolo protettivo nelle cellule, servendo in parte da barriera per la superficie delle cellule epiteliali e per le cellule tumorali. Boonla C et al. recentemente hanno dimostrato che la mucina MUC5AC è presente in concentrazioni significative nel siero dei pazienti con CC. In un lavoro recente, MUC5AC correlava significativamente con l’invasione perineurale e uno stadio avanzato di malattia. Ci sono pochi studi sulla espressione delle mucine, in particolare il tipo gastrico e la loro relazione con la morfologia e la prognosi dei colangiocarcinomi. Abbiamo analizzato mediante immunoistochimica tutti i nostri casi per MUC1, MUC2, MUC6 e MUC5AC. I risultati più significativi sono stati con MUC5AC. Recentemente il Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan ha suddiviso IHCC in tre tipi morfologici: mass-forming (MF), periductal infiltrating (PI) e intraductal growth (IG). Il tipo MF è caratterizzato dalla presenza di una massa tondeggiante a margini distinti all’interno del parenchima epatico, il tipo PI è caratterizzato da una infiltrazione tumorale lungo i dotti biliari,che occasionalmente interessa i vasi e/o il parenchima epatico, il tipo IG da una crescita papillare e/o granulare all’interno del lume dei dotti. Il tipo PI è correlato ad una maggiore incidenza di invasioni perineurali, metastasi linfonodali e recidive extraepatiche rispetto al tipo MF. La sopravvivenza a 5 anni dei pazienti con tumori IG o MF è significativamente migliore di quelli con tumori MF più PI o solo PI. C’è sempre più evidenza che i colangiocarcinomi intraepatici debbano essere suddivisi in periferici e periilari su base eziopatogenetica, di comportamento biologico e caratteristiche cliniche. I CC periilari probabilmente derivano dall’epitelio di rivestimento dei rami principali dei dotti epatici di destra e sinistra e dalle ghiandole peribiliari che li circondano e istologicamente sono adenocarcinomi con caratteristiche dei tipi ilari e extraepatici. I CC periferici presumibilmente originano dai piccoli dotti biliari, duttuli e canali di Hering. Probabilmente sono coinvolte nella tumorigenesi le cellule progenitrici epatiche. Distinguere però tumori periilari da ilari è spesso difficile soprattutto in casi avanzati. Nel nostro studio insieme con i chirurghi proponiamo una classificazione di questo tipo: periferici per colangiocarcinomi che si sviluppano nel parenchima epatico, periilari per tumori localizzati nel fegato ma che interessano l’ilo e per i tumori di Klatskin e extraepatici per tumori del tratto biliare distale. Questa classificazione correla bene con la morfologia. La maggior parte (30/35) CC periferici sono di tipo MF con solo 5 casi MF+PI. I tumori periilari e gli extraepatici sono principalmente PI o MF+PI rispecchiando un differente pattern di crescita tra le due forme. Al di là di un diverso pattern di crescita c’è anche una differenza statisticamente significativa rispetto alla espressione di MUC5AC. 30 dei 35 casi (85,7%) di CC periferico erano MUC5AC negativi. 26 di 39 (66,6%) CC periilari erano MUC5AC positivi, con intensità variabile ma positivi. 13 casi erano negativi, di questi in 8 c’erano alcune cellule positive anche se non sufficienti a raggiungere il cut-off del 5%, non sappiamo se sia di qualche significato ma è diverso dalla negatività completa che si vede nei MF. Nel nostro studio MUC5AC sembra essere un buon marcatore immunoistochimico che può distinguere colangiocarcinomi periferici da periilari, che correla bene con la morfologia e ha anche un significato prognostico. Questo marcatore può essere misurato nel siero e può essere usato nel pannello dei marcatori tumorali da utilizzare nei colangiocarcinomi che può essere utile anche nel followup.
Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is a malignant tumour composed of cells resembling those of the bile ducts and the second most common primary hepatic tumor after hepatocellular carcinoma, comprising 5-10% of primary liver neoplasms. Worldwide, cholangiocarcinoma accounts for 3% of all gastrointestinal cancers. Several studies have shown that the incidence and mortality rates of intrahepatic CC (IHCC) are rising, and those of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EHCC) are declining worldwide. To date, radical surgery is the only therapy offering a potential cure for CC patients, whose prognosis is generally poor with survival limited to few months. At present, the lack of a sensitive and specific early diagnostic marker is one of the reasons why CC has a fairly late presentation. Our aim was to find out a sensitive and specific marker which could be detected in patient serum and be correlated with tumor type and tumor burden since the potential survival benefit from early detection is shown by 70-80% survival for patients with early cholangiocarcinoma that was discovered incidentally on transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Mucins are heavily glycosylated glycoproteins and play a protective role in cells, in part serving as a barrier to the epithelial surface and to tumor cells. Boonla C. et al. recently showed that MUC5AC mucin is present in significant concentrations in serum from patients with CC. In a recent report, MUC5AC significantly correlated with neural invasion and advanced CC stage. Only a few studies have been carried out about mucins expression, in particular the gastric type and their relationship with CC morphology and prognosis. We stained all tissue for MUC1, MUC2, MUC6 and MUC5AC. The only interesting results were with MUC5AC. Recently the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan divided IHCC into three morphological types: mass-forming (MF), periductal infiltrating (PI) and intraductal growth (IG). MF type is characterized by the presence of a spherical mass with a distinct border in the liver parenchyma, PI type presents tumor infiltration along the bile duct, occasionally involving the surrounding blood vessels and/or hepatic parenchyma, IG is characterized by papillary and/or granular growth into the bile duct lumen. PI type of CC present a significantly higher frequency of perineural invasion, lymph node metastasis and extrahepatic recurrence than MF type. The 5-year survival rates of patients with IG tumors or MF tumors is significantly better than those of patients with MF plus PI tumors or PI type alone. There is increasing evidence that intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma should be divided in peripheral CC and perihilar CC based on etiopathogenesis, biological behaviour and clinical features. Perihilar CC may evolve from the lining epithelia of the major branches of the right and left hepatic bile duct and also from peribiliary glands around them and histologically is an adenocarcinoma resembling many of the features of hilar or extrahepatic CC. Peripheral CC presumably develop from small bile duct, ductules or canals of Hering. Hepatic progenitor cell may be involved in the tumorigenesis of peripheral CC. Distinguishing perihilar from hilar CC is often difficult, especially in advanced cases. In this study together with the surgeons we propose a different classification: peripheral CC for tumors that growth inside the liver parenchima, perihilar for tumors located in the liver but involving the hilum and for Klatskin tumors and extrahepatic for tumors of the distal biliary tract. This classification correlates well with morphology. Most (30/35) peripheral CC are of the MF type with only 5 cases MF+PI. Perihilar CC and EHCC are mostly PI or MF+PI reflecting a different growth pattern between the two. Beside a different growth pattern there is a statistical difference between the tumor types when comparing MUC5AC expression. 30 out of 35 (85,7%) peripheral CC were MUC5AC negative. 26 out of 39 (66,6%) perihilar CC were MUC5AC positive with different intensities but positive. 13 cases were negative. Of these 13 cases in 8 cases there were same positive cells but not enough to reach 5% of the total (our cut-off value), we don’t know if this positivity is of any significance, but it is something different compared to the true negativity that we see in MF. In our study MUC5AC seems to be a good immunohistochemical marker that can distinguish peripheral from perihilar CC, that correlates well with morphology and has a prognostic significance as well. This marker can be measured in the serum and can be used in the panel of tumor markers to search for in CC and could be useful in the follow-up.
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2

Bedei, Ivonne. "Untersuchung zur MUC-18-Expression des metastasierenden malignen Melanoms mittels der RT-PCR-Methode". Ulm : Universität Ulm, Medizinische Fakultät, 2001. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB9818607.

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3

Brandenburg, Anna Klara. "Untersuchungen zur Expression der MUC1/Y und MUC/Z-Spleissvarianten des Tumorantigens MUC1 in Normalgeweben und Karzinomen des Magens sowie des ösophagogastrischen Überganges /". Köln, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000253343.

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4

Bedei, Ivonne [Verfasser]. "Untersuchung zur MUC-18-Expression des metastasierenden malignen Melanoms mittels der RT-PCR-Methode / Ivonne Bedei". Ulm : Universität Ulm. Medizinische Fakultät, 2002. http://d-nb.info/1015323618/34.

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5

Llupi, Matilda y Rabije Qoku. "Expression of mucins in normal salivary glands and mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands". Thesis, Malmö högskola, Odontologiska fakulteten (OD), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-19760.

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Mucoepidermoid carcinom (MEC) är en malign mucin-producerande tumör som förekommer i både stora och små spottkörtlar. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka histologiskt uttryck av muciner (MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC6) i MEC för att eventuellt hitta en korrelation mellan kvalitativt mucinuttryck och tumörgrad. Tolv låg- och fem höggradiga MEC och nio normala spottkörtlar intill tumörvävnad undersöktes med hjälp av immunohistokemi där proverna utvärderades med avseende på färgningsmönster och positivitet i specifika celltyper. Normala spottkörtelceller uttryckte främst cytoplasmatiskt mucin MUC5B. MUC1 och MUC4 uttrycktes i normala spottkörtelgångsceller i ungefär hälften av proverna medan MUC5AC uttryck var sällsynt i normala spottkörtlar. MEC:ar uttryckte MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC och MUC5B. Den apikala delen av membranet i de bägarceller som omger cystiska hålrum visade den starkaste färgningen för MUC1 och MUC4. Uttryck av MUC4 i bägarceller minskade med ökad histologisk grad. Bägarcellers uttryck av MUC5B:s i låggradig MEC var mindre intensivt än uttrycket av MUC5AC i samma celler. Högre uttryck av MUC5B jämfört med MUC5AC noterades i höggradiga tumörer. Sammanfattningsvis uttrycker MEC olika mängd av muciner än normala spottkörtlar. MUC5AC:s uttryck i MEC verkar vara en metaplastisk funktion och MUC4 tycks relatera till tumörens differentieringsgrad. Förhållandet mellan MUC5AC och MUC5B uttryck skulle kunna vara ett användbart verktyg vid diagnostisering och prognosutvärdering av MEC.
Mucoepidermoid carcinomas (MECs) are malignant epithelial mucin-producing tumours encountered in both major and minor salivary glands. The aim of this study was to investigate the histological characteristics of the expression of mucins (MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC6) in MECs in search for a possible correlation between qualitative mucin expression and tumour grade. Twelve low-grade, five high-grade MECs and nine normal salivary glands adjacent to tumour tissue were investigated for these mucins by immunohistochemistry. The samples were evaluated with respect to staining pattern and positivity of specific cell types. Normal acinar cells mainly expressed the cytoplasmic mucin MUC5B. MUC1 and MUC4 were expressed in normal ductal cells in approximately half of the samples whereas MUC5AC expression was rare in normal salivary glands. MECs expressed MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC and MUC5B. The apical membrane of mucous cells lining the cystic cavities showed the strongest staining for MUC1 and MUC4. The expression of MUC4 in mucous cells decreased with increasing histological grade. Expression of salivary mucin MUC5B in mucous cells in low-grade MECs was less intense compared to the expression of MUC5AC in the same cells. In high-grade tumours, a higher expression of MUC5B compared to MUC5AC was noted. In conclusion, MECs express different mucin quantity compared to normal salivary glands. MUC5AC expression in salivary tumour tissue seems to be a metaplastic feature and MUC4 appears to be related to tumour differentiation grade. The relationship between MUC5AC and MUC5B expression could be a useful tool in the diagnosis and estimation of prognosis of MECs.
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Vogel, Teresa Maria [Verfasser]. "Die Expression von MHC Klasse I verwandten Genen (MIC) bei Psoriasis vulgaris / Teresa Maria Vogel". Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1156264642/34.

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Carminati, Patricia de Oliveira. "Respostas celulares aos danos causados pelo antitumoral cisplatina em linhagens de fibroblastos humanos normais (MRC-5) e astrocítica (U343 MG-a)". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17135/tde-21082007-103139/.

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Uma variedade de agentes antitumorais é capaz de induzir danos no material genético e estimular respostas como o bloqueio do ciclo celular, reparo do DNA ou apoptose. A resposta inicial das células é o bloqueio no ciclo em uma tentativa de reparar o dano, no entanto, se esse dano for muito extenso ou comprometer o metabolismo celular, uma cascata de sinalização aciona mecanismos alternativos que inibem a proliferação das células e acionam vias de morte. Os astrocitomas malignos são os tumores cerebrais mais comuns que afetam o sistema nervoso central, compreendendo mais de 60% dos tumores cerebrais primários. O tratamento padrão é a radioterapia seguida de quimioterapia, no entanto, o prognóstico para pacientes portadores desse tipo de câncer ainda continua desanimador. A cisplatina é um agente genotóxico largamente empregado no tratamento de gliomas, além de outros tipos de câncer. Essa droga liga-se ao DNA, formando aductos, os quais levam a um bloqueio na duplicação e na transcrição, podendo induzir apoptose nas células dependendo da extensão do dano. No presente trabalho foram avaliadas as respostas celulares ao tratamento com a cisplatina em linhagem de glioma (U343 MG-a) e em fibroblastos normais transformados por SV40 (MRC-5). Foram avaliadas as respostas em termos de sobrevivência celular, indução de apoptose e expressão gênica em larga escala pela técnica de micro-arranjos de cDNA, sendo esta última realizada somente para a linhagem U343. A cisplatina causou uma redução acentuada na sobrevivência das células MRC-5 (~1%) e U343 (< 1%) após cinco dias de tratamento (teste de sobrevivência celular) com concentrações que variavam de 12,5 a 300 ?M. O tratamento por 24 h com iguais concentrações de cisplatina reduziu a sobrevivência das linhagens em cerca de 20-80% (teste de citotoxicidade). Ambas as linhagens sofreram apoptose após o tratamento com diversas concentrações de cisplatina (12,5, 25 e 50 ?M). A linhagem U343 apresentou uma freqüência máxima de apoptose de 20,4% após o tratamento com 25 ?M de cisplatina por 72 h, enquanto a linhagem MRC-5 apresentou 11,0% de apoptose após 50 ?M de cisplatina por 48 h. Os dados de expressão gênica analisados pelo método de micro-aranjos de cDNA, obtidos 48 h após o tratamento das células U343 com 25 ?M de cisplatina, mostraram genes significativamente (p ?0,05) reprimidos relacionados principalmente com alterações no citoesqueleto (TBCD, RHOA, LIMK2 e MARK1), apoptose ou sobrevivência celular (BCL2-XL, ING1, RHOA, VDP, TIMP2, DYRK3 e NFKBIE), invasão celular ou metástase (LIMK2, TIMP2 e CALU), reparo de DNA (SMC1L1) e metabolismo celular (DYRK3, MARK1, TBCD, LIMK2, VDP e P4HB), entre outros processos. Esses dados apontam para um sério comprometimento da maquinaria celular como um todo após os danos induzidos pela cisplatina. Embora o mecanismo de apoptose justifique cerca de 20% da extensão de morte celular, conforme foi comprovado nos ensaios de apoptose (induzida por 25 ?M de cisplatina), a maior parte das células são eliminadas em conseqüência da ação da droga em vários níveis do metabolismo e manutenção da integridade celular, visto o elevado grau de citotoxicidade da cisplatina, demonstrado nos testes de sobrevivência.
A variety of antitumoral agents is capable of inducing DNA damage and eliciting cell cycle arrest, DNA repair or apoptotic responses. The initial response is a cell cycle arrest in an attempt to repair the DNA damage, but under conditions of extensive DNA lesions and high drug cytotoxicity, a signaling cascade triggers alternative mechanisms that inhibit cell proliferation and activate cell death pathways. Astrocytomas are the most common neoplasm of the central nervous system, comprising more than 60% of primary brain tumors. The standard treatment for theses tumors are radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy, however, the prognostic for these patients is still very discouraging. Cisplatin is an efficient DNA-damaging antitumor agent employed for the treatment of various human cancers, including gliomas. This drug binds to DNA, producing diverse types of adducts, which can block replication, transcription, and lead to apoptosis induction. In the present work, we analyzed cellular responses to treatments with the anticancer agent cisplatin in MRC-5 (normal human fibroblasts SV40 transformed) and U343 MG-a (glioma cell line). The responses were evaluated in terms of cell survival, apoptosis induction and profiles of gene expression by the cDNA microarrays method (only for U343 cell line). Cisplatin treatment resulted in a pronounced reduction in MRC-5 cell survival (~ 1%) and U343 (< 1%) after five days of treatment (cell survival test) with several concentrations of cisplatin, ranging from 12.5 to 300 ?M. Following 24h of treatment under similar cisplatin concentrations the survival was reduced at about 20-80% (cytotoxicity test). Both cell lines underwent apoptosis after treatment with different concentrations of cisplatin (12.5; 25 and 50 ?M), but U343 cells presented a maximal frequency of 20.4% apoptosis (25 ?M cisplatin treatment for 72h), while MRC-5 cells presented 11.0% (50 ?M cisplatin treatment for 48h). Analysis of gene expression performed for U343 cells treated with 25 ?M cisplatin for 48h showed several genes that were found significantly (p ? 0,05) down-regulated, most of them related with cytoskeleton alterations (TBCD, RHOA, LIMK2 and MARK1), apoptosis or cell survival (BCL2-XL, ING1, RHOA, VDP, TIMP2, DYRK3 and NFKBIE), cell invasion or metastasis (LIMK2, TIMP2 and CALU), DNA repair (SMC1L1), and cell metabolism (DYRK3, MARK1, TBCD, LIMK2, VDP and P4HB), among others. As a whole, these data demonstrate a serious commitment of the cell machinery after cisplatin-induced cellular damage. About 20% of the cell death corresponds to apoptosis, as was showed by the present assays. However, most of the cells are eliminated by the action of the drug in various levels of the metabolism and maintenance of cell integrity, due to the elevated degree of cisplatin citotoxicity, as demonstrated in cell survival tests.
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Berggren, Bremdal Karin. "Evolution of MHC Genes and MHC Gene Expression". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Evolutionsbiologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-122011.

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Polymorphism in coding regions and regions controlling gene expression is the major determinant of adaptive differences in natural populations. Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) possess a high level of genetic variation, which is maintained by selection over long coalescence times. MHC genes encode antigen-presenting molecules in the adaptive immune system, which protects the host from infectious diseases. However, MHC molecules may also present self-peptides and for most autoimmune diseases there is a genetic factor associated with the MHC. MHC genes have been used to learn about the interplay of selection and historical population events. In domestic dogs and their progenitor, the wolf, I explored factors associated with domestication and breed formation and their influence not only on MHC coding regions but also on the haplotypic structure of the class II region. Polymorphism and strong selection was demonstrated in the proximal promoters of MHC genes in dogs and wolves. Hence, genetic variation associated with MHC gene expression may have at least equal importance for a well functioning immune system. Associations between promoter sequences and particular coding alleles suggested allele-specific expression patterns. SNP haplotypes of the MHC class II region revealed ancestral as well as convergent haplotypes, in which combinations of alleles are kept by selection. Interestingly, weaker allelic associations were found between different genes and between coding regions and promoters in dogs compared to wolves. Potentially, this could cause insufficient defense against infections and predispose dogs to autoimmune diseases. For example, I identified a site in the promoter region that showed a consistent difference between haplotypes conferring susceptibility and protection to diabetes in dogs, which should be investigated further. Furthermore, I investigated how selection and demographic changes associated with glacial and inter-glacial periods have affected MHC variation in European hedgehogs and extended the prevailing knowledge concerning their population history.
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9

Sandoval, Evandra Strazza Rodrigues. "Avaliação do efeito imunomodulador das células mesenquimais estromais humanas em linfócitos T infectados pelo HTLV-1". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60135/tde-18122014-163958/.

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As características das células estromais mesenquimais multipotentes (MSC) podem ser influenciadas em microambientes inflamatórios. No entanto, o comportamento das MSC frente às infecções virais e a exata contribuição da infecção para disfunção das MSC continuam a ser elucidadas. Neste trabalho, avaliamos o efeito imunossupressor de MSC em linfócitos T infectados pelo HTLV-1 e a susceptibilidade da MSC à infecção por este retrovírus. Os ensaios de co-cultivo utilizando MSC e linhagens de linfócitos infectados pelo HTLV-1 resultaram em diminuição na expressão do gene viral tax e do antígeno p19 do HTLV-1. A redução na expressão do gene tax e da proteína p19 foi relacionada com a maior secreção de IL-6 e aumento na expressão dos genes PGE2, IDO e VCAM-1. Para confirmar a influência da imunorregulação das MSC sobre linfócitos T infectados, comparamos a proliferação de linfócitos T isolados de indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV-1 e indivíduos controles cultivados na presença de MSC. Foi observado que as MSC inibem a linfoproliferação de forma similar em amostras controle e na infecção pelo HTLV-1; e este efeito foi mediado pela expressão de PGE2 e IDO. Além disso, a expressão do gene pol e da proteína p19 do HTLV-1 foi menor após o co-cultivo com MSC, indicando que a imunorregulação pelas MSC também atua nas células infectadas pelo HTLV-1. Em seguida, para investigar as alterações provocadas pelo HTLV-1 nas MSC, realizamos análises morfológicas e ultraestruturais em MSC expostas ao HTLV-1 in vitro. Os resultados revelaram que o HTLV-1 induziu o aparecimento de vesículas intracelulares e a expressão das moléculas de superfície VCAM-1, ICAM-1 e HLA-DR. Os níveis de VCAM-1 e HLA-DR também foram mais expressos em MSC cultivadas na presença de PBMC isoladas de indivíduos HAM/TSP. O HTLV-1 não alterou o processo de diferenciação das MSC em osteócitos e adipócitos. No entanto, o contato direto in vitro das MSC com células infectadas pelo HTLV-1 proporcionou uma eficiente infecção das MSC. As partículas virais isentas de células não foram capazes de causar a infecção em MSC. Por fim, para certificar a existência biológica de MSC infectadas pelo HTLV-1, avaliamos a medula óssea de seis indivíduos acometidos por esta infecção. Foi observado um infiltrado de linfócitos T CD4+ na medula óssea de indivíduos HTLV-1+ e a análise do DNA proviral revelou a presença do provírus integrado nessas células T CD4+. O número de unidades formadoras de colônia fibroblastóide (CFU-F) foi menor em indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV-1 quando comparado com o grupo controle. A expressão dos marcadores de superfície e o potencial de diferenciação in vitro em adipócitos e osteócitos foram similares nas MSC obtidas de indivíduos HTLV-1 e indivíduos controle. Foi demonstrada a presença do DNA proviral e da proteína p19 do HTLV-1 nas MSC isoladas de pacientes HTLV-1+. A comparação do perfil de expressão gênica global entre MSC isoladas de HAM/TSP e indivíduos assintomáticos para o HTLV-1 revelou que os genes da catepsina B e da proteína ribossomal L10 foram diferencialmente expressos. Em conclusão, este trabalho demonstra a importância das MSC na imunomodulação de linfócitos infectados pelo HTLV-1 e que a infecção pelo HTLV-1 altera características biológicas das MSC.
The characteristics of human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) can be influenced by the inflammatory microenvironment. However, the activity of the MSC against viral infections and the exact contribution of the infection to MSC dysfunction remain to be elucidated. We evaluated the immunosuppressive effect of MSC on HTLV-1 infected T lymphocytes and the susceptibility of MSC for this retroviral infection. Assays using co-culture of MSC and HTLV-1+ T lymphocyte lineages resulted in a decrease of tax gene expression and HTLV-1 p19 antigen. The reduction of the tax gene expression and the HTLV-1 p19 were associated with increased IL-6 secretion and higher PGE2, IDO and VCAM-1 gene expression. To confirm if MSC immunoregulation can influence the proliferation of HTLV-1 infected T lymphocytes, we compared the proliferation of HTLV-1+ individuals and healthy individuals cultured in the presence of MSC. It was observed that the lymphoproliferative inhibition by MSC in infected lymphocytes was similar to the control cells, and this effect was mediated by the expression of IDO and PGE2 genes. Furthermore, the pol gene and the HTLV-1 p19 protein were less expressed after co-culture assay with MSC, suggesting that the immunoregulation by MSC is effective in HTLV-1 infected T cells. In order to investigate the changes caused by HTLV-1 in MSC, we performed morphological and ultrastructural analysis of MSC exposed to HTLV-1 in vitro. The contact with HTLV-1 induced an increase of the intracellular vesicles, in addition the MSC cell surface molecules VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and HLA-DR were upregulated. The expression levels of VCAM-1 and HLA-DR molecules were increased in MSC cultured in the presence of PBMC isolated from HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) individuals. The MSC differentiation process into osteocytes and adipocytes was not impaired by HTLV-1. In addition, MSCs were efficiently infected by HTLV-1 in vitro due to the direct contact with the HTLV-1-infected cells. However, cell-free virus particles were not capable of causing productive infection. Finally, to ensure the biological function of MSC in HTLV-1 infected patients, we investigated bone marrow (BM) cells from HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (HAC) and HAM/TSP individuals. Initially, we observed an infiltration of CD4+ T-cell lymphocytes in BM from HTLV-1 infected individuals and the detection of provirus revealed HTLV-1 integration. The number of colonies of fibroblast progenitor cells (CFU-F) was lower in HTLV-1 infected individuals compared to control. HTLV-1 MSC isolated showed surface molecules expression and differentiation into adipogenic and osteogenic cells similar to control MSC. Proviral DNA and HTLV-1 p19 protein were detected in MSC from HTLV-1 patients. The comparison of global gene expression profiles between MSC isolated from HAM/TSP and HAC individuals revealed that cathepsin B and ribosomal protein L10 were differentially expressed. In conclusion, this study suggests the importance of MSC immunomodulation on HTLV-1 infected T lymphocytes and describe that HTLV-1 infects and alters the biological characteristics of MSC.
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10

Loh, Andrew Xiong Wan. "Cis-acting polymprophism of MIC game expression". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497874.

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11

Ellis, Shirley A. "MHC class I expression on human trophoblast". Thesis, Open University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280703.

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12

Chitadze, Guranda [Verfasser]. "Expression and shedding of MHC class I-related chain (MIC) A and B molecules in human carcinoma cell lines / Guranda Chitadze". Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1046312669/34.

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13

Theodore, George. "Regulation of SMC/MUC4 Expression in the Airway". Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/364.

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MUC4 is a heterodimeric mucin glycoprotein expressed in the epithelia of tissues. Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrated that MUC4 protein expression is regulated by exogenous growth factors and that MUC4 is found in complex with the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2. MUC4 protein expression in airway epithelia was evaluated using molecular biology techniques. The impact of the protein on ErbB2 activation was evaluated post mechanical wounding of airway epithelia, and upon MUC4 RNA silencing. MUC4 levels were increased with exposure to the differentiating agent retinoic acid and decreased upon exposure to epidermal growth factor, a proliferative agent. In the absence of MUC4, ErbB2 phosphorylation was diminished. These results support the hypothesis that MUC4 expression is enhanced during differentiation of epithelia. Furthermore these findings provide evidence for an additional level of ErbB regulation in airway injury and subsequent epithelial wound healing.
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14

Mitchell, Erin Kimberley. "Downregulation of MHC class II expression by Salmonella". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614881.

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15

Johansson, Maria H. "Natural killer cell tolerance : influence of the MHC class I expression in the host /". Stockholm, 1999. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1999/91-628-3849-0/.

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16

Webber, David George. "Studies of keratinocyte MHC expression in cutaneous hypersensitivity responses". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294576.

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17

Wang, Li. "MUC1 expression and molecular interactions in the oral cavity". Thesis, Boston University, 2004. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/31302.

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Thesis (D.Sc.)--Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 2004 (Periodontology and Oral Biology).
Includes bibliography (leaves 165-186).
Mucins play an important protective and lubricative function in the oral cavity. They protect hard and soft tissues from desiccation, mechanical abrasion and exogenous insults. These functions are related to the structural properties of the mucin glycoproteins. The major high molecular weight mucin in salivary secretions has been identified as the MUC5B gene product, which is a large secreted gel-forming mucin. The major low molecular weight mucin in salivary secretions has been identified as the MUC7 gene product, which is a small secreted mucin. Another class of mucin molecules, the membrane-bound mucins, is structurally and functionally distinct from MUC5B and MUC7. Two of the membrane-bound mucins, MUC1 and MUC4, are expressed in all major human salivary glands as well as in buccal epithelial cells. The secreted forms of these mucins are also found at low levels in saliva. The aims of this study were: 1) to confirm the expression of membrane-bound mucin MUC1 in oral epithelial cells, 2) to determine whether the membrane-bound mucin MUC1 can form complexes with the secreted mucin MUC5B and to localize the MUC1 binding sites on the MUC5B polypeptide backbone and 3) to identify other proteins from a salivary protein pool which can form heterotypic complexes with MUC1. [TRUNCATED]
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18

Bull, Camilla Louise. "Localisation and expression of epididymal apical protein I". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319142.

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19

Pröls, Elma. "Einfluss des PHLDA1 Proteins auf die MHC Klasse I Expression". Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-123376.

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20

McLaren, Fiona Henderson. "A characterisation of MHC expression by rat neural stem cells". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621899.

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21

Cresswell, Joanne. "HIV modulation of MHC class II biosynthesis and surface expression". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14742.

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The aim of this project was to investigate the effects of HIV infection on class II biosynthesis and surface expression on professional and non-professional APC. To investigate the mechanism by which HIV controls class II expression in non-professional APC, a transfection model was designed for the expression of the HIV env gene, either singly, or co-transfected with an HIVΔenv plasmid, in HLA-DR4+ Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-DR) cells. It was shown that the env glycoproteins produced in this model were processed correctly in both single and double transfectants, and could be incorporated into virus particles released from env/HIVΔenv transfected cells. Env production in CHO-DR cells led to an increase in the surface expression of conformationally immature class II. This increase was not due to higher levels of class II biosynthesis, or more rapid intracellular processing. This shows that, in the presence of the HIV env glycoprotein, a greater proportion of cell-associated class II reaches the cell surface, and that env may act as a chaperone, stabilising immature class II molecules. Using Western blotting, it was also shown that class II, in the form of αβ dimers, could be incorporated into virus particles released from env/HIVΔenv-transfected CHO-DR cells. It is possible that this is dependent on association with env glycoproteins, suggested by the effect of env expression on surface class II expression. The results indicate that HIV has different effects, depending on the cell type under investigation. In professional APC, class II surface expression remains unchanged despite increased biosynthesis, whilst in non-professional APC there is increased surface class II on infected cells. Data from the single, and double transfection models indicate that these effects may be mediated by the HIV env glycoprotein.
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22

Ballingall, Keith Thomson. "The characterisation and expression of ovine MHC class-II genes". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14847.

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The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a multigene complex encoding polymorphic cell surface glycoproteins involved in the initiation and regulation of specific cellular immune responses to foreign antigen. Within the class-II region of the human and murine gene complexes are a large number of alpha and beta genes which encode dimeric cell surface glycoproteins (MHC class-II molecules) involved in the presentation of exogenous foreign antigen to cells of the immune system. In an attempt to characterise these genes and their products in the sheep, two genomic cosmid DNA libraries had previously been constructed. These libraries were screened with human and murine class-II alpha and beta genes as probes. Seven distinct alpha and twenty four beta genes had been identified. The aim of this project was to identify combinations of these alpha and beta genes that co-express following DNA-mediated gene transfer into mouse L-cells. All combinations of alpha and beta genes were transfected along with the thymidine kinase gene as a selection marker into the Tk and class-II deficient mouse L-cell LTk-. Following HAT selection surviving cells were analysed for cell surface ovine class-II molecules by an indirect fluorescence antibody assay and FACScan analysis. Following transfection of four combinations of two alpha and two beta genes ovine class-II molecules were detected at the L-cell surface. These all represented an ovine equivalent of an HLA-DR molecule (OLA-DR) as determined by Southern hybridisation and nucleotide sequence analysis. L-cell lines expressing high levels of OLA-DR were developed by FACS sorting and expansion in culture. These lines were employed to type two panels of monoclonal antibodies specific for monomorphic determinants of ovine MHC class-II molecules for OLA-DR specificity. Cell surface OLA-DR specificity was attributed to eight out of twenty four monoclonal antibodies by an indirect fluorescence antibody assay. These results were confirmed and in addition alpha or beta chain specificity determined by use of an immunoblotting technique on lysate prepared from each transfected L-cell line.
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23

Wang, Peng. "MUC1 expression in human uterine epithelial cell lines glycoform relationships and PPARgamma regulation of gene expression /". Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 158 p, 2010. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1997523961&sid=9&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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24

Nollet, Séverine. "Étude du gène d'apomucine humaine MUC4 : cartographie, clonage, polymorphisme et organisation de la région 5'". Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-111.pdf.

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Le gène de mucine humaine MUC4, isolé dans notre laboratoire à partir de clones d'ADNc provenant d'une muqueuse trachéobronchique, est caractérisé par l'existence de séquences répétées en tandem de 48 pb et codant de nombreux résidus de thréonine et de sérine. Ce gène a une expression anormale dans divers carcinomes ainsi que dans quelques lésions prétumorales et il est donc considéré comme marqueur tumoral potentiel. L'étude de l'organisation génomique de MUC4 est donc nécessaire afin d'identifier les domaines peptidiques fonctionnels de cette apomucine et de comprendre sa fonction dans la croissance et la différenciation des cellules épithéliales. L'identification du promoteur et des séquences régulatrices de MUC4 facilitera les études sur l'expression de cette mucine en situation normale et pathologique et fournira peut-être des outils thérapeutiques. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons : - caractérisé la totalité de la séquence codante répétitive de MUC4
Il est apparu que le domaine répétitif est de grande taille, homogène et codé par un seul exon inhabituellement grand. Il présente un polymorphisme complexe de type VNTR (Variable Number of Tandem Repeats), mais également un polymorphisme de restriction ; - identifié un deuxième domaine répétitif situé en aval de l'exon central dans un intron. Ce domaine présente également un polymorphisme de type VNTR. Il contient de nombreux sites potentiels de fixation de facteurs de transcription ; - caractérisé la totalité de la séquence amino-terminale située en amont du domaine répétitif central de MUC4 ; - établi l'organisation génomique de la partie 5 de MUC4 ; - confirmé le rôle potentiel du peptide signal trouve dans la séquence N-terminale de MUC4, ce peptide signal présentant une très forte similarité de séquence avec celui de la sialomucine de rat ASGP-1 ; - caractérisé et analyse la région contenant le promoteur et les séquences régulatrices du gène MUC4
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25

Barrera-Robledo, Luis Fernando. "Phenotypic expression of Bcg gene in macrophages : regulation of MHC class II expression and nitric oxide production". Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28986.

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In the mouse, the trait of innate resistance or susceptibility to infection with several species of Mycobacteria, including M. bovis BCG, M. lepraemurium, M. intracellulare and M. smegmatis, is controlled by the expression of the single gene on chromosome 1, designated Bcg.
In this thesis, macrophage cell lines derived from the bone marrow of B10.A (B10S macrophages) and B10A.$Bcg sp{r}$ (B10R macrophages) were used to study functional parameters associated with Bcg gene activity. We have discovered that there is a significant difference in the production of NO$ sb2 sp-$ of B10S as compared with B10R macrophages in response to IFN-$ gamma.$ The bacteriostatic activity against M. bovis BCG was higher in B10R macrophages compared to B10S macrophages. The bacteriostatic activity of B10R and B10S macrophages correlated with the amount of nitric oxide produced by the macrophages. The antimycobacterial activity was inhibited by N$ rm sp{g}$MMLA, a specific inhibitor of nitrite and nitrate synthesis from L-arginine. Addition of L-arginine to IFN-$ gamma$-stimulated macrophages in the presence of N$ rm sp{g}$MMLA restored nitrite production and bacteriostatic activity of macrophages. Northern blot analysis of macrophage nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) revealed that the difference in NO$ sb2 sp-$ production by IFN-$ gamma$ treated B10S and B10R lines was reflective of the difference in iNOS mRNA expression.
The Bcg gene differentially affects the ability of BCG-resistant and -susceptible strains of mice to express important macrophage genes including Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II genes. We have found that differences at the level of I-A$ sb beta$ gene transcription, and I-A$ sb beta$ and I-A$ sb alpha$ mRNA stability may be responsible for observed differences between steady-state levels of I-A$ sb beta$ mRNA in B10R and B10S macrophages and consequently in the Ia surface protein expression. Differences observed in protein binding to the X box may explain the difference in transcription activation of the I-A$ sb beta$ gene. In addition, we found that B10R macrophages transfected with an Nramp-1 antisense cDNA containing a ribozyme construct expressed lower amounts of Ia antigen compared to mock-transfected macrophages in response to IFN-$ gamma.$ Overall, these findings strongly suggest involvement of the Nramp-1/Bcg gene in the control of Ia antigen expression in macrophages.
Finally, I have developed a new PCR-based method that allow an assessment of the mycobacterial content of infected macrophages. This method allows an assessment of the level of M. bovis BCG infection from a variety of sources, including peritoneal macrophages and macrophage lines, within a few hours, making it an assay of choice for rapid determination of the level of mycobacterial growth in infected cells, in experimental models of mycobacterial infection. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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26

Müller, Silvia. "Untersuchungen über den Einfluss des Equiden Herpesvirus 1 auf die MHC I- und MHC II-Expression equiner Zellen". Diss., lmu, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-91599.

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27

Müller, Silvia. "Untersuchungen über den Einfluss des Equiden Herpesvirus 1 auf die MHC I- und MHC II-Expression equiner Zellen". kostenfrei, 2008. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9159/.

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28

Simpson, Stephen James. "The immunological status of transgenic mice displaying modified class I MHC expression". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293313.

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29

Tennant, Laura. "The regulation of porcine classical and non-classical MHC class I expression". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2005. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844085/.

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Cellular responses to viral infection and non-self tissues depend on presentation of antigenic peptides by polymorphic MHC class I molecules. The regulatory mechanisms controlling MHC class I expression are fundamental to effective immune responses, and in the pig are not fully understood. In this study the cellular responses of SLA class I genes to cytokines were studied by measuring SLA class 1 expression at the cell surface and also by fusing the promoters of the classical genes SLA-1, -2 and -3 and non-classical genes SLA 6 and -7 independently to a luciferase reporter gene. Cell surface expression of SLA class I was measured on Max cells, Shimozuma cells and porcine aortic endothelial cells isolated from inbred pigs of the d/d haplotype and outbred pigs of an unknown haplotype. IFN-alpha and -gamma treatment increased SLA class I expression on d/d PAECs and Max cells but not on outbred PAECs or Shimozuma cells. Analysis of SLA class I promoter activity in Max cells showed constitutive activity of SLA-1, -2, -3, -6, -7 and MIC-2 promoters. In summary, classical SLA promoters were responsive to IFNs and co-expression of the transcription factors IRF-1, NF- KB p65 and CIITA. In contrast to their human counterparts, combined treatment with TNF-alpha and IFN-alpha/-gamma had no synergistic effect on classical SLA class I promoter activity. SLA-1 responded to TNF-alpha and co-expression of the transcription factors IRF-3, -7 and -9. Non-classical promoters were not induced by IFN-alpha or -gamma or CIITA. SLA-7 was responsive to TNF-alpha and co-expression of IRF-1 but not co-expression of NF-kappaB. Interestingly, basal expression of MIC-2 remained unaffected by cytokines or co-expression of transcription factors. These results suggest locus-specific responses of SLA class I genes to cytokines and transcription factors, which can be explained in part by sequence variation in three key SLA class I promoter motifs: ISRE, Enhancer A and SXY. Furthermore, this study has demonstrated that the porcine virus CSFV decreases SLA class I surface expression early during infection and that this effect correlates to decreased constitutive activity of SLA-1, -2 and -7 promoters.
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30

Axtner, Jan. "Immune gene expression and diversity in relation to gastrointestinal parasite burden in small mammals". Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2012. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6563/.

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MHC genes encode proteins that are responsible for the recognition of foreign antigens and the triggering of a subsequent, adequate immune response of the organism. Thus they hold a key position in the immune system of vertebrates. It is believed that the extraordinary genetic diversity of MHC genes is shaped by adaptive selectional processes in response to the reoccurring adaptations of parasites and pathogens. A large number of MHC studies were performed in a wide range of wildlife species aiming to understand the role of immune gene diversity in parasite resistance under natural selection conditions. Methodically, most of this work with very few exceptions has focussed only upon the structural, i.e. sequence diversity of regions responsible for antigen binding and presentation. Most of these studies found evidence that MHC gene variation did indeed underlie adaptive processes and that an individual’s allelic diversity explains parasite and pathogen resistance to a large extent. Nevertheless, our understanding of the effective mechanisms is incomplete. A neglected, but potentially highly relevant component concerns the transcriptional differences of MHC alleles. Indeed, differences in the expression levels MHC alleles and their potential functional importance have remained unstudied. The idea that also transcriptional differences might play an important role relies on the fact that lower MHC gene expression is tantamount with reduced induction of CD4+ T helper cells and thus with a reduced immune response. Hence, I studied the expression of MHC genes and of immune regulative cytokines as additional factors to reveal the functional importance of MHC diversity in two free-ranging rodent species (Delomys sublineatus, Apodemus flavicollis) in association with their gastrointestinal helminths under natural selection conditions. I established the method of relative quantification of mRNA on liver and spleen samples of both species in our laboratory. As there was no available information on nucleic sequences of potential reference genes in both species, PCR primer systems that were established in laboratory mice have to be tested and adapted for both non-model organisms. In the due course, sets of stable reference genes for both species were found and thus the preconditions for reliable measurements of mRNA levels established. For D. sublineatus it could be demonstrated that helminth infection elicits aspects of a typical Th2 immune response. Whereas mRNA levels of the cytokine interleukin Il4 increased with infection intensity by strongyle nematodes neither MHC nor cytokine expression played a significant role in D. sublineatus. For A. flavicollis I found a negative association between the parasitic nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus and hepatic MHC mRNA levels. As a lower MHC expression entails a lower immune response, this could be evidence for an immune evasive strategy of the nematode, as it has been suggested for many micro-parasites. This implies that H. polygyrus is capable to interfere actively with the MHC transcription. Indeed, this parasite species has long been suspected to be immunosuppressive, e.g. by induction of regulatory T-helper cells that respond with a higher interleukin Il10 and tumor necrosis factor Tgfb production. Both cytokines in turn cause an abated MHC expression. By disabling recognition by the MHC molecule H. polygyrus might be able to prevent an activation of the immune system. Indeed, I found a strong tendency in animals carrying the allele Apfl-DRB*23 to have an increased infection intensity with H. polygyrus. Furthermore, I found positive and negative associations between specific MHC alleles and other helminth species, as well as typical signs of positive selection acting on the nucleic sequences of the MHC. The latter was evident by an elevated rate of non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions in the MHC sequences of exon 2 encoding the functionally important antigen binding sites whereas the first and third exons of the MHC DRB gene were highly conserved. In conclusion, the studies in this thesis demonstrate that valid procedures to quantify expression of immune relevant genes are also feasible in non-model wildlife organisms. In addition to structural MHC diversity, also MHC gene expression should be considered to obtain a more complete picture on host-pathogen coevolutionary selection processes. This is especially true if parasites are able to interfere with systemic MHC expression. In this case advantageous or disadvantageous effects of allelic binding motifs are abated. The studies could not define the role of MHC gene expression in antagonistic coevolution as such but the results suggest that it depends strongly on the specific parasite species that is involved.
Die Hauptaufgabe von MHC-kodierten Proteinen ist die Erkennung von körperfremden Molekülen sowie das Einleiten einer adäquaten Immunantwort, womit sie eine Schlüsselrolle im Immunsystem der Wirbeltiere einnehmen. Man nimmt an, dass ihre außergewöhnliche Vielfalt eine Antwort auf die sich ständig anpassenden Parasiten und Krankheitserreger ist, durch adaptive Selektion erhalten wird und dass die individuelle Allelausstattung einen Großteil der Parasitenbelastung erklärt, wofür bereits zahlreiche MHC-Studien Hinweise gefunden haben. Trotzdem ist unser Verständnis über die wirkenden Mechanismen teilweise noch lückenhaft. Ein stark vernachlässigter Aspekt hierbei sind z.B. eventuelle Unterschiede in der Genexpression der MHC-Allele und eine geringere Expression wäre gleichbedeutend mit einer geringeren Aktivierung des Immunsystems. Ich habe hierzu zwei frei lebende Kleinsäugerarten (Delomys sublineatus, Apodemus flavicollis) unter natürlichen Selektionsbedingungen untersucht. Dabei habe ich neben der genotypischen Diversität von MHC-Genen auch deren Expression, sowie die Genexpression immunregulativer Zytokine mit in Betracht gezogen und in Relation zur individuellen Belastung mit gastrointestinalen Helminthen gesetzt. Anhand von Leber und Milzproben beider Arten habe ich die Methode der ‚real-time PCR‘ zur relativen Quantifizierung von mRNA im Labor etabliert. Bereits für die Labormaus etablierte PCR-Primersysteme wurden an beiden Arten getestet und so konnten stabile Referenzgene gefunden werden, die Grundvoraussetzung für zuverlässige Genexpressionsmessungen. Für D. sublineatus konnte gezeigt werden, dass Helminthenbefall eine typische Th2 Immunantwort induziert, und dass der Zytokin Il4 Gehalt mit Befallsintensität strongyler Nematoden zunimmt. Es wurde für D. sublineatus kein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen MHC Expression oder anderen Zytokinen mit Helminthenbefall gefunden. In A. flavicollis wurde ein negativer Zusammenhang zwischen haptischer MHC-Expression und dem parasitären Nematoden Heligmosomoides polygyrus festgestellt, was auf eine Immunvermeidungsstrategie des Nematoden hindeutet. Ich fand typische positive und negative Assoziationen zwischen MHC-Allelen und anderen Helminthenarten, sowie Zeichen eines positiven Selektionsdruckes auf den MHC-Sequenzen, was sich durch eine erhöhte Rate aminosäureverändernder Mutationen zeigte. Diese nicht-synonymen Veränderungen waren auf Positionen innerhalb des zweiten Exons des DRB-Genes beschränkt, wohingegen die untersuchten Bereiche des ersten und dritten Exons stark konserviert vorlagen. Diese variablen Positionen kodieren Schlüsselstellen im Bereich der Antigenbindungsstelle im MHC Molekül. Zusammenfassend zeigt diese Arbeit, dass Genexpressionsstudien auch an Wildtieren durchgeführt und verlässliche Daten erzeugt werden können. Zusätzlich zur strukturellen Vielfalt sollten zukünftig auch mögliche Genexpressionsunterschiede bei MHC-Studien berücksichtigt werden, um ein kompletteres Bild der koevolutiven Wirt-Parasiten-Beziehungen zeichnen zu können. Dies ist vor allem dann von evolutiver Bedeutung, wenn die Parasiten in der Lage sind die MHC Expression aktiv zu beeinflussen. Die Studien konnten nicht die exakte Bedeutung von MHC-Genexpression in der antagonistischen Koevolution definieren, aber sie konnten zeigen dass diese Bedeutung stark von den jeweils beteiligten Partnern abzuhängen vermag.
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31

Hilburger, Mary Elizabeth. "Persistent MHC class II glycoprotein expression by macrophages from Bcg-resistant mice: analysis of antigen presentation and membrane expression /". The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487848891515262.

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32

Heldt, Christian. "Differentielle Expression von HLA-DRB-Genen". Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=964994917.

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33

Hansson, Lena. "Analysis of genomic Regions of IncreaseD Gene Expression (RIDGE)s in immune activation". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3928.

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A RIDGE (Region of IncreaseD Gene Expression), as defined by previous studies, is a consecutive set of active genes on a chromosome that span a region around 110 kbp long. This study investigated RIDGE formation by focusing on the well-defined, immunological important MHC locus. Macrophages were assayed for gene expression levels using the Affymetrix MG-U74Av2 chip are were either 1) uninfected, 2) primed with IFN-g, 3) viral activated with mCMV, or 4) both primed and viral activated. Gene expression data from these conditions was studied using data structures and new software developed for the visualisation and handling of structured functional genomic data. Specifically, the data was used to study RIDGE structures and investigate whether physically linked genes were also functionally related, and exhibited co-expression and potentially co-regulation. A greater number of RIDGEs with a greater number of members than expected by chance were found. Observed RIDGEs featured functional associations between RIDGE members (mainly explored via GO, UniProt, and Ingenuity), shared upstream control elements (via PROMO, TRANSFAC, and ClustalW), and similar gene expression profiles. Furthermore RIDGE formation cannot be explained by sequence duplication events alone. When the analysis was extended to the entire mouse genome, it became apparent that known genomic loci (for example the protocadherin loci) were more likely to contain more and longer RIDGEs. RIDGEs outside such loci tended towards single-gene RIDGEs unaffected by the conditions of study. New RIDGEs were also uncovered in the cascading response to IFNg priming and mCMV infection, as found by investigating an extensive time series during the first 12 hours after treatment. Existing RIDGEs were found to be elongated having more members the further the cascade progress.
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34

Gratchev, Alexei. "Regulation of expression of the intestinal MUC2 gene in vitro and in vivo". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2001/213/index.html.

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35

Madjid, Zahra. "Expression of complement regulatory proteins and MHC class 1 molecules on breast carcinomas". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415624.

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36

Brimpari, Minodora. "Regulation of MHC class I and II expression in mouse Epiblast stem cells". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609719.

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37

Russell, Ratanasuda Roslin. "The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) gene expression in health and disease : the application of different technologies for gene expression profiling". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615647.

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38

Coquery, Nicolas [Verfasser]. "Intrahippocampal transplantation of MSC and MSC-expressing BDNF in Rat Models of Depression-like Behaviour / Nicolas Coquery". Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1023665360/34.

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39

Lefort, Sébastien. ""How much is 'about'?" modélisation computationnelle de l'interprétation cognitive des expressions numériques approximatives". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066421/document.

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Nos travaux portent sur les Expressions Numériques Approximatives (ENA), définies comme des expressions linguistiques impliquant des valeurs numériques et un adverbe d'approximation, telles que "environ 100". Nous nous intéressons d’abord à l’interprétation d’ENA non contextualisées, dans ses aspects humain et computationnel. Après avoir formalisé des dimensions originales, arithmétiques et cognitive, permettant de caractériser les ENA, nous avons conduit une étude empirique pour collecter les intervalles de plages de valeurs dénotées par des ENA, qui nous a permis de valider les dimensions proposées. Nous avons ensuite proposé deux modèles d'interprétation, basés sur un même principe de compromis entre la saillance cognitive des bornes des intervalles et leur distance à la valeur de référence de l’ENA, formalisé par un front de Pareto. Le premier modèle estime l’intervalle dénoté, le second un intervalle flou représentant l’imprécision associée. Leur validation expérimentale à partir de données réelles montre qu’ils offrent de meilleures performances que les modèles existants. Nous avons également montrél’intérêt du modèle flou en l’implémentant dans le cadre des requêtes flexibles de bases de données. Nous avons ensuite montré, par une étude empirique, que le contexte et les interprétations, implicite vs explicite, ont peu d’effet sur les intervalles. Nous nous intéressons enfin à l’addition et à la multiplication d’ENA, par exemple pour évaluer la surface d’une pièce d’"environ 10" par "environ 20 mètres". Nous avons mené une étude dont les résultats indiquent que les imprécisions liées aux opérandes ne sont pas prises en compte lors des calculs
Approximate Numerical Expressions (ANE) are imprecise linguistic expressions implying numerical values, illustrated by "about 100". We first focus on ANE interpretation, both in its human and computational aspects. After defining original arithmetical and cognitive dimensions allowing to characterize ANEs, we conducted an empirical study to collect the intervals of values denoted by ANEs. We show that the proposed dimensions are involved in ANE interpretation. In a second step, we proposed two interpretation models, based on the same principle of a compromise between the cognitive salience of the endpoints and their distance to the ANE reference value, formalized by Pareto frontiers. The first model estimates the denoted interval, the second one generates a fuzzy interval representing the associated imprecision. The experimental validation of the models, based on real data, show that they offer better performances than existing models. We also show the relevance of the fuzzy model by implementing it in the framework of flexible database queries. We then show, by the mean of an empirical study, that the semantic context has little effect on the collected intervals. Finally, we focus on the additions and products of ANE, for instance to assess the area of a room whose walls are "about 10" and "about 20 meters" long. We conducted an empirical study whose results indicate that the imprecisions associated with the operands are not taken into account during the calculations
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40

Wilson, Caitlin Persin. "The Expression of Major Histocompatibility Class I and Major Histocompatibility Class II on Macrophages in the Presence of Aryl Hydrocarbon Antagonist (CH-223191)". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1472429222.

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41

Müller-Hilke, Brigitte. "Die differentielle Expression von MHC-II-Genen als Mechanismus bei der Entstehung von Autoimmunerkrankungen". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=960832386.

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42

Hobbs, Christopher Geoffrey Laurence. "Laryngeal and tonsillar MHC class I expression : implications for human papillomavirus infection and carcinogenesis". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443273.

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43

Müller-Hilke, Brigitte. "Die differentielle Expression von MHC II-Genen als Mechanismus bei der Entstehung von Autoimmunerkrankungen". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medizinische Fakultät - Universitätsklinikum Charité, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/13720.

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Protektive MHC II Allele sind sowohl für den Menschen als auch für die Maus beschrieben worden und verhindern die Entstehung von Autoimmunerkrankungen. Hier untersuche ich die differentielle Expression von MHC II Allelen auf den unterschiedlichen Antigen-praesentierenden Zellen als Wirkmechanismus, der das Typ 1-Typ 2 Gleichgewicht der T-Helferzellen beeinflusst. Ich konnte zeigen, dass die als protektiv geltenden murinen I-Ab und I-Ek Molekuele auf fast allen Knochenmark-Makrophagen fuer 5 - 8 Tage stark exprimiert werden und dass die Expression dann langsam abnimmt. Im Gegensatz dazu fanden wir eine etwa 100-fach schwaechere Expression des mit der Kollagen-induzierten Arthritis (CIA) assoziierten I-Aq. Diese Expression war von nur kurzer Dauer und nahm rasch ab. Eine aehnlich differentielle Expression konnten wir weder auf B- noch auf dendritischen Zellen (DZ) nachweisen. Zusätzlich konnte in in vitro Restimulationsexperimenten gezeigt werden, dass Makrophagen durch diese differentielle Expression die T-Zell-Zytokinantwort massgeblich beeinflussen. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten an, dass Makrophagen eines protektiven Haplotyps MHC II Molekuele in hoher Zahl exprimieren und damit bevorzugt Typ 1 Antworten hervorrufen, wohingegen eine niedrige MHC II Expression Typ 2 Antworten beguenstigt. Wir schliessen daraus, dass das Ausmass der MHC II Expression das Signal, welches von den T-Zellen zu den Makrophagen zurückgesendet wird, steuert und damit die Aktivitaet der Makrophagen reguliert. Dieser durch polymorphe, jedoch nicht-kodierende MHC II-Gensegmente hervorgerufene Effekt koennte bei der Empfaenglichkeit fuer Autoimmunerkrankungen sowohl beim Menschen als auch bei der Maus eine Rolle spielen. Tatsaechlich konnten wir auch auf menschlichen Monozyten und B-Zellen eine differentielle Expression von HLA II Genen nachweisen und sie scheint sich hier auf die nur gering-polymorphen DRB4 Gene, die sowohl mit dem Rheumatoide Arthritis (RA) assoziierten DR4 als auch mit dem neutralen DR7 koexprimiert werden, zu beschraenken. In meinem letzten Teil ziele ich darauf ab, das den Verlauf der RA und der CIA begleitende Typ 1 Übergewicht in ein Gleichgewicht mit Typ 2 zu revertieren. Dazu wurde ein Mausmodell etabliert, bei dem bereits polarisierte Typ 2 Th-Effektorzellen als Manipulatoren der für die Entstehung der CIA verantwortlichen, Kollagen-spezifischen Typ 1 Zellen eingesetzt wurden. Tatsaechlich konnte die CIA dann am effektivsten verhindert werden, wenn beide T-Zellpopulationen, die Manipulierer und die Kollagen-spezifischen, im selben Zellcluster aktiviert wurden. Diese Aktivierung im selben Zellcluster konnte dadurch erreicht werden, dass DZ gleichzeitig Kollagen und das fuer die Manipulierer spezifische Epitop praesentieren.
Protective/suppressive MHC class II alleles have been identified in man and mouse where they exert a disease-protective and immunosuppressive effect. As a mode of action we here investigate differential expression of MHC class II genes in different types of antigen-presenting cells impacting on the Type 1-Type 2 balance. We found that the murine I-Ab and I-Ek molecules, both well characterized as protective/suppressive, are expressed at a high level on almost all bone marrow derived macrophages for five to eight days after which expression slowly declines. In contrast, the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) associated I-Aq-expression is lower, peaks over a shorter period and declines more rapidly. No differential expression could be detected on B cells or dendritic cells (DC). In addition, the differential MHC class II expression found on macrophages skews the cytokine response of T cells as shown by an in vitro restimulation assay. The results indicate that macrophages of the protective/ suppressive haplotypes express MHC class II molecules at a high level and exert Type 1 bias whereas low level expression favors a Type 2 response. We suggest that the extent of expression of the class II gene gates the back-signal from T cells and in this way controls the activity of macrophages. This effect mediated by polymorphic non-exon segments of MHC class II genes may play a role in determining disease susceptibility in mouse and man. Indeed, we also found differential expression of HLA II genes on human antigen presenting cells. However, in humans, differential expression affects both, B cells and monocytes and seems to be restricted to the non-polymorphic DRB4 gene coexpressed with the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) associated DR4 and the neutral DR7. We finally aimed at reverting the Type 1 bias characteristic of RA and CIA. A murine system was developed where polarized Type 2 cells were used to manipulate collagen II-specific type 1 T cells responsible for the development of collagen induced arthritis. The polarized inducer cells indeed exerted their maximum effect when the two T-cell populations were activated within the same cluster, implemented by allowing a single DC to present both their epitopes.
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44

Chrisp, Jacqueline Anne. "Studies on the expression of the IL5 gene in T lymphocytes and the structure and expression of the novel MHC gene G1". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260728.

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45

Brito, Ledamir Risti de. "Expressão da MUC1 nas tubas uterinas de mulheres com gravidez tubária". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/87086.

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46

Wesch, Natascha N. "The effects of long-term exercise training on SP72 and MHC-I expression in rats". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq30852.pdf.

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47

Hayward, Dana. "Too Much of a Good Thing? Freedom of Expression in the Aftermath of Intractable Conflict". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23329.

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A major weakness of the literature on the regulation of freedom of expression within the field of political science is the assumption of peaceful, liberal democratic conditions. My project seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the legitimate regulation of speech by analyzing disciplinary approaches to freedom of expression through the lens of countries recovering from intractable conflict. I ask: How appropriate are current understandings of freedom of expression to the regulation of speech in post-conflict environments? Relying on insights from the field of social psychology and the case of post-genocide Rwanda, I argue that greater restrictions on freedom of expression could be legitimate in countries recovering from intractable conflict. However, rights derogations must take place within limits so as not to become a tool of authoritarian rule.
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48

Jenkinson, Helen Jane. "The expression of MHC class I and CD1D in human placental and extra-placental tissues". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245592.

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49

Venkitaraman, Ashok Ramakrishnan. "The regulation of MHC class 2 gene expression by tumours of the B lymphocyte lineage". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47696.

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50

Aldous, Adrienne Light. "Physiological and metabolic influences on V? myosin isozyme expression in the SHHF/Mcc-facp rat /". The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487842372897344.

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