Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "MSO logic"

The (modal) μ-calculus ([14]) is a very powerful extension of modal logic with least and greatest fixed point operators. It is of great interest to computer science for expressing properties of processes such as termination (every run is finite) and fairness (on every infinite run, no action is repeated infinitely often to the exclusion of all others).The power of the μ-calculus is also evident from a more theoretical perspective. The μ-calculus is a fragment of monadic second-order logic (MSO) containing only formulae that are invariant for bisimulation, in the sense that they cannot distinguish between bisimilar states. Janin and Walukiewicz prove the converse: any property which is invariant for bisimulation and MSO-expressible is already expressible in the μ-calculus ([13]). Yet the μ-calculus enjoys many desirable properties which MSO lacks, like a complete sequent-calculus ([29]), an exponential-time decision procedure, and the finite model property ([25]). Switching from MSO to its bisimulation-invariant fragment gives us these desirable properties.In this paper we take a classical logician's view of the μ-calculus. As far as we are concerned a new logic should not be allowed into the community of logics without at least considering the standard questions that any logic is bothered with. In this paper we perform this rite of passage for the μ-calculus. The questions we will be concerned with are the following.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">Industrial processes include multivariable systems and nonlinearities. These conditions must be effectively controlled to ensure a stable operation. A proportional–integral–derivative controller and other classical control techniques provide simple design tools to designers, but cannot accommodate nonlinearities in industrial processes. In this study, the quadruple-tank process, which is one of the most widely used processes in the chemical industry, was selected as the research object. To examine this process, a fuzzy logic controller, instead of an exact mathematical model, was proposed to ensure the reliability of the experience. A modification was proposed to facilitate the design process. To check the validity of the proposed controller, it was compared with the conventional proportional–integral controller. The former exhibited acceptable performance.</p><table class="MsoTableGrid" style="width: 444.85pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="0" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes; height: 63.4pt;"><td style="width: 290.6pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 63.4pt;" valign="top" width="593"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Industrial processes include multivariable systems and nonlinearities. These conditions <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">must be effectively</span> controlled to ensure a stable operation. A proportional–integral–derivative controller and other classical control techniques provide <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">simple</span> design tools to designers, <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">but</span> cannot accommodate nonlinearities in industrial processes. In this study, the quadruple</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;">-tank process</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, which is one of the most widely used processes in the chemical industry, was selected as the research object.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To examine this process, a</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;"> fuzzy logic controller, instead of an </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">exact mathematical model,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">was<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> proposed</span> to ensure the reliability of the experience. </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;">A modification was proposed to facilitate the design process. To check the <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">validity</span> of the proposed controller, it was compared with the conventional proportional</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">–</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;">integral <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">controller. The former exhibited</span> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">acceptable</span> performance.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p></td></tr></tbody></table>

AbstractWe develop an algebraic notion of recognizability for languages of words indexed by countable linear orderings. We prove that this notion is effectively equivalent to definability in monadic second-order (MSO) logic. We also provide three logical applications. First, we establish the first known collapse result for the quantifier alternation of MSO logic over countable linear orderings. Second, we solve an open problem posed by Gurevich and Rabinovich, concerning the MSO-definability of sets of rational numbers using the reals in the background. Third, we establish the MSO-definability of the set of yields induced by an MSO-definable set of trees, confirming a conjecture posed by Bruyère, Carton, and Sénizergues.

The study of node-selection query languages for (finite) trees has been a major topic in the recent research on query lan- guages for Web documents. On one hand, there has been an extensive study of XPath and its various extensions. On the other hand, query languages based on classical logics, such as first-order logic (FO) or monadic second-order logic (MSO), have been considered. Results in this area typically relate an Xpath-based language to a classical logic. What has yet to emerge is an XPath-related language that is expressive as MSO, and at the same time enjoys the computational proper- ties of XPath, which are linear query evaluation and exponen- tial query-containment test. In this paper we propose μXPath, which is the alternation-free fragment of XPath extended with fixpoint operators. Using two-way alternating automata, we show that this language does combine desired expressiveness and computational properties, placing it as an attractive can- didate as the definite query language for trees.

We present first-order (FO) and monadic second-order (MSO) logics with predicates ‘between’ and ‘neighbour’ that characterise the class of regular languages that are closed under the reverse operation and its subclasses. The ternary between predicate bet(x, y, z) is true if the position y is strictly between the positions x and z. The binary neighbour predicate N(x, y) is true when the the positions x and y are adjacent. It is shown that the class of reversible regular languages is precisely the class definable in the logics MSO(bet) and MSO(N). Moreover the class is definable by their existential fragments EMSO(bet) and EMSO(N), yielding a normal form for MSO formulas. In the first-order case, the logic FO(bet) corresponds precisely to the class of reversible languages definable in FO(<). Every formula in FO(bet) is equivalent to one that uses at most 3 variables. However the logic FO(N) defines only a strict subset of reversible languages definable in FO(+1). A language-theoretic characterisation of the class of languages definable in FO(N), called locally-reversible threshold-testable (LRTT), is given. In the second part of the paper we show that the standard connections that exist between MSO and FO logics with order and successor predicates and varieties of finite semigroups extend to the new setting with the semigroups extended with an involution operation on its elements. The case is different for FO(N) where we show that one needs an additional equation that uses the involution operator to characterise the class. While the general problem of characterising FO(N) is open, an equational characterisation is shown for the case of neutral letter languages.

<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">The allocation of political advertising in social media is rising in Western campaigns. Yet audiences, unlike those of television advertising, are no longer isolated and passive consumers of linear discourses from politicians; users can now interact, share, and merge political advertising with other messages. Literature has dealt with the effects of such affordances separately, yet not in an integrative, holistic way that makes it possible to observe how they interact with each other. Hence, this article explores qualitatively how users experience, engage with, and make sense of political advertising in social media, and how its affordances mediate the attitudes, responses, and meanings users bring to political advertising and its sponsors. Under the lenses of the theory of social media logic, which points out the properties of social media—popularity, programmability, datafication, and connectivity—that structure users’ experiences, we conducted six focus group sessions with Mexican users (<em>n</em> = 34) during the 2021 federal campaigns. Findings show the fuzziness of digital advertising for users, which blurs with other formats like infographics or memes, the crucial role of individual linkages for advertising attention and attitude formation, a mismatch between the platform’s political feed and citizens’ information needs, and the tactics users perform to tame or avoid political content, disengaging them from campaigns.</span>

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">This work describes the development of a teaching strategy to leverage current simulation tools and promote learning of industrial automation systems. Specifically, Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) programming in an industrial automation course. We propose an infrastructure where it is possible to work with physical, virtual and mixed laboratories</span>

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is an important objective needed to gain maximum power from solar photovoltaic panel during the weather condition variation. Many studies and solutions are proposed in literature, most of them focus on the type of algorithm which adopted for MPP tracking through using same driver i.e. DC-DC Boost converter. Among these algorithms, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) demonstrates high quality performance by fast tracking response and robust effectiveness. This paper proposes a FLC by a new harmony of the input and the output variables through comparative study to the controller tracking behavior. To track the MPP, the proposed solution controls the change of duty cycle for PWM gate drive pulses width variation to drive the designed Buck-Boost DC-DC converter. MATLAB/Simulink software is selected to simulate the introduced controller. The simulation results are reflecting the promising indications to adopt the presented proposal as an effective MPPT system for practical applications.</span>

<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Literature revealed the benefits of different instruments for the development of mathematical competence, problem solving, self-regulated learning, affective-motivational aspects and intervention in students with specific difficulties in mathematics. However, no one tool combined all these variables. The aim of this study is to present and describe the design and development of a hypermedia tool, Hipatia.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Hypermedia environments are, by definition, adaptive learning systems, which are usually a web-based application program that provide a personalized learning environment. This paper describes the principles on which Hipatia is based as well as a review of available technologies developed in different academic subjects. Hipatia was created to boost self-regulated learning, develop specific math skills, and promote effective problem solving. It was targeted toward fifth and sixth grade students with and without learning difficulties in mathematics. After the development of the tool, we concluded that it aligned well with the logic underlying the principles of self-regulated learning. Future research is needed to test the efficacy of Hipatia with an empirical methodology.</span><!--[if gte mso 10]> <mce:style><! /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} > <! [endif] -->

AbstractThis paper surveys a new perspective on tree automata and Monadic second-order logic (MSO) on infinite trees. We show that the operations on tree automata used in the translations of MSO-formulae to automata underlying Rabin’s Tree Theorem (the decidability of MSO) correspond to the connectives of Intuitionistic Multiplicative Exponential Linear Logic (IMELL). Namely, we equip a variant of usual alternating tree automata (that we call uniform tree automata) with a fibered monoidal-closed structure which in particular handles a linear complementation of alternating automata. Moreover, this monoidal structure is actually Cartesian on non-deterministic automata, and an adaptation of a usual construction for the simulation of alternating automata by non-deterministic ones satisfies the deduction rules of the !(–) exponential modality of IMELL. (But this operation is unfortunately not a functor because it does not preserve composition.) Our model of IMLL consists in categories of games which are based on usual categories of two-player linear sequential games called simple games, and which generalize usual acceptance games of tree automata. This model provides a realizability semantics, along the lines of Curry–Howard proofs-as-programs correspondence, of a linear constructive deduction system for tree automata. This realizability semantics, which can be summarized with the slogan “automata as objects, strategies as morphisms,” satisfies an expected property of witness extraction from proofs of existential statements. Moreover, it makes it possible to combine realizers produced as interpretations of proofs with strategies witnessing (non-)emptiness of tree automata.

Nested words have been introduced by Alur and Madhusudan as a model for e.g. recursive programs or XML documents and have received much recent interest. In this paper, we investigate a quantitative automaton model and a quantitative logic for nested words. The behavior resp. the semantics map nested words to weights which are taken from a strong bimonoid. Strong bimonoids can be viewed as semirings without requiring the distributivity assumption which was essential in the classical theory of formal power series; strong bimonoids include e.g. all bounded lattices and many other structures from multi-valued logics. Our main results show that weighted nested word automata and suitable weighted MSO logics are expressively equivalent. This extends the classical Büchi-Elgot result from words to a weighted setting for nested words.

<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML /> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">An IP (intellectual property) core is a block of logic or data that is used in making a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for a product. As essential elements of design reuse, IP cores are part of the growing electronic design automation (EDA) industry trend towards repeated use of previously designed components. Ethernet continues to be one of the most popular LAN technologies. Due to the robustness resulting from its wide acceptance and deployment, there has been an attempt to build Ethernet-based real-time control networks for manufacturing automation. There is a growing demand for low cost, power efficient MAC IP Core for various embedded applications.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this paper a</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"> project is discussed to design an Ethernet MAC IP Core solution for such embedded applications. The proposed 10_100_1000 Mbps tri-mode Ethernet MAC implements a MAC controller conforming to IEEE 802.3 specification. It is designed to use less than 2000 LCs/LEs to implement full function. It will use inferred RAMs and PADs to reduce technology dependence. To increase the flexibility, three optional modules can be added to or removed from the project. A GUI configuration interface, created by Tcl/tk script language, is convenient for configuring optional modules, FIFO depth and verification parameters. Furthermore, a verification system was designed with Tcl/tk user interface, by which the stimulus can be generated automatically and the output packets can be verified with CRC-32 checksum.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">A solution which would consume a smaller part of the targeted FPGA, and thus giving room for other on-chip peripherals or enable the use of a smaller sized FPGA. To employ a smaller FPGA is desirable since it would reduce power consumption and device price. </span></p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:UseFELayout /> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style> <![endif]-->

We consider injective first-order interpretations that input and output trees of bounded height. The corresponding functions have polynomial output size, since a first-order interpretation can use a k -tuple of input nodes to represent a single output node. We prove that the equivalence problem for such functions is decidable, i.e. ‍given two such interpretations, one can decide whether, for every input tree, the two output trees are isomorphic. We also give a calculus of typed functions and combinators which derives exactly injective first-order interpretations for unordered trees of bounded height. The calculus is based on a type system, where the type constructors are products, coproducts and a monad of multisets. Thanks to our results about tree-to-tree interpretations, the equivalence problem is decidable for this calculus. As an application, we show that the equivalence problem is decidable for first-order interpretations between classes of graphs that have bounded tree-depth. In all cases studied in this paper, first-order logic and MSO have the same expressive power, and hence all results apply also to MSO interpretations.

<p class="MsoTitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The three-phase induction motor is an alternative to changing the diesel engine as the main driver in the industrial world. This transition is aimed at energy efficiency and reducing air pollution from diesel engine exhaust gases. It was chosen because it is easy to operate, quiet and low operating costs. Induction motors are used for driving water pumps to as the main propulsion on board vessels. Constraints and failures of induction motor components when operating, cause a decrease in performance and risk of damage. This is due to winding disturbances, increasing motor temperature, unbalanced stator and rotor, broken rotor shafts, air gap eccentricity, motor load, mechanical and environmental effects. The cause of motor damaged is increased temperatures on the motor side. It occurs due to unbalanced phase voltage (UPV), unbalanced magnet pull (UMP) and motor load (ML). This journal discusses three factors and their effect on motor temperature based on Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). FIS analysis is used to simulate changes in motor temperature which are influenced by the variable values of these three factors. This paper uses a qualitative descriptive method with literature reviews and data analysis using FIS in a Matlab application. The analysis of the change in temperature of an induction motor with the three parameters based on FIS has been successfully carried out. The result of study concludes that UPV and UMP are the dominant factors as a cause of temperature changes in the induction motor compared to ML).</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Ådnanes, A. K. (2003). Maritime electrical installations and diesel electric propulsion. <em>ABB AS Marine</em>. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.115.966&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Advernesia. (2017). <em>What is MATLAB and its Uses</em>. Article/Id_ID.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Ardana, I. W. R., &amp; Sutawinaya, I. P. (2017). 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(2014). <em>Premium efficiency motor selection and application guide - A handbook for industry</em>. 136. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/04/f15/amo_motors_handbook_web.pdf</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Melka, B., Smolka, J., Hetmanczyk, J., &amp; Lasek, P. (2019). Numerical and experimental analysis of heat dissipation intensification from electric motor. <em>Energy</em>, <em>182</em>, 269–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.06.023</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Motors and Generator Section. 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This article studies the logical properties of a very general class of infinite ranked trees, namely, those generated by higher-order recursion schemes. We consider, for both monadic second-order logic and modal -calculus, three main problems: model-checking, logical reflection (a.k.a. global model-checking, that asks for a finite description of the set of elements for which a formula holds), and selection (that asks, if exists, for some finite description of a set of elements for which an MSO formula with a second-order free variable holds). For each of these problems, we provide an effective solution. This is obtained, thanks to a known connection between higher-order recursion schemes and collapsible pushdown automata and on previous work regarding parity games played on transition graphs of collapsible pushdown automata.

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The former trend leads to arbitrary postulation of grammatical principles because UG &ldquo;has no cost&rdquo;, which leads to a welter of contradictory and unresolvable claims. The latter trend amounts to rejection of phonology and indeed grammatical computation, as a legitimate independent area of scientific investigation. This paper outlines Formal Phonology, which is a metatheoretical approach rooted in an inductive epistemology, committed to seriously engaging the fundamental logic of the discipline, one which demands justification of claims and an integrated consideration of what is known about phonological grammars, eschewing <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ad libitum</em> conjectures and isolated positing of novel claims without evaluating how the claim interacts with other aspects of phonology. Debate over the proper mechanism for apparent segment-transparency in harmony, or the binary vs. privative nature of features, is ultimately doomed if we do not have a clear awareness of what a &ldquo;grammar&rdquo; and a &ldquo;phonology&rdquo; are. Misconstruing the nature of a phonology as being a model of observed behavior negatively affects theoretical choices, leads to confusion over what could motivate a claim about the nature of grammar, and in general, a lack of developed epistemological foundation leads to confusion over how to approach theory-construction.</span><!--EndFragment-->

<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Soft Computing is conglomerate of methodologies which works together and provides an ability to make a decision from reliable data or expert’s experience. Nowadays different types of soft computing techniques such as neural network, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm and hybrid system are largely used in medical areas. In this paper, an algorithm for analysis of lung infection is presented. The main focus is to develop system architecture to find probable disease stage patient may have. Severity level of disease is determined by using rule base method. 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Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--><div id="_mcePaste" class="mcePaste" style="position: absolute; left: -10000px; top: 0px; width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" lang="EN-IN">Soft Computing is conglomerate of methodologies which works together and provides an ability to make decision from reliable data or expert’s experience. Nowadays different types of soft computing techniques such as neural network, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm and hybrid system are largely used in medical areas. In this paper, algorithm for analysis of lung infection is presented. The main focus is to develop system architecture to find probable disease stage patient may have. Severity level of disease is determined by using rule base method. The algorithm uses output of Rulebase entered by user to determine level of infection.</span></div>

Purpose The institutional logic in developing countries is changing from aid toward trade, having implications for institutionally embedded supply chains (SCs) and their members. The purpose of this study is to investigate the transition from aid toward trade through a theoretical lens of institutional logics and the implications of changing logics for SC members and designs. Design/methodology/approach This is a large-scale qualitative study of the SCs of maintenance and repair operations (MRO) of water points. Empirical data were collected via 53 semi-structured interviews, observations, including photographs, and field notes from several echelons of MRO SCs in ten different Ethiopian districts. Findings In spite of the same underlying tenet of a unidirectional trajectory toward a business logic, the study shows that the co-existence or constellation of different institutional logics resulted in diverse practices that impacted SC design. Research limitations/implications The research was carried out in the MRO SC at a time of changing institutional logics, thereby being able to study their transition or constellation of logics. Practical implications The research has implications for policymakers and development practitioners: when designing and implementing rural water supply programs, the presence of co-existing logics and the lack of uniform SC designs should not be viewed as a hindrance. In fact, the study showed how constellations of logics can provide ways through which water points continue functioning and providing clean drinking water to the communities. Originality/value Few studies so far have focused on institutional logics and their implications for SC design.

<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><p style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-pagination: none;" class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Our study proposes </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-fareast-language: KO;">firm bankruptcy prediction using </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">logit analysis a</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-fareast-language: KO;">fter the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">using </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-fareast-language: KO;">2008-2009 U.S. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">data.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The results of our logit analysis show an 80% (90% with one year before bankruptcy data) prediction accuracy rate using financial </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-fareast-language: KO;">and other </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">data from the 10-K report in the post-SOX period.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This prediction rate is comparable to other data mining tools.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Overall, our results show that, as compared to the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">prediction rates documented by other bankruptcy studies before SOX,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> firm bankruptcy prediction rates have improved since the passage of SOX.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> Our findings shed light on the benefits of SOX by providing evidence that legislation makes the financial reporting more informative. This study is important for regulators to implement public policy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Investors may be interested in our findings to better assess company risk when making portfolio decisions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span>

Sequential logic is essential in many applications as data processing for speech recognition in cochlear implants. In this paper, a family of latches based on floating-gate MOS (FGMOS) transistors is presented. This family takes advantage on the fact that FGMOS logics process data using mostly passive devices, achieving small area and low-power, requirements of modern electronics. Post-layout SPICE simulations from an ON-Semiconductors 0.5 µm CMOS process technology shows improvements over conventional CMOS logic families, making FGMOS latches ideal for low-power applications.

We argue that algorithms are an outcome rather than a replacement of media logics, and ultimately, we advance this argument by connecting human agency to media logics. This theoretical contribution builds on the notion that technology, particularly algorithms are non-neutral, arguing for a stronger focus on the agency that goes into designing and programming them. We reflect on the limits of algorithmic agency and lay out the role of algorithms and agency for the dimensions and elements of network media logic. The article concludes with addressing questions of power, discussing algorithmic agency from both meso and macro perspectives.

A new MOS current mode logic (MCML) style exhibiting capacitive coupling to enhance the switching speed of the digital circuits is proposed. The mechanism of capacitive coupling and its effect on the delay are analytically modeled. SPICE simulations to validate the accuracy of the analytical model have been carried out with TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS technology parameters. Several logic gates such as five-stage ring oscillator, NAND, XOR2, XOR3, multiplexer, and demultiplexer based on the proposed logic style are implemented and their performance is compared with the conventional logic gates. It is found that the logic gates based on the proposed MCML style lower the delay by 23 percent. An asynchronous FIFO based on the proposed MCML style has also been implemented as an application.

This article introduces the design of split range control and fuzzy logic control for temperature control of the MISO (multiple input single output) water tank scheme. A multiple input single output (MISO) system is considered for the proposed work as most of the practical systems comprise of numerous MISO system. Investigations are conducted on the impact of control parameters, system dynamics and process disturbances. From the simulation outcomes, it is clearly inferred that the fuzzy logic controller outperformed split range control over all parameters.

We focus on recent advances in wafer-scale monolayer MoS₂ synthesis and 2D MoS₂-FET for applications in logic gate circuits, memory devices and photodetectors, from fundamental MoS₂ research to MoS₂ devices development for next-generation electronics and optoelectronics.

The paper reviews recent progress and current challenges in implementing high-k dielectrics in microelectronics. Logic devices, non-volatile-memories, DRAMs and low power mixedsignal components are found to be the technologies where high-k dielectrics are implemented or will be introduced soon. Two gate architectures have to be considerd: MOS with metal as gate electrode and MIM. In particular, Hf-silicates for logic and NVM devices in conventional MOS architecture and ZrO2 for DRAM cells in MIM architecture are discussed.

<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><p style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-pagination: none;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;">The United States is experiencing a persistent increase in its prison population and, consequently, a steady increase in public spending on incarceration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A possible systemic change to mitigate these trends is a return to historically cost effective inmate labor programs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Government savings and business revenues from these programs have been documented.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Additional benefits have been hypothesized from an associated reduction in recidivism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This paper examines if this recidivism effect occurs following inmate participation in the Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program (PIECP).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inmate characteristics and PIECP participation variables are identified as potential predictors of recidivism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Logit regression procedures, including a two-stage instrumental variable procedure to address endogeneity, are used to capture the predictive value of the independent variables and quantify the reduction in the odds of inmate recidivism attributable to PIECP participation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The results indicate that employment in a PIECP program contributes to a statistically significant reduction in the odds of inmate recidivism.<strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></strong></span></p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span>

Domino logic finds a wide variety of applications in both static and dynamic random-access memories and in high-speed microprocessors. However, the main limitation of the domino logic-circuit family is the trade-off between the noise immunity and speed. In order to resolve such a trade-off, this paper proposes a domino logic that is based on floating-gate MOS (FGMOS) transistors. Compact-form expressions are derived for the noise margins for the low and high inputs as well as the propagation delays. The proposed scheme is verified by simulation adopting the 45 nm CMOS predictive technology model (PTM) with a power-supply voltage of 1 V. The obtained results unveil that the proposed domino logic outperforms the conventional domino logic in terms of the power-delay product and the energy-delay product when realizing wide fan-in OR gates. The realized, with the proposed scheme, 16-input OR gate has an average power consumption of 3.7 µW and a propagation delay of 51 ps.

Multithreshold MOS Current Mode Logic (MCML) implementation of asynchronous pipeline circuits, namely, a C-element and a double-edge triggered flip-flop is proposed. These circuits use multiple-threshold MOS transistors for reducing power consumption. The proposed circuits are implemented and simulated in PSPICE using TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS technology parameters. The performance of the proposed circuits is compared with the conventional MCML circuits. The results indicate that the proposed circuits reduce the power consumption by 21 percent in comparison to the conventional ones. To demonstrate the functionality of the proposed circuits, an asynchronous FIFO has also been implemented.

Abstract This study intends to explore fuzzy logic control on clean water turbidity process with dissolved air flotation (DAF). Three different strategies were tested to regulate clean water turbidity by manipulating the saturator vessel flow output aiming for low actuators control effort. Saturator pressure was the manipulated variable (MV) in the first control loop named SISO I. The second control loop, SISO II, used recycle stream valve opening as MV. The third control loop (MISO) was developed applying fuzzy logic instead PID control. Several performance criteria were used to analyze the process control performance such as integral absolute error (IAE), recycle stream valve and saturator vessel pressure regulating valve control efforts, ECV01 and ECV02 respectively. Results from SISO I and SISO II strategies showed that recycle stream is a better MV than saturator vessel pressure for clean water turbidity control in the DAF process. Only SISO II and MISO strategies proved to be capable of regulating the process variable. However, MISO control showed better performance based on IAE value against SISO II, with a reduction of 11.24% on its value, even the recycle stream valve control effort for MISO control being fairly higher than that for SISO II. Nevertheless, fuzzy logic control application gave rise to better turbidity control, and consequently prevented the excessive use of clean water in the recycling stream.

In this paper, comparative analytic models of static and dynamic characteristics of CMOS digital circuits in strong, weak and mixed inversion regime have been described. Term mixed inversion is defined for the first time. The paper shows that there is an analogy in behavior and functional dependencies of parameters in all three CMOS regimes. Comparative characteristics of power consumption and speed in static regimes are given. Dependency of threshold voltage and logic delay time on temperature has been analyzed. Dynamic model with constant current is proposed. It is shown that digital circuits with dynamic threshold voltage of MOS transistor (DT-CMOS) have better logic delay characteristics. The analysis is based on simplified current-voltage MOS transistor models in strong and weak inversion regimes, as well as PSPICE software using 180 nm technology parameters.

In this paper, a logic style that is becoming increasingly popular is presented, which is called MOS Current Mode Logic (MCML). MCML is a novel and useful logic style for high-speed, low-power and mixed-signal applications. Its high-speed switching, low supply voltage and reduced output voltage swing contribute to its high performance, low power dissipation, and low noise features. MCML circuits are compared to several other logic styles, such as conventional static CMOS, dynamic logic, and traditional emitter coupled logic (ECL) in terms of power, delay and common mode noise immunity. MCML circuits seem to be very promising in high-speed, low-power and mixed-signal digital circuit applications, such as portable electronic devices, gigahertz microprocessors, and optical transceivers.

Adder is one of the important arithmetic units in computers. In this paper, we investigate the implementation of quaternary half adder based on multiple-valued (MV) logic gates using single electron transistor (SET) and metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor. We use hybrid SETMOS universal literal gate which has been proposed by Mahapatra and Ionesco. We apply two 4-radix inputs to the proposed quaternary half adder and obtain sum and carry outputs. The logic operation of the proposed quaternary half adder is verified by using HSPICE simulator. Moreover we compare the performance of our proposed quaternary half adder with the performance of a quaternary half adder based on MOS technology.