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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Moussons – Afrique occidentale – Effets du climat"
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Tesis sobre el tema "Moussons – Afrique occidentale – Effets du climat"
Ndiaye, Cassien Diabe. "Attribution et prévision des modulations de la mousson ouest-africaine à l’échelle de temps décennale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS327.
Texto completoIn West Africa, rainfall during the summer period (July, August and September) has shown strong modulations on decadal time scales during the 20th century. In particular, there was a very wet period in the 1960s followed by a drought in the 1980s and a recovery of rainfall in the 2000s. These modulations have major regional socio-economic consequences. Considered as one of the most important signals of climate change in Africa, they have been the subject of numerous studies in order to understand their origin(s) and to anticipate future changes. These modulations have long been associated with the internal variability of the climate system and in particular with the role of the surface temperature of the Atlantic Ocean. However, recent studies show a significant contribution of external forcings, notably greenhouse gases and anthropogenic aerosols, in particular during the second half of the 20th century, either via Atlantic Ocean surface temperatures or via direct radiative forcing. In all cases, the link with ocean surface temperatures offers prospects for predicting these precipitation modulations. Decadal climate forecasts, i.e. with a 5-30 year time horizon, have been developed to exploit this source of predictability. They are potentially very important for economic and structural planning in West Africa. In this thesis, we propose to attribute, first, the decadal modulations of Sahel rainfall over the time period of 1901-2014. Secondly, we propose to evaluate the prediction of rainfall in West Africa on the decadal time scale over the period 1968-2012. All this study is carried out through the diagnosis of climate simulations carried out from models contributing to the phase 6 of the coupled models intercomparison project. Since coupled models commonly underestimate the maximum rainfall in the Sahel region during the summer period, we first proposed an adaptive rainfall domain for the Sahel. Our results from the first part of this thesis show that external forcings, in particular anthropogenic aerosols, contribute significantly to the timing of decadal modulations of Sahel rainfall. These aerosols indeed modulate the ocean surface temperature which is translated into precipitation modulations in the Sahel by the displacement of the intertropical convergence zone and the Saharan Heat Low. The second part of this thesis focuses on the predictability of precipitation on decadal time scales in West Africa and in particular in the Sahel. Our results show that rainfall is predictable in the Sahel in 5⁄8 of the models studied at lead times between 1 and 10 years. However, only 3 of these 5 models simulate a decadal signal combined with a realistic total variance (signal-to-noise ratio close to 1) at these lead times. The multi-model mean is generally more predictable than the majority of individual models. Initialization of climate variables improves Sahel rainfall prediction skills for the multi-model mean and 3⁄5 of the models showing predictability and forecast reliability for a single model. This relatively small impact corroborates the importance of external forcings inferred from the first part of this thesis. In conclusion, our results suggest that anthropogenic effects on climate become major factors in explaining decadal modulations of mean monsoon rainfall in the Sahel. In perspective, these modulations are associated, during the 20th century, with extreme rainfall events that have become frequent nowadays. It would be interesting to ask whether these extreme events are predictable in West Africa on decadal time scales
Caminade, Cyril. "Rôle de l'océan et influence des émissions d'origine anthropique sur la variabilité climatique en Afrique". Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30239.
Texto completoSultan, Benjamin. "Etude de la mise en place de la mousson en Afrique de l'Ouest et de la variabilité intra-saisonnière de la convection : Applications à la sensibilité des rendements agricoles". Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA070027.
Texto completoBy using daily rainfall data and wind reanalyses over the period 1968-1990 we document two main aspects of the West African monsoon dynamics : the onset of the monsoon and the intraseasonal modulation of convention. It is shown that the onset stage is linked to an abrupt latitudinal shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone associated to the heat low dynamics. We also show the evidence of coherent fluctuations in the rainfall and wind fields in two spectral windows : around 15 days, and between 30 and 40 days. These fluctuations are characterized by a westward propagation of large cyclonic and anticyclonic anomalies with a modulation of Mesoscale Convective System characteristics. By using a crop model SARRA-H (CIRAD), we study the agricultural impacts. It is shown that our definition of the onset can improve the yield through a better choice of the showing date. It is also shown a strong impact of extra-seasonal dry sequences during the flowering and the grain ripening phases
Fontaine, Bernard. "Les moussons pluvieuses dans l'espace africano-asiatique : Afrique occidentale et Inde". Dijon, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989DIJOL007.
Texto completoThis work is a detailed study of global and diagnostic climatology applied to the most important tropical areas concerned by the rainy summer monsoons. So it does not take only into account the mean events on a local or regional scale and with a classical approach, but it tries especially to stress the major interactions between the atmosphere (thermal and dynamic processes), the ocean (surface fields) and the continent (relief, albedo, humidity, vegetation). Thus the analysis focus mainly on the interannual rainfall anomalies (field structure, cycles and trends in chronical series, comparison between the two studied areas. . . ) In order to emphasize the significant relationships, the main statistical teleconnections and the physical links with numerous phenomena of global or regional extent: the northern hemispheric circulation, the tropical easterly jets, the major pressure cells, the southern oscillation and its oceanic counterpart, the quasi biennial oscillation of the stratosphere, the zonal (walker-type) and meridian (Hadley type) atmospheric cells, the surface fields of intertropical oceans. . . All these results are discussed in accordance with the most recent hypothesis
Traoré, Abdoul Khadre. "Etude et modélisation de l'influence des processus couplés surface-atmosphère sur la variabilité des pluies et du climat Ouest Africain". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066112.
Texto completoRoudier, Philippe. "Climat et agriculture en Afrique de l'Ouest : quantification de l'impact du changement climatique sur les rendements et évaluation de l'utilité des prévisions saisonnières". Paris, EHESS, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00874724.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we first aim at reviewing all the studies assessing the impact of future climate changes on agricultural yields. The median value of all relative changes of yield is -11%. We also underline the relevance for future studies to define a large range of climatic scenarios. Based on these conclusions, we next intend to evaluate the impact of future climate change on West African yields using 35 meteorological stations. Results reveal a negative evolution of average yield, mainly driven by temperature rise. Rainfall anomalies can only compensate (positive anomaly) or aggravate (negative) this tendency. We also find that potential impacts are more pessimistic for cultivars with a constant cycle length. Given these previous findings about high year-to-year variability of rainfall (thus entailing a variability of yields) and given the uncertain future climate, we are led to study next what interest the farmers would have in having climatic information such as seasonal forecasts. These forecasts can be used to minimize the impacts of rainfall variability. We compute the value of such forecasts for millet growers in Niger, using a simple economic model. Results reveal a positive impact of such forecasts on average income, even for dry years and with a forecast accuracy close to a real one. This increase reaches +34% if other information such as the onset and the offset of the rainy season are given. Finally, we develop participatory workshops in Senegal (i) to study precisely how farmers change their cropping strategies with seasonal and decadal forecasts and (ii) to quantify the impact of such forecasts on yields. This study reveals that forecasts have mainly no impact on yields (62%). However, it is positive in 31% of cases
Diouf, Papa Samba. "Les peuplements de poissons des milieux estuariens de l'Afrique de l'ouest : l'exemple de l'estuaire hyperhalin du Siné-Saloum". Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20056.
Texto completoPeyrille, Philippe. "Etude idéalisée de la mousson ouest-africain à partir d'un modèle numérique bi-dimensionnel". Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30014.
Texto completoThe West African Monsoon (WAM) is a complex system involving numerous processes and mechanisms interactions, that makes difficult its study using traditional atmospheric models. Within the scope of the AMMA project (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis), the WAM dynamics is analyzed here using an idealized two dimensional numerical model. The goal of this approach is to consider a system more simple than the observed one in order to better understand the basic driving mechanisms of the WAM. Simulations performed for a permanent July regime and a complete seasonal cycle highlight the importance of the Saharan desert and the Mediterranean Sea on the inland penetration of the monsoon. The diurnal and seasonal cycle of the West African monsoon are analyzed using temperature and humidity budgets and lead to conceptual schemes of the eauilibrium and propagation of the monsoon. In particular, the interaction between the monsoon layer and the Harmattan is central to the mechanism of propagation for both the diurnal and seasonal scales
Ouedraogo, Patouin Albert. "Le déterminisme du polymorphisme imaginal chez callosobruchus maculatus (fab), coléoptère bruchidae : son importance sur la biologie des populations de ce bruchidae". Tours, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOUR4005.
Texto completoMalavelle, Florent. "Effets direct et semi-direct des aérosols en Afrique de l'ouest pendant la saison sèche". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00697346.
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