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Publicado: 25 de julio de 2024

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1

I. Devakirubai, Dr. A. Theeba. "Formation Of M.G.R First Administration". Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology 44, n.º 4 (17 de octubre de 2023): 413–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i4.854.

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The aim of this article is to highlight the formation of M.G.R first administration in Tamil Nadu. M. G. Ramachandran alias M.G.R. the Founder of All India Anna Dravida Munetra Kalagam in Tamil Nadu Politics was born on January, 17, 1917 at Kandi with Malayalee Parents. Maruthur Gopala Menan and Sathya Bama1, M.G.R. had to endure hunger poverty and squalor in his boy hood days. His mother Satyapama with her two sons Chakrapani and Ramachandran moved to Kumbakonam in Tamil Nadu in 1919, but could not find living. The boys could not go to school and Satyabama admitted them to Madurai original Boys Drama Company to be trained as stage artists for a Salary of five rupees per month. Both the brothers were food up with the tight work in the drama company and seeking chance to act in Cinema in Madras.

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2

KIM, Mansu. "‘THE RULE OF THREE’ IN THE GROWTH STORIES – GANGBAIK LEE’S DRAMA “LIKE LOOKING AT THE FLOWER IN THE MIDWINTER”". International Journal of Korean Humanities and Social Sciences 1 (4 de noviembre de 2016): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/kr.2015.01.01.

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This paper focused on the structure of the growth stories, especially in surveying Gangbaek Lee’s (이강백) drama “Like Looking at the Flower in the Mid-winter (동지섣달 꽃 본 듯이)”. It is structured by ‘rule of the three’. In this text, three sons go to seek their mother, they experience the tests three times. Third son wins the game because he succeeds to find his true and alternative mother. It is similar to the story of English fairy tale “Three Little Pigs”. In Freudian terms, the characters of the both texts are superego, ego and id. The core of the growth story is that third son (id) wins the first son (superego) and the second son (ego) by using his own energy (meaningful labor). In Levi Strauss’ terms, the contrast between the third and the others can be schemed the contrast between culture and nature. Lee’s drama presents the third son as the real hero who overcomes two elder brothers. The first is so conservative (oversleep), the second is so selfish (overeat). Two brothers were too political or too ideal to become a true, humanistic and warm-minded adult. In his view, ‘drama’ related to the third son is the most humanistic and warm-minded action in the world. These both stories are based on the plot ‘rags to riches’ which contains the success of the poor and powerless. In other words, the poor and weak child can grow to the true hero, and reach the final destination, according to the Gustav Jung’s expression, ‘the Self as a Whole’.

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3

Mosusova, Nadezda. "The wedding and death of Milos Obilic: From The Fairy’s veil to The Fatherland". Muzikologija, n.º 25 (2018): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/muz1825119m.

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The prominent Serbian and Yugoslav composer Petar Konjovic (1883-1970) wrote five operas between 1900 and 1960. Konjovic?s operatic opus represents his homeland and his spiritual spectrum: in the first place, indelible memories of his childhood and youth focused on the Serbian National Theatre in Novi Sad, in particular its heroic repertoire of Serbian literature. Consequently, three out of five of Konjovic?s music dramas are derived from Serbian epic and theatre plays. In addition to Ivo Vojnovic?s Death of the Jugovic Mother, these are Dragutin Ilic?s Wedding ofMilos Obilic and Laza Kostic?s Maksim Crnojevic. Therefore three of Konjovic?s operas can be conditionally brought together as being in many ways related, not only by their content but also by music and the scope of time they were created: The Fairy?s Veil (based on Wedding of Milos Obilic)during World War I, The Fatherland (based on Death of the Jugovic Mother)during World War II, and between them The Prince of Zeta (based on Maksim Crnojevic). The last of them, subtitled ?A sacred festival drama? (following with its subtitle the idea of Wagner?s Parsifal) had its gala performance in Belgrade National Theatre on 19 October 1983. The structure of the musical composition was inspired by the ?Kosovo mystery play? by Vojnovic (1857-1929), an outstanding dramatist from Dubrovnik. In this case, the playwright was a narrator of the historical-legendary past of the Serbs. Drawing on Serbian national epic poetry which deals with the downfall of the Serbian medieval empire caused by the Turkish invasion, Vojnovic constructed his play on the basis of the central poem of the epic cycle about Kosovo, The Death of the Jugovic Mother. Both the epic and Vojnovic?s play present the tragedy of Serbian people in the figure of the Mother. She dies with a broken heart after the loss of her heroic husband, Jug-Bogdan, and her nine sons, the Jugovici, in the decisive battle against the Turks in the Kosovo field in 1389. Vojnovic?s play was performed in Belgrade and Zagreb in 1906 and 1907 respectively, as well as in Trieste (1911) and Prague (1926); and several Serbian and Croatian composers wrote incidental music for it. Slovenian composer Mirko Polic was also inspired by it and his work was performed in Ljubljana in 1947, while Konjovic?s ?festival drama? finished in 1960 was staged much later. Its premiere in 1983 was scrupulously prepared by the father-son duo, Dusan Miladinovic (conductor) and Dejan Miladinovic (director), who paid special attention to the visual aspect of the performance. The director, together with the scenographer Aleksandar Zlatovic created for The Fatherland a semi-permanent set of symbolical characters, with an enormous raven, made of jute, replacing the backdrop. The costume designer was influenced by medieval frescoes from Serbian monasteries in Kosovo. The director himself conceived a ?mute? and motionless appearance of figures of Serbian warriors in ?tableaux vivants? by placing them in attitudes of combat on the edge of the revolving stage during the curtain music between the acts. What the composer Konjovic aimed for with his last music drama was to eternalize in music the beautiful Serbian epic, depicting the tragic history of his people and thus reminding Serbs of their roots. In this sense The Fatherland was Konjovic?s Ninth Symphony and his oath of Kosovo.

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4

Holmes, Brooke. "Antigone at Colonus and the End(s) of Tragedy". Ramus 42, n.º 1-2 (2013): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048671x00000059.

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Sophocles' Oedipus at Colonus, it would seem, is an exercise in closure. In the opening scene, Oedipus, worn down by years of wandering blind and hungry, arrives at the borders of Athens. Here is where his legendary sufferings—his murder of his father, his incestuous marriage to his mother, his betrayal by his sons, his exile from Thebes—are fated to end. Following his miraculous death, his body will become a sacred gift to the city that receives him, protecting it against future attack. In the closing moments of the play, everything unfolds according to plan. Oedipus disappears offstage and mysteriously descends into the earth. The king of Athens, Theseus, alone marks the spot of his disappearance, knowledge he will pass down to his sons as part of his responsibility to the city. By the end of the tragedy, then, Oedipus has made his way home to the gods in a land capable of honouring his awesome, singular fate.The concept of ‘coming home’ is integral, as this précis suggests, to the play's logic of closure. Yet, crucially, it governs only one of the two planes on which the drama unfolds, that of the gods. Oedipus' life has been in the hands of the gods since before he was born. That they reclaim him at the end of his life gives his exit the feel of a return. By contrast, the path to Athens, for all its meandering, is not circular but linear. Athens is definitively not Thebes, as the tragedy demonstrates over and over (nor is it Corinth, Oedipus' other point of origin). Thebes is, rather, the home that Oedipus rejects, most spectacularly through his resistance to Creon's demand that he return to the city of his birth. What is more, he repudiates any relationship to the Theban throne. When Polyneices arrives to ask his father to support his bid to reclaim the kingship from his brother Eteocles, Oedipus does not simply refuse to intervene but drives his son away with curses. His refusal is a refusal not just of Thebes but of the Labdacid line altogether (he goes so far as to call Polyneices ἀπάτωϱ, ‘fatherless’, 1383; see also 1369: ὑμεῖς δ' ἀπ' ἄλλον ϰοὐϰ ἐμοῦ πεϕύϰατον, ‘you are from another and not born from me’); his pact with Theseus creates an alternate genealogy of fathers and sons. Seen in this light, Oedipus' arrival at Colonus and, ultimately, his dramatic exit become the final stages of a process not of coming home but of leaving Thebes behind and with it ‘the radical tragic terrain where there can be no escape from the tragic in the resolution of conflict or in the institutional provision of a civic future beyond the world of the play’.

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5

Komakech, Morris D. C. "Under-the-Mango-Tree: a theatre-based male EMTCT engagement intervention in post-conflict northern Uganda". Global Health Promotion 27, n.º 3 (9 de diciembre de 2019): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975919873653.

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Male involvement in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care cascades is identified as a critical prerequisite for the successful elimination of mother-to-child transfer of HIV. Scant evidence exists on efficacious culturally appropriate and male-inclusive elimination of mother-to-child transfer interventions. This reflection-in-action paper highlights field notes and observations of the development of Under-the- Mango-Tree, a theatre-based male-inclusive intervention pilot tested in northern Uganda. The intervention included: (a) traditional drama, dances and songs and (b) expert testimonies and group dialogue. Observations in this pilot showed that a theatre-based intervention was suitable for social persuasion; role modelling and moderating mastery of experience through effectively combining simple songs, dances and drama; testimonies of successful adherence by expert clients; and through reflective group discussions. These observations have implications for male-inclusive elimination of mother-to-child transfer intervention development.

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6

Fabes, Richard A. y Linda Rennie Forcey. "Mothers of Sons". Journal of Marriage and the Family 49, n.º 4 (noviembre de 1987): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/351992.

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7

Leeks, Wendy. "SONS AND MOTHERS". Art History 8, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1985): 366–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8365.1985.tb00175.x.

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8

Reynolds, L. "Sons and mothers". Canadian Medical Association Journal 181, n.º 10 (9 de noviembre de 2009): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091789.

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9

Silverstein, Olga. "Mothers and Sons". Journal of Feminist Family Therapy 1, n.º 1 (28 de febrero de 1989): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j086v01n01_02.

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10

O'Shea, Devin. "Mothers and Sons". American Book Review 40, n.º 1 (2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/abr.2018.0130.

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11

Okasi, Mehdi Tavana. "Other Mothers, Other Sons". Iowa Review 42, n.º 1 (abril de 2012): 130–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.7135.

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12

van der Hoog, Wouter, Pieter Jan Stappers y Ianus Keller. "Connecting mothers and sons". Interactions 11, n.º 5 (septiembre de 2004): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1015530.1015564.

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13

Adkins, Carole Ann. "Beastly Mothers — Beastly Sons". Reinardus / Yearbook of the International Reynard Society 16 (30 de noviembre de 2003): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rein.16.02adk.

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14

Hämäläinen, Suvi-Tuulia, Kaisa Turunen, Elise Kosunen, Kari J. Mattila y Markku Sumanen. "Men’s Health Is Not Affected by Their Mothers’ Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy". American Journal of Men's Health 10, n.º 6 (23 de junio de 2016): NP71—NP77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988315584795.

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Little is known about the effects of mother’s intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) on the health of sons born to these mothers. The purpose of the present study was to explore the health of sons born to mothers with ICP. The study design was a retrospective study of ICP mothers’ sons. In the region of Tampere University Hospital in Finland, 365 sons of mothers with ICP during 1969 to 1988 and 617 sons of mothers without ICP were sent a questionnaire in 2010. The response rates were 37.8% ( n = 138) and 36.6% ( n = 226), respectively. Only minor differences were reported between the two groups. Self-evaluated health was similar. There were no significant differences between the groups regarding symptoms and complaints, diagnosed diseases, mental health, and use of medicines. Cough was 10.8 percentage points less common among ICP mothers’ sons than among controls ( p = .034). Urticaria was more common among ICP mothers’ sons, the difference in percentage points being 2.2 ( p = .026). In general, a mother’s ICP does not affect her son’s health.

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15

Plaskow. "Mothers and Sons: Contesting Privilege?" Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 27, n.º 2 (2011): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/jfemistudreli.27.2.133.

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16

Goymer, Patrick. "Good mothers have bad sons". Nature Reviews Genetics 7, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2006): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg2015.

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17

Allen, Quaylan y Kimberly White-Smith. "“That’s Why I Say Stay in School”: Black Mothers’ Parental Involvement, Cultural Wealth, and Exclusion in Their Son’s Schooling". Urban Education 53, n.º 3 (19 de junio de 2017): 409–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085917714516.

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This study examines parental involvement practices, the cultural wealth, and school experiences of poor and working-class mothers of Black boys. Drawing upon data from an ethnographic study, we examine qualitative interviews with four Black mothers. Using critical race theory and cultural wealth frameworks, we explore the mothers’ approaches to supporting their sons’ education. We also describe how the mothers and their sons experienced exclusion from the school, and how this exclusion limited the mothers’ involvement. We highlight their agency in making use of particular forms of cultural wealth in responding to the school’s failure of their sons.

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18

MACKINNON–LEWIS, CAROL, MICHAEL E. LAMB, JOHN HATTIE y LAILA P. BARADARAN. "A longitudinal examination of the associations between mothers' and sons' attributions and their aggression". Development and Psychopathology 13, n.º 1 (marzo de 2001): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579401001055.

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This study tested an integrative, multipathway model designed to explain bidirectional effects of the attributions and coercive behaviors of mothers and sons in the context of a longitudinal study. Subjects were 246 mothers and sons who were 7–9 years of age. Mothers' and sons' attributions about one another's intent were significantly related to the aggressiveness of the behavior that each of them directed toward the other. Boys' earlier aggression did not significantly predict the mothers' subsequent attributions, whereas mothers' negative behavior indeed predicted subsequent negative attributions on the part of the boys. Even after considering children's earlier negative behavior, children's negative attributions about their mothers helped explain the aggressiveness of their subsequent behavior. The same was not true for mothers whose earlier attributions indirectly influenced their subsequent aggressive behavior.

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19

Román, David. "Mothers and Sons by Terrence McNally". Theatre Journal 67, n.º 1 (2015): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tj.2015.0009.

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20

Hadas, Rachel. "Fathers and Daughters, Mothers and Sons". Yale Review 86, n.º 4 (octubre de 1998): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0044-0124.00273.

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21

Smith, G. S. "Mothers and sons and Russian literature". Journal of European Studies 34, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2004): 292–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047244104048700.

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22

Emlen, Stephen T. "When mothers prefer daughters over sons". Trends in Ecology & Evolution 12, n.º 8 (agosto de 1997): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(97)01119-1.

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23

Yu, Chun-fang y Alan Cole. "Mothers and Sons in Chinese Buddhism". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 60, n.º 1 (junio de 2000): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2652714.

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24

Eichenbaum, Luise. "Remote Control: Mothers, Sons, and Subjectivity". Psychoanalytic Perspectives 2, n.º 1 (octubre de 2004): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1551806x.2004.10472898.

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25

Ly, Chen. "Older orca mothers protect their sons". New Scientist 259, n.º 3449 (julio de 2023): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(23)01414-8.

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26

Dizon-Ross, Rebecca y Seema Jayachandran. "Detecting Mother-Father Differences in Spending on Children: A New Approach Using Willingness-to-Pay Elicitation". American Economic Review: Insights 5, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2023): 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aeri.20220159.

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This paper tests whether mothers and fathers differ in their spending on daughters relative to sons by comparing their willingness to pay (WTP) for specific goods for their children. This method, which we apply in Uganda, offers more precision than the standard method of examining expenditure effects of mothers’ versus fathers’ income. We find that fathers have a lower WTP for their daughters’ than their sons’ human capital but mothers do not. Altruism plays a role: fathers’ but not mothers’ WTP for goods that simply bring joy to their daughters is lower than their WTP for such goods for sons. (JEL D64, G51, J12, J13, J16, O12)

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27

GANONG, LAWRENCE H. y MARILYN COLEMAN. "Effects of Children on Parental Sex-Role Orientation". Journal of Family Issues 8, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1987): 278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251387008003002.

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The bidirectional approach to sex-role socialization provided the conceptual framework for determining if the sex-role self-concept of parents was affected more by the presence of sons than by the presence of daughters. The Bem Sex Role Inventory was administered to 153 parental dyads who had daughters only (n=41), sons only (n=41), or an equal number of both sons and daughters (n=71). Sex of child, especially sons, did appear to have an effect on parents' femininity. Fathers with sons have lower femininity scores than fathers with daughters only, and mothers with sons have higher femininity scores than mothers with daughters only.

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28

Fivush, Robyn. "Gender and Emotion in Mother-Child Conversations About the Past". Journal of Narrative and Life History 1, n.º 4 (1 de enero de 1991): 325–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jnlh.1.4.04gen.

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Abstract In this research, mothers were asked to discuss four specific past events during which their 32- to 3 5-month-old children experienced happiness, sadness, anger, and fear. Results suggest that mothers discuss the emotions of sadness and anger quite differently with daughters than with sons. Conversations about sadness were longer and emphasized the causes of sadness more with daughters than with sons, and mothers seemed concerned with comforting daughters about being sad. In contrast, conversations about anger were longer with sons than with daugh-ters, and mothers accepted anger and accepted retaliation as an appropriate response to anger with sons but not with daughters. Daughters are encouraged to resolve anger by reestablishing the damaged relationship. Further, all four emotions were placed in a more social interactional framework with daughters than with sons. This pattern of results is discussed in terms of what young children may be learning about emotional experience and self-concept, as well as how these early differences in emotional socialization may be related to gender differences in adults' emotional processing. (Psychology)

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29

Myers, Scott A., Derek W. Robel y Jeffrey Belsito. "Self-Disclosure of Parent and Adult Son". Perceptual and Motor Skills 82, n.º 3 (junio de 1996): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.82.3.954.

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160 adult sons completed the Wheeless and Grotz (1976) Revised Self-disclosure scale with reference to interaction with either their fathers or mothers. Results indicated that sons do not differ in their self-disclosure behaviors between their fathers and their mothers.

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30

Frase, Robert, J. Jill Suitor, Megan Gilligan, Reilly Kincaid y Catherine Stepniak. "THE POWER OF DAUGHTERS: THE ROLE OF SIBSHIP GENDER COMPOSITION IN MOTHER-ADULT CHILD RELATIONS". Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1 de noviembre de 2022): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2338.

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Abstract Prior scholarship demonstrates that older mothers receive more care from daughters, prefer daughters as caregivers, and have stronger emotional bonds with daughters. Despite these clear gendered differences in care, care preferences, and closeness, less is known about whether the presence of daughters in a family affects mother-adult son relationships or whether the presence of sons in a family affects mother-adult daughter relationships. Drawing from theories of gender socialization and social exchange, we propose that mothers would, given the choice between daughters and sons, prefer to receive care from and engage in emotional exchanges with daughters. Therefore, we predict sons’ care to and emotional closeness with older mothers will be inversely related to the number of daughters in the family. We test our hypotheses with mixed-method data from 1,577 mother-adult child dyads nested within 420 families collected as part of the Within-Family Differences Study-II. Findings support our hypotheses. The larger the number of daughters, the less likely sons are to provide care to their mothers, whereas the likelihood of daughters providing care is unaffected by the number of sons. Similarly, the larger the number of daughters, the lower closeness mothers report with their sons, whereas mother-adult daughter closeness is unrelated to the number of sons. In sum, our findings show ways in which both an adult child’s gender and the gender composition of their sibship affect mother-adult child relationships, as well as highlighting the applicability of theories of gender socialization and social exchange to the context of aging families.

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31

Surbeck, Martin, Roger Mundry y Gottfried Hohmann. "Mothers matter! Maternal support, dominance status and mating success in male bonobos ( Pan paniscus )". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, n.º 1705 (septiembre de 2010): 590–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1572.

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Variation in male mating success is often related to rank differences. Males who are unable to monopolize oestrous females alone may engage in coalitions, thus enhancing their mating success. While studies on chimpanzees and dolphins suggest that coalitions are independent of kinship, information from female philopatric species shows the importance of kin support, especially from mothers, on the reproductive success of females. Therefore, one might expect a similar effect on sons in male philopatric species. We evaluate mating success determinants in male bonobos using data from nine male individuals from a wild population. Results reveal a steep, linear male dominance hierarchy and a positive correlation between dominance status and mating success. In addition to rank, the presence of mothers enhances the mating success of sons and reduces the proportion of matings by the highest ranking male. Mothers and sons have high association rates and mothers provide agonistic aid to sons in conflicts with other males. As bonobos are male-philopatric and adult females occupy high dominance status, maternal support extends into adulthood and females have the leverage to intervene in male conflicts. The absence of female support to unrelated males suggests that mothers gain indirect fitness benefits by supporting their sons.

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32

Helle, Samuli y Virpi Lummaa. "A trade-off between having many sons and shorter maternal post-reproductive survival in pre-industrial Finland". Biology Letters 9, n.º 2 (23 de abril de 2013): 20130034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0034.

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A bias in reproduction towards sons, which are energetically more costly than daughters, has been suggested to shorten parental lifespan, but previous results have been mixed. Reproductive costs should be most evident in low rather than high resource settings, and are not expected to be severe in men, because women pay higher direct costs of reproduction. We, therefore, used demographic data from pre-industrial Finland to investigate whether the number of sons and daughters born affected their parents’ post-reproductive survival and whether this was related to parent's resource availability. Irrespective of access to resources, mothers, but not fathers, with many sons suffered from reduced post-reproductive survival, and this association decreased as mothers aged. Our results provide evidence that Finnish mothers traded long post-reproductive lifespan for giving birth to many sons.

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33

Bogaert, Anthony F., Malvina N. Skorska, Chao Wang, José Gabrie, Adam J. MacNeil, Mark R. Hoffarth, Doug P. VanderLaan, Kenneth J. Zucker y Ray Blanchard. "Male homosexuality and maternal immune responsivity to the Y-linked protein NLGN4Y". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, n.º 2 (11 de diciembre de 2017): 302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705895114.

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We conducted a direct test of an immunological explanation of the finding that gay men have a greater number of older brothers than do heterosexual men. This explanation posits that some mothers develop antibodies against a Y-linked protein important in male brain development, and that this effect becomes increasingly likely with each male gestation, altering brain structures underlying sexual orientation in their later-born sons. Immune assays targeting two Y-linked proteins important in brain development—protocadherin 11 Y-linked (PCDH11Y) and neuroligin 4 Y-linked (NLGN4Y; isoforms 1 and 2)—were developed. Plasma from mothers of sons, about half of whom had a gay son, along with additional controls (women with no sons, men) was analyzed for male protein-specific antibodies. Results indicated women had significantly higher anti-NLGN4Y levels than men. In addition, after statistically controlling for number of pregnancies, mothers of gay sons, particularly those with older brothers, had significantly higher anti-NLGN4Y levels than did the control samples of women, including mothers of heterosexual sons. The results suggest an association between a maternal immune response to NLGN4Y and subsequent sexual orientation in male offspring.

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34

MASOOD KADIR, MUHAMMAD, FARIYAL F. FIKREE, AMANULLAH KHAN y FATIMA SAJAN. "DO MOTHERS-IN-LAW MATTER? FAMILY DYNAMICS AND FERTILITY DECISION-MAKING IN URBAN SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS OF KARACHI, PAKISTAN". Journal of Biosocial Science 35, n.º 4 (octubre de 2003): 545–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932003005984.

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The perspectives of mothers-in-law about intra-household decision-making, family size and family planning are investigated, and their views compared with those of their sons and daughters-in-law. Women (717 daughters-in-law), their husbands (717 sons) and their 522 mothers-in-law were interviewed in eight squatter settlements in Karachi, Pakistan. Decisions about the schooling and health care of children, and the purchase of jewellery, are perceived to lie within the nuclear family domain (i.e. husband and wife). There was a difference in mothers-in-law’s, daughters-in-law’s and sons’ desire to have more children. Twenty-eight per cent of mothers-in-law versus 58% of daughters-in-law did not want more grandsons/sons and 36% of mothers-in-law versus 66% of daughters-in-law did not want more granddaughters/daughters. The difference was markedly greater among the mother-in-law/daughter-in-law pairs than in the mother/son pairs. Overall, the mother-in-law’s role seems to be somewhat overshadowed by that of her son (family male member), except for limiting family size. It is suggested that mothers-in-law should be included in Information–Education–Communication (IEC) campaigns about family planning.

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35

Chapman, Peter. "Men and mothers: the lifelong struggle of sons and their mothers". Psychodynamic Practice 20, n.º 2 (19 de marzo de 2014): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14753634.2014.894233.

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36

Shields, S. G. "On This Day of Mothers and Sons". Annals of Family Medicine 3, n.º 4 (1 de julio de 2005): 367–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1370/afm.379.

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Gregory, David y Alice Longman. "Mothers' Suffering: Sons who Died of AIDS". Qualitative Health Research 2, n.º 3 (agosto de 1992): 334–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104973239200200306.

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38

Penkower, Linda. "Mothers and Sons in Chinese Buddhism (review)". China Review International 6, n.º 2 (1999): 416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.1999.0040.

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39

Park, Christine Cohen. "Close Comfort? Sons as Their Mothers' Memoirists". a/b: Auto/Biography Studies 19, n.º 1-2 (enero de 2004): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08989575.2004.10815323.

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40

Lewis, Mark Edward. "Mothers and Sons in Early Imperial China". Extrême-Orient, Extrême-Occident, Hors-série (1 de enero de 2012): 245–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/extremeorient.226.

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41

Greene, Robert M. y Leigh A. Leslie. "Mothers' Behavior and Sons' Adjustment Following Divorce". Journal of Divorce 12, n.º 2-3 (8 de marzo de 1989): 235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j279v12n02_13.

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42

Lesté-Lasserre, Christa. "Orca mothers care for their adult sons". New Scientist 257, n.º 3426 (febrero de 2023): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(23)00294-4.

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43

White, Angela M., Ronald R. Swaisgood y Nancy Czekala. "Differential Investment in Sons and Daughters: Do White Rhinoceros Mothers Favor Sons?" Journal of Mammalogy 88, n.º 3 (junio de 2007): 632–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/06-mamm-a-180r2.1.

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44

Legendre, Marie. "Changing the Narrative through Mothers, Daughters, and Sons". Medieval Encounters 29, n.º 5-6 (16 de noviembre de 2023): 555–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12340177.

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Abstract This article offers a reassessment of the ties between the families of two half-brothers, ʿ⁠Abd al-ʿ⁠Azīz and ʿ⁠Abd al-Malik sons of Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam. The first succeeded their father as caliph, while the second was governor of Egypt at the turn of the eighth century. The modern historiography has made much of ninth- and tenth-century narratives of opposition between the two. Those narratives are reassessed with a focus on how ties of kinship were used as a literary tool to build a distinctive memory of the Marwanid family. Even if moments of competition are recorded between the two, the families of those two men were instrumental to the success of the Marwanids as a caliphal family. The focus here is on marriage ties between their sons and daughters as well as on how the sons and their fathers participated in the same marriage patterns. The paper offers to shift our perspective by placing emphasis on family members that are usually not given proper attention: mothers, daughters, sisters and a wider pool of sons.

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45

Choi, Jihye, Christine Markham, Irene Tamí-Maury, Sooyoun Kim y Paula Cuccaro. "Maternal perceptions of vaccinating boys against human papillomavirus (HPV) in Seoul, South Korea: A descriptive exploratory qualitative study". PLOS ONE 18, n.º 3 (10 de marzo de 2023): e0282811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282811.

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Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is of paramount importance to reduce HPV-associated cancers in both genders. In South Korea, the prophylactic vaccine is recognized as prevention of cervical cancer with little attention given to male HPV vaccination. The purpose of this study was to explore perceptions of male HPV vaccination and underlying factors for vaccine hesitancy among mothers of unvaccinated boys in Seoul, Korea using a qualitative method. We used a purposive sampling strategy to recruit mothers of unvaccinated middle school-aged boys living in one of the 25 districts in Seoul, supplemented by a snowball sampling approach. We conducted one-on-one telephone interviews with ten mothers using a semi-structured interview guide. Questions probed mothers’ views on vaccinating boys against HPV and the reasons for not vaccinating their sons. We found that mothers were hesitant to vaccinate their sons against HPV due to high out-of-pocket costs, fear of side effects concerning the young age of their sons, and low awareness of HPV and HPV vaccine, all of which stemmed from the exclusion of male HPV vaccination in the national immunization program. Sociocultural factors, including vaccination norms, lack of HPV education, and values associated with sexually transmitted infections were also likely to negatively impact mothers’ vaccination decision-making. Despite the barriers, mothers were willing to accept HPV vaccination when it was framed as cancer prevention for not only the sons but also their future spouses. In conclusion, reasons for Korean mothers’ hesitancy for their sons’ HPV vaccine uptake were multifaceted. Healthcare providers’ role in emphasizing and conveying the importance of gender-neutral HPV vaccination will be essential to alleviate negative sentiments around the vaccine for boys and reduce their risk of compromised sexual health. As an effective public health strategy, tailored cancer prevention messages should be delivered heightening significant benefits of the HPV vaccine beyond the prevention of cervical cancer.

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46

Ogle, Destiny, Yifei Hou, J. Jill Suitor y Megan Gilligan. "EFFECTS OF TRANSMISSIONS OF OLDER MOTHERS’ INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP QUALITY ON ADULT CHILDREN’S WELL-BEING". Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1 de noviembre de 2022): 630–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2340.

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Abstract Prior research has rarely considered how the effects of social relationships on well-being can extend across generations. Drawing from the life-course perspective, we tested intergenerational transmission of relationship quality (with mothers and friends) as a mechanism through which mothers’ relationship quality affects adult children’s psychological well-being. We proposed that adult children bear the consequence of mothers’ relationship quality because they tend to develop interpersonal relationships similar to their mothers’ through socialization and observational learning, which in turn affects their psychological well-being. We investigated how this mechanism varied by adult children’s gender using mixed-method data collected from 693 adult children in 270 families as part of the Within-Family Difference Study. Multilevel mediation analyses revealed that transmission of mother-child closeness and tension affected adult sons’ but not daughters’ depressive symptoms. In contrast, transmission of friendship closeness decreased daughters’ but not sons’ depressive symptoms. Mother’s friendship tension affected both sons’ and daughters’ depressive symptoms, but the mechanisms differed by gender. Sons’ depressive symptoms were affected by intergenerational transmission of friendship tension. In contrast, intergenerational transmission was not the mechanism via which mothers’ friendship tension raised daughters’ depressive symptoms. Qualitative analyses revealed daughters’ well-being was affected by more diverse pathways besides intergenerational transmission of relationship quality and that these differences could be explained by gender socialization and differing meanings of social relationships for sons and daughters. These findings highlight the role of parental socialization in the mechanisms by which linked lives affect adult children’s well-being, even decades after these processes were set into motion.

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47

Weryszko, Małgorzata y Izabela Rejmer. "Parental attitudes of mothers raising sons with Crohn's disease". Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio 3, n.º 51 (28 de septiembre de 2022): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v3i51.1108.

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The article describes the issues and presents research on parental attitudes of mothers towards somatically ill children. The analysis of the issue includes the mother's point of view as well as the child's point of view. The conducted research shows a relationship between the assessment of parental attitudes of mothers and their assessment of their sons suffering from Leśniowski-Crohn's somatic disease. They point to the differences in the perception of mothers' parental attitudes from these two perspectives. They also show the relationship between the child's age and the mother's attitude. The study included 30 mothers and their 30 teenage sons suffering from Leśniowski-Crohn's disease.

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48

Trice, Ashton D. "Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome-like Symptoms among AIDS Caregivers". Psychological Reports 63, n.º 2 (octubre de 1988): 656–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.63.2.656.

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Interviews were conducted with 43 mothers of AIDS fatalities 2 or 3 years following their sons' deaths. Eighty-four percent of the mothers who devoted full-time care to their sons for substantial periods of time showed a cluster of symptoms normally associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Only 8% of those who did not engage in extended care experienced three or more of these symptoms.

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49

Berridge, Clara W. y Jennifer L. Romich. "“Raising Him . . . to Pull His Own Weight”: Boys’ Household Work in Single-Mother Households". Journal of Family Issues 32, n.º 2 (2 de septiembre de 2010): 157–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x10380832.

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In this study, the authors examine boys’ household work in low- and moderate-income single-mother families. Through describing the work that boys do, why they do this work, and the meaning that they and their mothers give to this work, they add to the understanding of housework as an arena for gender role reproduction or interruption. Their data reveal that adolescent boys did a significant amount of work and took pride in their competence. Mothers grounded their expectations of boys’ household contributions in life experience. They both needed their sons’ day-to-day contributions and wanted their sons to grow into men who were competent around the house and good partners. In demanding household work from their sons, these single mothers themselves work to undermine the traditional gendered division of such labor.

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50

Huggins, Camille, Glenda Hinkson y Keevin Charles. "“He Was a Good Boy”: The Caribbean Black Mothers’ Experience of Coping and Grief With the Homicide of Their Sons in Trinidad". Journal of Black Studies 51, n.º 5 (17 de junio de 2020): 411–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934720915441.

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There is little research on Caribbean Black mothers coping with the homicide of their sons. This phenomenological study examines mothers’ grief and coping after the homicide of their male child on the small island state of Trinidad, where people are close knit and socially interconnected. In-depth interviews of 10 mothers who suffered the loss of their sons within a 10-year period were conducted and four themes emerged: normalizing the child against stigma, spirituality and meaning making, concealment and suppression of emotions, and collective support. Results highlighted the immense grief mothers are still struggling with, due to lack of closure with their son’s murder case and the stigma associated with homicide. Additional supports are needed to help mothers with the grieving process.

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