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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Mortality South Australia Statistics"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 6 de febrero de 2022

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1

Reeders, Jocelyn, Vivek Ashoka Menon, Anita Mani y Mathew George. "Clinical Profiles and Survival Outcomes of Patients With Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors at a Health Network in New South Wales, Australia: Retrospective Study". JMIR Cancer 5, n.º 2 (20 de noviembre de 2019): e12849. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/12849.

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Background Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of malignancies with varying and often indolent clinicobiological characteristics according to their primary location. NETs can affect any organ and hence present with nonspecific symptoms that can lead to a delay in diagnosis. The incidence of NETs is increasing in Australia; data regarding characteristics of NETs were collected from the cancer registry of Hunter New England, Australia. Objective This study aimed to explore the clinical profiles and treatment and survival outcomes of patients with well-differentiated NETs in an Australian population. Methods We reviewed the data of all adult patients who received the diagnosis of NET between 2008 and 2013. The clinicopathological, treatment, and follow-up data were extracted from the local Cancer Clinical Registry. We also recorded the level of remoteness for each patient by matching the patient’s residential postcode to the corresponding Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011 remoteness area category. Univariate analysis was used to find the factors associated with NET-related mortality. Survival analysis was computed. Results Data from 96 patients were included in the study (men: 37/96, 38.5%, and women: 59/96, 61.5%). The median age at diagnosis was approximately 63 years. A higher proportion of patients lived in remote/rural areas (50/96, 52.1%) compared with those living in city/metropolitan regions (46/96, 47.9%). The most common primary tumor site was the gastroenteropancreatic tract, followed by the lung. The factors significantly associated with NET-related mortality were age, primary tumor site, surgical resection status, tumor grade, and clinical stage of the patient. At 5 years, the overall survival rate was found to be 62%, and the disease-free survival rate was 56.5%. Conclusions Older age, advanced unresectable tumors, evidence of metastasis, and higher-grade tumors were associated with poorer outcomes. Lung tumors had a higher risk of NET-related mortality compared with other sites.

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Nguyen, Hiep Duc, Merched Azzi, Stephen White, David Salter, Toan Trieu, Geoffrey Morgan, Mahmudur Rahman et al. "The Summer 2019–2020 Wildfires in East Coast Australia and Their Impacts on Air Quality and Health in New South Wales, Australia". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 7 (29 de marzo de 2021): 3538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073538.

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The 2019–2020 summer wildfire event on the east coast of Australia was a series of major wildfires occurring from November 2019 to end of January 2020 across the states of Queensland, New South Wales (NSW), Victoria and South Australia. The wildfires were unprecedent in scope and the extensive character of the wildfires caused smoke pollutants to be transported not only to New Zealand, but also across the Pacific Ocean to South America. At the peak of the wildfires, smoke plumes were injected into the stratosphere at a height of up to 25 km and hence transported across the globe. The meteorological and air quality Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model is used together with the air quality monitoring data collected during the bushfire period and remote sensing data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellites to determine the extent of the wildfires, the pollutant transport and their impacts on air quality and health of the exposed population in NSW. The results showed that the WRF-Chem model using Fire Emission Inventory (FINN) from National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) to simulate the dispersion and transport of pollutants from wildfires predicted the daily concentration of PM2.5 having the correlation (R2) and index of agreement (IOA) from 0.6 to 0.75 and 0.61 to 0.86, respectively, when compared with the ground-based data. The impact on health endpoints such as mortality and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases hospitalizations across the modelling domain was then estimated. The estimated health impact on each of the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) census districts (SA4) of New South Wales was calculated based on epidemiological assumptions of the impact function and incidence rate data from the 2016 ABS and NSW Department of Health statistical health records. Summing up all SA4 census district results over NSW, we estimated that there were 247 (CI: 89, 409) premature deaths, 437 (CI: 81, 984) cardiovascular diseases hospitalizations and 1535 (CI: 493, 2087) respiratory diseases hospitalizations in NSW over the period from 1 November 2019 to 8 January 2020. The results are comparable with a previous study based only on observation data, but the results in this study provide much more spatially and temporally detailed data with regard to the health impact from the summer 2019–2020 wildfires.

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McGarvey, R., J. M. Matthews y J. H. Prescott. "Estimating lobster recruitment and exploitation rate from landings by weight and numbers and age-specific weights". Marine and Freshwater Research 48, n.º 8 (1997): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97209.

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Aprocedure is presented for incorporating catch totals by both weight and numbers in stock assessment. Their ratio is the weight of an average harvested individual which, in turn, reflects mean mortality rate. The model is age-based and requires, as input, a vector of average age-specific weights in the catch. The model developed for the South Australian rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) fishery assumes steady state, constant fishing mortality on all age classes and a natural mortality rate equal to 0·1. Also explicit are reduced vulnerability of recruitment-aged lobsters and incidental mortality of lobsters below the legal minimum size. The solution yields estimates of average exploitation rate and yearly recruitment. These give (absolute) age-specific population numbers in the fishable stock. Exploitation rates were estimated for statistical reporting blocks in South Australia using this catch weight–numbers (qR) method and, for comparison, that of Beverton and Holt employing mean length. Each method was also tested with simulated data, the former yielding estimates of lower variance and bias. In practice, counting individuals captured is likely to require less time and to yield lower measurement error than measuring lengths. This method thus offers the possibility for improved precision and accuracy at lower cost.

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Razali, K., J. Amin, GJ Dore, MG Law y HCV Projections Working Group. "Modelling and calibration of the hepatitis C epidemic in Australia". Statistical Methods in Medical Research 18, n.º 3 (26 de noviembre de 2008): 253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280208094689.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Australia is predominantly transmitted through injecting drug use. A reduction in the heroin supply in Australia in late 2000 and early 2001 may have impacted the number of injecting drug users (IDUs) and the number of new hepatitis C infections. This paper updates estimates of HCV incidence between 1960 and 2005 and models long-term sequelae from infection. Outcomes among those with HCV were also recently assessed in a linkage study assessing cancer and causes of death following HCV diagnosis in New South Wales. Linkage study outcomes have been used here to calibrate modelled outcomes. Mathematical models were used to estimate HCV incidence among IDUs, migrants to Australia from high HCV-prevalence countries, and other HCV exposure groups. Recent trends in numbers of IDUs were based on indicators of injecting drug use. A natural history of HCV model was applied to estimate the prevalence of HCV in the population. Model predicted endpoints that were calibrated against the NSW linkage data over the period 1995—2002 were: (i) incident hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); (ii) opioid overdose deaths; (iii) liver-related deaths; and (iv) all-cause mortality. Modelled estimates and the linkage data show reasonably good calibration for HCC cases and all-cause mortality. The estimated HCC incidence was increased from 70 cases in 1995 to 100 cases in 2002. All-cause mortality estimated at 1000 in 1995 increased to 1600 in 2002. Comparison of annual opioid deaths shows some agreement. However, the models underestimate the rate of increase observed between 1995 and 1999 and do not entirely capture the rapid decrease in overdose deaths from 2000 onwards. The linkage data showed a peak of overdose deaths at 430 in 1999 compared to 320 estimated by the models. Comparison of observed liver deaths with the modelled numbers showed poor agreement. A good agreement would require an increase in liver deaths from the assumed 2 to 5% per annum following cirrhosis in the models. Mathematical models suggest that HCV incidence decreased from a peak of 14,000 infections in 1999 to 9700 infections in 2005, largely attributable to a reduction in injecting drug use. The poor agreement between projected and linked liver deaths could reflect differing coding of causes of deaths, underestimates of the numbers of people with cirrhosis following HCV, or underestimates of rates of liver death following cirrhosis. The reasonably good agreement between most of the modelled estimates with observed linkage data provides some support for the assumptions used in the models.

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Quine, Susan, Richard Taylor y Lillian Hayes. "Australian trends in mortality by socioeconomic status using NSW small area data, 1970–89". Journal of Biosocial Science 27, n.º 4 (octubre de 1995): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000023026.

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SummaryThis ecological study examines trends in socioeconomic differentials in mortality in New South Wales, Australia, over a 20-year period (1970–89). The proportion unskilled was used as the indicator of socioeconomic status and its selection justified. Using census data aggregated by Local Government Area, the relationship between mortality and socioeconomic status was examined using quintiles based on the proportion unskilled in the population. Local Government Areas were also sorted into quintiles using mortality rates (0–74 years) to describe change in mortality differentials over time. Socioeconomic differentials were more evident in the relatively homogeneous Local Government Areas within the Sydney Statistical Division than in the remaining NSW Statistical Divisions which are more heterogeneous and predominantly rural. Although there has been an overall decline in mortality for males and females, and for high and low status groups, over this period the relative socioeconomic differentials have not declined. For the most recent period (1985–89) there appears to be some widening of differentials for males. The NSW state trends are generally similar to those reported for Britain and for other industrialised countries, suggesting that this is a common trend and that policies to reduce inequalities have not been effective.

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Jackson, Caroline A., Cathie L. M. Sudlow y Gita D. Mishra. "Education, sex and risk of stroke: a prospective cohort study in New South Wales, Australia". BMJ Open 8, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2018): e024070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024070.

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ObjectiveTo determine whether the association between highest educational attainment and stroke differed by sex and age; and whether potential mediators of observed associations differ by sex.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingPopulation based, New South Wales, Australia.Participants253 657 stroke-free participants from the New South Wales 45 and Up Study.Outcome measuresFirst-ever stroke events, identified through linkage to hospital and mortality records.ResultsDuring mean follow-up of 4.7 years, 2031 and 1528 strokes occurred among men and women, respectively. Age-standardised stroke rate was inversely associated with education level, with the absolute risk difference between the lowest and highest education group greater among women than men. In relative terms, stroke risk was slightly more pronounced in women than men when comparing low versus high education (age-adjusted HRs: 1.41, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.71 and 1.25, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.46, respectively), but there was no clear evidence of statistical interaction. This association persisted into older age, but attenuated. Much of the increased stroke risk was explained by modifiable lifestyle factors, in both men and women.ConclusionLow education is associated with increased stroke risk in men and women, and may be marginally steeper in women than men. This disadvantage attenuates but persists into older age, particularly for women. Modifiable risk factors account for much of the excess risk from low education level. Public health policy and governmental decision-making should reflect the importance of education, for both men and women, for positive health throughout the life course.

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Rosenbloom, Joshua I., Dorit Nitzan Kaluski y Elliot M. Berry. "A Global Nutritional Index". Food and Nutrition Bulletin 29, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2008): 266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482650802900403.

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Background A standardized global nutritional index (GNI) would provide a single statistic for each country according to its overall level of nutrition, which could then guide national policies. Objectives and methods We have developed a GNI modeled on the human development index (HDI), based on three indicators of nutritional status: deficits, excess, and food security. Calculations were made within four groups of countries (GNI) (32 developed countries, 26 countries in transition, 64 low-mortality developing countries, and 70 high-mortality developing countries) as well as between them—the Global Nutrition Index World wide (GNIg). Results Complete data were available for 192 countries. The ranking of the highest and lowest countries in the four groups (with their GNIg values) is as follows: developed countries—Japan 1 (0.989), United States 99 (0.806); countries in transition—Estonia 10 (0.943), Tajikistan 173 (0.629); low-mortality developing countries—Republic of Korea 12 (0.939), Nauru 185 (0.565); high-mortality developing countries— Algeria 47 (0.876), Sierra Leone 192 (0.420). A “double burden,” in which nutrient deficits and excesses coexist in the same country, was seen in Mauritania (rank 139), South Africa (rank 146), Samoa (rank 157), Lesotho (rank 160), and Fiji (rank 169). The correlation between GNIg and HDI was intermediate (0.74, 55% of variance explained), demonstrating that good nutrition and development are not necessarily synonymous. Countries may be developed yet have a low GNIg (e. g., Australia, Canada, and the United States) and vice versa (e. g., Indonesia and China). Conclusions Since nutrition is fundamental to a nation's health and productivity, the GNI and GNIg should be used alongside the HDI to obtain an optimal index of a country's overall well-being.

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Mitra, Biswadev, Stephen Bernard, Dashiell Gantner, Brian Burns, Michael C. Reade, Lynnette Murray, Tony Trapani et al. "Protocol for a multicentre prehospital randomised controlled trial investigating tranexamic acid in severe trauma: the PATCH-Trauma trial". BMJ Open 11, n.º 3 (marzo de 2021): e046522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046522.

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IntroductionHaemorrhage causes most preventable prehospital trauma deaths and about a third of in-hospital trauma deaths. Tranexamic acid (TXA), administered soon after hospital arrival in certain trauma systems, is an effective therapy in preventing or managing acute traumatic coagulopathy. However, delayed administration of TXA appears to be ineffective or harmful. The effectiveness of prehospital TXA, incidence of thrombotic complications, benefit versus risk in advanced trauma systems and the mechanism of benefit remain uncertain.Methods and analysisThe Pre-hospital Anti-fibrinolytics for Traumatic Coagulopathy and Haemorrhage (The PATCH-Trauma study) is comparing TXA, initiated prehospital and continued in hospital over 8 hours, with placebo in patients with severe trauma at risk of acute traumatic coagulopathy. We present the trial protocol and an overview of the statistical analysis plan. There will be 1316 patients recruited by prehospital clinicians in Australia, New Zealand and Germany. The primary outcome will be the eight-level Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) at 6 months after injury, dichotomised to favourable (GOSE 5–8) and unfavourable (GOSE 1–4) outcomes, analysed using an intention-to-treat (ITT) approach. Secondary outcomes will include mortality at hospital discharge and at 6 months, blood product usage, quality of life and the incidence of predefined adverse events.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by The Alfred Hospital Research and Ethics Committee in Victoria and also approved in New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and the Northern Territory. In New Zealand, Northern A Health and Disability Ethics Committee provided approval. In Germany, Witten/Herdecke University has provided ethics approval. The PATCH-Trauma study aims to provide definitive evidence of the effectiveness of prehospital TXA, when used in conjunction with current advanced trauma care, in improving outcomes after severe injury.Trial registration numberNCT02187120.

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Lee, E., U. Klöcker, DB Croft y D. Ramp. "Kangaroo-vehicle collisions in Australia's sheep rangelands, during and following drought periods." Australian Mammalogy 26, n.º 2 (2004): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am04215.

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The effects of roads on wildlife behaviour and ecological function are poorly known in arid Australia. The most obvious impact is roadkill from wildlife-vehicle collisions. Therefore we collected statistics on kangaroo-vehicle collisions, investigated the causal factors of these collisions, and related roadkill mortality to the population structure, size and distribution of four kangaroo species in two intensive six month studies during and following drought. The research was conducted along a 21.2 km sealed section of the Silver City Highway between Broken Hill and Tibooburra that passes through the University of New South Wales (NSW) Arid Zone Research Station at ‘Fowlers Gap’ in north-western NSW. The rate of roadkill was higher during drought (20.8 roadkills month-1) than non-drought (2.6 roadkills month-1). Affected species were red kangaroos (Macropus rufus), euros (Macropus robustus erubescens), western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) and eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus). During drought, M. fuliginosus and M. giganteus were killed in lower proportions than their proportion in the source population, otherwise species were killed in proportion to their density along the road. There were no sex biases but male M. r. erubescens were much more likely to be beside the road than females and thus were killed more often during drought. The majority of roadkills were young individuals around 2 years old. Curves and stockraces along the road significantly increased the likelihood of roadkills. Likewise the frequency of roadkills was a function of the kangaroo population density along the road, night time traffic volume, low rainfall and higher vegetation cover and greenness along the road relative to surrounding areas. We evaluate the relationships between these causal factors and kangaroovehicle collisions, and discuss the possible effects of these collisions on kangaroo population structure under drought and post-drought conditions.

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Velickovic-Radovanovic, Radmila, Jasmina Petrovic, Biljana Kodela y Slobodan Janković. "Antihypertensive drugs utilisation and educational activities". Open Medicine 5, n.º 5 (1 de octubre de 2010): 627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-010-0033-6.

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AbstractThe mortality rate from cardiovascular diseases is high in Serbia. Analysis of antihypertensive drugs utilization is the basis for assessment of cardiovascular pharmacotherapy appropriateness. The aim of this study was to analyze the trend in antihypertensive drugs utilization among outpatients in Niš region, South Serbia compared to some Nordic countries (Norvay, Sweden) and Australia as well as to analyze trends in educational and drug promotion activities directed to primary healthcare workers within the same region. Using the ATC/DDD methodology, we analyzed the utilization of antihypertensive drugs dispensed on prescription in the Nis region over the 2003–2007 period. The study was retrospective, based on data obtained from Central City Pharmacy Nis. Educational and drug promotion activities were noted from the records of Medical Faculty, University of Nis, and from the records of local branches of pharmaceutical companies active in Serbia. Wilcoxon’s test was used in order to calculate the statistical significance of difference. A significant increase of 79.8% (153.8/ 276.6 DDD/inhabitants/day) in antihypertensive drug consumption was observed in the same period. This analysis showed there were substantial increases in the use of diuretics (134.7%), ACE inhibitors (79.5%) and calcium channel blockers (116.1%), especially amlodipin (241.2%). During the observed period, annual numbers of educational activities and of pharmaceutical sales representatives employed within the region increased for almost one fourth. This analysis pointed to a significant increase in the use of antihypertensive drugs in the Nis region, which was matched with increase in educational and drug promotion activities within the region, so that in 2006–2007 total consumption was approximate to some referential countries (Norvay, Sweden).

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Williams, Susan, Kamalesh Venugopal, Monika Nitschke, John Nairn, Robert Fawcett, Chris Beattie, Graeme Wynwood y Peng Bi. "Regional morbidity and mortality during heatwaves in South Australia". International Journal of Biometeorology 62, n.º 10 (16 de agosto de 2018): 1911–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-018-1593-4.

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Ballard, G., P. J. S. Fleming, P. D. Meek y S. Doak. "Aerial baiting and wild dog mortality in south-eastern Australia". Wildlife Research 47, n.º 2 (2020): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18188.

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Abstract ContextWild dogs, including dingoes and dingo cross-breeds, are vertebrate pests when they cause financial losses and emotional costs by harming livestock or pets, threaten human safety or endanger native fauna. Tools for lethal management of these animals currently include aerial baiting with poisoned baits. In New South Wales (NSW), Australia, aerial baiting was previously permitted at a rate of 40 baits km−1 but a maximum rate of 10 baits km−1 was subsequently prescribed by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority. The efficacy of these baiting rates has not been quantified in eastern Australia, undermining the value of the policy and rendering adaptive management efforts difficult, at best. AimTo quantify the mortality rate of wild dogs exposed to aerial baiting at historic and currently approved rates, i.e. 40 baits per kilometre and 10 baits per kilometre, respectively. MethodsWild dog mortality rates were measured at sites in mesic north-eastern NSW, where aerial baiting was applied to control wild dogs and contrasted with sites and individuals where no baiting was undertaken. In total, 132 wild dogs were trapped and fitted with GPS-VHF telemetry collars before annual aerial baiting programs. Collars were used to locate animals after aerial baiting and to determine the fates of individuals. Key results90.6% of collared wild dogs exposed to aerial baiting at 40 baits km−1 died, whereas only 55.3% of those exposed to 10 baits km−1 died (Welsh’s t=4.478, P=0.004, v=6.95). All wild dogs that were not exposed to toxic baits survived during the same periods. ConclusionManagers using aerial baiting to maximise wild dog mortality in mesic south-eastern Australia should use 40 baits km−1 rather than 10 baits km−1. ImplicationsWild dog population reduction for mitigation of livestock and faunal predation requires the application of efficacious control. The currently prescribed maximum aerial baiting rate of 10 baits km−1 is inadequate for controlling wild dog populations in mesic forest environments in NSW.

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Ishak, Maged. "Differentials in hospital admission rates for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population in New South Wales". Australian Health Review 21, n.º 1 (1998): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah980116.

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The indigenous Australian population is well known to have higher rates of morbidityand mortality than the rest of the Australian population. The study reported in thispaper demonstrates the use of hospital admission data from New South Wales tomonitor the health circumstances and the main areas of differentials of the indigenouspopulation in relation to access to primary health care services. The study covers theperiod from 1989 to 1995. In providing a statistical approach to analysing largeroutine databases, the major results have been to provide estimates of the hospitaladmission rates by residential area, sex and age of patient, and to highlight the maindifferences.

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Campbell, Donald A., Pamela A. Gluyas, Richard E. Ruffin, Geoffrey McLennan, John R. Coates, Peter A. Frith, Karen M. Latimer, A. James Martin, David M. Roder y Peter M. Yellowlees. "Accuracy of asthma statistics from death certificates in South Australia". Medical Journal of Australia 156, n.º 12 (junio de 1992): 860–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137000.x.

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Taylor, Richard, Stephen Morrell, Jane Estoesta y Ann Brassil. "Mammography Screening and Breast Cancer Mortality in New South Wales, Australia". Cancer Causes & Control 15, n.º 6 (agosto de 2004): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:caco.0000036153.95908.f2.

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Yusuf, Farhat y Dora Briggs. "Abortion in South Australia, 1971–86: an update". Journal of Biosocial Science 23, n.º 3 (julio de 1991): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000019350.

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SummaryOfficial statistics on abortion in South Australia for the period 1971–86 are analysed in terms of incidence, age of patients and nuptiality, reasons for abortion, method of termination, period of gestation, previous abortions and concurrent sterilisation. Demographic implications are discussed and recommendations are made for more education and counselling, especially for younger and unmarried women for whom the incidence of abortion seems to be rising.

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Cameron, Alexander S., David M. Roder, Adrian J. Esterman y Brian W. Moore. "Mortality from influenza and allied infections in South Australia during 1968‐1981". Medical Journal of Australia 142, n.º 1 (enero de 1985): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1985.tb113275.x.

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Supramaniam, Rajah, Hari Grindley y Lisa Jackson Pulver. "Cancer mortality in Aboriginal people in New South Wales, Australia, 1994-2002". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 30, n.º 5 (octubre de 2006): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2006.tb00463.x.

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Bonett, Anton, Margaret Davy y David Roder. "Cervical Cancer in South Australia: Trends in Incidence, Mortality and Case Survival". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 29, n.º 3 (agosto de 1989): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-828x.1989.tb01717.x.

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Poudel, Bibek, Ankush Mittal, Binod Kumar Yadav, Prakriti Sharma, Bharat Jha y Kanak Bahadur Raut. "Estimation and Comparison of Serum Levels of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Phosphorus in Different Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease". Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 1, n.º 5 (31 de diciembre de 2011): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v1i5.6154.

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Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a worldwide growing issue and a public health problem. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of CKD has been described in several studies. High prevalence of CKD has also reported in the different studies from different part of world. The prevalence of reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in Australia was 11.2%. Singapore, a South-East Asian country, reported a CKD prevalence of 10.1%, while the prevalence of CKD in Japanese general population was reported to be 18.7%. Reduced kidney function is associated with a variety of biochemical abnormalities such as electrolytes. However, the extent of the changes and their magnitude in relation to different stages of CKD is not well defined especially in the early stages of CKD. Thus, the main objective of our study was to assess the variations in the serum levels of sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus in different stages of CKD. Materials and methods: It was a hospital based cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Clinical Biochemistry in collaboration with the Department of Internal Medicine (nephrology unit), Kathmandu, Nepal between 1st February, 2008 to 1st January, 2010. CKD was defined as per National Kidney Foundation Guidelines. The variables collected were age, gender, blood pressure, serum level of urea, creatinine , sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, urinary albumin, urinary total protein (UTP), urinary protein creatinine ratio (PCR). The One way ANOVA was used to examine the statistical significant difference between groups. Correlation of different parameters with markers of CKD was done by Pearson‘s correlation for quantitative data. A p-value of <0.05 (two-tailed) was used to establish statistical significance. Results: Increased values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure found up to the level of stage IV CKD. However, in stage V CKD a slight decrement of blood pressure from stage IV CKD was seen. With the progression of stages of CKD, sodium levels were found to be decreased (p<0.001). In contrast to that potassium and phosphorus levels were found to be increased with the stages of CKD and (p<0.001). Serum level of calcium was found to be declined with the augment in stages of CKD (p<0.001). Positive and negative correlation of different parameters with kidney damage markers was assessed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Conclusion: The elevation in serum level of potassium, phosphorus and decrease in serum level of calcium were obvious even among the patients with early stages CKD.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v1i5.6154 Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 2011;1 (5):160-167

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SHANKS, G. D., M. WALLER, H. BRIEM y M. GOTTFREDSSON. "Age-specific measles mortality during the late 19th–early 20th centuries". Epidemiology and Infection 143, n.º 16 (13 de abril de 2015): 3434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815000631.

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SUMMARYMeasles mortality fell prior to the introduction of vaccines or antibiotics. By examining historical mortality reports we sought to determine how much measles mortality was due to epidemiological factors such as isolation from major population centres or increased age at time of infection. Age-specific records were available from Aberdeen; Scotland; New Zealand and the states of Australia at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Despite the relative isolation of Australia, measles mortality was concentrated in very young children similar to Aberdeen. In the more isolated states of Tasmania, Western Australia and Queensland adults made up 14–15% of measles deaths as opposed to 8–9% in Victoria, South Australia and New South Wales. Mortality in Iceland and Faroe Islands during the 1846 measles epidemic was used as an example of islands isolated from respiratory pathogens. The transition from crisis mortality across all ages to deaths concentrated in young children occurred prior to the earliest age-specific mortality data collected. Factors in addition to adult age of infection and epidemiological isolation such as nutritional status and viral virulence may have contributed to measles mortality outcomes a century ago.

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Young, Christabel M. "Migration and Mortality: The Experience of Birthplace Groups in Australia". International Migration Review 21, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1987): 531–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100305.

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Wide diversity exists in the mortality experience of different birthplace groups in Australia, and this also occurs with respect to their cause of death profiles. Most migrant groups experience lower mortality in Australia than in their country of origin, and most experience lower mortality than the Australian-born population. In the latter case the main expectations are the Scots, Irish, Poles, South Pacific Islanders, Scandinavian men and North American women. Exceptionally high levels of survival occur among Greeks and Italians in Australia. The lower risk of mortality from heart disease is a principal reason for the deficit between observed and expected deaths of most migrant groups in Australia.

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23

Song, Yong, Yun Li, Bryson Bates y Christopher K. Wikle. "A Bayesian hierarchical downscaling model for south-west Western Australia rainfall". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C (Applied Statistics) 63, n.º 5 (4 de febrero de 2014): 715–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rssc.12055.

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24

Beveridge, I., TH Brown, SM Fitzsimons, GE Ford, GJ Judson, RR Martin y DW Miller. "Mortality in weaner sheep in South Australia under different regimes of anthelmintic treatment". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, n.º 6 (1985): 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9850857.

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Causes of mortality in weaner sheep subjected to differing regimes of anthelmintic treatment were investigated at Kybybolite, S.A., between 1976 and 1981. The greatest mortality occurred in untreated sheep during the winter months, and was directly attributable to nematode infections, principally Trichostrongylus vitrinus. Deaths occurred during the summer months of the later years of the experiment. Nematode infections were considered to be a predisposing cause, with anaemia possibly due to infection with Eperythrozoon ovis as the precipitating factor in mortalities.

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25

Hammond, S. R., D. R. English, C. de Wytt, J. F. Hallpike, K. S. Millingen, E. G. Stewart-Wynne, J. G. McLeod y M. G. McCall. "The contribution of mortality statistics to the study of multiple sclerosis in Australia." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 52, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1989): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.52.1.1.

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26

Christie, David. "Epidemiology of cancer in South Australia. Incidence, mortality and survival 1977 to 1989". Medical Journal of Australia 155, n.º 10 (noviembre de 1991): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb93971.x.

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27

McCaul, Kieran A., Colin G. Luke y David M. Roder. "Trends in prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates in South Australia, 1977‐1993". Medical Journal of Australia 162, n.º 10 (mayo de 1995): 520–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1995.tb138509.x.

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28

De Kauwe, Martin G., Belinda E. Medlyn, Anna M. Ukkola, Mengyuan Mu, Manon E. B. Sabot, Andrew J. Pitman, Patrick Meir et al. "Identifying areas at risk of drought‐induced tree mortality across South‐Eastern Australia". Global Change Biology 26, n.º 10 (19 de agosto de 2020): 5716–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15215.

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29

Campbell, AJD, AL Vizard y JWA Larsen. "Risk factors for post-weaning mortality of Merino sheep in south-eastern Australia". Australian Veterinary Journal 87, n.º 8 (agosto de 2009): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2009.00457.x.

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30

Yusuf, Farhat y Dora Briggs. "Trends in legalized abortion in South Australia: 1970–81". Journal of Biosocial Science 17, n.º 2 (abril de 1985): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000015674.

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SummaryOfficial abortion statistics for South Australia for the years 1977–81 were examined and compared with those for 1970–76 reported earlier. The period 1970–81 represents the first 12 years' experience of legalized abortion in South Australia. A consistent increase in the incidence of abortion was noted, both in absolute numbers and in proportion to the number of live births. South Australia continued to experience lower fertility than other Australian states, although this would have been higher than in other states had it not been for the legalization of abortion. More of the younger and the unmarried women were obtaining abortions, indicating that they were increasingly using abortion as a form of birth control.

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31

Thrift, Amanda G., Tharshanah Thayabaranathan, George Howard, Virginia J. Howard, Peter M. Rothwell, Valery L. Feigin, Bo Norrving, Geoffrey A. Donnan y Dominique A. Cadilhac. "Global stroke statistics". International Journal of Stroke 12, n.º 1 (28 de octubre de 2016): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747493016676285.

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Background Up to date data on incidence, mortality, and case-fatality for stroke are important for setting the agenda for prevention and healthcare. Aims and/or hypothesis We aim to update the most current incidence and mortality data on stroke available by country, and to expand the scope to case-fatality and explore how registry data might be complementary. Methods Data were compiled using two approaches: (1) an updated literature review building from our previous review and (2) direct acquisition and analysis of stroke events in the World Health Organization (WHO) mortality database for each country providing these data. To assess new and/or updated data on incidence, we searched multiple databases to identify new original papers and review articles that met ideal criteria for stroke incidence studies and were published between 15 May 2013 and 31 May 2016. For data on case-fatality, we searched between 1980 and 31 May 2016. We further screened reference lists and citation history of papers to identify other studies not obtained from these sources. Mortality codes for ICD-8, ICD-9, and ICD-10 were extracted. Using population denominators provided for each country, we calculated both the crude mortality from stroke and mortality adjusted to the WHO world population. We used only the most recent year reported to the WHO for which both population and mortality data were available. Results Fifty-one countries had data on stroke incidence, some with data over many time periods, and some with data in more than one region. Since our last review, there were new incidence studies from 12 countries, with four meeting pre-determined quality criteria. In these four studies, the incidence of stroke, adjusted to the WHO World standard population, ranged from 76 per 100,000 population per year in Australia (2009–10) up to 119 per 100,000 population per year in New Zealand (2011–12), with the latter being in those aged at least 15 years. Only in Martinique (2011–12) was the incidence of stroke greater in women than men. In countries either lacking or with old data on stroke incidence, eight had national clinical registries of hospital based data. Of the 128 countries reporting mortality data to the WHO, crude mortality was greatest in Kazhakstan (in 2003), Bulgaria, and Greece. Crude mortality and crude incidence of stroke were both positively correlated with the proportion of the population aged ≥ 65 years, but not with time. Data on case-fatality were available in 42 studies in 22 countries, with large variations between regions. Conclusions In this updated review, we describe the current data on stroke incidence, case-fatality and mortality in different countries, and highlight the growing trend for national clinical registries to provide estimates in lieu of community-based incidence studies.

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32

Choi, Ching y Len Smith. "Record linkage to advance Indigenous mortality statistics in Australia – sources of error and bias". Statistical Journal of the IAOS 34, n.º 2 (17 de mayo de 2018): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-170367.

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33

Broadhurst, Matt K., Marco Kienzle y John Stewart. "Natural mortality ofTrachurus novaezelandiaeand its size selection by purse seines off south-eastern Australia". Fisheries Management and Ecology 25, n.º 5 (1 de julio de 2018): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fme.12286.

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34

Roder, David, Annabelle Chan y Adrian Esterman. "Birthweight‐Specific Trends in Perinatal Mortality by Hospital Category in South Australia, 1985–1990". Medical Journal of Australia 158, n.º 10 (mayo de 1993): 664–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121911.x.

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35

Campbell, Angus J. D., Annefleur Broekhuizen, Kimbal Curtis, Keith P. Croker, Ralph Behrendt y Andrew N. Thompson. "A survey of post-weaning mortality of sheep in Australia and its association with farm and management factors". Animal Production Science 54, n.º 6 (2014): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13149.

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A cross-sectional telephone survey of post-weaning sheep management and mortality was conducted involving 1410 farmers from across Australia. The average reported post-weaning mortality was 4.6%. Mortality was greatest in Queensland and Western Australia, and least in New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. Weaner mortality was also greater in the pastoral zone than in the sheep–cereals or high-rainfall zones. Overall, 44% of farms had mortality identified as ‘high’, exceeding the suggested benchmark of ≤4% per annum. High mortality was reported on 50% and 32% of farms with predominantly Merino and crossbred weaners, respectively. There was no statistically significant association between high mortality and the main month of lambing for a flock. Larger sheep flocks, flocks with a smaller proportion of weaners, and farms of smaller area were associated with a greater likelihood of high weaner mortality. The odds of high mortality in weaner flocks that were routinely separated according to bodyweight or condition score was half that of flocks that were managed as one group. Overall, 84% of farmers regularly provided supplementary feed to weaner sheep, but the kind of supplement offered and the proportions of farms routinely supplementing differed between states and sheep production zones. Only high-protein supplementary feeding was associated with lower odds of high mortality. This survey confirms that poor post-weaning survival remains a widespread issue for the Australian sheep industry but identifies farm and management factors associated with reduced weaner mortality.

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36

Ames, David. "Australia (Melbourne)". Psychiatric Bulletin 16, n.º 9 (septiembre de 1992): 552–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.16.9.552.

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Australia is a unique, geologically ancient island continent. Its flora and fauna are unlike those found anywhere else and the same may be said of its people, politics and health services. The population of 17.3 millions represents a multicultural mix, with an anglo-celtic core conflated by sustained post-war immigration from southern Europe, Turkey, southeast Asia and south America. One in five current Australians was born elsewhere, one in ten comes from a non-English speaking background, and a quarter of those born here have a parent who was born overseas. Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders form 1.4% of the total population. They have third world mortality figures but die of first world diseases, their life expectancy being 20 years less than that of other Australians. Two hundred and four years after what they see as the British invasion, their standard of living lags far behind all other socio-cultural groups in the country. Most members of the Aboriginal community do not live long enough to develop Alzheimer's disease, but it and other age-related diseases are emerging as the major determinants of health costs as Australia moves towards the 21st century.

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37

Sutton, Adam y Rick Sarre. "Monitoring the South Australian Cannabis Expiation Notice Initiative". Journal of Drug Issues 22, n.º 3 (julio de 1992): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269202200309.

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In 1987, a Labor government in South Australia made widespread changes to laws concerning possession and use of small amounts of cannabis. At the time of the introduction of the new legislation, because of not inconsiderable media and other attention being paid to law enforcement data on the controversial “on-the-spot” scheme, the government gave an undertaking that the new approach would be monitored and results published Despite problems with the lack of long-term survey data on patterns and trends of drug consumption in Australia, and the fact that only limited research resources were available, the Office of Crime Statistics undertook a study of the critical first nine months of the new procedures. Monitoring the new system provided Parliament and the public with the opportunity to assess operation of the new procedures and to gauge whether there had been consequences not anticipated when the legislative changes were made. Full results of the study are in Cannabis: The Expiation Notice Approach released in South Australia in September 1989 (Office of Crime Statistics 1989). This article reproduces parts of the report and provides an update on an attempt in 1990 by the South Australian Opposition party to repeal the scheme.

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38

Rashid, M. Mamunur, Simon Beecham y Rezaul K. Chowdhury. "Statistical characteristics of rainfall in the Onkaparinga catchment in South Australia". Journal of Water and Climate Change 6, n.º 2 (13 de octubre de 2014): 352–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2014.031.

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The main objective of this study was to investigate the statistical characteristics of point rainfall and the novelty of the work was the development of a hybrid probability distribution that can model the full spectrum of daily rainfall in the Onkaparinga catchment in South Australia. Daily rainfall data from 1960 to 2010 at 13 rainfall stations were considered. Spatial dependency among the rainfall maxima was assessed using madograms. Relatively strong and significant autocorrelation coefficients were observed for rainfall depths at finer (daily and monthly) temporal resolutions. The performance of different distribution models was examined considering their ability to regenerate various statistics such as standard deviation, skewness, frequency distribution, percentiles and extreme values. Model efficiency statistics of modelled percentiles of daily rainfall were found to be useful for optimum threshold selection in a hybrid of the gamma and generalized Pareto distributions. The hybrid and the mixed exponential distributions were found to be more efficient than any single distribution (Weibull, gamma and exponential) for simulating the full range of daily rainfall across the catchment. The outcomes from this study will assist water engineers and hydrologists to understand the spatial and temporal characteristics of point rainfall in the Onkaparinga catchment and will hopefully contribute to the improvement of rainfall modelling and downscaling techniques.

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39

Muscatello, David J., Michelle A. Cretikos y C. Raina MacIntyre. "All-Cause Mortality during First Wave of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, New South Wales, Australia, 2009". Emerging Infectious Diseases 16, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2010): 1396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1609.091723.

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40

Burnley, Ian H. y Duncan Rintoul. "Inequalities in the transition of cerebrovascular disease mortality in New South Wales, Australia 1969–1996". Social Science & Medicine 54, n.º 4 (febrero de 2002): 545–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00050-8.

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41

Kelly, GA, LP Kahn y SW Walkden-Brown. "Risk factors for Merino ewe mortality on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia". Australian Veterinary Journal 92, n.º 3 (25 de febrero de 2014): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/avj.12145.

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42

McCredie, M., S. Williams y M. Coates. "Cancer mortality in East and Southeast Asian migrants to New South Wales, Australia, 1975–1995". British Journal of Cancer 79, n.º 7-8 (12 de febrero de 1999): 1277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6690205.

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43

Florio, Tony y Julian Trollor. "Mortality among a Cohort of Persons with an Intellectual Disability in New South Wales, Australia". Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 28, n.º 5 (21 de mayo de 2015): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jar.12190.

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44

Oorebeek, Margot y Sonia Kleindorfer. "Understorey predicts the spatial distribution of Ixodes hirsti in South Australia". Australian Journal of Zoology 56, n.º 2 (2008): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo08050.

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Ticks reduce the fitness of their host by increasing mortality rate and reducing reproductive success. Understanding the distribution of ticks is therefore crucial in assessing the vulnerability of host populations. The distribution of ticks is dependent on the dispersal capabilities of their hosts as well as the suitability of the new habitat. In this study, we examine the spatial distribution of Ixodes hirsti in South Australia and investigate the influence of vegetation characteristics on the presence of ticks. Additionally, we conducted a preliminary investigation into the effects of vegetation characteristics on the microclimate experienced by questing ticks. Ticks were present in six of the nine study sites. We found that the number of shrubs and the percentage of ground covered by shrubs were significant predictors of the presence of ticks: ticks were present only at sites with a dense cover of shrubs. Additionally, our preliminary data showed that dense understorey was associated with a low saturation deficit and, as such, provided a suitable microclimate for tick survival.

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45

Lee, Jeong Min, Chae Young Kim, Sung-Hoon Chung, Yong-Sung Choi y Chong-Woo Bae. "Comparison of Maternal and Child Health Statistics between South and North Korea". Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health 24, n.º 3 (31 de julio de 2020): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21896/jksmch.2020.24.3.170.

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Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the extent of the difference in health status between South Korea (SK) and North Korea (NK) by comparing indicators relevant to maternal and child health.Methods: The maternal and child health status of SK and NK considering population, birth, and mortality was reviewed using 2 Korean statistics, United Nations Children’s Fund, and United Nations databases from 1950 to 2017.Results: The annual number of total live births in SK had decreased from 1,006,600 in 1970 to 326,900 in 2018, and that in NK had declined from 530,000 in 1970 to 360,000 in 2015. The percentage of children among the total population was higher in NK than in SK, and the decrease in the percentage of children in SK is remarkable, which is related to a low fertility rate in the last few decades. However, the mortality rates related to children were higher in NK than in SK. In 2017, neonatal mortality rates (per 1,000 live births) in SK and NK were 1.5 and 9.0, respectively. The fertile female population of SK and NK in 2015 was 50.2% and 52.0%, respectively, and SK and NK’s aging index (%) in 2017 was 107.3 and 46.1, respectively.Conclusion: This study shows the different population distributions and maternal and child health statuses between SK and NK, which may have a negative impact on social integration after reunification. Therefore, it is important to understand the indicators of maternal and child health to become the powerbase of efficient healthcare system integration by minimizing the impact at the beginning of the reunification.

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46

Wright, Caradee Yael, Thandi Kapwata, Elvira Singh, Adele C. Green, Peter Baade, Patricia Kellett y Mary Norval. "Trends in Melanoma Mortality in the Population Groups of South Africa". Dermatology 235, n.º 5 (2019): 396–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000500663.

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The incidence of cutaneous melanoma (CM) is increasing in countries around the world. However, little is known about melanoma trends in African countries by population group. We studied CM mortality in South Africa from 1997 to 2014 to partly address this knowledge gap. Unit record mortality data for all South Africans who died from CM (n = 8,537) were obtained from Statistics South Africa. Join-point regression models were used to assess whether there was a statistically significant change in the direction and/or magnitude of the annual trends in CM mortality. A significant increasing trend of 11% per year was observed in age-adjusted mortality rates in men between 2000 and 2005 (p < 0.01), rising from 2 to 3 per 100,000. There was also a statistically significant increase of 180% per year among White South Africans from 1997 to 1999 (p < 0.05) and of 3% from 1999 to 2014 (p < 0.01). These results may be used to inform CM awareness campaigns and will motivate efforts to improve the collection and analysis of relevant statistics regarding the present burden of CM in South Africa.

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47

Bailey, P. y J. Comery. "Management of Heliothis punctigera on field peas in south-eastern Australia". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, n.º 3 (1987): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870439.

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Cypermethrin was found to be an effective substitute for DDT in controlling Heliothis punctigera in field peas. A single spray of cypermethrin prevented significant damage by larvae to field peas in trials in South Australia and Victoria over 3 seasons. Endosulfan was not as effective as cypermethrin. Bioassays of leaf discs dipped in cypermethrin showed that residues of 0.1 mg a.i. kg-1 caused 50% feeding inhibition, 0.43 mg a.i. kg-1 caused 90% feeding inhibition and concentrations above this caused increasing acute mortality to fourth instar larvae. Residues from field pea crops sprayed at 40 g a.i. fell to 0.43 mg a.i. kg-1 2-3 weeks after application. Two to 3 weeks protection is probably the maximum time for residual activity to be useful because the crop outgrows the sprayed foliage. To ensure that larvae are exposed to the maximum area of treated surface, the spray should be timed to coincide with the appearance of larvae in the crop, rather than spraying at a particular growth stage of the crop.

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48

King, DR y SH Wheeler. "The European Rabbit in South-Western Australia. I. Study Sites and Population Dynamics." Wildlife Research 12, n.º 2 (1985): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850183.

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Descriptions are given of 2 study sites in the south-west of Western Australia, on which rabbit numbers were monitored. Breeding seasons began in March or April, with the onset of winter rain, and rabbit numbers peaked in October-December, followed by a fall over the non-breeding period in summer. Winter epizootics of myxomatosis, which were spread by Spilopsyllus cuniculi, caused severe declines in rabbit numbers at both sites. Summer epizootics at one site before the introduction of the flea as a biological control agent, and rabbit mortality during these, was lower than in the winter epizootics.

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49

Read, J., P. Copley y P. Bird. "The distribution, ecology and current status of Pseudomys desertor in South Australia". Wildlife Research 26, n.º 4 (1999): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97051.

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Recent surveys have shown that the desert mouse (Pseudomys desertor), which was once considered to be rare in South Australia, is relatively widespread throughout the north-west of the State. However, historical localities in the Flinders Ranges and Nullarbor Plain were not matched with contemporary records, suggesting a range contraction to the central desert regions. Habitat preferences were determined from 78 captures at 41 sites, which revealed that samphire, sedge and nitrebush habitats, along with spinifex grassland, were favoured. A high tolerance to high rabbit numbers, mining activity, moderate cattle grazing pressures and cohabitation with Mus domesticus was evident. Pseudomys desertor is sometimes diurnal, possibly as a result of the time-consuming and regular foraging requirements of its folivorous diet. High mortality rates, resulting from prolonged exposure to predators, and lack of complex deep burrow systems are offset by its high fecundity and ecological plasticity. We consider that P. desertor is secure in the north-western arid zone of South Australia.

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50

Shaughnessy, PD y SR Davenport. "Underwater videographic observations and incidental mortality of fur seals around fishing equipment in south-eastern Australia". Marine and Freshwater Research 47, n.º 3 (1996): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9960553.

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