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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Mortalité des arbres due à la sécheresse"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Mortalité des arbres due à la sécheresse"
Mirabel, Mathieu y Pierre-Antoine Gaertner. "Dépérissements de hêtres adultes après 2018 en Franche-Comté". Revue forestière française 74, n.º 2 (23 de junio de 2023): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/revforfr.2023.7591.
Texto completoGERMON, Amandine. "Conséquences de la coupe rase sur la production de racines fines, CO2, CH4 et N2O jusqu'à la nappe phréatique dans une plantation d'Eucalyptus grandis menée en taillis sur un dispositif d'exclusion de pluie". BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 346 (13 de enero de 2021): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2020.346.a36293.
Texto completoTesis sobre el tema "Mortalité des arbres due à la sécheresse"
Yao, Yitong. "Impacts of drought on biomass and carbon fluxes in the Amazon rainforest : a modeling approach". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ010.
Texto completoDroughts have recurrently impacted the Amazon rainforests, undermining the forest biomass carbon sink capacity due to a quicker increase of biomass mortality compared to growth. Most global land surface models used for assessments of the Global Carbon Budget and future climate projections have not incorporated drought-induced tree mortality. Their prediction of biomass dynamics are therefore subject to large uncertainties, as a result of (1) lack of explicit simulation of hydraulic transportin the continuum from soil to leaves; (2) lack of process-based equations connecting the impairment of the hydraulic transport system of trees to mortality; (3) lack of representation of mortality across trees sizes. To address these critical research gaps, I improved plant hydraulic representation in ORCHIDEECAN. This model was re-calibrated and evaluated over rainforests in Amazon basin, and applied to simulate the future evolution of biomass dynamics facing droughts. Firstly, I implemented a mechanistic hydraulic architecture that was designed by E. Joetzjer, and a hydraulic-failure related tree mortality module that I designed into ORCHIDEE-CAN. The model was calibrated against the world’s longest running drought manipulation experiment of Caxiuana in the eastern Amazon. Our model produced comparable annual tree mortality rates than the observation andcaptured biomass dynamics. This work provides a basis for further research in assimilating experimental observation data to parameterize the hydraulic failure induced tree mortality. Secondly, I applied ORCHIDEE-CAN-NHA over the Amazon intact rainforest. The model reproduced the drought sensitivity of aboveground biomass (AGB) growth and mortality observed atnetworks of forest inventory plots across Amazon intact forests for the two recent mega-droughts of 2005 and 2010. We predicted a more negative sensitivity of the net biomass carbon sink to water deficits for the recent 2015/16 El Nino, which was the most severe drought in the historical record. In the model, even if climate change with droughts becoming more severe tended to intensify tree mortality, increased CO2 concentration contributed to attenuate the C loss due to mortality by suppressing transpiration.Lastly, I used the ORCHIDEE-CAN-NHA model for future simulations of biomass carbondynamics. Most climate models (ISIMIP2 program) consistently predict a drier trend in northeastern Amazon. The simulation forced by the HadGEM climate model in the RCP8.5 scenario shows the most pronounced drying in eastern and northeastern Amazon, with a cross-over point at which the carbon sink turned to a carbon source in the Guiana Shield and East-central Amazon in the middle of the 21st century. This study sheds light on predicting the future evolution of Amazon rainforest biomass dynamics with an improved process-based model able to reproduce climate-change induced mortality.In the conclusion and outlook sections, future developments and research priorities are proposed, which would improve the reliability and performances of the process-based model presented in this dissertation, allowing to better capture mechanisms that control the evolution of forest biomass dynamics in the face of more frequent drought risks
Chuste, Pierre-Antoine. "Étude de la sensibilité du hêtre lorrain à un événement climatique extrême. Quels sont les rôles des métabolismes carboné et azoté dans la mort des arbres ?" Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0255/document.
Texto completoAn increase in forest dieback has been observed in recent decades and the question of how trees will react to these brutal changes is raised by the scientific community but not yet resolved. The multiplicity of studies made it possible to draw several hypotheses on the functional mechanisms put into action during a death event leading to mortality, two of which emerge: a dysfunction of the hydraulic system or a depletion of carbon reserves. Nevertheless, these assumptions turned out to be neither exclusive nor exhaustive. Other hypotheses were then proposed in addition to existing ones, in particular the contribution of nitrogen metabolism during a mortality event. Numerous observations point to a potential risk to the ecological status of beech in the face of these global climate changes, in particular a decrease in the availability of soil nitrogen and an increase in drought events. The work in this thesis has therefore sought to evaluate the contribution of nitrogen and carbon metabolisms to dysfunctions observed during an episode of dieback leading to mortality. During the 3 years of the project, we studied how the nitrogen and carbon metabolism could be impacted by successive annual defoliation or a long and intense drought. Our study has shown the internal tree nitrogen cycle is conserved with a strong allocation of nitrogen to the leaf compartment in the spring, its conservation in the foliage during the growing season and an efficient recycling of the leaf nitrogen to the perennial organs during nitrogen winter remobilization. We have been able to estimate that this recycled nitrogen in the fall contributes significantly to the setting up of the new leaf compartment the following spring, even in the face of significant constraints. We have also been able to show that the quantity of carbon reserves is maintained in the face of defoliation and, at least initially, in the face of drought. Nevertheless, the proportional demand for osmotic requirements in the face of a long and intense drought has led to a decrease in the amount of carbon reserves. When the tree dies, the carbon reserves are greatly reduced, but not until exhaustion, contrary to the theory. Finally, the mortality rate in our experiment was quite low indicating the resistance of the Lorraine beech to extreme constraints such as successive defoliation or a long and intense drought. Our results emphasize the resistance character of the beech against a constraint via internal metabolism adjustments but this resistance could be lost if the stress is longer and more recurrent. These elements can question the possible maintenance of beech in the face of climate change
Cailleret, Maxime. "Causes fonctionnelles du dépérissement et de la mortalité du sapin pectiné en Provence". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30012/document.
Texto completoDuring last decades, the decrease in summer rainfalls and temperatures rising causeddecline in vitality of several woody species in the Mediterranean area. Due to its high sensitivity to drought and its location at the southern part of its distribution range, high defoliation and mortality rates are observed on silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) in Provence. But the large spatial heterogeneity in mortality, within and between, plots indicates that the factors inducing tree mortality are numerous, complex and can differ between studied spatial scales. Using several plots located along altitudinal and topographic gradients on three mountains in Provence (Mont Ventoux, forêt domaniale de l’Issole and forêt de Vésubie), we estimated the spatial variability of silver fir mortality and related it to environmental and endogenous variables which caused crown damages. The impact of climatic, edaphic and biotic conditions and of tree and stand characteristics was assessed on silver fir growth and on the probability of mortality. Soil water capacities seem to have predominant effect of growth and mortality compared with altitudinal or climatic variability effects. This was confirmed by simulations of silver fir functioning using a process-based model. Mortality rates are all the more important since numerous and diverse biotic agents are present. Contrary to initial hypotheses, the mortalityprocess seems not to be always linked with the declining one which is assessed by crown damages estimations. In addition, if in some cases dead trees are those with the lowest growth rates during lifetime, in other cases, dead trees showed high growth rates during the juvenile phase. Statistical models were produced in order to predict mortality and highlight the need to use radial growth trends during last years and relative growth variables at this aim. If silver fir is maladapted to futures environmental conditions, its disappearance of the mountains in Provence is not likely