Tesis sobre el tema "Monoterpenic compounds"

Orientador: Gláucia Maria Pastore
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: A crescente demanda por processos que tenham impacto ambiental reduzido, rendimentos consideráveis e ainda custos minimizados recorrem à biotecnologia como uma ciência que pode tornar essa necessidade uma realidade. Processos biotecnológicos para a produção de compostos de interesse industrial como biocorantes, açúcares funcionais, biosurfactantes e biodiesel são uma tendência no meio científico e ganham destaque pela inovação, resultados e aplicações obtidos. O apelo comercial dos produtos biotecnológicos é outro fator que influencia as pesquisas haja vista que esses produtos são considerados naturais e tem-se comprovado que muitos deles apresentam atividades biológicas relevantes. O aroma é um importante atributo dos alimentos e pode ser produzido via biotecnológica a partir de substratos de baixo custo. A utilização de resíduos agro-industriais com alto teor nesses substratos, como por exemplo, resíduos ricos em monoterpenos são de grande interesse na biotecnologia de produção de aromas. Além disso, a utilização de micro-organismos isolados de diferentes fontes como biocatalisadores na produção desses compostos é outra perspectiva, muito explorada e ainda desafiadora. A biotransformação de monoterpenos para a produção de compostos de aroma é vantajosa quando comparada com a síntese química clássica. Contudo, alguns problemas ainda devem ser minimizados, como sensibilidade dos biocatalisadores à toxicidade dos substratos ou condições operacionais e baixos rendimentos. Assim, a seleção de novos biocatalisadores, como micro-organismos endofíticos, o uso de ferramentas de engenharia genética e a utilização de métodos estatísticos de otimização de processos são promissores e caracterizam-se como a nova vertente na área de bioaromas, contornando as desvantagens até então limitantes dos processos de biotransformação. Eles permitem em alguns casos, o aumento de escala e dessa forma a real aplicação da bioconversão microbiana na indústria. Assim, trabalhos que visem selecionar novos biocatalisadores é ainda uma necessidade e quando aliados a otimização de processos podem fornecer caminhos para que os rendimentos da bioconversão de monoterpenos sejam aumentados. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho visou selecionar micro-organismos com potencial para a bioconversão de monoterpenos de baixo custo e presentes em grandes quantidades em resíduos agro-industriais, como 'alfa'-pineno e R-(+)-limoneno, para a produção de compostos de aroma valorizados comercialmente, S-(-)-verbenona e 'alfa'-terpineol. O capítulo 1 traz uma revisão sobre os compostos monoterpênicos, abordando suas características químico-estruturais, biossíntese e recentes aplicações terapêuticas, além do seu uso como substratos na biotecnologia de produção de compostos de aroma. O capítulo 2 é dividido em duas partes: a parte I mostra os resultados de um screening realizado com 81 linhagens de fungos isolados de diferentes fontes, entre eles, fungos endofíticos, utilizados no estudo do potencial de biotransformação de R-(+)-limoneno e 'alfa'-pineno. A parte II descreve a otimização do processo de produção de S-(-)-verbenona biotecnológica a partir de ?-pineno por uma linhagem de fungo endofítico, ainda não identificado, isolado da romã (Punica granatum). O uso de um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR) de 4 variáveis proporcionou o estabelecimento de condições mais favoráveis ao processo, elevando a concentração de verbenona que era de 66 mg.L-1 para aproximadamente 108 mg.L-1 em um dos ensaios do DCCR e em torno de 98 mg.L-1 no ensaio de validação. O capítulo 3 aborda a otimização do processo biotecnológico de produção de ?-terpineol a partir de R-(+)-limoneno pela linhagem Bacillus tequilensis isolada de resíduos de processamento de frutas cítricas. Após a otimização e validação do processo nas condições consideradas ótimas através da análise de superfícies de resposta, a concentração de ?-terpineol passou de 25 mg.L-1 para 85 mg.L-1. Portanto, os resultados obtidos no trabalho mostraram um ganho de rendimento nos processos de bioconversão de substratos monoterpênicos e que a otimização de processos é uma importante ferramenta para a melhoria das condições experimentais possibilitando trabalhos futuros que envolvam aumento de escala
Abstract: The growing demand for processes that reduce environmental impacts, have high yields and costs minimized uses biotechnology as a science that can make this need into a reality. Biotechnological processes for the production of industrial interesting compounds, such as biocolorant, functional sugars, biosurfactants and biodiesel, are a trend in the scientific field and are highlighted by innovation, application and results obtained. The commercial appeal of biotechnological products is another factor that stimulates researches since these products are considered natural and has been proven that many of them presents significant biological activities. The flavor is an important attribute of food and can be produced through biotechnological processes from low-cost-substrates. The use of agro-industrial wastes with high content of these substrates, such as residues rich in monoterpenes, is of great interest in biotechnology. Furthermore, the use of micro-organisms isolated from several sources as biocatalysts in the production of flavor compounds is another well-explored and challenging perspective. The biotransformation of terpenes for aroma compounds production is advantageous when compared with chemical synthesis. However, there are still some problems that must be minimized like biocatalysts sensitivity, toxicity of substrates and low yields. Thus, the selection of new biocatalysts, such as endophytic micro-organisms, use of genetic engineering and statistical methods for optimization of processes are promising and characterize a new perspective in bioaromas field. Thereby, works that search for new biocatalysts are necessary and associated with optimization processes can improve the monoterpenes bioconvertion. In this context, the objective of this work was the screening and selection of micro-organisms that are able to realize the biotransformation of low cost monoterpenes, 'alfa'-pinene and limonene, into high-value aroma compounds, such as verbenone and 'alfa-terpineol. The chapter 1 presents a current review on monoterpenes, showing their chemical characteristics, biosynthesis and recent therapeutic applications, besides their potential use as substrates for bioflavor production. The chapter 2 is divides in two parts: the first one shows the results of the screening of 81 strains of fungi isolated from several sources, including endophytic strains, for biotransformation of limonene and ?-pinene. The second part describes the optimization process for biotechnological verbenone production from "alfa'-pinene by a non-indentified fungal strain, isolated from pomegranate (Punica granatum). The use of a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) of 4 variables provided the optimal conditions for this process, increasing the verbenone concentration from 66 mg.L-1 to 108 mg.L-1 in one of the CCRD assays and 98 mg.L-1 after validation. The chapter 3 also shows an optimization study, in this case using limonene as substrate and the product obtained was ?-terpineol. The biocatalyst used was a bacterial strain, identified as Bacillus tequilensis, isolated from citrus fruit processing waste. After the optimization and validation in the best conditions obtained through the surface response analysis, the concentration of ?-terpineol reached was 85 mg.L-1. Therefore, the results obtained in this work show an improve of the yields in the biotransformation of both monoterpenic substrates and that optimization of processes is an important tool for the progress of future works involving scale-up studies
Mestrado
Ciência de Alimentos
Mestra em Ciência de Alimentos

Orientador: Gláucia Maria Pastore
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Este trabalho de doutorado teve como principal objetivo estudar a produção biotecnológica de compostos de aroma a partir da biotransformação de terpenos, analisando potenciais biocatalisadores, processos bioquímicos diferenciados e a otimização das condições de processo envolvidas na produção destes aromas naturais para possíveis aplicações industriais. Inicialmente, o trabalho prático foi direcionado para uma série de estudos com o fungo Fusarium oxysporum 152B, visando complementar os recentes avanços alcançados pelo grupo de pesquisa na caracterização e otimização da bioconversão de R-(+)-limoneno em ?-terpineol. Desta forma, os resultados foram promissores, demonstrando o grande potencial e versatilidade deste fungo para a área, sendo que este biocatalisador foi capaz de produzir diferentes metabólitos a partir dos substratos S-(?)-limoneno, ?-pineno, ?-terpineno e linalol. Na sequência, o trabalho visou avaliar a bioconversão de S-(?)-limoneno para limoneno-1,2-diol em maiores detalhes. A produção de limoneno-1,2-diol, em condições não otimizadas, chegou a 1,2 g.L-1, sendo que foi detectada a continuação desta via metabólica quando este produto foi posteriormente metabolizado a 1-hidroxi-2- oxolimoneno, sugerindo que o fungo Fusarium oxysporum 152B possui uma via de degradação de limoneno recentemente descoberta. O trabalho prático visou também a otimização da produção de limoneno-1,2-diol por meio de uma estratégia sequencial de experimentos. Com base nas análises estatísticas, a produção deste composto a partir da bioconversão de S-(?)-limoneno pelo fungo Fusarium oxysporum 152B chegou a 3,7 g.L-1, utilizando pH 6,5, 5 g.L-1 de substrato, a 28 oC e 250 rpm de agitação. Além disso, esta foi a primeira descrição da utilização do resíduo agroindustrial conhecido como manipueira, originada ao longo do processamento da mandioca, para a produção de biomassa deste fungo, bem como uma das maiores concentrações de limoneno-1,2-diol reportadas na literatura específica. Além disso, o trabalho conduzido visou realizar uma série de comparações práticas entre a biotransformação de R-(+)-limoneno a ?-terpineol e a bioconversão de S-(?)-limoneno a limoneno-1,2-diol, pela mesma linhagem. Adicionalmente, este foi o primeiro trabalho que analisou as diferenças ultraestruturais causadas no biocatalisador ao longo do processo de bioconversão destes substratos, por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e transmissão. Finalmente, foi estudada a otimização da produção de ?-terpineol, a partir da biotransformação de limoneno, utilizando o biocatalisador reconhecido como Sphingobium sp. Após o trabalho prático e análise estatística dos dados, observou-se que as melhores condições para desenvolvimento deste processo foram pH 7,0, concentração de limoneno de 350 g.L-1, agitação de 200 rpm e 28 oC. Nestas condições, a produção deste álcool monoterpênico chegou a 500 g.L-1, que pode ser considerada como a maior concentração de ?-terpineol já relatada na bibliografia de processos biotecnológicos.
Abstract: This work aimed to study the biotechnological production of aroma compounds from the biotransformation of terpenes, analyzing potential biocatalysts, biochemical processes and optimization of process conditions involved in the production of natural flavors for industrial applications. Initially, the practical work was directed to a series of studies with the fungal strain Fusarium oxysporum 152B, aiming to enhance the knowledge obtained in recent advances achieved by our research group in the characterization and optimization of the biotransformation of R-(+)-limonene into ?-terpineol. Thus, the results were promising, showing the great potential and versatility of this fungus to the specific area, and this biocatalyst was able to produce new metabolites from substrates S-(?)-limonene, ?-pinene, ?-terpinene and linalool. In the sequence, this study aimed at assessing the bioconversion of S-(?)-limonene into limonene-1,2-diol in greater detail. Thus, chapters 3, 4 and 5 were designed to a better characterization of this pathway. The production of this compound under non-optimized conditions, reached 1.2 gL-1, and the continuation of this pathway has been detected when this product was subsequently metabolized to 1-hydroxy-2-oxolimonene, suggesting that the fungus Fusarium oxysporum 152B might have a limonene degradation pathway only recently discovered. The practical work also conducted an extensive optimization of the production of limonene-1,2-diol by means of a sequential strategy. Based on statistical analyzes, the production of this compound from the bioconversion of S-(?)-limonene by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum 152B reached 3.7 gL-1, using pH 6.5, 5 gL-1 of substrate at 28 ° C and 250 rpm agitation. Moreover, this is the first description of the use of agroindustrial residue known as cassava wastewater, for the production of this fungal biomass, as well as one of the highest concentration of biotechnological limonene-1,2-diol reported in the specific literature. In addition, the research conducted aimed to perform a series of comparisons between practical conditions involved in the biotransformation of R-(+)-limonene into ?-terpineol, and the bioconversion of S-(?)-limonene into limonene-1,2-diol, for the same strain. Additionally, this is the first study that reported the ultrastructural differences along the bioconversion process of these substrates by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Finally, this work evaluated the optimization of the production of ?-terpineol from the biotransformation of limonene using the biocatalyst recognized as Sphingobium sp. After the practical work and statistical analysis, it was observed that the best conditions for developing this process were pH 7.0, concentration of limonene 350 g L-1, agitation at 200 rpm and 28 oC. Accordingly, the production of the monoterpe alcohol reached 500 g.L-1, which can be considered as the highest concentration of ?-terpineol already reported in the literature for biotechnological processes.
Doutorado
Ciência de Alimentos
Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos

This PhD thesis aims to improve the knowledge on the processes and chemical species in the gas- and particle-phases that are involved in the production of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from monoterpene oxidation in the atmosphere. A denuder/filter technique that enabled the simultaneous sampling of gaseous and particulate compounds was applied in the present study. The sampling technique was comprehensively characterised and optimised using twelve atmospherically relevant carbonyl compounds. The present study improved the denuder coating procedure and the sampling performance. An additional coating with the derivatisation reagent, 2,4‑dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), reduced the break-through potential (e.g., from 98% to 0.9% for methyl vinyl ketone) and the fraction of carbonyl compounds on the filter material (e.g., from 8.7% to 0% for acetone). Calibration experiments against an aerosol chamber were performed to reduce the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the calibration points in the denuder measurements. The RSDs were reduced by half for acetone, acetaldehyde, methyl vinyl ketone, glyoxal, benzaldehyde and campholenic aldehyde using a XAD‑4/DNPH denuder, and the quantification error was also reduced. This sampling technique was then applied to a series of α- and β-pinene ozonolysis experiments. The present study examined the influence of an OH radical scavenger (CO), and hence the HO2/RO2 ratio, on the SOA formation, product distribution and partitioning behaviour of selected oxidation products in conjunction with different seed particle acidities. It was shown that SOA yields increased by about 8% in α-pinene ozonolysis when CO and acidic seed particles co-existed, whereas only a marginal difference was observed (increase of 2%) for β-pinene compared to neutral seed particles. From the denuder/filter sample analysis, it was possible to tentatively identify a new compound from the α-pinene ozonolysis, i.e., terpenylic aldehyde. Gas- and particle-phase yields were estimated for the first time for this compound (i.e., 1% and 0.4%, respectively). The atmospheric relevance of terpenylic aldehyde was demonstrated based on ambient filter measurements and a possible formation pathway was suggested. Furthermore, the present study provided an additional explanation for enhanced SOA formation when acidic seed particles are used in monoterpene ozonolysis. It was demonstrated that the isomerisation of monoterpene oxides on acidic seed particles leads to the formation of highly reactive SOA precursors, whose subsequent reaction with ozone contributes significantly to SOA formation.

Orientador: Gláucia Maria Pastore
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: O aroma é responsável por grande parte do sabor de um alimento, e considerado um dos atributos mais importantes na aceitação do produto pelo consumidor. A preferência dos consumidores por produtos naturais tem incentivado o desenvolvimento de novos processos biotecnológicos para a produção de compostos de aroma naturais. A biotransformação de terpenos é uma alternativa promissora para a produção de aromas, visto que pode contornar alguns problemas associados a síntese química como a baixa geração de resíduos tóxicos e alta regio- e estéreo-seletividade das reações. Ademais, segundo a legislação brasileira, produtos obtidos por métodos microbiológicos podem ser rotulados como 'naturais' (ANVISA, Resolução nº 104, de 14 de maio de 1999). Os processos de biotransformação de monoterpenos frequentemente utilizam bactérias do gênero Pseudomonas como biocatalisadores por se adaptarem facilmente a diferentes substratos e condições extremas devido a sua elevada versatilidade metabólica e sistema enzimático complexo. Assim, o presente trabalho visou a utilização de monoterpenos (limoneno, a-pineno e citronelol) como substratos em processos de biotransformação por micro-organismos do gênero Pseudomonas. O Capítulo 1 apresenta um artigo de revisão atualizado sobre o potencial biotecnológico de micro-organismos do gênero Pseudomonas como biocatalisadores em processos de biotransformação. O Capítulo 2 refere-se aos resultados obtidos pelos experimentos que contemplam o isolamento de bactérias em meio seletivo e diferencial para Pseudomonas, e sua aplicação em processos de biotransformação de monoterpenos (R-(+)-limoneno, a-pineno, citronelol). Das 34 linhagens selecionadas, 9 bactérias foram capazes de biotransformar pelo menos um dos substratos em compostos de aroma de maior valor agregado. R-(+)-limoneno foi convertido a cis- e trans-carveol e carvona por 7 linhagens, atingindo concentrações de até 412 mg/L, 275 mg/L e 209 mg/L, respectivamente. a-Pineno, por sua vez, foi usado como fonte de carbono e energia por 7 linhagens e foi convertido principalmente em cis-verbenol e verbenona a baixas concentrações por 5 linhagens. Outros compostos como limoneno, mirtenol e ß-pineno, também foram identificados como produtos principais da conversão do a-pineno por 2 linhagens. Por outro lado, apenas 3 linhagens foram capazes de metabolizar citronelol em outros compostos derivados, como óxidos de rosa e isopulegol. O efeito da variação do pH do meio de biotransformação e da indução das linhagens, através da pré-exposição do micro-organismo ao substrato, no crescimento celular e formação de produtos de bioconversão foram avaliados com o intuito de otimizar o processo de biotransformação. A produção de óxido de rosa a partir de citronelol foi estudada e detalhada no capítulo final, que configurou um artigo publicado na revista Chemical Engineering Transactions. Em testes de citotoxicidade, a linhagem mostrou alta resistência a maiores concentrações de terpeno, revelando grande potencial para posterior otimização do processo. Os compostos derivados mais notáveis foram destacados no presente trabalho pela alta qualidade sensorial e alto valor agregado. Além das notas sensoriais altamente relevantes industrialmente, a carvona e o carveol são ainda reconhecidos por apresentar algumas funções biológicas. A verbenona e verbenol se destacam pelo alto custo e vasta aplicação nas áreas alimentícia, da agricultura, e da medicina. O óxido de rosa é um dos componentes mais importantes na criação de composições florais em perfumaria, além de possuir um baixo threshold. Sendo assim, a biotransformação de precursores de baixo custo em compostos de alto valor agregado pode ser considerado uma estratégia vantajosa e econômica
Abstract: Aroma compounds influence greatly the flavor of food products and govern their acceptance by consumers and market success. The increasing consumer preference for natural products has encouraged remarkable efforts towards the development of biotechnological processes for the production of natural flavor compounds. Biotransformation of terpenes represents a very promising alternative for production of aromas, since overcome the problems associated with chemical synthesis such as the low generation of toxic waste and high regio-and stereo-selectivity reactions. In addition, products obtained by microbiological methods can be labeled 'natural' under Brazilian law (ANVISA Resolution No. 104 dated May 14, 1999). Studies on monoterpene bioconversion frequently use bacteria from the genus Pseudomonas as biocatalysts since they adapt easily to different substracts and extreme conditions thanks to their high metabolic versatility and complex enzyme system. Therefore, the present work aims to use monoterpenes, such as limonene, a-pinene and citronellol, as substrate for the biotransformation processes by microorganisms from the genus Pseudomonas. The Chapter 1 presents a current review on the biotechnological potencial of microorganisms from the genus Pseudomonas. Chapter 2 refers to the results obtained from laboratory experiments which include the isolation of bacteria in selective and differential medium for Pseudomonas and their application in monoterpene biotransformation processes ((R-(+)-limonene, a-pinene, citronellol). Among 32 selected strains for investigation of biotransformation capability, 9 bacteria were able to biotransform one of the substrates on value-added flavor compounds. R-(+)-limonene was converted to cis- and trans-carveol and carvone by 7 strains, at concentrations of 412 mg/L, 275 mg/L e 209 mg/L, respectively. a-Pinene, in turn, was used as sole carbon and energy source for 7 strains, and yielded especially cis-verbenol and verbenone at low concentrations by 5 strains. Other compounds such as limonene, myrtenol and ß-pinene have also been identified as major products from the conversion of a-pinene by 2 strains. On the other hand, only 3 strains were able to metabolize citronelol on other derivative compounds, such as rose oxides and isopulegol. The effects of different pHof biotransformation medium and induction phase on cell growth and product concentration were evaluated in order to optimize the biotransformation process. The production of rose oxides by strain L1B2P was studied and detailed separately in the third chapter, set as a published article at Chemical Engineering Transactions. In citotoxicity tests, the strain showed impressive terpene resistance, revealing great potential for further process optimization. Most notable compound derivatives were highlighted in the present work due to their high sensory quality and added value. Besides highly industrially relevant sensory notes, carvone and carveol are also recognized by pursuing some biological functions. The verbenone and verbenol stand by the high cost and wide application in food, agriculture, and medicine fields. Rose oxide, in turn, is one of the most important components in creating floral compositions in perfumery, besides its low threshold. Thus, biotransformation of inexpensive precursors into high value added compounds can be considered an economical and advantageous strategy
Mestrado
Ciência de Alimentos
Mestra em Ciência de Alimentos

L’arôme fruité des vins rouges est décrit par une large gamme de descripteurs, allant des fruits frais aux fruits mûrs et confiturés, en passant par les fruits confits jusqu'aux notes de pruneaux. La qualité fruitée d’un vin rouge est décrite par des notes de fruits rouges et noirs frais et confiturés. Bien que de nombreux attributs sensoriels soient mentionnés dans la littérature, les connaissances concernant l'arôme fruité qualitatif des vins rouges par rapport à leur composition chimique nécessitent encore d'être approfondies. Cependant, au moins une composante de cette expression fruitée est le reflet d’interactions perceptives impliquant en majorité des esters, mais également d’autres familles de molécules aromatiques. Au cours de ces dernières années, des changements dans l’expression fruitée des vins rouges de Bordeaux, caractérisés par l’apparition des notes de fruits cuits et secs, ont été rapportés et corrélés au changement climatique. Ainsi, les techniciens du secteur vitivinicole et les scientifiques, soulignent la nécessité de prendre des précautions pour préserver l’arôme fruité frais des vins rouges de Bordeaux. Pour cela, une des stratégies d’adaptation consiste à introduire dans le vignoble bordelais des cépages tardifs sélectionnés pour leur cycle végétatif potentiellement adapté aux futures conditions climatiques. Cette thèse propose une meilleure compréhension de l’arôme fruité des vins rouges issus de cépages de Bordeaux, mais également de cépages cultivés autour du bassin méditerranéen, zone simulant les futures conditions climatiques de Bordeaux. Grâce à des approches sensorielles, il a été montré que des vins rouges de Bordeaux présentaient des similitudes avec des vins rouges issus de cépages implantés dans le pourtour méditerranéen au niveau de leur caractère fruité. Une caractérisation approfondie de la contribution des composés volatils d’intérêt dans la perception des notes fruitées a été réalisée. Des interactions perceptives entre des composés de la famille des monoterpènes et des C13-norisoprénoïdes en mélange avec des esters, ont révélé l’importance de ces composés dans la perception des notes fruitées. Enfin, l’addition de ces composés volatils dans un vin rouge montre une diminution des notes de fruits cuits et une augmentation des notes de fruits noirs frais. Ces travaux de recherche ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives en œnologie telles que la maîtrise des teneurs de ces composés d’intérêt par diverses pratiques, mais également la potentielle introduction des « nouveaux » cépages dans l’assemblage des vins de Bordeaux
The fruity aroma of red wines is described by a wide range of descriptors, ranging from fresh fruits to ripe and jammy fruits, to candied fruits and prunes notes. The fruity quality of a red wine is characterized by notes of fresh and jammy red- and black-berry fruits. Although many sensory attributes are mentioned in the literature, knowledge regarding the qualitative fruity aroma of red wines in relation to their chemical composition still requires further investigation. However, at least one component of this fruity expression reflects perceptual interactions primarily involving esters, as well as other families of aromatic molecules. In recent years, changes in the fruity expression of Bordeaux red wines, characterized by the emergence of notes of cooked and dried fruits, have been reported and correlated with climate change. Thus, technicians in the wine industry and scientists emphasize the need to take precautions to preserve the fresh fruity aroma of Bordeaux red wines. One adaptation strategy involves introducing late-ripening grape varieties selected for their potentially suitable vegetative cycle under future climatic conditions into Bordeaux vineyard. This thesis proposes a better understanding of the fruity aroma of red wines derived from Bordeaux grape varieties, as well as those cultivated around the Mediterranean basin, simulating the future climatic conditions in Bordeaux. Through sensory approaches, it has been demonstrated that Bordeaux red wines exhibit similarities with red wines derived from grape varieties grown around the Mediterranean in terms of their fruity character. A detailed characterization of the contribution of volatile compounds of interest in the perception of fruity notes has been conducted. Perceptual interactions between compounds from the monoterpene and C13 norisoprenoid families, mixed with esters, have revealed the importance of these compounds in the perception of fruity notes. Finally, the addition of these volatile compounds to a red wine shows a decrease in cooked fruit notes and an increase in fresh black-berry fruits notes. This research opens up new perspectives in oenology, such as controlling the levels of these compounds of interest through various practices, as well as the potential introduction of "new" grape varieties into Bordeaux wine blends

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The high incidence of pain in the general population has encouraged research about this theme. Products derived from plant species have been widely used in the pharmacological treatment of pain relief. Recent studies have reported the important role of monoterpenes, active compounds found in the essential oils of aromatic plants, having relevant analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential. The geraniol (GER) is a monoterpenic alcohol, found in >160 essential oil of plant species, especially Cymbopogon gender. In the literature consulted, several biochemical and pharmacological properties are shown of GER: antitumor, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, gastric and intestinal protector, neuroprotective and antiarrhythmic. In this study was evaluated the antinociceptive activity of GER, not yet reported, by animal behavioral and electrophysiological in vitro models. Male and female adult Swiss mice were used. Initially the acute toxicity of GER was investigated by calculating the lethal dose 50 (LD50) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) (= 199.9 mg/kg) and oral (p.o.) (> 1 g/kg). In psychopharmacological screening, after the administration of single doses of GER (i.p. and p.o.), behavioral changes were observed indicating a depressant profile on the central nervous system (CNS) and/or peripheral nervous system (SNP), and relevant antinociceptive effect of geraniol. Therefore, more specific antinociceptive property evaluation tests were performed. The GER (12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg i.p. and 50 or 200 mg/kg p.o.) decreased (p<0.001) the number of abdominal contractions induced by i.p. injection of acetic acid, when compared with the control. The opioid antagonist naloxone (5 mg/kg) administered subcutaneously (s.c.) in mice, subsequently treated with GER (25 mg/kg i.p.), did not reverse its antinociceptive activity. The GER (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg i.p.) reduced (p<0.001) paw licking time in the second phase (15-30 min, inflammatory phase) of the formalin test. Also, in the glutamate test was reduced (p<0.01) paw licking time when GER 50 mg/kg i.p. administered. In a subsequent step, it was investigated the effect of GER on the excitability of peripheral nerve fibers through extracellular recording in the sciatic nerve in mice. The GER presented depressant effect of the compound action potential (CAP), which was reversed after washing and recovery period. The GER blocked components of the CAP concentration-dependent manner and exposure time to the drug: 1 mM after 120 min for the first component (Aγ and Aβ fibers) and 0.6 mM after 90 min for the second (Aγ and Aδ fibers). The concentration, which induces 50% inhibition of the peak-to-peak amplitude of the PAC (IC50) for the GER was calculated, being equal to 0.48±0.04 mM. The conduction velocity was also reduced by exposure to GER from the 0.3 mM concentration, for the 1st component [46.18±2.60 m/s to 36.04±1.60 m/s; p<0.05 (n=7)] and the 2nd component [18.37±1.31 m/s to 12.71±0.56 m/s; p<0.001 (n=7)]. In conclusion, the results obtained show that GER has antinociceptive activity, mainly in pain related to inflammation. Participation of the opioid pathway in its mechanism of action is unlikely, but the modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in a dose-dependent manner is a possible mechanism. Its antinociceptive activity is also related to the reduction in peripheral neuronal excitability, firstly in thinner fibers Aδ, which are directly connected to the conduction pain.
A elevada incidência da dor na população em geral tem incentivado as pesquisas entorno desse tema. Produtos oriundos de espécies vegetais têm sido amplamente utilizados no tratamento farmacológico de alívio da dor. Estudos recentes têm relatado o importante papel dos monoterpenos, princípios ativos encontrados nos óleos essenciais de plantas aromáticas, tendo relevante potencial analgésico e anti-inflamatório. O geraniol (GER) é um álcool monoterpênico, encontrado no óleo essencial de >160 espécies vegetais, especialmente do gênero Cymbopogon. Na literatura consultada, pesquisas apontam várias propriedades bioquímicas e farmacológicas para o GER: antitumoral, antimicrobiana, anti-inflamatória, antioxidante, de proteção gástrica e intestinal, neuroprotetora e antiarrítmica. Neste estudo foi avaliada a atividade antinociceptiva do GER, ainda não relatada, mediante modelos animais comportamentais e eletrofisiológicos in vitro. Foram utilizados camundongos machos e fêmeas Swiss adultos. Inicialmente, foi investigada a toxicidade aguda do GER mediante cálculo da dose letal 50 (DL50) pela via intraperitoneal (i.p.) (=199,9 mg/kg) e oral (v.o.) (>1 g/kg). Na triagem psicofarmacológica, após a subministração de doses únicas de GER (i.p. e v.o.) foram observadas alterações comportamentais que indicaram perfil depressor do sistema nervoso central (SNC) e/ou periférico (SNP), e relevante efeito antinociceptivo do geraniol. Portanto, foram realizados testes comportamentais de avaliação de propriedade antinociceptiva mais específicos. O GER (12,5; 25 e 50 mg/kg i.p. e 50 ou 200 mg/kg v.o.) reduziu (p<0,001) o número de contorções abdominais induzidas por injeção i.p. de ácido acético, quando comparado com o controle. O antagonista opióide naloxona (5 mg/kg) administrado pela via subcutânea (s.c.) em camundongos, subsequentemente tratados com GER (25 mg/kg i.p.), não reverteu sua atividade antinociceptiva. O GER (12,5; 25 e 50 mg/kg i.p.) reduziu (p<0,001) o tempo de lambida da pata na segunda fase (15-30 min, fase inflamatória) do teste da formalina. Também, no teste do glutamato houve redução (p<0,01) do tempo de lambida da pata quando administrado GER 50 mg/kg i.p. Em uma etapa subsequente, investigou-se o efeito do GER sobre a excitabilidade de fibras nervosas periféricas, mediante registro extracelular em nervo ciático de camundongo. O GER apresentou efeito depressor do potencial de ação composto (PAC), o qual foi parcialmente revertido após lavagem durante o período de recuperação. O GER bloqueou as componentes do PAC, de maneira dependente da concentração e do tempo de exposição à droga: 1 mM aos 120 min para a primeira componente (fibras Aγ e Aβ) e 0,6 mM aos 90 min para a segunda (fibras Aγ e Aδ). Foi calculada para o GER, a concentração que induz 50% de inibição da amplitude pico-a-pico do PAC (CI50), sendo igual a 0,48±0,04 mM. A velocidade de condução também, foi reduzida pela exposição ao GER, a partir da concentração de 0,3 mM para a 1ª componente [46,18±2,60 m/s para 36,04±1,60 m/s; p<0,05 (n=7)] e para a 2ª componente [18,37±1,31 m/s para 12,71±0,56 m/s; p<0,001 (n=7)]. Em conclusão, os resultados obtidos mostram que o GER tem atividade antinociceptiva, principalmente na dor relacionada à inflamação. A participação da via opióide no seu mecanismo de ação é pouco provável, mas a modulação da neurotransmissão glutamatérgica de maneira dependente da dose é um mecanismo possível. Sua atividade antinociceptiva tambèm, está relacionada à redução da excitabilidade neuronal periférica, primeiramente de fibras mais finas como Aδ, ligadas diretamente à condução da dor.

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been compared to natural antibodies in that they can specifically bind target compounds in a similar way that antibodies specifically bind to an antigen. The attraction of the MIPs technology is the ease of creating binding elements which are relatively cheap compared with the process of isolating natural antibodies. In this research monoterpenes, such as α-terpineol, were chosen to be the model compounds for investigating the molecular imprinting of small, poorly functionalised organic compounds. The conventional non-covalent approach was mainly used to synthesise these MIPs, but the sacrificial-spacer semi-covalent approach was also investigated. A less widely used method, porogen-imprinting - a variant of non-covalent imprinting - was adapted for α-terpineol. The latter novel terpene MIP appeared to specifically bind α-terpineol, by hydrogen bonding, so the polymer was characterised in detail. The main parameters which were altered for preparing non-covalent MIPs included the template (α-terpineol, (-)-menthol or trans-terpin); the functional monomer (methacrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, bilirubin and phenol [for the semi-covalent MIP]); the cross-linking monomer (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, divinylbenzene and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate); and also the polymerisation method (block or precipitation polymerisation). The binding specificity and cross-reactivity for all the polymers were tested using a liquid batch-binding setup. The batch-binding setup required the detection of analyte that was not bound in order to calculate by difference the fraction of analyte bound to the polymer. Initially the terpenes were to be detected by a colorimetric method; however attempts to make the method sensitive and reliable were not successful. In comparison, gas chromatography was more reliable for the detection of terpenes and was used for the experiments presented in this thesis. 1H-NMR studies of the interaction between α-terpineol and acetic acid (as a non-polymerisable analogue of methacrylic acid) were investigated as a basis for understanding the binding to the carboxyl functional group moiety employed in many of the non-covalent MIPs that were made. The interaction between (-)-menthol and phenol was also investigated because the phenol moiety was employed in the semi-covalent MIP. Only selected MIPs, which appeared to specifically bind the template, were physically characterised. This included optimising the batch-binding parameters, scanning electron microscopy imaging, surface area and pore radius analysis and in some cases Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy of the polymers.

Le radical hydroxyle OH est le principal oxydant dans la troposphère, mais ses puits restent encore difficiles à quantifier. L’un de ses principaux puits, est l’oxydation des Composés Organiques Volatils (COVs), composés provenant principalement de sources naturelles, à l’échelle du globe. Ils comprennent une grande variété d’espèces chimiques avec des réactivités très variables vis-à-vis des radicaux OH. Mesurer la réactivité OH totale, permet d’évaluer la charge en espèces réactives et d’estimer l’importance des espèces non mesurées/ non connues. Dans ce contexte, ce travail de thèse a d’abord visé d’optimiser la CRM ou « Comparative Reactivity Method », pour la mesure de la réactivité OH. Une fois les performances vérifiées, la CRM a été déployée dans deux écosystèmes : forestier et agricole. Les mesures de réactivité OH dans une forêt de pins maritimes ont montré des maximas de nuit arrivant jusqu’à 99 s-1 dans la canopée ; des niveaux se situant dans la limite supérieure de ce qui a été précédemment vu en sites forestiers. Des réactivités plus faibles, ne dépassant pas les 20- 30 s-1 en milieu de journée, ont été observées dans un champ agricole, en sortie d’une chambre dynamique de colza, en milieu de floraison. Dans ces deux écosystèmes, une différence a été trouvée entre la réactivité mesurée et celle calculée à partir des composés gazeux mesurés individuellement. Elle indique la présence d’une fraction manquante de composés primaires et secondaires non mesurés/ non identifiés. Ces travaux ont également mis en évidence l’importance de déterminer la spéciation des monoterpènes. Ceci nous a motivé à, optimiser et déployer un système de FastGC/ PTR-MS dans une forêt de chênes verts, ce qui nous a permis de suivre avec une haute résolution temporelle le cycle diurne des principaux monoterpènes, dont l’émission dépend du type de chêne ainsi que de la lumière
The hydroxyl radical OH is the most powerful oxidant in the troposphere, however, characterizing its sinks remains a challenge. One important OH sink, is the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mainly released from biogenic sources, on the global scale. VOCs include a wide variety of chemical species with different lifetimes towards OH. Measuring OH reactivity is a useful tool to evaluate the loading in reactive species and to estimate the amplitude of unmeasured/unidentified compounds. In this context, this PhD work aimed to build and optimize a CRM or Comparative Reactivity method instrument for OH reactivity measurements. Afterwards, the CRM was deployed in a forest and an agricultural ecosystem. OH reactivity in a maritime pine forest showed maxima during night, reaching 99 s-1 inside the canopy, among the highest in forest environments. Relatively lower levels (max 20-30 s-1 at mid-day), were recorded from a dynamic chamber, during the blooming season of a rapeseed field. In these ecosystems, a difference was obtained between measured and calculated OH reactivity from measured compounds. It highlights the presence of a missing fraction of unmeasured primary and secondary compounds. These experiments demonstrate the importance of a detailed information on monoterpenes chemical speciation. In this perspective, a FastGC/PTR-MS system was optimized and deployed in a green oak forest. It allowed to monitor, with a fine time resolution, diurnal cyles of the main monoterpenes, which emissions are dependent on the tree type and on solar radiation

On prépare une série d'organolithiens vinyliques par échange brome-lithium, utilisés ensuite dans 5 synthèses du rétinal à partir de la β-ionone. Les acétals, oméga-lithiés permettent d'aboutir en deux étapes au rétinal. Les éthers d'énols ω-lithiés présentent une grande réactivite avec les aldéhydes, et les cétones, une grande sélectivité, permettent des rendements élevés et la libération du carbonyle de l'adduit intermédiaire, simultanément avec le départ de l'hydroxyde dans des conditions douces. Pour la première fois, des organométalliques vinyliques à carbonyle masqué comportant 3 doubles liaisons conjuguées ont été préparés, permettant l'accès direct au rétinal à partir de la β-ionone

Les composés organiques volatils (COV) sont des composants clé en chimie atmosphérique. Ils participent à des réactions photochimiques dans la basse atmosphère et jouent ainsi un rôle majeur dans le cycle de l'ozone troposphérique et la formation d‘aérosols organiques secondaires. A l'échelle globale, ces COV sont à 10% d'origine anthropique et à 90% d'origine biotique. Les enjeux liés aux émissions de COVB sont d‘autant plus importants en région méditerranéenne en raison du potentiel d‘émission élevé ainsi que des évènements réguliers de pollution photochimique. Cette thèse propose, à travers deux campagnes de mesures intensives, la caractérisation expérimentale des COVB et de leurs produits d‘oxydation dans deux sites ruraux représentatifs de la végétation méditerranéenne.Dans le cadre du projet CANOPEE (ANR-JCJC 2011-2014) une campagne de mesure a eu lieu à l‘Observatoire du chêne pubescent de Haute Provence (O3HP). Des mesures de concentrations et de flux d‘émission ont été réalisées à l‘échelle de la canopée dans le but de quantifier l‘export des COVB hors canopée et d‘étudier la chimie intra-Canopée. Dans la forêt de l‘O3HP, des concentrations en isoprène très élevées ont été mesurées, en particulier au sein de la canopée où elles ont atteint 16 ppbv les journées les plus chaudes. Selon le facteur d‘émission de 7.2 mg m-2 h-1 déterminé, la forêt de chênes pubescents de l‘O3HP fait partie des écosystèmes les plus fortement émetteurs d‘isoprène à travers le monde. Parmi les COV oxygénés, seul le méthanol a des flux d‘émission significatifs, avec un taux d‘émission moyen égal à 0.3 mg m-2 h-1. Un des points forts de ce travail a consisté en l‘étude du transport et de la chimie intra-Canopée. D‘après nos estimations, les processus intra-Canopée sur le site de l‘OHP jouent un rôle mineur sur les flux nets d‘isoprène sortant de la canopée.La deuxième campagne de mesure s‘inscrit dans le cadre du programme ChArMEx (Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment). Elle a pris place sur le site du Cap Corse, situé à distance des sources anthropiques et qui abrite une diversité d'espèces végétales. Les résultats obtenus ont permis la quantification et spéciation de nombreux COVB. Un grand contraste dans la signature des émissions de COVB a été observé entre les deux sites d‘étude. Ainsi, tandis que l‘isoprène est responsable de plus de 90% des COVB en termes de concentrations à l‘OHP, il ne représente que 35% de leurs concentrations totales au Cap Corse. Les 65% restants sont composés de nombreux monoterpènes. Ces résultats ont également mis en évidence la chimie rapide des COVB et l‘importance de leur contribution à la formation de composés secondaires oxygénés dans les conditions de photochimie intense qui caractérisent le bassin méditerranéen en période estivale.Au Cap Corse, comme à l‘O3HP, les COVB représentent le puit dominant des radicaux hydroxyles. En présence de NOx et pour des concentrations équivalentes à celles de l‘OHP ou du Cap Corse, le potentiel des COVB à former de l‘ozone a été évalué à 10 ppbv en moyenne
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are key components in atmospheric chemistry. They participate in photochemical reactions in the lower atmosphere and thus play a major role in the formation of tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosols. Biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) constitute approximately 90% of global VOC emissions. In the Mediterranean region, the emissions and reactivity of BVOCs are enhanced due to high temperatures and sunny conditions. In this context, this work proposes, through intensive field campaigns, the experimental characterization of BVOCs and their oxidation products in two rural sites where the vegetation is representative of the Mediterranean region. Within the framework of the CANOPEE program (ANR-JCJC 2011-2014) an intensive field campaign took place at the Oak Observatory of the Observatoire de Haute Provence (O3HP). Measurements of concentrations and emission fluxes were carried out in order to quantify the export of BVOC off the canopy and study in-Canopy processes. High concentrations of isoprene were measured with daily maximum ambient concentrations ranging between 2-16 ppbv inside the forest. According to the emission factor of 7.2 mg m-2 h-1 determined, downy oak forest of the O3HP is one of the strongest emitters of isoprene worldwide. Evidence of direct emission of methanol was also found exhibiting an average emission rate equal to 0.3 2 mg m-2 h-1. One of the strengths of this work consisted in the study of transport and intra-Canopy chemistry. In-Canopy chemical oxidation of isoprene was found to be weak and did not seem to have a significant impact on isoprene concentrations and fluxes above the canopy. The second field campaign is part of the ChArMEx (Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment) program. It took place on the remote site of Cap Corse, characterized by a strong diversity of plant species. The rich dataset obtained allowed the quantification and speciation of many BVOCs. A great contrast in the signature emissions was observed between the two study sites. Thus, while isoprene is responsible for over 90% of BVOCs in terms of concentrations at the O3HP, it represents only 35% of their total concentrations in Cap Corse. The remaining 65% are composed of many monoterpenes. These results have also highlighted the rapid chemistry of BVOCs and the importance of their contribution to the formation of secondary oxygenated compounds under intense photochemistry conditions, typical of the summertime in the Mediterranean basin. Biogenic BVOCs represented the dominant hydroxyl radicals sink at the O3HP as well as in Cap Corse. In the presence of NOx, the potential of the measured BVOCs to produce ozone has been estimated at about 10 ppbv on average

Preparation des structures du titre grace a des reactions de cycloaddition. Une nouvelle synthese non photochimique de systemes bicyclo (2. 2. 0) hexaniques a partir de cyclobutenes et d'enamines est ainsi effectuee. La reaction de diels alder de cyclopropenes electrophiles avec des dienes heterosubstitues permet l'obtention de systemes careniques. Enfin, une synthese de la dihydro-2,3 illudine m est realisee

Apres une etude de la metallation, suivie d'alkylation, de quelques imidothioesters satures, des reactions d'aldolisation dont la selectivite est examinee, sont realisees a partir d'un n-phenyl imidothioester. Les imidothioesters alpha -insatures dont la reactivite vis-a-vis de magnesiens et de lithiens est etudiee sont de bons accepteurs de michael. Par l'intermediaire des alkylthio-enaminates et d'une cetenimine issue de leur decomposition thermique, de nouvelles voies d'acces a des cetones dissymetriques, sont decrites a partir de n-phenyl imidothioesters satures et alpha -insatures. Synthese de cetones terpeniques et d'une pheromone

In this thesis the oxidation of monoterpenes by O3 and NO2 and factors that influenced the oxidation were studied. In the environment both ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are present as oxidising gases, which causes sampling artefacts when using Tenax TA as an adsorbent to sample organic compounds in the air. A scrubber was developed to remove O3 and NO2 prior to the sampling tube, and artefacts during sampling were minimised when using the scrubber. The main organic compounds sampled in this thesis were two monoterpenes, alfa-pinene and delta-3-carene, due to their presence in both indoor and outdoor air. The recovery of the monoterpenes through the scrubber varied between 75-97% at relative humidities of 15-75%.

The reactions of alfa-pinene and delta-3-carene with O 3, NO2 and nitric oxide (NO) at different relative humidities (RHs) and reaction times were studied in a dark reaction chamber. The experiments were planned and performed according to an experimental design were the factors influencing the reaction (O3, NO2, NO, RH and reaction times) were varied between high and low levels. In the experiments up to 13% of the monoterpenes reacted when O3, NO2, and reaction time were at high levels, and NO, and RH were at low levels. In the evaluation eight and seven factors (including both single and interaction factors) were found to influence the amount of alfa-pinene and delta-3-carene reacted, respectively. The three most influencing factors for both of the monoterpenes were the O 3 level, the reaction time, and the RH. Increased O3 level and reaction time increased the amount of monoterpene reacted, and increased RH decreased the amount reacted.

A theoretical model of the reactions occurring in the reaction chamber was created. The amount of monoterpene reacted at different initial settings of O3, NO2, and NO were calculated, as well as the influence of different reaction pathways, and the concentrations of O3 and NO2, and NO at specific reaction times. The results of the theoretical model were that the reactivity of the gas mixture towards alfa-pinene and delta-3-carene was underestimated. But, the calculated concentrations of O3, NO2, and NO in the theoretical model were found to correspond to a high degree with experimental results performed under similar conditions. The possible associations between organic compounds in indoor air, building variables and the presence of sick building syndrome were studied using principal component analysis. The most complex model was able to separate 71% of the “sick” buildings from the “healthy” buildings. The most important variables that separated the “sick” buildings from the “healthy” buildings were a more frequent occurrence or a higher concentration of compounds with shorter retention times in the “sick” buildings.

The outcome of this thesis could be summarised as follows;

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Etude des extraits pentaniques de differents organes de p. P. En cours de degradation par chromatographie-spectrometrie. L'action des terpenes volatils sur les termites est quantifiee: toxicite et attractivite. L'alpha -pinene est toxique a forte dose, attractif a faible dose. L'alpha -terpeneol apparait au cours de la degradation. Le role des terpenes du pin dans l'expansion des societes de termites est dose-dependant: les fortes doses de terpenes secretees par le bois sain empeche l'installation des termites. L'arret des secretions et l'apparition de nouveaux composes favorisent l'attaque des souches de bois mort

L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’améliorer l’état de nos connaissances sur les processus de formation et du devenir de l’AOS, en lien avec la réactivité des COVB avec les oxydants de l’atmosphère et en particulier l’ozone, en utilisant le potentiel de l’écosystème landais en tant que source d'AOS biogénique. Pour cela, des campagnes de terrain ont été menées sur un site de mesure en forêt landaise, écosystème particulièrement approprié pour l’étude de la formation et du devenir des AOS. Au cours de ces campagnes, différents paramètres physico-chimiques complémentaires ont été mesurés, tels que les concentrations et les flux de particules, d’oxydants et de COVB. Des épisodes nocturnes de formation de nouvelles particules ont été mis en évidence, ce qui constitue un résultat original car les évènements rapportés jusqu’ici dans la littérature étaient principalement diurnes. La contribution importante de l’ozonolyse des monoterpènes émis par les pins maritimes, dominés par l’α- et le β-pinène, à la formation nocturne de nouvelles particules a également été démontrée. Les mesures de flux de particules réalisées suggèrent que les particules formées au cours de la nuit sont transférées depuis la canopée vers les plus hautes couches de l’atmosphère. Une production d’ozone a également été démontrée par la comparaison des mesures de flux d’ozone à un modèle physique de dépôt. Cette source d’ozone pourrait être liée à la photooxidation des COVB
Forest ecosystems affect air quality and climate, especially through the emissions and the reactions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) with the atmospheric oxidants, known to generate Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOAs). This work aims to improve our knowledge on the processes involved in biogenic SOA formation and fate. Two field campaigns have been conducted in the Landes forest. In a first step, the measurement site was characterized by a statistical study of local meteorological conditions. During these campaigns, complementary physical and chemical measurements have been carried out, implying measurements of fluxes and concentrations of particles, BVOCs and oxidants. The results evidenced nocturnal new particle formation, which is an original result as this process was usually only reported during daytime. The strong contribution of BVOCs (dominated by α- and β-pinene) ozonolysis to nocturnal new particle formation has been demonstated. Particle flux measurements suggested that particles are transfered from the canopy to the higher atmospheric surface layer. The comparison between ozone fluxes and a physical ozone deposition model also highlighted an ozone production source. This ozone production might be related to BVOC photooxidation

Rhizobia are soil bacteria that promote the growth of legume plants. The growth and persistence of these bacteria may be limited by several factors, such as cadmium (Cd). Increasing concentrations of Cd in soil triggers different mechanisms in bacterial cells in order to tolerate stress. The production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), resulting from the secondary metabolism of bacteria, may be a way to overcome stress situations. In this thesis the effects of five monoterpenes (α-pinene, limonene, eucalyptol, linalool and menthol) and four sulfur compounds (dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) and methyl thioacetate (MTA)) on growth, oxidative status and antioxidant mechanisms of Rhizobium leguminosarum E20-8 were studied, to test the hypothesis that these VOCs could influence rhizobial growth and tolerance to cadmium. The results obtained during this study showed that different compounds have different effects on Rhizobium E20-8, not being related to the chemical family to which they belong. The tested monoterpenes displayed antibacterial activity (linalool, limonene, menthol), or antioxidant properties (α-pinene and eucalyptol) in the absence of Cd. In the presence of Cd only limonene (1 and 100 mM) and eucalyptol (100 nM) were able to induce cell growth. The tested sulfur compounds generally triggered similar antioxidant mechanisms in Rhizobium. Although volatile sulfur compounds did not affect growth, they were able to reduce the oxidative stress of cells, having a membrane-protective effect (DMDS and DMTS) and thus minimizing Cd toxicity. The low concentrations of volatiles tested allow us to predict that these effects may occur in the soil ecosystem, influencing the growth and tolerance of bacterial cells whether they are under stress or not. This study contributes to better understand the effect of volatile compounds on the interactions of soil-dwelling organisms. The contribution is especially important on the influence that these compounds may have in environmental stress contexts
Os rizóbios são bactérias do solo que promove o crescimento de leguminosas. O crescimento e a persistência destas bactérias pode ser limitado por diversos fatores, como por exemplo o cádmio (Cd). O aumento das concentrações de Cd no solo desencadeia diferentes mecanismos nas células de forma a tolerar o stress. A produção de compostos orgânicos voláteis (VOCs), resultantes do mecanismo secundário das bactérias, pode ser um dos mecanismos a que estas bactérias recorrem como forma de tolerar situações de stress. Nesta tese foram estudados os efeitos de cinco monoterpenos (α-pineno, limoneno, eucaliptol, linalol e mentol) e quatro compostos de enxofre (dimetil sulfeto (DMS), dimetil dissulfeto (DMDS), dimetil trissulfeto (DMTS) e metil tioacetato (MTA)) no crescimento, estado oxidativo e mecanismos antioxidantes em Rhizobium leguminosarum na estirpe E20-8, com o intuito de testar a hipótese de que a exposição aérea a estes VOCs poderiam influenciar o crescimento e tolerância de rizóbio ao cádmio. Os resultados obtidos durante este estudo permitiram verificar efeitos diversos de cada um dos compostos em Rhizobium E20-8 que também divergiam com o stresse (exposição ou não a Cd). Deste modo foi possível provar que os efeitos divergem entre VOCs da mesma família química. Na ausência de Cd os monoterpenos testados apresentam atividade antibacteriana (linalol, limoneno, mentol), ou propriedades antioxidantes (α-pineno e eucaliptol). Na presença de Cd apenas o limoneno (1 e 100 mM) e o eucaliptol (100 nM) foram capazes de induzir o crescimento das células. De um modo geral, os compostos de enxofre testados desencadeiam mecanismos antioxidantes semelhantes. Apesar dos compostos voláteis de enxofre não afetarem o crescimento, são capazes de reduzir o stress oxidativo das células, tendo um efeito protetor a nível das membranas (DMDS e DMTS) e deste modo minimizando a toxicidade do Cd. As baixas concentrações de voláteis testadas permitem-nos prognosticar que estes efeitos poderão ocorrer no ecossistema do solo, influenciando o crescimento e a tolerância das células bacterianas quer estas se encontrem ou não em stresse. Este estudo contribui para compreender melhor o efeito dos compostos voláteis nas interações dos organismos que habitam o solo. O contributo é especialmente importante na influência que estes compostos possam ter em contextos de stresse ambiental
Mestrado em Microbiologia

This study identified new compounds with pest control activities. The two sources of candidates that were followed here were the main heartwood extract of Alaska Yellow Cedar (AYC) constituents and several semi-synthetic counterparts. Five compounds were isolated and identified for the first time in AYC heartwood in this research: two monoterpenes, two sesquiterpenes, and one lignan. The two monoterpenes were (1S)-2-oxo-3-p-menthenol (41) and (4R)-4-hydroxy-4-isopropyl-cyclohex-1-enecarboxylic acid (63). The two sesquiterpenes were (5S,7R,10R,11R)-eudesm-4(14)-ene-11,12-diol (46) and (4R,5S,7R)-1(10)- eremohpilen-11,12-diol (59). The lignan was (1R,2S,5R,6S)-2,6-bis-(3,5- dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo-[3.3.0]octane,(67). Structures for these compounds were confirmed on the basis of spectroscopic techniques such as 1- and 2-D NMR, high resolution MS and IR. The pest control activity studies of 15 compounds isolated or semi-synthesized from AYC heartwood were conducted at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Two types of studies were conducted--short-term (24h) and residual (over 1-4 weeks) activity for application against three types of pests related to human health - nymphal I. scapularis ticks, adult X cheopis fleas and adult Ae. eagypti mosquitoes. The 24 h studies revealed that nootkatone, valencene-13-aldehyde and valencene-13-ol were the most active among the studied compounds against the three pests. They exhibited highly improved pest control activities compared to valencene. This suggests that oxidation on both positions C-2 and C-13 of the eremophilane ring structure has an important effect on the activity. For compounds where the conformation of the eremophilane bicyclic ring has been altered, the activity seemed to diminish greatly. The above mentioned three compounds can be good candidates as pest control lead compounds. The residual studies revealed that the most active compounds exhibited activity profiles that generally decreased with time. Although the long-term safety of these compounds has yet to be evaluated, the natural origin and the long history of use of these compounds suggest that they can be promising candidates. This study revealed that the three most promising compounds in the 24 h study exhibited reasonably promising behavior, which makes them even stronger as pest control candidates.
Graduation date: 2004

Among Nature's creation, terpenoids are more versatile and exciting natural products. In a remarkable display of synthetic ingenuity and creativity, nature has endowed terpenes with a bewildering array of carbocyclic frameworks with unusual assemblage of rings and functionalities. This phenomenal structural diversity of terpenes makes them ideal targets for developing and testing new synthetic strategies for efficient articulation of carbocyclic frameworks. The thesis entitled “Enantiospecific approaches to komarovispiranes” describes the utility of the monoterpene α-campholenaldehyde as chiral starting material in the enantiospecific synthesis of a variety of bi- and tricyclic compounds, and enantiospecific first total synthesis of spiro diterpenes komarovispiranes. For convenience the results are described in two different sections, viz., (a) Chiral synthons from α-campholenaldehyde; and (b) Enantiospecific synthesis of a komarovispirane. In the thesis, the compounds are sequentially numbered (bold) and the references are marked sequentially as superscripts and listed in the last section of the thesis. Complete details of the experimental procedures and the spectroscopic data were provided in the experimental section. A brief introduction is provided wherever appropriate to keep the present work in proper perspective. All the spectra included in the thesis were obtained by xeroxing the original NMR spectra. Monoterpenes are widely used as chiral auxiliaries, but their potential as chiral synthons has not been properly exploited. In the present thesis, utility of α-campholenaldehyde, which is readily available from α-pinene in two steps, as chiral synthon has been demonstrated in the enantiospecific synthesis of a few bi- and tricarbocyclic frameworks as well as spiroditerpenes komarovispiranes. To begin with, synthesis of several bi- and tricyclic compounds, namely bicyclo[3.3.0]octan-3-one; bicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one; bicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one; 3-cyclopentylcyclopentanone; bicyclo[4.3.0]non-3-one; spiro[4.4]non-2-one; tricyclo[6.3.0.02,6]undecan-6-ol; and spiro[4.5]decan-2-one; have been accomplished employing an intramolecular rhodium carbenoid C-H insertion, intramolecular type II carbonyl ene cyclisation, intramolecular acid catalysed diazoketone cyclisation reactions and ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reaction as the key steps. Komarovispirone is a tricyclic spiro diterpene isolated from Dracocephalum komarovi Lipsky, a perennial semishrub available in Uzbekistan and exhibits trypanocidal activity. The novel diterpene containing an unusual carbon framework, cyclohexane spiro fused to bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane, coupled with the potential biological activity have made komarovispirone, and its analogues interesting and challenging synthetic targets. Initially, as a model study, enantiospecific synthesis of a bis-norkomarovispirane was developed employing 7,8,8-trimethylbicyclo[3.3.0]oct-6-en-3-one as the starting material, which was readily available from campholenaldehyde. A Claisen rearrangement and RCM reaction based methodology was developed for the spiroannulation of a cyclohexane ring at the C-3 position of the bicyclo[3.3.0]octan-3-one. For the enantiospecific first total synthesis of komarovispiranes, the AB-trans ring system was generated via ring expansion of 7,8,8-trimethylbicyclo[3.3.0]oct-6-en-3-one employing ozonolytic cleavage followed by an intramolecular aldol condensation reaction of the resultant keto aldehyde. For the generation of the ABC ring system of the komarovispiranes, initially, a Claisen rearrangement and intramolecular type II carbonyl ene reaction based methodology was developed for the spiroannulation of a cyclohexane ring at the C-8 position of the bicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-one. Subsequently, an alternate Claisen rearrangement-RCM reaction based methodology was also developed for the spiroannulation, and extended it to the first total synthesis of a komarovispirane.

Among Nature's creation, terpenoids are more versatile and exciting natural products. In a remarkable display of synthetic ingenuity and creativity, nature has endowed terpenes with a bewildering array of carbocyclic frameworks with unusual assemblage of rings and functionalities. This phenomenal structural diversity of terpenes makes them ideal targets for developing and testing new synthetic strategies for efficient articulation of carbocyclic frameworks. The thesis entitled “Enantiospecific approaches to komarovispiranes” describes the utility of the monoterpene α-campholenaldehyde as chiral starting material in the enantiospecific synthesis of a variety of bi- and tricyclic compounds, and enantiospecific first total synthesis of spiro diterpenes komarovispiranes. For convenience the results are described in two different sections, viz., (a) Chiral synthons from α-campholenaldehyde; and (b) Enantiospecific synthesis of a komarovispirane. In the thesis, the compounds are sequentially numbered (bold) and the references are marked sequentially as superscripts and listed in the last section of the thesis. Complete details of the experimental procedures and the spectroscopic data were provided in the experimental section. A brief introduction is provided wherever appropriate to keep the present work in proper perspective. All the spectra included in the thesis were obtained by xeroxing the original NMR spectra. Monoterpenes are widely used as chiral auxiliaries, but their potential as chiral synthons has not been properly exploited. In the present thesis, utility of α-campholenaldehyde, which is readily available from α-pinene in two steps, as chiral synthon has been demonstrated in the enantiospecific synthesis of a few bi- and tricarbocyclic frameworks as well as spiroditerpenes komarovispiranes. To begin with, synthesis of several bi- and tricyclic compounds, namely bicyclo[3.3.0]octan-3-one; bicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one; bicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one; 3-cyclopentylcyclopentanone; bicyclo[4.3.0]non-3-one; spiro[4.4]non-2-one; tricyclo[6.3.0.02,6]undecan-6-ol; and spiro[4.5]decan-2-one; have been accomplished employing an intramolecular rhodium carbenoid C-H insertion, intramolecular type II carbonyl ene cyclisation, intramolecular acid catalysed diazoketone cyclisation reactions and ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reaction as the key steps. Komarovispirone is a tricyclic spiro diterpene isolated from Dracocephalum komarovi Lipsky, a perennial semishrub available in Uzbekistan and exhibits trypanocidal activity. The novel diterpene containing an unusual carbon framework, cyclohexane spiro fused to bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane, coupled with the potential biological activity have made komarovispirone, and its analogues interesting and challenging synthetic targets. Initially, as a model study, enantiospecific synthesis of a bis-norkomarovispirane was developed employing 7,8,8-trimethylbicyclo[3.3.0]oct-6-en-3-one as the starting material, which was readily available from campholenaldehyde. A Claisen rearrangement and RCM reaction based methodology was developed for the spiroannulation of a cyclohexane ring at the C-3 position of the bicyclo[3.3.0]octan-3-one. For the enantiospecific first total synthesis of komarovispiranes, the AB-trans ring system was generated via ring expansion of 7,8,8-trimethylbicyclo[3.3.0]oct-6-en-3-one employing ozonolytic cleavage followed by an intramolecular aldol condensation reaction of the resultant keto aldehyde. For the generation of the ABC ring system of the komarovispiranes, initially, a Claisen rearrangement and intramolecular type II carbonyl ene reaction based methodology was developed for the spiroannulation of a cyclohexane ring at the C-8 position of the bicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-one. Subsequently, an alternate Claisen rearrangement-RCM reaction based methodology was also developed for the spiroannulation, and extended it to the first total synthesis of a komarovispirane.