Artículos de revistas: "Molecular Thin film"

1

Hu, Y.-Z., H. Wang, Y. Guo y L.-Q. Zheng. "Molecular dynamics simulation of ultra-thin lubricating films". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 212, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 1998): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/1350650981541976.

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Molecular dynamics simulation has been performed in the present study for a Lennard-Jones (LJ) fluid in Poiseuille flow to examine the Theological behaviour of ultra-thin lubricating films. The results show that as two solid walls continuously approach each other, the effective viscosity of the confined fluid increases and goes towards divergence; the critical pressure of the phase transition declines as the film thickness reduces; when the separation exceeds ten molecular layers, however, the pressure curve slopes gently and tends to an asymptotic value-the bulk transition pressure of the lubricant; and an in-plane ordering structure will develop in the film, which originates from the wall-fluid interface and grows towards the middle of the film as the system pressure increases. It is concluded that the rheological performance of the lubricant may become film thickness dependent and a solid-liquid transition may be induced when the film is molecularly thin.

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2

Moustakas, Theodore D. "Molecular Beam Epitaxy: Thin Film Growth and Surface Studies". MRS Bulletin 13, n.º 11 (noviembre de 1988): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400063892.

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Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) is a thin film deposition process in which thermal beams of atoms or molecules react on the clean surface of a single-crystalline substrate, held at high temperatures under ultrahigh vacuum conditions, to form an epitaxial film. Thus, contrary to the CVD processes described in the other articles, the MBE process is a physical method of thin film deposition.The vacuum requirements for the MBE process are typically better than 10−10torr. This makes it possible to grow epitaxial films with high purity and excellent crystal quality at relatively low substrate temperatures. Additionally, the ultrahigh vacuum environment allows the study of surface, interface, and bulk properties of the growing film in real time, by employing a variety of structural and analytical probes.Although the MBE deposition process was first proposed by Günther in 1958, its implementation had to wait for the development of the ultrahigh vacuum technology. In 1968 Davey and Pankey successfully grew epitaxial GaAs films by the MBE process. At the same time Arthur's work on the kinetics of GaAs growth laid the groundwork for the growth of high quality MBE films of GaAs and other III-V compounds by Arthur and LePore and Cho.

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3

Lukes, J. R., D. Y. Li, X. G. Liang y C. L. Tien. "Molecular Dynamics Study of Solid Thin-Film Thermal Conductivity". Journal of Heat Transfer 122, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2000): 536–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1288405.

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This study uses the molecular dynamics computational technique to investigate the thermal conductivity of solid thin films in the direction perpendicular to the film plane. In order to establish a benchmark reference, the computations are based on the widely used Lennard-Jones argon model due to its agreement with experimental liquid-phase data, its physically meaningful parameters, and its simple two-body form. Thermal conductivity increases with film thickness, as expected from thin-film experimental data and theoretical predictions. The calculated values are roughly 30 percent higher than anticipated. Varying the boundary conditions, heat flux, and lateral dimensions of the films causes no observable change in the thermal conductivity values. The present study also delineates the conditions necessary for meaningful thermal conductivity calculations and offers recommendations for efficient simulations. This work shows that molecular dynamics, applied under the correct conditions, is a viable tool for calculating the thermal conductivity of solid thin films. More generally, it demonstrates the potential of molecular dynamics for ascertaining microscale thermophysical properties in complex structures. [S0022-1481(00)02303-3]

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4

Whitten, David G., Tisato Kajiyama y Toyoki Kunitake. "Organic Thin Films: An Overview". MRS Bulletin 20, n.º 6 (junio de 1995): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400036927.

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The six articles comprising this issue of the MRS Bulletin deal with ultrathin films formed from organic molecules by a variety of techniques. In each case the component molecule forming the film is a relatively simple, single molecule which may or may not have important self-organizing properties that facilitate the formation of a film or related ordered molecular assembly. Taken together, the series of articles offer a concise look at the remarkable diversity and complexity of molecular thin films in terms of preparation and their properties.

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5

Del Caño, T., J. Duff y R. Aroca. "Molecular Spectra and Molecular Organization in Thin Solid Films of Bis(Neopentylimido) Perylene". Applied Spectroscopy 56, n.º 6 (junio de 2002): 744–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370202760077478.

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The synthesis, molecular spectra, and thin solid film properties of a perylene dye, bis(neopentylimido) perylene (BNPTCD),§ are reported. Absorption and emission molecular spectra are used to probe the structure of vacuum-evaporated thin films and Langmuir–Blodgett monolayers of BNPTCD. The experimental assignment of electronic, infrared, and Raman spectra are aided with calculated molecular structure and spectra using density functional theory (DFT) and Hartree–Fock (HF) computational methods at 6–31G level of theory. Characteristic vibrational modes and local symmetry of the planar perylene tetracarboxylic chromophore (PTCD) are used to extract molecular organization and film packing properties from spectral data collected using transmission and reflection-absorption (RAIRS) infrared spectroscopy. From the infrared spectra, using surface selection rules and polarization properties, it was extracted that the PTCD plane in BNPTCD is organized in the evaporated film with the plane head-on tilted over the substrate. After the molecular organization was identified, the effect of thermal annealing and solvent vapors on the film structure was examined. It is found that the PTCD plane turns to a flat-on orientation when the film is thermal annealed or solvent treated. The aggregation and molecular stacking in films was also inspected using the electronic absorption and fluorescence of monomers and aggregates.

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6

KADAU, K., R. MEYER y P. ENTEL. "MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS STUDY OF THIN IRON FILMS ON COPPER". Surface Review and Letters 06, n.º 01 (febrero de 1999): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x9900007x.

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We have studied the structural stability of thin γ-iron films on Cu(001) and Cu(111) substrates using molecular-dynamics simulations in combination with a semiempirical model. Experimentally, the stability of such films has turned out to depend on (growth) temperature and film thickness. On increasing the thickness or decreasing the temperature the films undergo a structural change to the bcc structure, which is well reproduced by our simulations. An analysis of the local atomic environment of the films after the structural transformation shows that, especially on Cu(001), only parts of the film accomplish the transformation into the bcc structure. Considerations of the atomic displacements during the transformation allow us to give an explanation of the different stability of the films on Cu(001) and Cu(111) as well as the observed orientational relationships.

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7

Baljon, Arlette R. C. y Mark O. Robbins. "Adhesion and Friction of Thin Films". MRS Bulletin 22, n.º 1 (enero de 1997): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400032292.

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Polymers are routinely placed between solid walls to provide lubrication or adhesion. Their function in these roles depends critically on the degree of dissipation within the polymer film and at the film/wall interface as the film shears or ruptures. Good lubrication is achieved by minimizing frictional dissipation while dissipation increases the strength of adhesive bonds.Gent and Schultz suggested a direct link between frictional losses and the adhesive performance of polymers. This correspondence has been supported by recent experiments and by some of the molecular-dynamics simulations to be described. However we find that the correspondence breaks down when the molecular motion producing dissipation occurs at different locations during shear and rupture. In the following sections, we discuss the types of rate-dependent dissipation observed in thin films and the different factors that control whether dissipation occurs within the polymer or at the wall/film interface. The results suggest an origin for interesting memory effects observed in surface-force-apparatus (SFA) experiments on thin films and expose the atomic-scale processes that produce dissipation during internal rupture of a thin film.

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8

NAGASAKA, MASAOMI, DAI IWASAKI, NAONORI SAKAMOTO, NAOKI WAKIYA y HISAO SUZUKI. "BaTiO3 THIN FILM BY CSD FROM MOLECULAR-DESIGNED PRECURSOR SOLUTION". Functional Materials Letters 05, n.º 02 (junio de 2012): 1260007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604712600077.

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BaTiO3 (BT) thin films were deposited by the cost effective method of a chemical solution deposition (CSD). 0.3 M BT precursor solution was prepared by the partial hydrolysis method. Partially hydrolyzed Ti -alkoxide and Ba precursor solution was reacted to prepare the highly polymerized BT precursor solution. BT precursor solution was spin-coated on a Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate with (100)-oriented LaNiO 3 (LNO) thin film electrode. In addition, effect of the pre-annealing at 600°C in O2 atmosphere was elucidated by measuring the electrical properties of the resulting BT thin films deposited by the different annealing process. As a result, molecular-design of the BT precursor and a LNO thin film electrode were effective to enhance the electrical properties of the resultant BT thin films, as well as 600°C pre-annealing.

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9

Heutz, Sandrine, Paul Sullivan, Brett M. Sanderson, Stephan M. Schultes y Tim S. Jones. "Molecular Thin Films for Optoelectronic Applications". Solid State Phenomena 121-123 (marzo de 2007): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.121-123.373.

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Organic molecular beam deposition (OMBD) is used for co-evaporation of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and C60 to form mixed films. Although pure single layers are crystalline, mixing leads to amorphous films in most cases, although phase segregation occurs for high concentrations of C60. An underlying CuPc single layer suppresses the segregation and leads to a homogeneous CuPc/C60 mixed film for all layer compositions. These effects are exploited in photovoltaic (PV) devices, where new architectures to improve device performance are investigated. Mixing the CuPc and C60 improves device performance, with the maximum efficiency (ηp = 1.17%) reached for devices containing 75% CuPc in the mixed layer, surrounded by pure layers at the electrode interfaces.

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10

Kato, T. y H. Matsuoka. "Molecular layering in thin-film elastohydrodynamics". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 213, n.º 5 (mayo de 1999): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/1350650991542730.

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11

Wright, John D. "Thin-film calorimetry and molecular electronics". Advanced Materials 3, n.º 4 (abril de 1991): 208–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19910030411.

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12

Zhang, Xing Li, Zhao Wei Sun y Guo Qiang Wu. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation on the Out-of Plane Thermal Conductivity of Single-Crystal Carbon Thin Films". Advanced Materials Research 60-61 (enero de 2009): 430–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.60-61.430.

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In this article, we select corresponding Tersoff potential energy to build potential energy model and investigate the thermal conductivities of single-crystal carbon thin-film. The equilibrium molecular dynamics (EMD) method is used to calculate the nanometer thin film thermal conductivity of diamond crystal at crystal direction (001), and the non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) is used to calculate the nanometer thin film thermal conductivity of diamond crystal at crystal direction (111). The results of calculations demonstrate that the nanometer thin film thermal conductivity of diamond crystal is remarkably lower than the corresponding bulk experimental data and increase with increasing the film thickness, and the nanometer thin film thermal conductivity of diamond crystal relates to film thickness linearly in the simulative range. The nanometer thin film thermal conductivity also demonstrates certain regularity with the change of temperature. This work shows that molecular dynamics, applied under the correct conditions, is a viable tool for calculating the thermal conductivity of nanometer thin films.

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13

Zhou, Ligui y M. Thakur. "Molecular orientation in single crystal thin films of N-(4-nitrophenyl)-(L)-prolinol". Journal of Materials Research 13, n.º 1 (enero de 1998): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0018.

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Thin single crystal films of N-(4-nitrophenyl)-(L)-prolinol (NPP) were prepared using the modified shear method. The surface orientation of the single crystal films was determined by x-ray diffraction and was found to be [101]. Polarized microscopy showed uniform birefringence and complete extinction when the thin film was rotated under crossed polarization, implying single crystal thin films with uniform surface were obtained. The molecular orientation in the NPP thin film was studied by polarized UV-visible and polarized micro-FTIR spectroscopy along with x-ray diffraction. The orientation of the NPP molecules was found to be almost parallel to the plane of the film. This parallel orientation is because of the polar (hydrogen bonding) interaction of the −(OH) and the N=O groups of the NPP molecule with the hydrophilic substrate surface. The results of the second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements are consistent with such a molecular orientation. These results show that the final molecular and crystallographic orientation in the film is determined by its initial molecule-substrate interaction.

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14

Smilgies, Detlef-M. y Daniel R. Blasini. "Indexation scheme for oriented molecular thin films studied with grazing-incidence reciprocal-space mapping". Journal of Applied Crystallography 40, n.º 4 (13 de julio de 2007): 716–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889807023382.

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Thin films of small molecules relevant to organic electronics applications often show a confusing degree of polymorphism. An effective reciprocal-space mapping scheme has been developed in order to find and index thin-film reflections which are related to previously known molecular structures. By method of elimination, thin-film reflections due to novel thin-film phases can thus be identified.

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15

Gaffo, Luciana, Andrelson W. Rinaldi, Marcos J. L. Santos y Emerson M. Girotto. "Electrochemically induced orientation of copper phthalocyanine thin films". Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 11, n.º 08 (agosto de 2007): 618–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424607000722.

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The dependence of the electrochromic and organizational behaviors of copper phthalocyanine ( CuPc ) evaporated thin films on oxidation level have been investigated. UV-vis experiments with CuPc thin film obtained before cyclic voltammetry display two Q bands in the region between 600 and 700 nm, which correspond to the α form of CuPc . The FTIR spectra show an improved molecular orientation of CuPc molecules, obtained after the electrochemical process. Molecules in the film in the oxidized state (1.27 V) display a plane parallel to the film surface, indicating a flat-on molecular orientation. Spectrum changes observed after one complete voltammetric cycle (between −0.5 and 1.5 V) show an evolution from a mixed molecular organization to an edge-on organization.

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16

Chang, Chao Cheng. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Aluminium Thin Film Surface Activated Bonding". Key Engineering Materials 486 (julio de 2011): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.486.127.

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This study used molecular dynamics simulations with an embedded-atom method (EAM) potential to investigate the effect of surface roughness on the surface activated bonding (SAB) of aluminium thin films. The simulations started with the bonding process and followed by the tensile test for estimating bonding strength. By averaging the atomic stresses over the entire system, the stress-time curves for the bonded films under a tensile condition were predicted. Moreover, the evolution of the crystal structure in the local atomic order was examined by the common neighbour analysis. The simulated results show that the decrease in the surface roughness of thin film improves the bonding strength. The observed recrystallization processes inside the bonded thin films also reveal that the plastic deformation of the aluminium surface due to atomic attracting force compensates surface roughness.

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17

KIM, Su Jae, Miyeon CHEON y Se-Young JEONG. "Making Metallic Thin Films Atomically Flat". Physics and High Technology 29, n.º 7/8 (31 de agosto de 2020): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/phit.29.024.

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Can we control the flatness of the surface of a thin film down to the level of individual atoms? Can we further make such an ultraflat surface on a wafer scale? For such purposes, the current deposition methods, including molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), atomic layer deposition (ALD) and conventional sputtering methods, are still not adequate. In this article, we introduce a novel thin film deposition technique developed by modifying a simple sputtering method to make atomically flat metallic surfaces and a new way to investigate the structural details of thin films grown at the atomic level. For thin film, heteroepitaxial growth of a crystalline film on a different crystalline substrate is usual, and the lattice mismatch between the crystalline film and the substrate occurring in heteroepitaxy produces many misfits at the interface, which create various defects, including dislocations and grain boundaries that eventually lead to a rough surface and the deterioration of the overall quality of the crystal. The metamorphic growth method utilizing the extended atomic distance mismatch (EADM) helps to achieve successful growth of thin films in spite of a large lattice mismatch by calculating the match for a relatively long period in advance. Having an ultraflat surface for thin films made of metals such as copper has many advantages. Several advantages and possible applications of metal thin films with ultraflat surfaces are introduced.

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18

Iwamori, Satoru. "Adhesion and Friction Properties of Fluorocarbon Polymer Thin Films Coated onto Metal Substrates". Key Engineering Materials 384 (junio de 2008): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.384.311.

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Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)(PTFE) thin films were coated onto metal substrates by a spin coat apparatus, vacuum evaporator and RF sputtering, and their adhesion and friction properties evaluated. PTFE thin film coated onto nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) substrate by spin coating showed a low friction coefficient, however pull strength between the thin film and Ni-Ti substrate was low. In order to increase the pull strength, PTFE and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite thin films were introduced between the PTFE thin film and Ni-Ti substrate by spin coating. PTFE thin film was also coated onto SUS302 substrate by a vacuum evaporator. This PTFE thin film showed poor adhesion to the SUS302 substrate. The adhesion was enhanced by heating of the substrate during the evaporation. In addition, a PTFE and ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) composite thin film showed higher adhesion strength than that of the PTFE thin film. Poly(fluorocarbon) thin films were prepared by a conventional RF sputtering with PTFE target. These thin films showed a higher friction coefficient than that of the pristine PTFE. Molecular structures of the poly(fluorocarbon) thin films prepared by RF sputtering were different from the pristine PTFE. This difference may have influenced the friction coefficient. The pull strength of metal thin films such as gold, copper, nickel and aluminum deposited on the sputtered PTFE thin films by vacuum evaporation was measured. The nickel thin film adhered to the PTFE thin film most strongly of all the thin films.

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19

Sibanda, David, Sunday Temitope Oyinbo, Tien-Chien Jen y Ayotunde Idris Ibitoye. "A Mini Review on Thin Film Superconductors". Processes 10, n.º 6 (14 de junio de 2022): 1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10061184.

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Thin superconducting films have been a significant part of superconductivity research for more than six decades. They have had a significant impact on the existing consensus on the microscopic and macroscopic nature of the superconducting state. Thin-film superconductors have properties that are very different and superior to bulk material. Amongst the various classification criteria, thin-film superconductors can be classified into Fe based thin-film superconductors, layered titanium compound thin-film superconductors, intercalation compounds of layered and cage-like structures, and other thin-film superconductors that do not fall into these groups. There are various techniques of manufacturing thin films, which include atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapour deposition (CVD), physical vapour deposition (PVD), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), sputtering, electron beam evaporation, laser ablation, cathodic arc, and pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Thin film technology offers a lucrative scheme of creating engineered surfaces and opens a wide exploration of prospects to modify material properties for specific applications, such as those that depend on surfaces. This review paper reports on the different types and groups of superconductors, fabrication of thin-film superconductors by MBE, PLD, and ALD, their applications, and various challenges faced by superconductor technologies. Amongst all the thin film manufacturing techniques, more focus is put on the fabrication of thin film superconductors by atomic layer deposition because of the growing popularity the process has gained in the past decade.

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20

Sa, Y. K., Junghwan Bang, Junhyuk Son, Dong-Yurl Yu y Yun-Chan Kim. "Enhanced Thermo–Mechanical Reliability of Ultralow-K Dielectrics with Self-Organized Molecular Pores". Materials 14, n.º 9 (28 de abril de 2021): 2284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092284.

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This paper reported the enhancement in thermo-mechanical properties and chemical stability of porous SiCOH dielectric thin films fabricated with molecularly scaled pores of uniform size and distribution. The resulting porous dielectric thin films were found to exhibit far stronger resistance to thermo-mechanical instability mechanisms common to conventional SiCOH dielectric thin films without forgoing an ultralow dielectric constant (i.e., ultralow-k). Specifically, the elastic modulus measured by nano-indentation was 13 GPa, which was substantially higher than the value of 6 GPa for a porous low-k film deposited by a conventional method, while dielectric constant exhibited an identical value of 2.1. They also showed excellent resistance against viscoplastic deformation, as measured by the ball indentation method, which represented the degree of chemical degradation of the internal bonds. Indentation depth was measured at 5 nm after a 4-h indentation test at 400 °C, which indicated an ~89% decrease compared with conventional SiCOH film. Evolution of film shrinkage and dielectric constant after annealing and plasma exposure were reduced in the low-k film with a self-organized molecular film. Analysis of the film structure via Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated an increase in symmetric linear Si–O–Si molecular chains with terminal –CH3 bonds that were believed to be responsible for both the decrease in dipole moment/dielectric constant and the formation of molecular scaled pores. The observed enhanced mechanical and chemical properties were also attributed to this unique nano-porous structure.

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21

Huang, Jen Ching, Fu Jen Cheng y Chun Song Yang. "The Study on Young's Modulus of Multilayered Cu/Ni Multilayered Nano Thin Films by Molecular Dynamics Simulation". Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (febrero de 2014): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.113.

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The Youngs modulus of multilayered nanothin films is an important property. This paper focused to investigate the Youngs Modulus of Multilayered Ni/Cu Multilayered nanoThin Films under different condition by Molecular Dynamics Simulation. The NVT ensemble and COMPASS potential function were employed in the simulation. The multilayered nanothin film contained the Ni and Cu thin films in sequence. From simulation results, it is found that the Youngs modulus of Cu/Ni multilayered nanothin film is different at different lattice orientations, temperatures and strain rate. After experiments, it can be found that the Youngs modulus of multilayered nanothin film in the plane (100) is highest. As thickness of the thin film and system temperature rises, Youngs modulus of multilayered nanothin film is reduced instead. And, the strain rate increases, the Youngs modulus of Cu/Ni multilayered nanothin film will also increase.

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22

Pailthorpe, B. y P. Mahon. "Molecular dynamics simulations of thin film diamond". Thin Solid Films 193-194 (enero de 1990): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(05)80009-4.

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23

Garnier, Francis. "Thin film transistors based on molecular semiconductors". Pure and Applied Chemistry 68, n.º 7 (1 de enero de 1996): 1455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199668071455.

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Sandstrom, Mary M. y Paul Fuierer. "Sol-gel synthesis of textured lanthanum titanate thin films". Journal of Materials Research 18, n.º 2 (febrero de 2003): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0046.

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Control over crystallographic orientation in thin films is important, particularly with highly anisotropic structures. Because of its ferroelectric nature, the layered perovskite La2Ti2O7 has interesting piezoelectric and electrooptic properties that may be exploited when films are highly textured. Sol-gel films with an orientation factor of greater than 95% were fabricated without relying on epitaxial (lattice-matching) growth from the substrate. Film orientation and crystallization were confirmed by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and optical measurements. The particle sizes in all precursor solutions were measured by dynamic light scattering experiments. Experimental results indicate that film orientation is a function of precursor solution concentration, size of the molecular clusters in the solution, and film thickness.

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Grigoriev, Fedor Vasilievich, Vladimir Borisovich Sulimov y Alexander Vladimirovich Tikhonravov. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Laser Induced Heating of Silicon Dioxide Thin Films". Nanomaterials 11, n.º 11 (6 de noviembre de 2021): 2986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11112986.

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The full-atomistic classical molecular dynamics simulation of the laser heating of silicon dioxide thin films is performed. Both dense isotropic films and porous anisotropic films are investigated. It is assumed that heating occurs due to nodal structural defects, which are currently considered one of the possible causes of laser induced damage. It is revealed that heating to a temperature of 1000 K insignificantly affects the structure of the films and the concentration of point defects responsible for the radiation absorption. An increase in the heating temperature to 2000 K leads to the growth of the concentration of these defects. For “as deposited” films, this growth is greater in the case of a porous film deposited at a high deposition angle. Annealing of film reduces the difference in the concentration of laser induced defects in dense and porous films. The possible influence of optical active defects arising due to heating on the laser induced damage threshold is discussed.

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26

Torii, Kazuyoshi, Fumiko Yano y Yoshihisa Fujisaki. "Role of ozone in reactive coevaporation of lead zirconate titanate thin films". Journal of Materials Research 13, n.º 4 (abril de 1998): 1015–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0142.

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The role of ozone in the reactive coevaporation of the lead zirconate titanate thin film was investigated by depositing films at various growth rates with various ozone fluxes or molecular oxygen fluxes on unheated substrates and then crystallizing them using rapid thermal annealing. The oxidation state of lead in the as-deposited film was determined from the ratio of the ozone to the total metal fluxes. The amount of atomic oxygen supplied to the surface of the film was at least 103 times larger when the deposition was done using ozone rather than molecular oxygen. When the ozone flux was more than one-third of the total metal flux, well-oxidized films were obtained. To ensure obtaining well-oxidized film, the ozone flax should be more than twice as much.

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27

Wang, Xintai, Sara Sangtarash, Angelo Lamantia, Hervé Dekkiche, Leonardo Forcieri, Oleg V. Kolosov, Samuel P. Jarvis et al. "Thermoelectric properties of organic thin films enhanced by π–π stacking". Journal of Physics: Energy 4, n.º 2 (23 de marzo de 2022): 024002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/ac55a3.

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Abstract Thin films comprising synthetically robust, scalable molecules have been shown to have major potential for thermoelectric energy harvesting. Previous studies of molecular thin-films have tended to focus on massively parallel arrays of discrete but identical conjugated molecular wires assembled as a monolayer perpendicular to the electrode surface and anchored via a covalent bond, know as self-assembled monolayers. In these studies, to optimise the thermoelectric properties of the thin-film there has been a trade-off between synthetic complexity of the molecular components and the film performance, limiting the opportunities for materials integration into practical thermoelectric devices. In this work, we demonstrate an alternative strategy for enhancing the thermoelectric performance of molecular thin-films. We have built up a series of films, of controlled thickness, where the basic units—here zinc tetraphenylporphyrin—lie parallel to the electrodes and are linked via π–π stacking. We have compared three commonly used fabrications routes and characterised the resulting films with scanning probe and computational techniques. Using a Langmuir-Blodgett fabrication technique, we successfully enhanced the thermopower perpendicular to the plane of the ZnTPP multilayer film by a factor of 10, relative to the monolayer, achieving a Seebeck coefficient of −65 μV K−1. Furthermore, the electronic transport of the system, perpendicular to the plane of the films, was observed to follow the tunnelling regime for multi-layered films, and the transport efficiency was comparable with most conjugated systems. Furthermore, scanning thermal microscopy characterisation shows a factor of 7 decrease in thermal conductance with increasing film thickness from monolayer to multilayer, indicating enhanced thermoelectric performance in a π–π stacked junction.

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Elschner, Chris, Alexandr A. Levin, Lutz Wilde, Jörg Grenzer, Christian Schroer, Karl Leo y Moritz Riede. "Determining the C60 molecular arrangement in thin films by means of X-ray diffraction". Journal of Applied Crystallography 44, n.º 5 (8 de septiembre de 2011): 983–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s002188981103531x.

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The electrical and optical properties of molecular thin films are widely used, for instance in organic electronics, and depend strongly on the molecular arrangement of the organic layers. It is shown here how atomic structural information can be obtained from molecular films without further knowledge of the single-crystal structure. C60 fullerene was chosen as a representative test material. A 250 nm C60 film was investigated by grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction and the data compared with a Bragg–Brentano X-ray diffraction measurement of the corresponding C60 powder. The diffraction patterns of both powder and film were used to calculate the pair distribution function (PDF), which allowed an investigation of the short-range order of the structures. With the help of the PDF, a structure model for the C60 molecular arrangement was determined for both C60 powder and thin film. The results agree very well with a classical whole-pattern fitting approach for the C60 diffraction patterns.

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29

Kim, Shinae, Wi Hyoung Lee, Junyoung Mun, Hwa Sung Lee y Yeong Don Park. "Marginal solvents preferentially improve the molecular order of thin polythiophene films". RSC Advances 6, n.º 28 (2016): 23640–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra00504g.

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The impact of the solvent exposure was more pronounced in thin P3HT films, especially at the center of the film. Concomitant with the improved ordering, the charge carrier transport increased in the resulting field-effect transistors.

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30

Schuller, Ivan K. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Epitaxial Growth". MRS Bulletin 13, n.º 11 (noviembre de 1988): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400063880.

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The growth of thin films has been instrumental in the study of many areas of material science, physics, metallurgy, and chemistry and is an important ingredient in the development of many devices. Although experimental studies have been extensively pursued for many years, theoretical studies have only been performed using model calculations which rely on a number of unknown parameters a priori. Only recently have attempts been made to understand thin film growth using realtime numerical simulation. The main reason for the recent increase of such studies is the development of computers capable of tackling a problem of the magnitude required to understand thin film growth. The phenomena present in thin film growth occur for systems containing many particles (e.g., columnar growth) and long relaxation times, which strain the capabilities presently available in modern supercomputers. Further increases in computational power might bring a number of important problems within reach and improve our understanding of thin film growth at the microscopic level.I will present a number of epitaxial growth studies we have performed using molecular dynamics (MD) techniques. I will show that a number of properties predicted by these calculations are in good agreement with experimental observations. These include the microcrystalline and epitaxial growth of metal films, the growth of amorphous films in mixtures of metals, and the vapor phase growth of silicon. Finally, I will outline several important studies yet to be implemented.

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31

Wieland, Maria B., Anna G. Slater, Barry Mangham, Neil R. Champness y Peter H. Beton. "Fullerenes as adhesive layers for mechanical peeling of metallic, molecular and polymer thin films". Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 5 (2 de abril de 2014): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.46.

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We show that thin films of C60 with a thickness ranging from 10 to 100 nm can promote adhesion between a Au thin film deposited on mica and a solution-deposited layer of the elastomer polymethyldisolaxane (PDMS). This molecular adhesion facilitates the removal of the gold film from the mica support by peeling and provides a new approach to template stripping which avoids the use of conventional adhesive layers. The fullerene adhesion layers may also be used to remove organic monolayers and thin films as well as two-dimensional polymers which are pre-formed on the gold surface and have monolayer thickness. Following the removal from the mica support the monolayers may be isolated and transferred to a dielectric surface by etching of the gold thin film, mechanical transfer and removal of the fullerene layer by annealing/dissolution. The use of this molecular adhesive layer provides a new route to transfer polymeric films from metal substrates to other surfaces as we demonstrate for an assembly of covalently-coupled porphyrins.

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32

Wang, Binjun, Yunqiang Jiang y Chun Xu. "Phase Transition in Iron Thin Films Containing Coherent Twin Boundaries: A Molecular Dynamics Approach". Materials 13, n.º 16 (17 de agosto de 2020): 3631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13163631.

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Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, the austenitic and martensitic phase transitions in pure iron (Fe) thin films containing coherent twin boundaries (TBs) have been studied. Twelve thin films with various crystalline structures, thicknesses and TB fractions were investigated to study the roles of the free surface and TB in the phase transition. In the austenitic phase transition, the new phase nucleates mainly at the (112)bcc TB in the thicker films. The (111¯)bcc free surface only attends to the nucleation, when the film is extremely thin. The austenitic transition temperature shows weak dependence on the film thickness in thicker films, while an obvious transition temperature decrease is found in a thinner film. TB fraction has only slight influence on the austenitic temperature. In the martensitic phase transition, both the (1¯10)fcc free surface and (111)fcc TB attribute to the new body-center-cubic (bcc) phase nucleation. The martensitic transition temperature increases with decreased film thickness and TB fraction does not influent the transition temperature. In addition, the transition pathways were analyzed. The austenitic transition obeys the Burgers pathway while both the Kurdjumov–Sachs (K–S) and Nishiyama–Wassermann (N–W) relationship are observed in the martensitic phase transition. This work may help to understand the mechanism of phase transition in the Fe nanoscaled system containing a pre-existing defect.

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33

Lind, Mary Laura, Byeong-Heon Jeong, Arun Subramani, Xiaofei Huang y Eric M. V. Hoek. "Effect of mobile cation on zeolite-polyamide thin film nanocomposite membranes". Journal of Materials Research 24, n.º 5 (mayo de 2009): 1624–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0189.

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Hybrid zeolite-polyamide thin film nanocomposite (TFN) reverse osmosis membranes were synthesized by incorporating Linde type A (LTA)-type zeolite molecular sieve nanocrystals in the interfacial polymerization reaction used to form polyamide thin films. Nanocrystals were prepared with two different mobile cations (Na+ and Ag+) exchanged within the LTA crystal matrix. Incorporation of molecular sieve nanocrystals into polyamide thin films during interfacial polymerization was verified by infrared spectroscopy. Both TFN membranes exhibited higher water permeability, while maintaining similar salt rejection to pure polyamide thin film composite membranes. Nanocomposite thin films containing LTA nanocrystals in the silver form (AgA) produced a greater increase in water permeability than those in the sodium form (NaA). Furthermore, AgA-TFN membranes exhibited more hydrophilic and smooth interfaces, which appeared to inhibit adhesion of bacteria cells onto the membranes. The AgA nanocrystals exhibited significant bactericidal activity; however, when encapsulated within polyamide thin films the antimicrobial activity was significantly reduced.

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34

Nagai, Hiroki, Naoki Ogawa y Mitsunobu Sato. "Deep-Ultraviolet Transparent Conductive MWCNT/SiO2 Composite Thin Film Fabricated by UV Irradiation at Ambient Temperature onto Spin-Coated Molecular Precursor Film". Nanomaterials 11, n.º 5 (20 de mayo de 2021): 1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051348.

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Deep-ultraviolet (DUV) light-transparent conductive composite thin films, consisting of dispersed multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and SiO2 matrix composites, were fabricated on a quartz glass substrate. Transparent and well-adhered amorphous thin films, with a thickness of 220 nm, were obtained by weak ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (4 mW cm−2 at 254 nm) for more than 6 h at 20−40 °C onto the precursor films, which were obtained by spin coating with a mixed solution of MWCNT in water and Si(IV) complex in ethanol. The electrical resistivity of MWCNT/SiO2 composite thin film is 0.7 Ω·cm, and transmittance in the wavelength region from DUV to visible light is higher than 80%. The MWCNT/SiO2 composite thin film showed scratch resistance at pencil hardness of 8H. Importantly, the resistivity of the MWCNT/SiO2 composite thin film was maintained at the original level even after heat treatment at 500 °C for 1 h. It was observed that the heat treatment of the composite thin film improved durability against both aqueous solutions involving a strong acid (HCl) and a strong base (NaOH).

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35

Chen, Jihua, David C. Martin y John E. Anthony. "Morphology and molecular orientation of thin-film bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene". Journal of Materials Research 22, n.º 6 (junio de 2007): 1701–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0220.

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As a modification to the insoluble and herringbone-structured pentacene, bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) (TIPS) pentacene has two bulky side groups, leading to good solubility in common organic solvents and regular π–π stacking arrangements in the crystalline state. Solution processing of TIPS–pentacene thin films was investigated as a function of various process parameters in this work. Electron diffraction results suggested that TIPS–pentacene molecules tended to align with the acene unit edge on to the substrate, touching down with their bulky side groups. In a TIPS–pentacene polycrystalline film, the long axis of individual crystallite is [2 1 0], while the shorter axis is [1 ¯20]. High-resolution electron microscopy was used to study the local crystal structure and characteristic defects of TIPS–pentacene thin films. Due to the nonaromatic side groups, TIPS–pentacene was found to be significantly more sensitive to the electron beam (critical dose Jc= 0.05 C/cm2at 300 kV) than pentacene itself (Jc= 0.2 C/cm2at 100 kV).

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36

Jang, Siyoul y John Tichy. "Rheological Models for Thin Film EHL Contacts". Journal of Tribology 117, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1995): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2830602.

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Rheological behavior in concentrated contacts has been studied extensively. In certain conditions such as a rough concentrated contact or sliding of nominally flat surfaces, films may be of molecular (nanometer) scale. The question arises as to whether the application of any viscous fluid model is appropriate. In this study, elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis is performed on three candidate rheological models: (1) the classical case of viscosity variation with pressure, (2) an isoviscous model which idealizes porous layers on the solid surfaces representing the molecular microstructure, and (3) an isoviscous model which includes van der Waals and solvation surface forces. The latter two models predict behavior similar to classical behavior. The study is not sufficiently sensitive to determine which model best predicts experimental results, but some credence must be given to the latter two because experimental evidence suggests that Reynolds’ equation is not valid for molecularly thin films.

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37

Peng, Tiefeng, Siyuan Yang, Fan Xiang, Yunpei Liang, Qibin Li, Xuechao Gao y Sanjun Liu. "Film tension of liquid nano-film from molecular modeling". International Journal of Modern Physics B 31, n.º 04 (6 de febrero de 2017): 1750016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979217500163.

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Due to its geometry simplicity, the forces of thin liquid film are widely investigated and equivalently employed to explore the phys–chemical properties and mechanical stability of many other surfaces or colloid ensembles. The surface tension of bulk liquid ([Formula: see text]) and film tension ([Formula: see text]) are the most important parameters. Considering the insufficiency of detailed interpretation of film tension under micro-scale circumstances, a method for film tension was proposed based on numerical modeling. Assuming surface tension at different slab thicknesses being identical to the surface tension of film, the surface tension and disjoining pressure were subsequently used to evaluate the film tension based on the derivation of film thermodynamics, and a decreasing tendency was discovered for low temperature regions. The influence of saline concentration on nano-films was also investigated, and the comparison of film tensions suggested that higher concentration yielded larger film tension, with stronger decreasing intensity as a function of film thickness. Meanwhile, at thick film range (15–20 nm), film tension of higher concentration film continued to decrease as thickness increase, however it arrived to constant value for that of lower concentration. Finally, it was found that the film tension was almost independent on the film curvature, but varied with the thickness. The approach is applicable to symmetric emulsion films containing surfactants and bi-layer lipid films.

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38

Oshima, Takumi, Masaya Nohara, Takuya Hoshina, Hiroaki Takeda y Takaaki Tsurumi. "Characterization of Cu₂O Thin Film Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy". Key Engineering Materials 582 (septiembre de 2013): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.582.157.

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We report the growth of Cu2O thin films on glass and MgO(100) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Crystal orientation of Cu2O thin films on glass substrate were changed from (100) to (111) with increasing the deposition rate. The Cu2O thin films were epitaxially grown on MgO(100) substrate with an orientation relationship of Cu2O(110) // MgO(100). The film quality and electrical properties of Cu2O thin films were changed with deposition rate. The slow deposition rate resulted in high conductivity and mobility, as well as good crystallinity and orientation.

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39

Hwang, Young Kyu, Ajit Singh Mamman, K. R. Patil, Lee Kyung Kim, Jin Soo Hwang y Jong San Chang. "Reflectometry Studies of Mesoporous Silica Thin Films". Solid State Phenomena 135 (febrero de 2008): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.135.31.

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Reflectometry technique has been successfully applied to investigate the correlation between the porosity and optical property (refractive index) of the ordered mesoporous thin film deposited on silicon wafer substrates. The measured optical spectra were simulated by the Effective Medium approximation model. The reflectometry technique has been found to be appropriate for the measurement of thickness of thin films as well as thick layer films. The mesoporous silica films prepared from tri-block copolymer (F-127) as a surfactant and polypropylene oxide as a swelling agent were subsequently exposed to the ammonia vapors to enhance thermal stability and shrinkage minimization of the film that results in increased film thickness.

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40

Yamashita, Masashi, Yukari Ishikawa, Hitoshi Ohsato y Noriyoshi Shibata. "Growth and Characterization of AlBN Polycrystalline Thin Film by Radio-Frequency Plasma-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy". Key Engineering Materials 301 (enero de 2006): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.301.95.

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An AlBN thin film with a boron content (B/(Al+B)) of 0.1 or 0.3 was obtained by radio-frequency plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (RF-MBE) using EB-guns as group-III element sources and an RF radical source for nitrogen supply. We compared the characteristics of the film with those of AlN and BN films. By reflective high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), we observed ring patterns in the AlBN film. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) N1s peak of the AlBN film was observed at a binding energy between the peaks of AlN and BN. There was no evidence for phase separation in the film.

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41

Seo, Jong Hyun, Jae Hong Jeon y Hee Hwan Choe. "Prevention of Thin Film Failures for PECVD Amorphous-Si on Plastic Substrate". Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (junio de 2007): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.387.

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Amorphous silicon thin films were deposited below 160oC on PES plastic films using PECVD. After thin film deposition using PECVD, thin film failures such as film delamination and cracking often occurred. For successful growth of thin films (about 2000 Å) without their failures, it is necessary to solve the critical problem related to the internal compressive stress (some GPa) leading to delamination at a threshold thickness value of the films. The Griffith’s theory explains the failure process by looking at the excess of elastic energy inside the film, which overcomes the cohesive energy between film and substrate. In this work, reducing a-Si layer film thickness and optimizing a barrier SiNx layer have produced stable a-Si films at 150oC, over PES substrates.

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42

Liu, Zhi Qiang, Jie Li, Nai Gen Zhou y Jian Ning Wei. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ni/Cu Epitaxial Thin Film Growth". Advanced Materials Research 320 (agosto de 2011): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.320.373.

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In this paper, the growth process of Ni deposited on the Cu() surface at 300K and 700K was simulated by molecular dynamics. The impact of the substrate temperature on the growth pattern and structure of thin film was investigated. The simulation results show that, at the higher substrate temperature, the surface of thin film is smoother and the growth pattern of thin film is two-dimensional layer, however, at the lower temperature, the growth mode of thin film is three-dimensional island.

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43

Ivancic, Robert J. S. y Robert A. Riggleman. "Dynamic phase transitions in freestanding polymer thin films". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, n.º 41 (2 de octubre de 2020): 25407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006703117.

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After more than two decades of study, many fundamental questions remain unanswered about the dynamics of glass-forming materials confined to thin films. Experiments and simulations indicate that free interfaces enhance dynamics over length scales larger than molecular sizes, and this effect strengthens at lower temperatures. The nature of the influence of interfaces, however, remains a point of significant debate. In this work, we explore the properties of the nonequilibrium phase transition in dynamics that occurs in trajectory space between high- and low-mobility basins in a set of model polymer freestanding films. In thick films, the film-averaged mobility transition is broader than the bulk mobility transition, while in thin films it is a variant of the bulk result shifted toward a higher bias. Plotting this transition’s local coexistence points against the distance from the films’ surface shows thick films have surface and film-center transitions, while thin films practically have a single transition throughout the film. These observations are reminiscent of thermodynamic capillary condensation of a vapor–liquid phase between parallel plates, suggesting they constitute a demonstration of such an effect in a trajectory phase transition in the dynamics of a structural glass former. Moreover, this transition bears similarities to several experiments exhibiting anomalous behavior in the glass transition upon reducing film thickness below a material-dependent onset, including the broadening of the glass transition and the homogenization of surface and bulk glass transition temperatures.

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44

Heita Shafudah, Natangue, Hiroki Nagai, Yutaka Suwazono, Ryuhei Ozawa, Yukihiro Kudoh, Taiju Takahashi, Takeyoshi Onuma y Mitsunobu Sato. "Hydrophilic Titania Thin Films from a Molecular Precursor Film Formed via Electrospray Deposition on a Quartz Glass Substrate Precoated with Carbon Nanotubes". Coatings 10, n.º 11 (29 de octubre de 2020): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10111050.

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Titania precursor films were electrosprayed on a quartz glass substrate, which was pre-modified with an ultra-thin film obtained by spin-coating a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) dispersed solution. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the thin films obtained by heat-treating the precursor films at 500 °C in air for 1 h indicated that the formed crystals were anatase. A new route to fabricate transparent thin films on the insulating substrate via electrospray deposition (ESD) was thus attained. The photoluminescence spectrum of the thin film showed a peak at 2.23 eV, assignable to the self-trapped exciton of anatase. The Raman spectrum of the thin film demonstrated that heat treatment is useful for removing SWCNTs. The thin film showed a water contact angle of 14 ± 2° even after being kept under dark conditions for 1 h, indicating a high level of hydrophilicity. Additionally, the thin film had a super-hydrophilic surface with a water contact angle of 1 ± 1° after ultraviolet light irradiation with an intensity of 4.5 mW cm−2 at 365 nm for 1 h. The importance of Ti3+ ions in the co-present amorphous phase, which was dominantly formed via the ESD process, for hydrophilicity was also clarified by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

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45

Ran, Yixin, Jinde Yu, Fan Cao, Jifa Yu, Laju Bu y Guanghao Lu. "In situ infrared spectroscopy depth profilometer for organic thin films". Review of Scientific Instruments 93, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2022): 113901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0098346.

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Organic films are widely used in organic optoelectronics due to their flexibility, low-cost fabrication, and ability to be processed over large areas. Typically, the composition of these thin films varies along the film depth direction. In this work, we present a home-developed in situ instrument comprised of a capacitive coupled plasma generator in combination with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, to measure the composition distribution along the film-normal direction. During the measurement, the film is sequentially etched by the soft plasma and the evolution of the infrared spectra of the film is in situ monitored by a spectrometer, from which the film-depth-dependent infrared spectra are extracted. The film-depth resolution of this analytical method has been improved to ∼1 nanometer. Thus, it is possible to calculate the composition that varies with depth by utilizing this analysis method. This equipment, which can be applied effectively to the characterization of thin films for both conjugated and unconjugated organic molecules by directly measuring their distinctive molecular vibration signatures, is simple and clear to set up in a large number of laboratories.

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46

Yanagisawa, M. "Molecular Dynamics of Thin Lubricant Films on Sol-Gel SiO2Surfaces for Thin Film Magnetic Disks". Tribology Transactions 37, n.º 3 (enero de 1994): 629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402009408983339.

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47

Fischer, Roland A., Alexander Miehr y Markus M. Schulte. "Bimetallic Fe/Ga thin films from single sources; molecular control of the thin film stoichiometry". Advanced Materials 7, n.º 1 (enero de 1995): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19950070113.

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48

Povarnitsyn, Mikhail E., Nikolay E. Andreev, Pavel R. Levashov, Konstantin V. Khishchenko, Dmitry A. Kim, Vladimir G. Novikov y Olga N. Rosmej. "Laser irradiation of thin films: Effect of energy transformation". Laser and Particle Beams 31, n.º 4 (10 de septiembre de 2013): 663–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034613000700.

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AbstractThe irradiation of thin films by intensive subpicosecond laser pulses with nanosecond prepulse is accompanied by a number of various physical processes. The laser beam transmissions through the film as well as the re-emission flux on both sides of the film plasma have been evaluated by simulation for Al and CH2 materials. It has been demonstrated that the thickness of the film can be chosen to cut off the long nanosecond prepulse whereas the main pulse is transmitted through the plasma. Thus, thin films can be useful for the laser contrast improvement in experiments with different targets.Nevertheless, the laser energy transformation into the soft X-ray radiation on the back side of the shielding film plasma can reach up to 7% of the incident intensity for the Al film and result in strong preheating of the target. At the same time the re-emission flux produced by a CH2 film is an order lower than that in the case of Al film. The shielding of an Ag bulk target by Al and CH2 films is simulated and discussed.

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49

Mitrokhin, V. I., S. I. Rembeza, E. S. Rembeza y A. A. Rudenko. "Inelastic Relaxation in Tin Dioxide Thin Films". Solid State Phenomena 115 (agosto de 2006): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.115.275.

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Internal friction results obtained in thin SnO2 films produced by reactive magnetron sputtering (thickness of the film ~ 1 μm) and by the dehydration of water solution of tin salts (thickness of the film ~ 10 μm) are reported. It is suggested that internal friction peak observed in SnO2 films at around 170 oC is caused by relaxation processes on grain boundaries (average grain size is 20 nm). The investigation of internal friction in SnO2 films can yield new information about the structure of thin films.

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50

Katz, H. E. "Organic molecular solids as thin film transistor semiconductors". Journal of Materials Chemistry 7, n.º 3 (1997): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a605274f.

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