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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Molecular heaters"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 25 de mayo de 2024

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1

Lim, Juhee, Won Han, Le Tran Huy Thang, Yong Wook Lee y Joong Ho Shin. "Customizable Nichrome Wire Heaters for Molecular Diagnostic Applications". Biosensors 14, n.º 3 (20 de marzo de 2024): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios14030152.

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Accurate sample heating is vital for nucleic acid extraction and amplification, requiring a sophisticated thermal cycling process in nucleic acid detection. Traditional molecular detection systems with heating capability are bulky, expensive, and primarily designed for lab settings. Consequently, their use is limited where lab systems are unavailable. This study introduces a technique for performing the heating process required in molecular diagnostics applicable for point-of-care testing (POCT), by presenting a method for crafting customized heaters using freely patterned nichrome (NiCr) wire. This technique, fabricating heaters by arranging protrusions on a carbon black-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) cast and patterning NiCr wire, utilizes cost-effective materials and is not constrained by shape, thereby enabling customized fabrication in both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D). To illustrate its versatility and practicality, a 2D heater with three temperature zones was developed for a portable device capable of automatic thermocycling for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 pathogen DNA. Furthermore, the detection of the same pathogen was demonstrated using a customized 3D heater surrounding a microtube for loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Successful DNA amplification using the proposed heater suggests that the heating technique introduced in this study can be effectively applied to POCT.

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2

Lee, Jung-Yeop, Hong-Chul Park, Jung-Yeul Jung y Ho-Young Kwak. "Bubble Nucleation on Micro Line Heaters". Journal of Heat Transfer 125, n.º 4 (17 de julio de 2003): 687–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1571844.

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Nucleation temperatures on micro line heaters were measured precisely by obtaining the I-R (current-resistance) characteristic curves of the heaters. The bubble nucleation temperature on the heater with 3 μm width is higher than the superheat limit, while the temperature on the heater with broader width of 5 μm is considerably less than the superheat limit. The nucleation temperatures were also estimated by using the molecular cluster model for bubble nucleation on the cavity free surface with effect of contact angle. The bubble nucleation process was observed by microscope/35 mm camera unit with a flash light of μs duration.

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3

Povolotskiy, Alexey V., Oksana S. Smirnova, Diana A. Soldatova, Anastasia V. Povolotckaia y Daniil A. Lukyanov. "High-Precision Optical Excited Heaters Based on Au Nanoparticles and Water-Soluble Porphyrin". Metals 13, n.º 11 (5 de noviembre de 2023): 1851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13111851.

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Gold nanoparticles are widely used as local heaters under optical excitation. Hybrid molecular-plasmon nanostructures based on gold nanoparticles and water-soluble porphyrin have been developed. A colloidal solution of gold nanoparticles was obtained by laser ablation of metallic gold in water, ensuring its highest chemical purity. The hybrid nanostructures formation was performed due to the Coulomb interaction of cationic porphyrin and gold nanoparticles. The revealed functional properties of hybrid nanostructures make them promising for controllable nano-heater applications (for example, photothermal therapy). Gold nanoparticles act as heaters, whereas porphyrin serves as a fluorescent thermometer with a single optical excitation.

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4

Park, Jaesoung, Suhan Lee, Dong-Ik Kim, Young-You Kim, Samsoo Kim, Han-Jung Kim y Yoonkap Kim. "Evaporation-Rate Control of Water Droplets on Flexible Transparent Heater for Sensor Application". Sensors 19, n.º 22 (12 de noviembre de 2019): 4918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19224918.

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To develop high-performance de- or anti-frosting/icing devices based on transparent heaters, it is necessary to study the evaporation-rate control of droplets on heater surfaces. However, almost no research has been done on the evaporation-rate control of liquid droplets on transparent heaters. In this study, we investigate the evaporation characteristics of water droplets on transparent heater surfaces and determine that they depend upon the surface wettability, by modifying which, the complete evaporation time can be controlled. In addition, we study the defrosting and deicing performances through the surface wettability, by placing the flexible transparent heater on a webcam. The obtained results can be used as fundamental data for the transparent defrosting and deicing systems of closed-circuit television (CCTV) camera lenses, smart windows, vehicle backup cameras, aircraft windows, and sensor applications.

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5

Park, Jeonhyeong, Il Ryu Jang, Kyungtaek Lee y Hoe Joon Kim. "High Efficiency Crumpled Carbon Nanotube Heaters for Low Drift Hydrogen Sensing". Sensors 19, n.º 18 (9 de septiembre de 2019): 3878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183878.

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This work presents the fabrication of crumpled carbon nanotubes (C-CNTs) thin film heaters and their application towards high sensitivity and low drift hydrogen gas sensing. Utilizing a spray coating of pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and thermal shrinkage of polystyrene (PS) substrate, we have fabricated C-CNTs with closely packed junctions. Joule heating of C-CNTs gives higher temperature at a given input voltage compared to as-deposited CNTs. In addition, temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) is analyzed for accurate temperature control and measurement of the heater. The C-CNT heaters are capable of hydrogen gas sensing while demonstrating higher measurement sensitivities along with lower drift compared to as-deposited CNT devices. In addition, the self-heating of C-CNT heaters help rapid desorption of hydrogen, and thus allowing repetitive and stable sensor operation. Our findings reveal that both CNT morphologies and heating temperatures affect the hydrogen sensing performances.

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6

Lin, Xi, Rong Huang y Mathias Ulbricht. "Novel magneto-responsive membrane for remote control switchable molecular sieving". Journal of Materials Chemistry B 4, n.º 5 (2016): 867–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tb02368h.

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Magneto-responsive separation membrane: reversible change of molecule sieving through pore-confined polymeric hydrogel network by remote control of immobilized “nano heaters” with alternating magnetic field.

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7

Elkassabgi, Y. y J. H. Lienhard. "Influences of Subcooling on Burnout of Horizontal Cylindrical Heaters". Journal of Heat Transfer 110, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 1988): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250511.

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The peak pool boiling heat flux is observed on horizontal cylindrical heaters in acetone, Freon-113, methanol, and isopropanol over ranges of subcooling from zero to 130° C. Photographs, and the data themselves, revealed that there are three distinct burnout mechanisms at different levels of subcooling. Three interpretive models provide the basis for accurate correlations of the present data, and data from the literature, in each of the three regimes. Burnout is dictated by condensation on the walls of the vapor jets and columns at low subcooling. In the intermediate regime, burnout is limited by natural convection, which becomes very effective as vapor near the heater reduces boundary layer resistance. Burnout in the highsubcooling regime is independent of the layer of subcooling, and is limited by the process of molecular effusion.

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8

Qureshi, Shafiq R., Waqar A. Khan y Waqas Sarwar. "EPDM Based Double Slope Triangular Enclosure Solar Collector: A Novel Approach". Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/576101.

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Solar heating is one of the important utilities of solar energy both in domestic and industrial sectors. Evacuated tube heaters are a commonly used technology for domestic water heating. However, increasing cost of copper and nickel has resulted in huge initial cost for these types of heaters. Utilizing solar energy more economically for domestic use requires new concept which has low initial and operating costs together with ease of maintainability. As domestic heating requires only nominal heating temperature to the range of 60–90°C, therefore replacing nickel coated copper pipes with any cheap alternate can drastically reduce the cost of solar heater. We have proposed a new concept which utilizes double slope triangular chamber with EPDM based synthetic rubber pipes. This has reduced the initial and operating costs substantially. A detailed analytical study was carried out to design a novel solar heater. On the basis of analytical design, a prototype was manufactured. Results obtained from the experiments were found to be in good agreement with the analytical study. A maximum error of 10% was recorded at noon. However, results show that error is less than 5% in early and late hours.

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9

M L, Bharathi, T. Sripriya, B. Muthuraj, D. Sateesh Kumar, V. Venkatesh, Badireddy Satya Sridevi, Munaga Masthan Siva Krishna, K. Rajan y Abdi Diriba. "Deep Learning-Based Smart Hybrid Solar Water Heater Erection Model to Extract Maximum Energy". International Journal of Photoenergy 2022 (3 de octubre de 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2943386.

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Currently, we are trying to get electricity in alternative ways. Many solar powered water heaters have come up to use water heaters. However, these tools are not 100 percent fully effective. The device we have manufactured is an automatic device that runs in the direction of sunlight. The device runs automatically in the morning facing east and in the evening facing west. In this instrument, the defective one-inch tube lamp and the three-quarter-inch tube lamp are put together and connected in series. In this paper, a smart deep learning model was proposed to improve the performance of the solar water heater. The gap between the tube lights is filled with methane gas, and the tube inside is filled with water. The water thus filled is heated by sunlight. Methane gas acts as a fast conductor of solar heat. An electronic control device is placed to determine the temperature of the hot water and to expel the hot water. This device can heat at least 10 liters of water in 15 minutes. Increasing the number of incandescent tube lights can heat up a large amount of water when this device is set up, or it can be designed by replacing tube lights with a series of large glass tubes using the same technology. This tool can be manufactured at low cost so that people from all walks of life can use it.

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10

YU, HUI-MIN y CHAO-HENG CHIEN. "MINIATURIZED PCR-CHIP FOR DNA AMPLIFICATION WITH AN EXTERNAL PERISTALTIC PUMP". Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 05, n.º 01 (marzo de 2005): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519405001394.

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Since 1985, the polymerse chain reaction (PCR) became very popular among the field of molecular biology. It is very powerful for amplification DNA segment and it had a variety of applications in medicinal, virus, disease, and monitoring. In this study, a simple and miniature PCR chip will be presented with an external peristaltic pump utilized to driving liquid into PCR chip.1 The PCR chip was made of PMMA (Polymethylmethacrylate) and glass. The hot embossing technique was used to fabricate the micro channel on the PMMA. The copper was sputtered on the glass as the heater. The glass and PMMA were bonded by PDMS. In typically, heater temperature was 94°C for denature, 55°C for annealing, 72°C for extension. Therefore, the heaters formed three different zones of temperature along the channel that the length ration on each temperature zone was 1:1:2 for denature, annealing and extension, respectively.2,3 For temperature control, the PID control mode was used to regulate the temperature on reaction and the DC power was as the power supplier. The thermal sensors were adhered on the heater beside the channel.

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11

Pérez-López, Daniel, Ana Gutiérrez y José Capmany. "Silicon nitride programmable photonic processor with folded heaters". Optics Express 29, n.º 6 (9 de marzo de 2021): 9043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.416053.

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12

Balasubramanian, Vishal, V. S. Selvakumar, L. Sujatha, M. Revathi y C. V. Gayathri. "Electro Thermal Effects of Geometrically Modified MEMS-Based Micro Heater for Gas Sensing Applications". Sensor Letters 17, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2019): 725–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2019.4141.

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Micro heaters play a major role in gas sensing applications owing to their accuracy, selectivity and low power consumption. The proposed micro heater employs a window type polysilicon micro-hotplate structure, which is a square cell of side 500 μm, designed using COMSOL Multiphysics. It is highly imperative that an evenly distributed temperature is necessary over the broad area of the heater in order to improve its gas sensitivity and selectivity. In this paper, we have explained the design and analysis of a novel window-type micro heater made of polysilicon. The main aim of the work is to achieve temperature uniformity and low power consumption. By optimizing the geometry of the micro heater, we can obtain both temperature uniformity and low power consumption. This geometrical optimization also improves the sensitivity and response time of the sensor. To support them, we have carried out simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics. The proposed structure has obtained a uniform temperature of 1134.1 K and an average temperature of 1130.39 K. Such high and uniform temperatures finds applications in gas sensors. This work also analyzes the proper choice and placement of electrodes across the geometry of the heater.

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13

Bond, Baxter, Alana Vilagi y Dominique J. Pride. "Noninvasive Fuel Flow Monitoring System for Vented Fuel Oil Heaters". Sensors 23, n.º 12 (17 de junio de 2023): 5664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23125664.

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In this work, we present hardware and firmware design and preliminary testing results for a noninvasive device for measuring fuel oil consumption in fuel oil vented heaters. Fuel oil vented heaters are a popular space heating method in northern climates. Monitoring fuel consumption is useful to understanding residential daily and seasonal heating patterns and understanding the thermal characteristics of buildings. The device is a pump monitoring apparatus (PuMA) that employs a magnetoresistive sensor to monitor the activity of solenoid driven positive displacement pumps, which are commonly used in fuel oil vented heaters. PuMA accuracy for calculating fuel oil consumption was evaluated in a lab setting and found to vary up to 7% from the measured consumption value during testing. This variance will be explored more in field testing.

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14

Kwon, D. H., J. A. Jeon, H. S. Jo, H. B. Kim, H. L. Kim, I. Kim, S. R. Kim et al. "Stabilization Heaters for Low-Temperature Thermal Calorimeters". Journal of Low Temperature Physics 200, n.º 5-6 (27 de abril de 2020): 312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10909-020-02432-3.

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15

Krishna, Rakesh M., Ali Eftekhar, Sanghoon Lee, Tianren Fan, Xi Wu, Amir Hosseinnia, Hua Wang, Madhavan Swaminathan y Ali Adibi. "Polysilicon micro-heaters for resonance tuning in CMOS photonics". Optics Letters 47, n.º 5 (22 de febrero de 2022): 1097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.441510.

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16

Barmpakos, Dimitris, Vassiliki Belessi, Nikolaos Xanthopoulos, Christoforos A. Krontiras y Grigoris Kaltsas. "Flexible Inkjet-Printed Heaters Utilizing Graphene-Based Inks". Sensors 22, n.º 3 (3 de febrero de 2022): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031173.

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Thermal sensors are mainly based on the selective heating of specific areas, which in most cases is a critical feature for both the operation and the performance of the thermal device. In this work, we evaluate the thermoelectrical response of two graphitic materials, namely (a) a commercial 2.4%wt graphene–ethyl cellulose dispersion in cycloxehanone and terpineol (G) and (b) a custom functionalized reduced graphene oxide (f-rGO) ink in the range of −40 to 100 °C. Both inks were printed on a flexible polyimide substrate and the Thermal Coefficients of Resistance (TCR) were extracted as TCRG = −1.05 × 10−3 °C−1 (R2 = 0.9938) and TCRf-rGO = −3.86 × 10−3 °C−1 (R2 = 0.9967). Afterward, the inkjet-printed devices were evaluated as microheaters, in order to exploit their advantage for cost-effective production with minimal material waste. f-rGO and G printed heaters reached a maximum temperature of 97.5 °C at 242 mW and 89.9 °C at 314 mW, respectively, applied by a constant current source and monitored by an infrared camera. Repeatability experiments were conducted, highlighting the high robustness in long-term use. The power–temperature behavior was extracted by self-heating experiments to demonstrate the ability of the devices to serve as heaters. Both static and dynamic evaluation were performed in order to study the device behaviors and extract the corresponding parameters. After all the experimental processes, the resistance of the samples was again evaluated and found to differ less than 13% from the initial value. In this work, fabrication via inkjet printing and demonstration of efficient and stable microheaters utilizing a custom ink (f-rGO) and a commercial graphene ink are presented. This approach is suitable for fabricating selectively heated geometries on non-planar substrate with high repeatability and endurance in heat cycles.

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17

Lee, Donghoon y Dooho Choi. "Highly thermostable ultrathin planar Ag transparent heaters". Microelectronic Engineering 251 (enero de 2022): 111658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2021.111658.

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18

Jung, Jung-Yeul y Ho-Young Kwak. "Bubble Nucleation and Behavior on Micro Square Heaters". Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering 10, n.º 2 (julio de 2006): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10893950600643147.

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19

Abed, Omid y Leila Yousefi. "Tunable metasurfaces using phase change materials and transparent graphene heaters". Optics Express 28, n.º 23 (26 de octubre de 2020): 33876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.404103.

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20

Dai, Pan, Zhuo Chen, Zhenxing Sun, Hantian Ge, Ji Dai, Jun Lu, Feng Wang et al. "Wideband tunable REC-DFB laser array using thin-film heaters on the submount". Chinese Optics Letters 21, n.º 1 (2023): 011406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202321.011406.

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21

Drechsler, U., N. Bürer, M. Despont, U. Dürig, B. Gotsmann, F. Robin y P. Vettiger. "Cantilevers with nano-heaters for thermomechanical storage application". Microelectronic Engineering 67-68 (junio de 2003): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9317(03)00095-9.

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22

Konoike, Ryotaro, Keijiro Suzuki, Shu Namiki, Hitoshi Kawashima y Kazuhiro Ikeda. "Ultra-compact silicon photonics switch with high-density thermo-optic heaters". Optics Express 27, n.º 7 (29 de marzo de 2019): 10332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.010332.

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23

Yan, Yu-Chao, Cheng-Yu Jiang, Run-Bo Chen, Bing-He Ma, Jin-Jun Deng, Shao-Jun Zheng y Jian Luo. "Highly Sensitive Flow Sensor Based on Flexible Dual-Layer Heating Structures". Sensors 20, n.º 22 (20 de noviembre de 2020): 6657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226657.

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Hot film sensors detect the flow shear stress based on the forced convection heat transfer to the fluid. Current hot film sensors have been significantly hindered by the relatively low sensitivity due to the massive heat conduction to the substrate. This paper describes the design, fabrication, simulation, and testing of a novel flow sensor with dual-layer hot film structures. More specifically, the heat conduction was insulated from the sensing heater to the substrate by controlling both sensing and guarding heaters working at the same temperature, resulting in a higher sensitivity. The experiment and simulation results showed that the sensitivity of the dual-layer hot film sensor was significantly improved in comparison to the single-layer sensor. Additionally, the dual-layer sensor was designed and fabricated in an integrated, flexible, and miniaturized manner. Its small size makes it an excellent candidate for flow detection.

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24

Wilpiszeski, Regina L., Zhidan Zhang y Christopher H. House. "Biogeography of thermophiles and predominance of Thermus scotoductus in domestic water heaters". Extremophiles 23, n.º 1 (8 de diciembre de 2018): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00792-018-1066-z.

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25

Zhang, Yong, Fei Yang, Hao Liu, Yan Zhang, Zhili Hu y Johan Liu. "Transparent heaters based on CVD grown few-layer graphene". Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 33, n.º 7 (23 de enero de 2022): 3586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-07552-4.

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26

Jung, Woojun, Seonghyeon Lee y Yongha Hwang. "Truly 3D microfluidic heating system with iterative structure of coil heaters and fluidic channels". Smart Materials and Structures 31, n.º 3 (4 de febrero de 2022): 035016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ac4e50.

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Abstract A microfluidic chip, in which both the coil heater and the fluidic channel are designed in a 3D iterative structure, is developed and experimentally demonstrated. Using the empty surrounding 3D space, the microfluidic chip increases the heat transfer area, thereby increasing the fluid temperature by 51.3%, with the same power consumption, compared to heaters and channels typically designed on a 2D plane. After casting polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) into a sacrificial mold printed using a 3D printer and dissolving the mold, the 3D coil Joule heater is fabricated by filling the interior part of the coil with liquid gallium by vacuuming. By adding an insulation wall filled with air having low thermal conductivity, an additional heating of 8.7% is achieved; this demonstrates the advantage of the 3D-printed soluble-mold technique, which can allow faster prototyping than the typical microfabrication based on soft lithography. Thus, this technique enables convenient design modifications with high priority for performance improvement. As all the components are manufactured simultaneously within a biocompatible, single PDMS body (because of the absence of bonding process between the devices), the risk of leakage in the device is inherently avoided, and the device can be bent without causing any fracture. Therefore, the reported fabrication process and devices are expected to contribute to miniaturization and performance enhancement of microfluidics; this will lead to the development of wearable 3D lab-on-a-chip devices in future.

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27

Koprinarov, Nikola, Miko Marinov y Mariana Konstantinova. "An Arc Discharge by Closely Situated Electrodes for Synthesis of Nanostructures". Solid State Phenomena 159 (enero de 2010): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.159.181.

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Geometry of electrodes, distance between them, work atmosphere and ambient temperature are the important factors, which determine quantity and variety of structures synthesized via arc discharge. Usually, electrodes of different cross-section are placed away from each other, allowing a large vapor stream directed into the reactor inside to be obtained. Generally, the anode is thinner than the cathode; it heats up to a high temperature, sublimates and supplies the carbon vapor required for nanoparticle synthesis. In contrast to this commonly used approach, when electrode dimensions are appropriately chosen and electrodes placed closely together, temperature interaction between them becomes considerable, discharge area constrains and hot electrodes can be used as heaters for the evaporation of materials of high melting point.

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28

Zhong, Chuyu, Hui Ma, Chunlei Sun, Maoliang Wei, Yuting Ye, Bo Tang, Peng Zhang et al. "Fast thermo-optical modulators with doped-silicon heaters operating at 2 μm". Optics Express 29, n.º 15 (9 de julio de 2021): 23508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.430756.

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29

Ribeiro, Antonio y Wim Bogaerts. "Digitally controlled multiplexed silicon photonics phase shifter using heaters with integrated diodes". Optics Express 25, n.º 24 (14 de noviembre de 2017): 29778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.25.029778.

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30

Si, Kai, Chongxin Liu, Jiajia Fang, Hang Yin y Chunjiang Zhang. "Mechanism of activator and pore surface adsorption in aluminum-based flameless ration heaters: A molecular dynamics study". Applied Surface Science 609 (enero de 2023): 155343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.155343.

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31

Tullis, A., B. A. Block y B. D. Sidell. "Activities of key metabolic enzymes in the heater organs of scombroid fishes". Journal of Experimental Biology 161, n.º 1 (1 de noviembre de 1991): 383–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.161.1.383.

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Maximal in vitro activities of key metabolic enzymes were measured in brain and eye heaters of five species of scombroid fishes. Istiophorid billfishes (blue marlin, striped marlin and Mediterranean spearfish), xiphiid billfishes (Pacific and Mediterranean stocks) and a scombrid fish (butterfly mackerel) were included in the analysis. Our main objectives were (1) to assess the maximum possible substrate flux in heater tissue, and (2) to determine what metabolic substrates could fuel heat production. Heater tissue of all scombroids examined showed extremely high oxidative capacity. Activities of citrate synthase, a commonly measured index of oxidative metabolism, included the highest value ever reported for vertebrate tissue. In most billfishes, citrate synthase activities were similar to or higher than those found for mammalian cardiac and avian flight muscle. Marker enzymes for aerobic carbohydrate metabolism (hexokinase) and fatty acid metabolism (carnitine palmitoyltransferase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase) also displayed extraordinarily high activities. Activities of carnitine palmitoyltransferase measured in heater organs were among the highest reported for vertebrates. These results indicate that heat production could be fueled aerobically by either lipid or carbohydrate metabolism. Inter- and intraspecifically, heater organs of fishes from the colder Mediterranean waters had a higher aerobic capacity and, hence, a greater heat-generating potential, than fishes from the warmer waters of the Pacific. This difference may be attributed to different thermal environments or it may result from allometry, since fishes caught in the Mediterranean were considerably smaller than those caught in the Pacific.

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32

Wu, Dezhi, Qianqian Peng, Shan Wu, Guangshun Wang, Lei Deng, Huiling Tai, Lingyun Wang et al. "A Simple Graphene NH3 Gas Sensor via Laser Direct Writing". Sensors 18, n.º 12 (13 de diciembre de 2018): 4405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124405.

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Ammonia gas sensors are very essential in many industries and everyday life. However, their complicated fabrication process, severe environmental fabrication requirements and desorption of residual ammonia molecules result in high cost and hinder their market acceptance. Here, laser direct writing is used to fabricate three parallel porous 3D graphene lines on a polyimide (PI) tape to simply construct an ammonia gas sensor. The middle one works as an ammonia sensing element and the other two on both sides work as heaters to improve the desorption performance of the sensing element to ammonia gas molecules. The graphene lines were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The response and recovery time of the sensor without heating are 214 s and 222 s with a sensitivity of 0.087% ppm−1 for sensing 75 ppm ammonia gas, respectively. The experimental results prove that under the optimized heating temperature of about 70 °C the heaters successfully help implement complete desorption of residual NH3 showing a good sensitivity and cyclic stability.

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33

Bauer, Reinhard, Leszek J. Golonka, Torsten Kirchner, Karol Nitsch y Heiko Thust. "Optimization of thermal distribution in ceramics and LTCC structures applied to sensor elements". Microelectronics International 15, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 1998): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13565369810215618.

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Thermal properties of Pt or RuO2 thick‐film heaters made on alumina, aluminum nitride or low temperature co‐fired ceramics (LTCC) were compared in the first step of our work. Special holes to improve the heat distribution were included. Several heater layouts were analysed. The heat distribution was measured by an infrared camera, at different heating power. Second, the optimization of LTCC constructions was carried out. The simple structure of LTCC permitted the achievement of a high package density. It was possible to integrate a heating element made from special thick‐film ink as a buried film, inside a substrate. An important step in our technology was the making of the holes. A pattern of holes (achieved by punching or laser cutting) around the heating area permitted a changeable heat gradient. The quality of lamination and the structure of the buried elements were investigated with an ultrasonic microscope.

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34

Zahmatkesh, Iman y Mahmood Yaghoubi. "Studies on thermal performance of electrical heaters by using porous materials". International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 33, n.º 2 (febrero de 2006): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2005.10.006.

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35

Moreira, Inês Pimentel, Usha Kiran Sanivada, João Bessa, Fernando Cunha y Raul Fangueiro. "A Review of Multiple Scale Fibrous and Composite Systems for Heating Applications". Molecules 26, n.º 12 (16 de junio de 2021): 3686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123686.

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Different types of heating systems have been developed lately, representing a growing interest in both the academic and industrial sectors. Based on the Joule effect, fibrous structures can produce heat once an electrical current is passed, whereby different approaches have been followed. For that purpose, materials with electrical and thermal conductivity have been explored, such as carbon-based nanomaterials, metallic nanostructures, intrinsically conducting polymers, fibers or hybrids. We review the usage of these emerging nanomaterials at the nanoscale and processed up to the macroscale to create heaters. In addition to fibrous systems, the creation of composite systems for electrical and thermal conductivity enhancement has also been highly studied. Different techniques can be used to create thin film heaters or heating textiles, as opposed to the conventional textile technologies. The combination of nanoscale and microscale materials gives the best heating performances, and some applications have already been proven, even though some effort is still needed to reach the industry level.

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36

Zhong, Chuyu, Hui Ma, Chunlei Sun, Maoliang Wei, Yuting Ye, Bo Tang, Peng Zhang et al. "Fast thermo-optical modulators with doped-silicon heaters operating at 2 µm: erratum". Optics Express 30, n.º 6 (11 de marzo de 2022): 10084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.452210.

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37

ABDESLAM, A. A., K. FOUAD y A. KHALIFA. "DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF PLATINIUM HEATERS FOR GAS SENSOR APPLICATIONS". Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 15, n.º 1 (enero de 2020): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2020.151.133.

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A new bridge-type micro-hotplates (MHP) for semi-conducting metal oxide (SMO) gas sensor is investigated and its numerical study is simulated using Finite Element Method. the boundary conditions of the thermal properties have been calculated. The proposed MHP has been designed for low power consumption and uniform temperature distribution throughout the active area of 240 µm × 240 µm. To validate our simulation, we compared the results with the experimental data, reported by Iwata et al. The power consumption of the heater is approximately corresponded to 13.5 mW for heating to 300°C (heat transfer coefficients calculated), we noticed a reduction of power consumption by more than 8 mW compared to our first simulation (standard heat transfer coefficient parameters) which proves the impact of heat transfer coefficients on power consumption. Also, overheating problem in the heater center is analyzed, several modifications on the MHP center design have been established to keep the best temperature homogeneity, results show that temperature gap between extremities and the center of the active area is reduced by less than 15 °C.

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38

Zou, S. Y., R. W. Olson, B. Pezeshki, E. C. Vail, G. W. Yoffe, S. A. Rishton, M. A. Emanuel y M. A. Sherback. "Narrowly Spaced DFB Array With Integrated Heaters for Rapid Tuning Applications". IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 16, n.º 5 (mayo de 2004): 1239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2004.826072.

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39

Jayatilleka, Hasitha, Hossam Shoman, Lukas Chrostowski y Sudip Shekhar. "Photoconductive heaters enable control of large-scale silicon photonic ring resonator circuits". Optica 6, n.º 1 (15 de enero de 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.6.000084.

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40

Rogers, John A., Paulina Kuo, Ashish Ahuja, Benjamin J. Eggleton y Rebecca J. Jackman. "Characteristics of heat flow in optical fiber devices that use integrated thin-film heaters". Applied Optics 39, n.º 28 (1 de octubre de 2000): 5109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.39.005109.

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41

Hu, Xuanyi, Shang Wang, He Zhang, Yiping Wang, Chunjin Hang, Jiayue Wen y Yanhong Tian. "Silver flake/polyaniline composite ink for electrohydrodynamic printing of flexible heaters". Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 32, n.º 23 (4 de octubre de 2021): 27373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-07113-9.

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42

Hu, Xuanyi, Shang Wang, He Zhang, Yiping Wang, Chunjin Hang, Jiayue Wen y Yanhong Tian. "Silver flake/polyaniline composite ink for electrohydrodynamic printing of flexible heaters". Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 32, n.º 23 (4 de octubre de 2021): 27373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-07113-9.

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43

Saravanan, S. y N. Raja. "Combined radiation-convection in an air filled enclosure with in-line heaters". International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 110 (enero de 2020): 104399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2019.104399.

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44

Ota, Nana, Tomohiro Miyauchi y Hiromasa Shimizu. "221 K Local Photothermal Heating in a Si Plasmonic Waveguide Loaded with a Co Thin Film". Sensors 21, n.º 19 (6 de octubre de 2021): 6634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196634.

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Photothermal heaters are important devices for optical switches and memories based on the thermo-optic/magneto-optic effect and phase change materials. We demonstrated photothermal heating in Si plasmonic waveguides loaded with Co thin films by measuring the resistance change upon inputting transverse-magnetic (TM) mode light. Temperature rise is proportional to the light intensity with clear polarization dependence. The photothermal conversion efficiency was estimated at 36 K/mW and maximum temperature rise was estimated at 221 K at steady state upon the inputting 6.3 mW TM mode light for the 400 nm-wide, 8 µm-long and 189 nm-thick Co film deposited on the Si wire waveguide with 129 nm-thick SiO2 buffer layer. The method to increase the efficiency is discussed based on the experimental and simulation results considering the thickness of the SiO2 buffer layer, Co layer and Si core layer, waveguide width, and wavelength. Local photothermal heaters in this study can be applied to a variety of fields including optical switches/memories without electrical control signals in photonic integrated circuits, on-chip optical sensors, and a lab-on-a-chip in biology, chemistry, and medicine.

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45

Hwang, Woo-Jin, Kyu-Sik Shin, Ji-Hyoung Roh, Dae-Sung Lee y Sung-Hoon Choa. "Development of Micro-Heaters with Optimized Temperature Compensation Design for Gas Sensors". Sensors 11, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2011): 2580–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s110302580.

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46

Willett, Fred T. y Arthur E. Bergles. "Heat Transfer in Rotating Narrow Rectangular Ducts With Heated Sides Oriented at 60° to the r-z Plane". Journal of Turbomachinery 123, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2000): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1354189.

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Gas turbine blade life is often limited by the effectiveness of the cooling in the trailing edge convective cavity, which generally has a narrow cross-section. Previous research on rotational effects considered cavity shapes quite different from those of typical trailing edge cavities. In this research, experiments were conducted to determine the effect of rotation on heat transfer in ducts of narrow cross-section (height-to-width ratio of 1:10), oriented with the heated sides at 60° to the r-z plane. In the experiment, a high-molecular-weight gas (Refrigerant-134A) at ambient pressure and temperature conditions was used to match the dimensionless parameters at engine conditions. Thin foil heaters were used to produce a constant heat flux at the long sides of the duct; the narrow sides were unheated. Duct Reynolds numbers were varied up to 20,000; rotation numbers were varied up to 0.25. The test results show the effect of rotation and aspect ratio on duct leading and trailing side heat transfer. In addition, the results show the variation in heat transfer coefficient with transverse location in the duct, demonstrating the effect of rotation not only on lead and trail side heat transfer, but also on forward and aft end heat transfer.

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47

Vollmer, M. K., S. Walter, J. Mohn, M. Steinbacher, S. W. Bond, T. Röckmann y S. Reimann. "Molecular hydrogen (H2) combustion emissions and their isotope (D/H) signatures from domestic heaters, diesel vehicle engines, waste incinerator plants, and biomass burning". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, n.º 3 (5 de marzo de 2012): 6839–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-6839-2012.

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Abstract. Molecular hydrogen (H2), its stable isotope signature (δD), and the key combustion parameters carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) were measured from various combustion processes. H2 in the exhaust of gas and oil-fired heaters and of waste incinerator plants was generally depleted compared to ambient intake air, while CO was significantly elevated. These findings contradict the often assumed co-occurring net H2 and CO emissions in combustion processes and suggest that previous H2 emissions from combustion may have been overestimated when scaled to CO emissions. For the heater exhausts, H2 and δD generally decrease with increasing fuel-to-air ratio, from ambient values of ∼0.5 ppm and +130‰ to 0.2 ppm and −206‰, respectively. These results are interpreted as a combination of an isotopically light H2 source from fossil fuel combustion and a D/H kinetic isotope fractionation of hydrogen in the advected ambient air during its partial removal during combustion. Diesel exhaust measurements from dynamometer test stand driving cycles show elevated H2 and CO emissions during cold-start and some acceleration phases. Their molar H2/CO ratios are <0.25, significantly smaller than those for gasoline combustion. Using H2/CO emission ratios, along with CO global emission inventories, we estimate global H2 emissions for 2000, 2005, and 2010. For road transportation (gasoline and diesel), we calculate 8.6 ± 2.1 Tg, 6.3 ± 1.5 Tg, and 4.1 ± 1.0 Tg, respectively, whereas the contribution from diesel vehicles has increased from 5% to 8% over this time. Other fossil fuel emissions are believed to be negligible but H2 emissions from coal combustion are unknown. For residential (domestic) emissions, which are likely dominated by biofuel combustion, emissions for the same years are estimated at 2.7 ± 0.7 Tg, 2.8 ± 0.7 Tg, and 3.0 ± 0.8 Tg, respectively. Our wood combustion measurements are combined with results from the literature to calculate biomass burning emissions. For these estimates, we propose a molar H2/CH4 ratio of 3.3, when using CH4 emission inventories. When using this approach, our resulting global biomass burning H2 emissions agree well with published results, suggesting that CH4 emissions may be a good proxy for H2 emissions.

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48

Jun Kye Bae, Jinho Bae, Sang Hyuck Kim, Namkyoo Park y Sang Bae Lee. "Dynamic EDFA gain-flattening filter using two LPFGs with divided coil heaters". IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 17, n.º 6 (junio de 2005): 1226–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2005.847439.

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49

Alayi, Reza, Nima Khalilpoor, Saeid Heshmati, Atabak Najafi y Alibek Issakhov. "Thermal and Environmental Analysis Solar Water Heater System for Residential Buildings". International Journal of Photoenergy 2021 (13 de agosto de 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6838138.

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Due to the reduction of fossil resources, the replacement of renewable energy sources such as solar energy has become mandatory. Solar energy does not contain pollution and widely available in all parts of the world, especially in warm regions. Our country (IRAN) is geographically located in a hot and dry region, and with more than 280 sunny days per year, one of the nonpower applications of solar energy is heating space and water consumption of the building using solar thermal energy. Solar water heaters can be used to heat the water used in buildings, which is the main purpose of this study. Water heating consumes an average of 20% to 30% of the total energy consumption in the residential building. Therefore, using solar water heaters annually can provide 70% of the energy needed for water heating. The system designed in this research is able to provide 75% of the hot water consumption needs. If an auxiliary heat source is used next to this system, all hot water needs of the building can be met throughout the year. In this case, as much as 237.3 kWh, energy will be saved from fossil energy sources.

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50

Rogers, John A., Benjamin J. Eggleton, Rebecca J. Jackman, Glen R. Kowach y Thomas A. Strasser. "Dual on-fiber thin-film heaters for fiber gratings with independently adjustable chirp and wavelength". Optics Letters 24, n.º 19 (1 de octubre de 1999): 1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.24.001328.

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