Tesis sobre el tema "Modélisation inverse des vêtements"
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Yu, Boyang. "High-quality recovery of garment models and sewing patterns from 3D clothed human data". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAD056.
Texto completoRecovering high-quality garment models from 3D clothed human shapes can enhance the interpretability of real garments and their digital reproduction, benefiting applications like VR and virtual try-ons. This thesis tackles the challenge of reconstructing garment geometry by estimating an animatable replica and its 2D pattern. Using a differentiable cloth simulator, we optimize the simulated garment to match the target shape while preserving key properties like symmetry. Our inverse garment design pipeline aligns with industry-standard modeling and simulation processes, adjusting 2D patterns and material properties to refine geometry and enable reanimation. Additionally, we introduce a deformation-based optimization method that refines mesh geometry to capture fine-grained details, improving fit and supporting non-rigid registration. Experiments on real and synthetic data demonstrate that our methods surpass state-of-the-art techniques in garment model quality and pattern accuracy
Derbel, Houda. "Modélisation dynamique des transferts de chaleur et d'humidité à travers le vêtement : couplage avec deux modèles de thermorégulation humaine". Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30143.
Texto completoCharfi, Hatem. "Amélioration de la Modélisation et de la Simulation des Vêtements en 3D". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012182.
Texto completoNous nous plaçons dans le cadre de la représentation d'un tissu en chaîne et trame par un système "masses-ressorts" soumis aux lois de la dynamique. Nous proposons un modèle non linéaire hystérétique du cisaillement d'un tissu qui est avantageux en temps de calcul car il se base sur des ressorts linéiques et qui reproduit fidèlement le comportement mécanique mesuré par les machines de Kawabata. Les fonctions de transfert des ressorts ont été déterminés pour que le modèle de tissu numérique reproduise les courbes de Kawabata du tissu réel, quand le tissu virtuel est soumis aux mêmes contraintes que le tissu réel dans les machines de Kawabata.
Nous proposons aussi un schéma expérimental utilisant un système de capture de mouvement (MOCAP) permettant de mesurer la cinématique d'un tissu en mouvement. La dynamique du tissu est calculée à partir des données expérimentales ce qui a permis de déterminer les paramètres de la dissipation visqueuse utilisés dans la loi de la mécanique.
Enfin, nous avons pu valider notre modèle mécanique du tissu muni des paramètres trouvés avec la mise en place d'une technique de reconstruction 3D de la forme d'un tissu à partir de photographies, en se basant sur l'algorithme de calibration POSIT et sur un algorithme de reconstruction 3D par stéréovision. Nous pouvons ainsi comparer le drapé réel d'un tissu avec celui obtenu grâce à notre simulateur.
Serwatka, Agnieszka. "Contribution à la modélisation et à la simulation de vêtements sur mannequin adaptatif". Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10029/document.
Texto completoThis work is part of a reorganization of the chain of c10thing for the textile c10thing sector. The main objective is to develop a new concept of creating c10thing to reduce time and costs of product development. Among other things, recent international campaigns surveying advise working with 3D virtual models respecting the morphologies of the human body to minimize the losses caused unsold clothes. Also, we propose an original concept of creating virtual clothing 3D on an adaptive mannequin morphotype. The first chapter sets the state of the art of the subject in different areas representative of the study, i.e.: anthropometry, biometrics and its means of measurement, design virtual clothing strongly oriented virtual trying-on. The second chapter is devoted ta modelling the human body by the realization and development of an adaptive mannequin morphotype. The third chapter provides a model of 3D virtual clothing associated with the model presented in previous chapter. A parametric ease model is integrated upstream from modelling to control the weil fitting and c10thing drape. An orientation of the application process ta a mass customized market led to highly précised ease parameters adjustment with the help of tools of image treatment. The last chapter represents our contribution to the extension of the dynamic model c10thes by setting up a model of non-linear fa bric who's the parameters value is calculated by genetic algorithms with a suitable methodology for the process to identify
Bruyelle, Jérémie. "Modélisation inverse de l'écoulement en milieux poreux fracturés". Rennes 1, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01335996.
Texto completoThe characterization of fractured reservoirs involves : (i) the design of geological models integrating statistical and/or deterministic fracture properties ; (ii) the validation of flow simulation models by calibrating with dynamic field data, e. G. Well tests. The IFP approach to perform this characterization is based on the realization of discrete fracture networks (DFN), based on geological models, on which the flow can be simulated. This approach allows a direct interpretation of the hydraulic behavior of the reservoir from its geology. The calibration of simulated data with measured values can characterize fracture sets properties associated with DFN. This thesis proposes to facilitate the calibration phase in developing a methodology and inversion tools suited. This « inverse simulator » automatically provides estimates of density, length, conductivity, and aperture parameters of different fracture sets from well test data
Pétron, Gabrielle. "Modélisation inverse des émissions du monoxyde de carbone". Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066256.
Texto completoMolina, Carpio Luis. "Modélisation inverse des flux de CO2 en Amazonie". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV040/document.
Texto completoA better knowledge of the seasonal and inter-annual variations of the Amazon carbon cycle is critical to understand the influence of this terrestrial ecosystem on climate change. Atmospheric inverse modeling is a powerful tool to estimate these variations by extracting the information on the spatio-temporal patterns of surface CO2 fluxes contained in observations of atmospheric CO2. However, the confidence in the Amazon flux estimates obtained from global inversion frameworks is low, given the scarcity of observations in this region.In this context, I started by analyzing in detail the Amazon net ecosystem exchange (NEE) inferred with two global inversions over the period 2002 — 2010. Both inversions assimilated data from the global observation network outside Amazonia, and one of them also assimilated data from four stations in Amazonia that had not been used in previous inversion efforts. I demonstrated that in a global inversion the observations from sites distant from Amazonia, as well as local observations, controlled the NEE inferred through the inversion. The inferred fluxes revealed large-scale structures likely not consistent with the actual NEE in Amazonia. This analysis confirmed the lack of observation sites in Amazonia to provide reliable flux estimates, and exposed the limitations of global frameworks, using low-resolution models to quantify regional fluxes. This limitations justified developing a regional approach.Then I evaluated the benefit of the regional atmospheric model BRAMS, relative to the global forecast system ECMWF, when both models provided the meteorological fields to drive the atmospheric transport model CHIMERE to simulate CO2 transport in tropical South America at high resolution (~35 km). I simulated the CO2 distribution with both transport models―CHIMERE-BRAMS and CHIMERE-ECMWF. I evaluated the model simulations with aircraft measurements in vertical profiles, analyzing the concentrations associated to the individual measurements, but also with horizontal gradients along wind direction between pairs of sites at different altitudes, or vertically integrated. Both transport models simulated the CO2 observations with similar performance, but I found a strong impact of the uncertainty in the transport models. Both individual measurements and horizontal gradients were most sensitive to NEE, but also to biomass burning CO2 emissions (EFIRE) in the dry season. I found that horizontal gradients were more suitable for inversions than individual measurements, since the former were less sensitive fluxes outside South America and further decreased the impact of the transport model uncertainty in altitude.Finally, I developed two analytical regional inversion systems for tropical South America, driven with CHIMERE-BRAMS and CHIMERE-ECMWF, and made inversions with four observation vectors: individual concentration measurements and horizontal gradients at five vertical levels, close to the surface, or horizontal gradients vertically integrated. I found a strong dependency of the inverted regional and sub-regional NEE and EFIRE emissions budgets on both the transport model and the observation vector. Inversions with gradients yielded a better separation of NEE and EFIRE signals. However, the large uncertainties in the inverted fluxes, did not yield high confidence in the estimates. Therefore, even though my study did not improve the knowledge of seasonal and year-to-year variations of the NEE in Amazonia, it demonstrated need of further efforts to improve transport modeling in the region and the inverse modeling strategy, at least through a careful definition of the observation vector that accounts for the characteristics of the available data, and the limitations of the current transport models
Molina, Carpio Luis. "Modélisation inverse des flux de CO2 en Amazonie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV040.
Texto completoA better knowledge of the seasonal and inter-annual variations of the Amazon carbon cycle is critical to understand the influence of this terrestrial ecosystem on climate change. Atmospheric inverse modeling is a powerful tool to estimate these variations by extracting the information on the spatio-temporal patterns of surface CO2 fluxes contained in observations of atmospheric CO2. However, the confidence in the Amazon flux estimates obtained from global inversion frameworks is low, given the scarcity of observations in this region.In this context, I started by analyzing in detail the Amazon net ecosystem exchange (NEE) inferred with two global inversions over the period 2002 — 2010. Both inversions assimilated data from the global observation network outside Amazonia, and one of them also assimilated data from four stations in Amazonia that had not been used in previous inversion efforts. I demonstrated that in a global inversion the observations from sites distant from Amazonia, as well as local observations, controlled the NEE inferred through the inversion. The inferred fluxes revealed large-scale structures likely not consistent with the actual NEE in Amazonia. This analysis confirmed the lack of observation sites in Amazonia to provide reliable flux estimates, and exposed the limitations of global frameworks, using low-resolution models to quantify regional fluxes. This limitations justified developing a regional approach.Then I evaluated the benefit of the regional atmospheric model BRAMS, relative to the global forecast system ECMWF, when both models provided the meteorological fields to drive the atmospheric transport model CHIMERE to simulate CO2 transport in tropical South America at high resolution (~35 km). I simulated the CO2 distribution with both transport models―CHIMERE-BRAMS and CHIMERE-ECMWF. I evaluated the model simulations with aircraft measurements in vertical profiles, analyzing the concentrations associated to the individual measurements, but also with horizontal gradients along wind direction between pairs of sites at different altitudes, or vertically integrated. Both transport models simulated the CO2 observations with similar performance, but I found a strong impact of the uncertainty in the transport models. Both individual measurements and horizontal gradients were most sensitive to NEE, but also to biomass burning CO2 emissions (EFIRE) in the dry season. I found that horizontal gradients were more suitable for inversions than individual measurements, since the former were less sensitive fluxes outside South America and further decreased the impact of the transport model uncertainty in altitude.Finally, I developed two analytical regional inversion systems for tropical South America, driven with CHIMERE-BRAMS and CHIMERE-ECMWF, and made inversions with four observation vectors: individual concentration measurements and horizontal gradients at five vertical levels, close to the surface, or horizontal gradients vertically integrated. I found a strong dependency of the inverted regional and sub-regional NEE and EFIRE emissions budgets on both the transport model and the observation vector. Inversions with gradients yielded a better separation of NEE and EFIRE signals. However, the large uncertainties in the inverted fluxes, did not yield high confidence in the estimates. Therefore, even though my study did not improve the knowledge of seasonal and year-to-year variations of the NEE in Amazonia, it demonstrated need of further efforts to improve transport modeling in the region and the inverse modeling strategy, at least through a careful definition of the observation vector that accounts for the characteristics of the available data, and the limitations of the current transport models
Calizaya, Hinojosa Jorge. "Approche pour la modélisation de systèmes manufacturiers cellulaires dans l'industrie de confection de vêtements". Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2008. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/138/1/CALIZAYA_HINOJOSA_Jorge.pdf.
Texto completoEl, Houari Karim. "Modélisation et imagerie électrocardiographiques". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1S063/document.
Texto completoThe estimation of solutions of the inverse problem of Electrocardiography (ECG) represents a major interest in the diagnosis and catheter-based therapy of cardiac arrhythmia. The latter consists in non-invasively providing 3D images of the spatial distribution of cardiac electrical activity based on anatomical and electrocardiographic data. On the one hand, this problem is challenging due to its ill-posed nature. On the other hand, validation of proposed methods on clinical data remains very limited. Another way to proceed is by evaluating these methods performance on data simulated by a cardiac electrical model. For this application, existing models are either too complex or do not produce realistic cardiac patterns. As a first step, we designed a low-resolution heart-torso model that generates realistic cardiac mappings and ECGs in healthy and pathological cases. This model is built upon a simplified heart torso geometry and implements the monodomain formalism by using the Finite Element Method (FEM). Parameters were identified using an evolutionary approach and their influence were analyzed by a screening method. In a second step, a new approach for solving the inverse problem was proposed and compared to classical methods in healthy and pathological cases. This method uses a spatio-temporal a priori on the cardiac electrical activity and the discrepancy principle for finding an adequate regularization parameter
Allouch, Samar. "Modélisation inverse du système neuromusculosquelettique : application au doigt majeur". Thesis, Compiègne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014COMP2157.
Texto completoWith the need to develop an artificial organ replacing the human finger in the case of a deficiency and the need to understand how this physiological system works, an inverse physical model of the finger system for estimating neuronal activations from the movement, is necessary. Despite the large number of studies in the human hand modeling, almost there is no inverse physical model of the middle finger system that focuses on search neuronal activations. Al most all existing models have focused on the research of the muscle forces and muscle activations. The purpose of the manuscript is to present a neuromusculoskeletal model of the human middle finger system for estimating neuronal activations, muscle activations and muscle forces of all the acting muscles after movement analysis. The aim of such models is to represent the essential characteristics of the movement with the best possible realism. Our job is to study, model and simulate the movement of the human finger. The innovation of the proposed model is the coupling between the biomechanical and neurophysiological aspects to simulate the complete inverse movement chain from dynamic finger data to neuronal intents that control muscle activations. Another innovation is the design of a specific experimental protocol that treats both the multichannel sEMG and kinematic data from a data capture procedure of the movement
Blal, Nawfal. "Modélisation Micromécanique et Identification Inverse de l'Endommagement par Approches Cohésives". Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00870763.
Texto completoFavennec, Yann Jakès. "Modélisation numérique en chauffage par induction : Analyse inverse et optimisation". Paris, ENMP, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ENMP1084.
Texto completoLabidi, Jalel. "La rectification-inverse : modélisation et applications aux thermotransformateurs et thermofrigopompes". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1992. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1992_LABIDI_J.pdf.
Texto completoBlal, Nawfal. "Modélisation micromécanique et identification inverse de l’endommagement par approches cohésives". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20079.
Texto completoIn this study a micromechanical model is proposed for a collection of cohesive zone models embedded between two each elements of a standard cohesive-volumetric finite element method. An equivalent 'matrix-inclusions' composite is proposed as a representation of the cohesive-volumetric discretization. The overall behaviour is obtained using homogenization approaches (Hashin Shtrikman scheme and the P. Ponte Castañeda approach). The derived model deals with elastic, brittle and ductile materials. It is available whatever the triaxiality loading rate and the shape of the cohesive law, and leads to direct relationships between the overall material properties and the local cohesive parameters and the mesh density.First, rigorous bounds on the normal and tangential cohesive stiffnesses are obtained leading to a suitable control of the inherent artificial elastic loss induced by intrinsic cohesive models. Second, theoretical criteria on damageable and ductile cohesive parameters are established (cohesive peak stress, critical separation, cohesive failure energy, ...). These criteria allow a practical calibration of the cohesive zone parameters as function of the overall material properties and the mesh length.The main interest of such calibration is its promising capacity to lead to a mesh-insensitive overall response in surface damage
Cousin, Théau. "Modélisation et simulation numérique du problème inverse en tomographie électromagnétique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMIR03.
Texto completoThis thesis is part of a research project aiming to develop, in an ecological approach, a methodology for retrieving the density of civil engineering materials. The objective is to replace an invasive and nuclear method with a non-destructive and electromagnetic approach. The work of this thesis stems from a CIFRE collaboration between Cerema, Routes de France, and the Laboratory of Mathematics at INSA Rouen Normandie (LMI).The initial work has established a relationship between the density and the dielectric permittivity of a material, leading the ENDSUM team at Cerema Normandie to develop a bench capable of emitting and receiving electromagnetic waves. It is equipped with stepper motors for the antennas and a motor for the support, enabling tomography-type measurements. The objective of this thesis is to implement a solver capable of performing inversion on the data generated by this bench to retrieve the permittivity and ultimately the compactness. This involves the numerical modeling and simulation of this system, based on the diffraction of electromagnetic waves governed by the Maxwell equations we studied in second order. The development of this 3D solver required the implementation of a Finite Element type method, based on Nedelec Finite Elements. The consideration of the unbounded nature of the domain was achieved through the implementation of Perfectly Matched Layers. To optimize the implementation, we also introduced vectorization of the discretization matrix assembly and implemented a domain decomposition method. Finally, the resolution of the minimization problem was carried out using a Gauss-Newton approach utilizing the adjoint state method for computing the Hessian matrix. This resolution is combined with a semi-quadratic Tikhonov regularization method to enhance the contrast in the desired permittivity.The modeling of the bench also required work on the calibration of the antennas used. We have readapted previous work to consider the antennas as a point source associated with a spherical wave and implemented an experimental process to correct the received signals
Ben, Salem Nabil. "Modélisation directe et inverse de la dispersion atmosphérique en milieux complexes". Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECDL0023.
Texto completoThe aim of this study is to develop an inverse atmospheric dispersion model for crisis management in urban areas and industrial sites. The inverse modes allows for the reconstruction of the characteristics of a pollutant source (emission rate, position) from concentration measurements, by combining a direct dispersion model and an inversion algorithm, and assuming as known both site topography and meteorological conditions. The direct models used in these study, named SIRANE and SIRANERISK, are both operational "street network" models. These are based on the decomposition of the urban atmosphere into two sub-domains: the urban boundary layer and the urban canopy, represented as a series of interconnected boxes. Parametric laws govern the mass exchanges between the boxes under the assumption that the pollutant dispersion within the canopy can be fully simulated by modelling three main bulk transfer phenomena: channelling along street axes, transfers at street intersections and vertical exchange between a street canyon and the overlying atmosphere. The first part of this study is devoted to a detailed validation of these direct models in order to test the parameterisations implemented in them. This is achieved by comparing their outputs with wind tunnel experiments of the dispersion of steady and unsteady pollutant releases in idealised urban geometries. In the second part we use these models and experiments to test the performances of an inversion algorithm, named REWind. The specificity of this work is twofold. The first concerns the application of the inversion algorithm - using as input data instantaneous concentration signals registered at fixed receptors and not only time-averaged or ensemble averaged concentrations. - in urban like geometries, using an operational urban dispersion model as direct model. The application of the inverse approach by using instantaneous concentration signals rather than the averaged concentrations showed that the ReWind model generally provides reliable estimates of the total pollutant mass discharged at the source. However, the algorithm has some difficulties in estimating both emission rate and position of the source. We also show that the performances of the inversion algorithm are significantly influenced by the cost function used to the optimization, the number of receptors and the parameterizations adopted in the direct atmospheric dispersion model
Mercier, Frédéric. "Contribution à la modélisation de l'emboutissage de tôles minces par l'approche inverse". Compiègne, 1998. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01123948.
Texto completoDepriester, Dorian. "Caractérisation et modélisation du procédé de fluotournage inverse à froid du TA6V". Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0038/document.
Texto completoFlowforming is a means to produce seamless tubes by plastic deformation at room temperature. It consists in a tubular part, mounted on a mandrel, and a couple of rollers. While the mandrel is rotating, the roller translate along the tube axis. Because of the conical shape of the roller, the tube thickness reduces by cold plastic deformation, thus the tube elongates. Thanks to the high compressive stresses and to the incremental nature of the deformation process, flowforming can lead to a high thickness reduction and thus to high elongation of the deformed tubes. Ti-6Al-4V (also known as Ti64) is an α-β titanium alloy. Because of its high strength and its low density, Ti64 is the most widely used titanium alloy in aerospace industry. Nevertheless, flowforming of this alloy is a great challenge, considering its well known poor ductility at room temperature. In order to increase the "tube spinnability" of Ti64, first the flowformed material has been extensively investigated at microscopic scale (SEM, EBSD) as well as at macroscopic scale (mechanical properties). In addition, an experimental flowforming machine, equipped with load sensors, has been designed. It has provided valuable informations about the strain mechanism occuring during flowforming; furthermore, this experimental set-up has allowed to buid an adequate constitutive law for the plastic flow. Then, this law has been used to optimize the processing parameter, in order to avoid failure during the process
Ouaret, Samir. "Modélisation et évaluation des performances d'un système hybride fabrication réutilisation en logistique inverse". Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2012. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/957/1/OUARET_Samir.pdf.
Texto completoWiniarek, Victor. "Dispersion atmosphérique et modélisation inverse pour la reconstruction de sources accidentelles de polluants". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01004505.
Texto completoHalouani, Ali. "Modélisation et optimisation des préformes du procédé de forgeage par Approche Pseudo Inverse". Thesis, Reims, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REIMS051.
Texto completoA new method called “Pseudo Inverse Approach” (PIA) is developed for the axi-symmetrical cold forging modelling. The PIA is based on the knowledge of the final part shape. Some « realistic » intermediate configurations are introduced in the PIA to consider the deformation path. They are created geometrically without contact treatment, and then corrected by using a free surface method in order to satisfy the equilibrium, the boundary conditions and the metal incompressibility. A new direct algorithm of plasticity is proposed, leading to a very fast, accurate and robust plastic integration method even in the case of very large strain increments. An isotropic damage model in deformation is coupled with the plasticity and implemented in the PIA. Numerical tests have shown that the Pseudo Inverse Approach gives very close results to those obtained by the incremental approach, but using much less calculation time.The PIA is adopted as forging solver for the design and optimization of preform tools in the multi-stage forging process. The rapidity and robustness of the PIA make the optimization procedure very powerful. A new method is developed to automatically generate the initial preform tool shape for the optimization procedure. The design variables are the vertical positions of the control points of B-spline curves describing the preform tool shape. Our multi-objective optimization is to minimize the equivalent plastic strain in the final part and the punch force during the forging process. The Genetic algorithm and Simulated Annealing algorithm are used to find optimal Pareto points. To reduce the number of forging simulations, a surrogate meta-model based on the kriging method is adopted to build an approximate response surface. The results obtained by the PIA using the optimal preform tools issued from the optimization procedure are compared to those obtained by using the classical incremental approaches to show the effectiveness and limitations of the PIA. The optimization procedure combined with the PIA can be a rapid and powerful tool for the design and optimization of the preform tools
Plana, Vincent. "Caractérisation par méthode inverse et modélisation des propriétés thermophysiques orthotropes des matériaux composites". École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (Toulouse ; 1972-2007), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ESAE0004.
Texto completoGhouati, Omar. "Identification et modélisation numérique directe et inverse du comportement viscoplastique des alliages d'aluminium". Besançon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BESA2035.
Texto completoPison, Isabelle. "Modélisation inverse pour l'optimisation des sources primaires de pollution atmosphérique à l'échelle régionale". Phd thesis, Paris 12, 2005. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002346970204611&vid=upec.
Texto completoA method for the inversion of anthropogenic emissions at a regional scale, using network measurements and based on CHIMERE model and its adjoint, was developed and validated. A kriging technique allows us to optimize the use of the information available in the concentration space. A dynamical spatial aggregation technique makes it possible to further reduce the size of the problem. Finally, other parameters may be inverted or debiased before the inversion. The NOx emissions from the inventory elaborated by AIRPARIF for the Paris area were inverted during the summers of 1998 and 1999, the events of the ESQUIF campaign being studied in detail. The optimization reduces large differences between simulated and measured concentrations. Generally, the confidence level of the results decreases with the density of the measurement network. Therefore, the results with the higher confidence level correspond to the most intense emission fluxes of the Paris area
Pison, Isabelle. "Modélisation inverse pour l'optimisation des sources primaires de pollution atmosphérique à l'échelle régionale". Phd thesis, Université Paris XII Val de Marne, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011681.
Texto completoUne méthode d'inversion des émissions anthropiques à l'échelle régionale, utilisant les mesures de routine et basée sur le modèle CHIMERE et son adjoint, a été élaborée et validée. Une technique de krigeage permet d'utiliser de façon optimale les informations disponibles dans l'espace des concentrations. L'enchaînement de cycles krigeage-optimisation améliore la qualité des résultats. Une technique d'agrégation spatiale dynamique est utilisée pour réduire la dimension du problème.
Les émissions de NOx du cadastre élaboré par AIRPARIF pour l'Ile-de-France ont été inversées pendant les étés 1998 et 1999, les épisodes de la campagne ESQUIF étant étudiés en détail. L'optimisation corrige des écarts importants entre concentrations mesurées et simulées. Cependant, d'une façon générale, le niveau de fiabilité des résultats diminue avec la densité du réseau de mesure. Les résultats présentant le plus haut niveau de confiance concernent donc les flux d'émission les plus intenses d'Ile-de-France. Les corrections apportées à la masse moyenne émise dans l'ensemble du domaine et aux profils temporels correspondant sont en accord avec l'estimation de l'incertitude sur le cadastre pour les NOx (15%) obtenue lors de la campagne ESQUIF.
Laville, Colin. "Caractérisation mécanique et modélisation numérique des tissus de valve aortique". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEM069/document.
Texto completoThis PhD thesis aims to develop experimental and numerical tools for the mechanical characterization and the numerical modeling of natural or artificial aortic valve tissues. These tools are intended to be used for the development of new biomimetic polymeric implants. Nowadays, almost 300 000 prosthetic valves are implanted every year worldwide. Two families of prosthetic valves are currently available~: mechanical and biological prostheses. However, both solutions suffer from major drawbacks. In this context, polymeric prostheses represent a promising alternative but currently suffer from insufficient material properties to be suitable for a long--lasting implantation. In this work, an experimental protocol using biaxial tensile tests together with full--field surface measurement and confocal microscopy is proposed. Since numerical simulation is intended to assist the design phase of new implants by predicting their mechanical behavior, a structure and a fluid solver are developed and coupled. Using experimental results, implemented constitutive models are calibrated through an inverse analysis procedure
Locatelli, Robin. "Estimation des sources et puits de méthane : bilan planétaire et impacts de la modélisation du transport atmosphérique". Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS0035/document.
Texto completoA better knowledge of the methane biogeochemical cycle is fundamental for a betterunderstanding of climate change. Inverse modelling is one powerful tool to derivemethane sources and sinks by optimally combining information from atmospheric observations of methane mixing ratios, from process-based models and inventories ofmethane emissions and sinks, and from a chemistry-transport model used to link emissionsto atmospheric mixing ratios. However, uncertainties related to the modelling ofatmospheric transport are becoming a serious limitation for inverse modelling due tothe increasing number and type of observations.After showing that the impact of transport errors on current atmospheric inversionscould be significant, I tried to improve the representation of atmospheric transport inthe inverse system used at LSCE. Thus, I have tested new physical parameterizations(deep convection, vertical diffusion and non-local transport within the boundary layer)in the LMDz model and adapted it to finer horizontal and vertical resolutions. Thesedevelopments were integrated into the inverse system.Nine inversions have been performed using the different versions of LMDz in order toestimate methane emissions over the period 2006-2012. Two years of strong methaneemissions have been highlighted in 2007 and in 2010. These anomalies have beenmainly attributed to anomalies in the Tropics and in China, where major climate eventshave been observed (Tropical South America and South East Asia) and where economicdevelopment is carrying on with a fast pace (China), even if emissions magnitude andtrend reported in inventories are found to be overestimated
Alakian, Alexandre. "Modélisation radiative et caractérisation des panaches d'aérosols en imagerie hyperspectrale". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066003.
Texto completoRoncen, Rémi. "Modélisation et identification par inférence bayésienne de matériaux poreux acoustiques en aéronautique". Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ESAE0023/document.
Texto completoThe present work focuses on porous materials in aeronautics and the uncertainty considerations on the performed identifications. Porous materials are added inside the cavities of acoustic liners, materials formed with perforated plates and cavities, behaving as Helmholtz resonators, which are widely used in the industry. The aim is to increase the frequency range of the absorption spectrum, while improving the behaviour of liners to grazing flow and high sound intensity.This general topic is addressed by following two different leads.Porous materials were first considered in order to identify the intrinsic properties of their micro-geometry, necessary to the equivalent fluid semi-phenomenological models used later on. To achieve this, a statistical Bayesian inference tool is used to extract information on these properties, contained in reflected or transmitted signals, in three distinct frequency regimes. Furthermore, a modelling extension of rigid porous media is introduced, by adding two new intrinsic parameters related to the pore micro-structure and linked to the visco-inertial behaviour of the intra-pore fluid, at low frequencies.Then, the liner impedance, a global property representing the acoustic behaviour of materials, is identified through a Bayesian inference process. Data from a NASA benchmark are used to validate the developed tool, when the liner is subject to a shear grazing flow. An extension of these results to ONERA's B2A aeroacoustic bench is also performed, with measurements of the velocity profiles above the liner, obtained with a Laser Doppler Velocimetry technique. This identification technique is then further used for liner materials filled with porous media, to highlight the eventual influence of such a porous media on the acoustic response of the liner, when subject to a shear grazing flow. Additional measurements are permed without flow, at normal incidence, in a classical impedance tube. Different combinations of perforated plates and porous materials are tested at different sound pressure level, to evaluate the influence of the presence of porous media on the non-linear behaviour of liners when high sound pressure levels are present
Martin, Nathan. "Modélisation directe et inverse d'écoulements géophysiques viscoplastiques par méthodes variationnelles - Application à la glaciologie". Phd thesis, INSA de Toulouse, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00920189.
Texto completoRahmani, Nassima. "Détection des cavités souterraines par la méthode des résistivités : modélisation directe et processus inverse". Bordeaux 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR10539.
Texto completoMazzoni, Daniel. "Sur la modélisation du rayonnement acoustique de sources aléatoires : problème direct et problème inverse". Aix-Marseille 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX22017.
Texto completoCzerwinski, Marek. "Modélisation de la turbidité spectrale d'un milieu multidiffusif et son application au problème inverse". Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES067.
Texto completoThomas, Anoop Ebey. "Modélisation numérique thermo-viscoplastique du procédé de forgeage des métaux par l’Approche Pseudo Inverse". Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIMS003/document.
Texto completoHot forging is a metal forming process used to form difficult-to-form materials as well as to achieve complex geometries. The reduction of yield stress at high temperatures and a subsequent increase in formability is the primary mechanism that drives the process. Numerical methods provide an efficient means to predict the material yield and the stress/strain states of the product at different stages of forming. Although classical methods are accurate enough to provide a suitable representation of the process, they tend to be computationally expensive. This limits its use in practical cases especially for process optimization. Pseudo Inverse Approach (PIA) developed in the context of 2D axisymmetric cold forming, provides a quick estimate of the stress and strain fields in the final product for a given initial shape. In this work, the PIA is extended to include the thermal and viscoplastic effects on the forging process as well as to the general 3D case. The results are compared with commercially available software, based on the classical approaches, to show the efficiency and the limitations of PIA. The results obtained indicate that PIA is a quite effective tool that can be used for both 2D and 3D simulations of hot forging
Ajami, Alain. "Modélisation et simulation d'une station mono-opérateur pour le contrôle de drones et la planification de trajectoire". Thesis, Toulon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUL0009/document.
Texto completoThe presented work is part of a larger project called SHARE, which consists in developing a universal new generation ground control station for the monitoring and the control of fixed and rotary wing UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle).The objective of this PhD thesis is to develop a generic ground control station simulator capable of simulating in real time different types of UAVs, onboard sensors, several flight environments, and various military missions which are defined according to the STANAG 4586 standard. First, we introduce the model of the different parts of the station, and then we present the architecture adopted for the simulator and the control module. The latter is divided into several hierarchical levels; the upper level contains the path planning algorithms for fixed wing HALE (High Altitude, Long Endurance) UAV. These algorithms are used to calculate an admissible path between initial and final position by minimizing a cost function.Finally, in order to manage missions online, we developed a decision support system that is capable of performing a variety of objectives. This system also supplies the operator the best paths proposed by planning algorithms. This tool aims to help the station operator to make the decision by maximizing the rewards obtained during the achieving the objectives and minimizing certain criteria (resource consumption, danger, weather,..)
Benadla, Zahira. "Modélisation et simulation thermomécanique du soudage". Compiègne, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005COMP1571.
Texto completoThis research is concerned with the prediction of residual constraints and distorsions generated by, welding process. A finite elements model based on semi-coupled thermomechanical analyses is proposed and validated on tests. Ln a first time, a axisymetric structure is studied. Ln this analysis gradients of temperature and contraints are imposed. This test permit us to validate the thermomechanical behavior law and to choose the most representative hardening (kinematic or isotropic). Then, a real operation of welding is considered. Ln this example a mobile heat source is used. A tridimensional simulation is studied and compared to measures. These measures also act as support to identify a heat source parameters. Finally, a mixed model is proposed. This model permit to reduce computational times. A numerical comparison of mixed model results with molumic model results allowed us to validate development
Cura, Rémi. "Inverse procedural Street Modelling : from interactive to automatic reconstruction". Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1034/document.
Texto completoWorld urban population is growing fast, and so are cities, inducing an urgent need for city planning and management.Increasing amounts of data are required as cities are becoming larger, "Smarter", and as more related applications necessitate those data (planning, virtual tourism, traffic simulation, etc.).Data related to cities then become larger and are integrated into more complex city model.Roads and streets are an essential part of the city, being the interface between public and private space, and between urban usages.Modelling streets (or street reconstruction) is difficult because streets can be very different from each other (in layout, functions, morphology) and contain widely varying urban features (furniture, markings, traffic signs), at different scales.In this thesis, we propose an automatic and semi-automatic framework to model and reconstruct streets using the inverse procedural modelling paradigm.The main guiding principle is to generate a procedural generic model and then to adapt it to reality using observations.In our framework, a "best guess" road model is first generated from very little information (road axis network and associated attributes), that is available in most of national databases.This road model is then fitted to observations by combining in-base interactive user edition (using common GIS software as graphical interface) with semi-automated optimisation.The optimisation approach adapts the road model so it fits observations of urban features extracted from diverse sensing data.Both street generation (StreetGen) and interactions happen in a database server, as well as the management of large amount of street Lidar data (sensing data) as the observations using a Point Cloud Server.We test our methods on the entire Paris city, whose streets are generated in a few minutes, can be edited interactively (<0.3 s) by several concurrent users.Automatic fitting (few m) shows promising results (average distance to ground truth reduced from 2.0 m to 0.5m).In the future, this method could be mixed with others dedicated to reconstruction of buildings, vegetation, etc., so an affordable, precise, and up to date City model can be obtained quickly and semi-automatically.This will also allow to such models to be used in other application areas.Indeed, the possibility to have common, more generic, city models is an important challenge given the cost an complexity of their construction
Locatelli, Robin. "Estimation des sources et puits de méthane : bilan planétaire et impacts de la modélisation du transport atmosphérique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS0035.
Texto completoA better knowledge of the methane biogeochemical cycle is fundamental for a betterunderstanding of climate change. Inverse modelling is one powerful tool to derivemethane sources and sinks by optimally combining information from atmospheric observations of methane mixing ratios, from process-based models and inventories ofmethane emissions and sinks, and from a chemistry-transport model used to link emissionsto atmospheric mixing ratios. However, uncertainties related to the modelling ofatmospheric transport are becoming a serious limitation for inverse modelling due tothe increasing number and type of observations.After showing that the impact of transport errors on current atmospheric inversionscould be significant, I tried to improve the representation of atmospheric transport inthe inverse system used at LSCE. Thus, I have tested new physical parameterizations(deep convection, vertical diffusion and non-local transport within the boundary layer)in the LMDz model and adapted it to finer horizontal and vertical resolutions. Thesedevelopments were integrated into the inverse system.Nine inversions have been performed using the different versions of LMDz in order toestimate methane emissions over the period 2006-2012. Two years of strong methaneemissions have been highlighted in 2007 and in 2010. These anomalies have beenmainly attributed to anomalies in the Tropics and in China, where major climate eventshave been observed (Tropical South America and South East Asia) and where economicdevelopment is carrying on with a fast pace (China), even if emissions magnitude andtrend reported in inventories are found to be overestimated
Trottier, Nicolas. "Modélisation des écoulement en milieux poreux fracturés : estimation des paramètres par approche inverse multi-échelle". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01037933.
Texto completoWise, John Nathaniel. "Inverse modelling and optimisation in numerical groundwater flow models using proper orthogonal decomposition". Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMSE0773/document.
Texto completoThe Richards equation describes the movement of an unsaturated fluid through a porous media, and is characterised as a non-linear partial differential equation. The equation is subject to a number of parameters and is typically computationnaly expensive to solve. To determine the parameters in the Richards equation, inverse modelling studies often need to be undertaken. As a solution to overcome the computational expense incurred in inverse modelling, the use of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) as a Reduced Order Modelling (ROM) method is proposed in this thesis to speed-up individual simulations. The Petrov-Galerkin POD approach is initially applied to the Richards equation and tested on different case studies. However, due to the non-linear nature of the Richards equation the method does not result in significant speed up times. Subsquently, the Petrov-Galerkin method is adapted by linearising the nonlinear terms in the equation, resulting in speed-up times in the range of [10,100]., The adaptation, notably, does not use any interpolation techniques, favouring an intrusive, but physics-based, approach. While the use of intrusive POD approaches add to the complexity of the ROM, it avoids the problem of finding kernel parameters typically present in interpolative POD approaches. Furthermore, the interpolative and possible extrapolation properties inherent to intrusive PODROM's are explored. The good extrapolation propertie, within predetermined bounds, of intrusive POD's allows for the development of an optimisation approach requiring a very small Design of Experiments (DOE). The optimisation method creates locally accurate models within the parameters space usign Support Vector Classification. The limits of the locally accurate model are called the confidence region. The methods are demonstrated on a hypothetical unsaturated case study requiring the Richards equation, and on true case study in the Table Mountain Group near Cape Town, South Africa
Le, Thanh Tung. "Prépositionnement automatique de vêtement". Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066705.
Texto completoSakimoto, Takahiro. "Étude de fracture inverse pendant les essais DWTT". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM081.
Texto completoFor the gas line-pipe, resistance to brittle fracture propagation is related to shear area fraction measured in Drop Weight Tear Test (DWTT). Recently, “so-called” inverse fracture is sometimes observed in DWTT specimens for line-pipe with high Charpy absorbed energy. The main problem of the inverse fracture is that the resistance to brittle fracture propagation is underestimated in case of high toughness steels. However, the rational guidelines to evaluate the effect of inverse fracture are still missing. Moreover, the mechanism of inverse fracture has not yet been clarified in details. It is important to establish the simulation models representing the DWTT fracture surface to clarify the mechanisms of inverse fracture. This study aims at the simulation model representing the slant ductile fracture and ductile to brittle transition during DWTT. The study includes the description of: (i) the anisotropic plastic behavior, (ii) slant ductile behavior and (iii) ductile to brittle transition behavior. The description of anisotropic plastic behavior is needed to be able to precisely estimate strains and stresses within the structures. The slant ductile fracture behavior is numerically investigated by using the GTN model with additional secondary void nucleation. The brittle fracture is studied by extending the Beremin model to brittle fracture initiation after slant ductile fracture. This study discusses the mechanism of inverse fracture during DWTT from these simulation results. This research results will be helpful to be able to use high toughness steels for natural gas line-pipes with high pressure transmission
Oumri, Farah. "Modélisation mathématique, simulation numérique et application en tomographie optique chez l'enfant prématuré". Thesis, Reims, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021REIMS003.
Texto completoIn the ANR-15-CE23-0009 project, entitled MAIA (Multiphysics image-based Analyzes for premature brAin development understanding) which deals with different techniques of medical imaging for newborns, my thesis work focuses on the mathematical modeling of Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT). Diffuse optical tomography is a method of medical imaging based on the absorption of light by biological tissue in the near infrared scale, and in particular those of the brain. This non-invasive and non-irradiating technique can be used for bedside monitoring and is thus particularly suitable for newborns or premature babies. To this end, a helmet is placed on the children's head, equipped with optodes which serve both as light sources and detectors. After passing through the various tissues that make up the head, the amount of light arriving at the detector is measured. This measurement constitutes the observable quantity of this technique and then makes it possible to reconstruct the optical parameters of the tissues.First, we are interested in the mathematical modeling and numerical simulation in 2D and 3D of the direct problem of light propagation. For this, we use the diffusion approximation to model the phenomenon. We are then studying the possibility of detecting the presence of inclusions with different optical properties in a mono- and multi-layer medium and of finding their localization. We show by the study of the mathematical sensitivity that the presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) prevents this localization, since we are at the limit of validity of the diffusion model.We then develop a new model to better take into account the CSF layer. This layer indeed contains arachnoid trabeculae which act as discrete scatterers. We apply a homogenization process in order to substitute the two-phase layer by an equivalent homogeneous medium. We show simulations for circular and spherical models as well as for a realistic neonatal mesh. Analysis of the results shows that this new model improves the sensitivity of the measurements to inclusion.Finally we define the inverse problem which allows to reconstruct the optical properties of the media from boundary data. A first series of results show that it is possible to reconstruct the values of the absorption and diffusion coefficients in an inclusion whose geometry is known. The resolution of the inverse problem for variable optical parameters strongly depends on the choice of the regularization parameters. Numerous 2D and 3D tests with a single-layer medium are given: one or more inclusions, without inverse crime, with different noise levels. The first results in a 2D multi-layer configuration show that the homogenized model improves the reconstruction
Recho, Pierre. "Modélisation mécanique du rampement cellulaire". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00801360.
Texto completoEssouayed, Elyess. "Développement d'une stratégie de localisation d'une source de contaminants en nappe : mesures innovantes et modélisation inverse". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BOR30006/document.
Texto completoContaminated sites management and remediation can be complex and require a significant investment to locate the contaminant source, which delivers the higher pollutant mass fluxes. The study proposes a strategy for contaminant source localisation using in situ measurement and inverse modelling. First, an innovative tool was developed to measure groundwater velocity in a well. The developed tool called DVT (Direct Velocity Tool) made it possible to measure a low Darcy flux. Laboratory and field tests were performed with the DVT and compared to other velocity measurement tools. By combining the DVT with a local concentration measurement, it is possible to calculate the mass fluxes passing through wells. Then the thesis present the inverse modeling used for source localisation and parameters estimation. The study was done on two synthetics cases using the non-linear optimisation method. To adapt the method to a real management of polluted sites, an iterative strategy is developed by imposing a limited addition of new observations to each modeling phase. This strategy is base on the Data Worth approach. Source localisation results on the two synthetic cases made it possible to judge the method applicability to a real site problem. The source localisation strategy is then applied to a real site with (i) mass flux measurement with velocities (DVT) and concentrations and (ii) inverse modeling. The modeling phases made it possible to locate the new wells and helped the source localisation. Nevertheless, by analysing the results more precisely, the hydraulic conductivity field estimated by the optimisation did not correspond to reality. In addition, contaminant mass fluxes highlightes two distinct zones of flux. By analysing the pollutant ratio of the site, it appears that two plumes are potentially present. Thus, another inverse modeling phase has been tested (i) to locate the two potential sources and (ii) to estimate the chemistry of the site. Results of the strategy were compared to the geoprobe campaign which confirmed the second source location
Burg, Philippe. "Contribution à la modélisation des pétroles bruts à l'aide de la chromatographie en phase gazeuse inverse". Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30033.
Texto completoNfonguem, Gustave. "Contribution au développement d'actionneurs plus électriques : modélisation inverse et composants mécaniques spécifiques à une application aéronautique". Toulouse, INSA, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ISAT0001.
Texto completoThe thesis work is realised in the framework of a European research program in the field of civil aviation called Power Optimized Aircraft. It has been launched to define strategic and technological solutions contributing to the reduction of non propulsive power of the aircrafts with the range of an Airbus A330. The study has been conducted in partnership between le Laboratoire de Génie Mécanique de Toulouse and the aircraft equipment supplier company Goodrich Actuation Systems. It concerns the design of a real and virtual prototype of a more electrical Airbus A330 THSA version. The study is essentially based on the generation of the actuator virtual prototype by inverse modelling, using Bond Graph formalism. The first part of the study is dedicated to the inverse modelling and the power consumption analysis of the actual THSA, hydraulically powered. The behaviour at null velocity of friction elements has been accurately modelled thanks to the introduction of the effort contribution factor ke. A flux contribution factor kf has permitted to share the load velocity between the two THSA power sources at the level of their coupling device. The THSA power consumption analysis has permitted to show the bad aspect in term of power losses of metering valve technology. The second part of the study concerns the definition of the electrical THSA version with an emphasis on simplicity, reliability and redundancy. It has been extended with the modeling of the actuator and its power consumption analysis. A geometry optimization method of some THSA power transmission elements has been proposed in order to reduce the power losses. The advantage brought by the step toward the electrical technology has been demonstrated, by comparing the power consumption of both THSA versions. The last part of the study deals with modeling and testing of a new mechanical component (irreversor), an irreversible device based on sticking principle. The implementation of the irreversor model has been difficult due to the presence of high contact stiffness. Moreover a test bench has been designed and setup, including:A device on which the irreversor was balance mounted in such a way to accurately measure its internal friction. An energy recirculation architecture. A real time simulation process
Besson, Delphine. "Modélisation ergonomique cinématique directe et inverse du dos et du cou à partir de marqueurs externes". Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10193.
Texto completoDjatouti, Zohra. "Amélioration de la prédiction de quantités d'intérêt par modélisation inverse : application à la thermique du bâtiment". Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2006.
Texto completoThis work introduces an original inverse strategy for model parameter identification that can be used for onsite building characterization in view of energy performance assessment and as a tool of decision-making during energy retrofitting of existing buildings. Unlike the standard global inverse approaches such as Tikhonov regularization method that aim at identifying all the model parameters in order to best fit the measurement data, the goal-oriented inverse method is formulated for a robust prediction of a quantity of interest. Thus, it only updates the model parameters that most affect the computation of the sought quantity of interest. In order to optimize the computation time, the goal-oriented inverse method is combined with the Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD) model order reduction method. The proposed identification strategy is applied to two existing buildings part of the equipment “Sense-City” that were instrumented for this purpose. The results show that the goal-oriented inverse method robustly predicts the sought quantities of interest by only updating the model parameters to which they are sensitive and it converges faster than the Tikhonov regularization method. Finally, the proposed inverse strategy can be applied to occupied buildings and extended to the district scale. It can also be used for the optimal placement of sensors