Tesis sobre el tema "Modèles de progression de maladies"
Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros
Consulte los 50 mejores tesis para su investigación sobre el tema "Modèles de progression de maladies".
Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.
Explore tesis sobre una amplia variedad de disciplinas y organice su bibliografía correctamente.
Sauty, Benoît. "Multimodal modelling of Alzheimer's Disease progression". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS348.
Texto completoAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a multi-facet pathology, that can be monitored through a variety of data types. This thesis aims to leverage multimodal longitudinal data, especially imaging scans and cognitive tests, to provide a statistical description of the progression of AD and to enable individual forecasting of future decline. Mixed-effect disease progression models (DPMs) are commonly used for these tasks. In this context, our first contribution questions the frequent assumption that biomarkers follow linear or logistic functions over time, and we propose a geometric framework that assumes the data lie on a manifold and follow geodesics over time. We learn the Riemannian metric of the observation space and are able to model a wider variety of biomarkers, without priors on the shape of the trajectory over time. Using variational auto-encoders, we then extend this framework to neuroimaging data (MRI or PET scans), in order to provide high-dimensional progression models that describe the patterns of structural and functional alterations of the brain over the course of AD. We then apply this family of DPMs to clinical studies data in order to investigate the heterogeneity of AD progression, due to APOE-e4 genotype and sex on patterns of brain alterations. Lastly, we use said DPMs with a set of imaging and fluid biomarkers to identify the specific combinations of input features that best forecast cognitive declines in patients at different stages of the disease. The thesis demonstrates that DPMs can effectively model the progression of AD using a great variety of multimodal longitudinal data and provide valuable insights into the disease's clinical manifestations and progression. These findings can inform clinical trial design and facilitate more accurate prognosis and individualized treatment strategies for patients with AD
Boucquemont, Julie. "Modèles statistiques pour l'étude de la progression de la maladie rénale chronique". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0411/document.
Texto completoThe objective of this thesis was to illustrate the benefit of using advanced statistical methods to study associations between risk factors and chrouic kidney disease (CKD) progression. In a first time, we conducted a literature review of statistical methods used to investigate risk factors of CKD progression, identified important methodological issues, and discussed solutions. In our sec ond work, we focused on survival analyses and issues with interval-censoring, which occurs when the event of interest is the progression to a specifie CKD stage, and competing risk with death. A comparison between standard survival models and the illness-death mode! for interval-censored data allowed us to illustrate the impact of modeling on the estimates of both the effects of risk factors and the probabilities of events, using data from the NephroTest cohort. Other works fo cused on analysis of longitudinal data on renal function. We illustrated the interest of linear mixed mode! in this context and presented its extension to account for sub-populations with different trajectories of renal function. We identified five classes, including one with a strong decline and one with an improvement of renal function over time. Severa! perspectives on predictions bind the two types of analyses presented in this thesis
Bône, Alexandre. "Learning adapted coordinate systems for the statistical analysis of anatomical shapes. Applications to Alzheimer's disease progression modeling". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS273.
Texto completoThis thesis aims to build coordinate systems for shapes i.e. finite-dimensional metric spaces where shapes are represented by vectors. The goal of building such coordinate systems is to allow and facilitate the statistical analysis of shape data sets. The end-game motivation of our work is to predict and sub-type Alzheimer’s disease, based in part on knowledge extracted from banks of brain medical images. Even if these data banks are longitudinal, their variability remains mostly due to the large and normal inter-individual variability of the brain. The variability due to the progression of pathological alterations is of much smaller amplitude. The central objective of this thesis is to develop a coordinate system adapted for the statistical analysis of longitudinal shape data sets, able to disentangle these two sources of variability. As shown in the literature, the parallel transport operator can be leveraged to achieve this desired disentanglement, for instance by defining the notion of exp-parallel curves on a manifold. Using this tool on shape spaces comes however with theoretical and computational challenges, tackled in the first part of this thesis. Finally, if shape spaces are commonly equipped with a manifold-like structure in the field of computational anatomy, the underlying classes of diffeomorphisms are however most often largely built and parameterized without taking into account the data at hand. The last major objective of this thesis is to build deformation-based coordinate systems where the parameterization of deformations is adapted to the data set of interest
Couronné, Raphaël. "Modélisation de la progression de la maladie de Parkinson". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS363.
Texto completoIn this work, we developed statistical methods to model disease progression from patient’s repeated measurements, with a focus on Parkinson’s Disease (PD). A key challenge lies in the inherent heterogeneity of PD across patients, to the extent that PD is now suspected to encompass multiple subtypes or motor phenotypes. To gain insights on disease progression, research studies propose to gather a broad range of marker measurements, at multiple timepoints for each patients. These data allow to investigate the disease’s patterns of progression via statistical modeling. In a first part, we modeled the progression of scalar markers of PD. We extended on a disease progression model, namely the longitudinal spatiotemporal model. We then proposed to address data missingness, and to model the joint progression of markers of different nature, such as clinical scores, and scalar measurements extracted on imaging modalities. With this method, we modeled early motor progression in PD, and, in a second work, the heterogeneity of idiopathic PD progression, with a focus on sleep symptoms. In a second, independent, part of the manuscript, we tackled the longitudinal modeling of medical images. For these higher dimensionality data, Deep Learning is often used, but mostly in cross sectional setups, ignoring the possible inner dynamics. We proposed to leverage Deep Learning as a dimensionality reduction tool to build a spatiotemporal coordinate system of disease progression. We first took advantage of this flexibility to handle multimodal data. Then we leveraged the self-supervision induced by assuming monotonicity over time, to offer higher flexibility in modeling temporal variability
Tabbekh, Mouna. "Rôle de CD5 dans la potentialisation de la réponse T cytotoxique et dans le contrôle de la progression tumorale dans un modèle in vivo". Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T026.
Texto completoA major challenge in tumor immunology is based on effective and prolonged induction of the effectorphase of antitumor immune response. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in potentiatingthe antitumor activity of immune effectors, particularly the CTL infiltrating the tumor represents aconsiderable challenge in developing new approaches to immunotherapy. In this context we areparticularly interested in studying the role of CD5 in the control of tumor progression, particularly inpotentiating the cytotoxic activity of CTLs infiltrating B16 melanoma. Our results showed a significantdelay in tumor growth in CD5-/- mice as compared with wild type mice. The control of tumor growth inCD5-/- mice does not seem to correlate with a higher recruitment of T cells, but with increased cytotoxicityof infiltrating T cells against B16 cells. We have also shown that this response is transient and that thetumor escape from immune system takes place at a later stage of tumor progression. This tumor escapeappears to be associated with increased death by AICD of TIL CD8+ from CD5-/- mice as compared withTIL CD8+ from wild type mice wich correlated with the induction of FasL on the surface of TIL. In vivomodulation of Fas/FasL with an adenovirus AdFas-Fc protects tumor infiltrating T CD8+/CD5- fromapoptosis and thereby prevents the tumor escape. In addition, analysis of specific T lymphocyte repertoirein CD5-/- mice suggests that the control of tumor progression could be linked to a greater in situproliferation of specific CD5- T lymphocytes. Our results also show that immunization of CD5-/- miceusing different melanoma associated antigens contributes to the potentiation of antitumor immuneresponse. All these results highlight a particular interest in targeting of CD5 to improve currentapproaches to tumor immunotherapy
Peyre, Matthieu. "Modélisation de la tumorigenèse méningée chez la souris : progression tumorale liée à Nf2 et Cdkn2ab et voies alternatives d'oncogenèse". Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077109.
Texto completoMeningioma is the most common primary nervous System tumor. Although most tumors are benign , they can recur even after total resection, present with significant morbidity and there is a growing proportion, up to 30%, of aggressive variants (WHO grade II and III). The creation of relevant genetically engineered mouse models is the cornerstone of future advances in meningioma treatment through pre-clinical testing and thorough dissection of molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis. We here present the creation and characterization in vivo and in vitro of two new genetically engineered mouse models of meningioma : one model of Grade ll-lll meningioma through bi-allelic A//2 inactivation and homozygous Cdkn2ab deletion and one model of PDGF-(3-induced meningioma, with or without bi-allelic A//2 inactivation. On the basis of recent whole genome studies, we also set the bases of two future A//2-independant GEM meningioma models through Akt and Smo activation. The establishment of mouse meningioma cell lines and a syngenic orthotopic meningioma mouse model allowed the evaluation of a new handheld confocal imaging device and will eventually lead to future « co-trials »
Pineau, sandra. "Etude de l'implication des microARNs dans la progression tumorale grâce au modèle réversible de la transformation leucocytaire induite par Theileria". Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077133.
Texto completoThe acquisition and maintenance of cellular identity involve an equilibrium between proliferation and differentiation. Imbalance between those two states can result in different types of diseases, including cancer. Tumor progression is a multistep process in which genetic and epigenetic modifications sequentially alter gene expression. To examine the impact of these mechanisms, we are studing a unique model of reversible bovine leukocyte transformation induced by an intracellular eukaryotic parasite: Theileria. Bovine leukocytes infected with Theileria exhibit a cancerous phenotype, but when the parasite is eliminated cells enter quiescence or apoptosis. We describe a three-partner positive feedback loop. We show that the microRNA-155 represses the expression of the protein DET1, a member of the COP1 complex which ubiquitinates c-Jun. We show that AP-1 activates thé expression of BIC which contains miR-155. This loop maintains the miR-155 and AP-1 action on their target genes and stimulates cell proliferation. Finally, we demonstrate that the deregulation of any loop member alters the expression of the two other members and leads to apoptosis. We have identified a new target of the microRNA let-7: Polycomb protein EZH2. EZH2 and let-7 expression were inversely correlated ; LIN28 expression, a let-7 post-transcriptional repressor, was correlated with EZH2 expression in models of cancer and cell differentiation. My results suggest a direct inhibition of EZH2 expression by let-7, correlates with of EZH2 target genes including ADRB2 protein involved in invasive processes. I also showed that let-7 overexpression in transformed cells decreased the invasive capacity
Rederstorff, Mathieu. "Etude du rôle du sélénium et de la sélénoprotéine N dans les pathologies musculaires". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/REDERSTORFF_Mathieu_2006.pdf.
Texto completoDelacôte, Claire. "Vers une meilleure compréhension de la maladie du foie liée à l'alcool et des facteurs influençant sa progression : approche de modélisation". Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S029.
Texto completoIn France, excessive alcohol consumption is the leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), ahead of viral hepatitis and metabolic syndrome. In 2016, there were nearly 10,500 deaths by cirrhosis or HCC, despite a significant decrease in per capita alcohol consumption since 1960 (26L in 1960, 11.7L in 2017).Alcohol drinkers are at risk of developing alcohol-related liver disease (ALD). It progresses from the initial stage of steatosis to more advanced stages of fibrosis and cirrhosis, which may lead to complications: decompensation and HCC. ALD is an asymptomatic disease prior to the onset of complications, and many patients are diagnosed late with life-threatening consequences.Implementing early actions targeting excessive alcohol drinkers could help to reduce liver morbidity and mortality through the avoidance or earlier diagnosis of complications. The evaluation of the possible benefit of such public health actions requires, on the one hand, knowledge of the different stages leading to the development of complications and, on the other hand, knowledge of the impact of risk factors on progression, in order to be able to determine the populations to target. Among the risk factors identified, the metabolic syndrome plays an important role. Thus, in order to understand the mechanisms of evolution of ALD, it is necessary to study in parallel those leading to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).The natural history of ALD is still poorly described, especially for the stages preceding cirrhosis. Mathematical modeling provides a conceptual framework to overcome the ethical issues that would arise from a cohort study of the evolution of ALD.The main objective of this work is to mathematically reconstruct the natural history of ALD and to predict the associated morbidity and mortality. The secondary objectives are to estimate the incidence of this pathology and to identify the at-risk population. For this purpose, we developed a Markov model that simulates the trajectory of cohorts of individuals from the moment they start at-risk alcohol consumption until their death. It integrates the main risk factors described as associated with the progression of ALD in the literature (sex, age, overweight and obesity, amount of alcohol, genetic polymorphism). Unknown parameters of progression are estimated by a back-calculation method.Three steps were necessary to supply and calibrate this model : 1) characterize mortality by decompensated cirrhosis and HCC related to alcohol consumption or metabolic syndrome from data provided by the French National Hospital Discharge database; 2) set up a Markov model on hospitalization data of excessive consumers to estimate the progression of fibrosis; 3) implement a Markov model on survey data from the general French population to estimate the process of entry into at-risk alcohol consumption or the onset of overweight and obesity.In conclusion, this work is the first to characterize the progression of ALD in the general French population. It is based on robust epidemiological data to which new insights are provided. The developed tools could be used to test the impact of public health policies that could be implemented in populations most likely to develop liver damage
Buatois, Simon. "Novel pharmacometric methods to improve clinical drug development in progressive diseases". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC133.
Texto completoIn the mid-1990, model-based approaches were mainly used as supporting tools for drug development. Restricted to the “rescue mode” in situations of drug development failure, the impact of model-based approaches was relatively limited. Nowadays, the merits of these approaches are widely recognised by stakeholders in healthcare and have a crucial role in drug development for progressive diseases. Despite their numerous advantages, model-based approaches present important drawbacks limiting their use in confirmatory trials. Traditional pharmacometric (PMX) analyses relies on model selection, and consequently ignores model structure uncertainty when generating statistical inference. The problem of model selection is potentially leading to over-optimistic confidence intervals and resulting in a type I error inflation. Two projects of this thesis aimed at investigating the value of innovative PMX approaches to address part of these shortcomings in a hypothetical dose-finding study for a progressive disorder. The model averaging approach coupled to a combined likelihood ratio test showed promising results and represents an additional step towards the use of PMX for primary analysis in dose-finding studies. In the learning phase, PMX is a key discipline with applications at every stage of drug development to gain insight into drug, mechanism and disease characteristics with the ultimate goal to aid efficient drug development. In this thesis, the merits of PMX analysis were evaluated, in the context of Parkinson’s disease. An item-response theory longitudinal model was successfully developed to precisely describe the disease progression of Parkinson’s disease patients while acknowledging the composite nature of a patient-reported outcome. To conclude, this thesis enhances the use of PMX to aid efficient drug development and/or regulatory decisions in drug development
Greillier, Laurent. "Développement de nouvelles stratégies visant à améliorer la prise en charge du mésothéliome pleural malin". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5068/document.
Texto completoMalignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare cancer with poor prognosis. As MPM diagnosis remains difficult today, we first assessed the potential value of transcriptome analysis, from cells in pleural fluid, with diagnostic purpose. If this approach looks feasible, its technical constraints make it incompatible with routine practice. The second axis of our work concerned MPM local treatment, with the assessment of intrapleural (IP) administration of two chemotherapy drugs: pemetrexed and lipoplatin. Results obtained in an animal model show that the pharmacokinetic profiles of these two drugs are significantly different between intravenous and IP administration. With the goal of identifying new therapeutic targets, we explored the adrenomedullin (AM) pathway in MPM. AM and its receptors are jointly expressed in pleural biopsies from MPM. Moreover we demonstrated in vitro that AM increases the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of MPM cells, through the MAPK signaling pathway. Inhibition of AM or its receptors appears as a promising therapeutic strategy, because of its direct effects on malignant cells, but also its indirect effects, via tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis inhibition (in vivo). Finally, we assessed new endpoints for phase II clinical studies. We showed that the progression-free survival rate at 9 weeks is the most performant criterion to predict overall survival
Sautière, Pierre-Éric. "Mise au point d'un modèle cellulaire de dégénérescence neurofibrillaire de type alzheimer". Lille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIL10012.
Texto completoRoyer, Moës Anne. "Canalopathies cardiaques et modèles murins". Nantes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NANTA001.
Texto completoCardiac channelopathies are inherited or acquired diseases linked to ionic channel dysfonction. This thesis is about two transgenic murine models. The interest of transgenese is that gene expression and function can be study in vivo. The first murine model overexpresses the human HERG channel in the mouse heart. Its study has shown for the first time antiarrhythmic effects of HERG expression in vivo. The second murine model is a knock-out of Scn5a gene. Heterozygous mice have a 50 % reduction in their cardiac myocytes Na+ current and exhibit cardiac conduction defects. These cardiac conduction defects worsen with age and are associated with fibrosis. Scn5a +/- mice are a convincing model for Lenègre's disease
Maurer, Marie. "Caractérisation génétique et fonctionnelle d'affections canines, modèles de maladies neuromusculaires". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066483.
Texto completoCanaud, Guillaume. "Progression des maladies rénales chroniques : Rôle de la voie AKT/mTORC". Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00922992.
Texto completoAzar, Fida. "Rôle de la protéine ADAMTS12 dans la progression des maladies hépatiques chroniques". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021REN1B001.
Texto completoChronic Liver Diseases (CLDs) are associated with the development of fibrosis and characterized by excessive deposit of extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to cirrhosis and increasing risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). During liver injury, an inflammatory response activates the hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), whose function in normal liver is to store Vitamin A. Once activated these cells lose their vitamin A and transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts which produce ECM components among them proteins of the adamalysin (ADAM and ADAMTS) family. This family of metalloproteinases is implicated in several functions in the normal and pathological liver, and several members contribute to ECM remodeling in liver pathologies. Once the injury subsides, senescence and other mechanisms contribute to HSC clearance or reversion. Recently, we identified ADAMTS12 as an adamalysin potentially involved in CLD progression. The purpose of this study was to decipher the cellular functions of ADAMTS12 in HSCs and its role in CLDs. We found that in HCC patients, the expression of ADAMTS12 is associated with aggressiveness and recurrence. ADAMTS12 was expressed by activated HSCs as well as the HSC-derived LX-2 cell line, but not by the hepatocytes. CCl4-induced fibrosis was exacerbated in ADAMTS12 -/- mice. Transcriptomic analysis of the HSC-derived LX-2 cell line showed a down-regulation of the expression of PAI-1, a gene target of TGF-β and a marker and mediator of senescence upon ADAMTS12 silencing (siADAMTS12). TGF- β activation from its precursor was not affected in this model, although the phosphorylation of smad2 was decreased, suggesting that ADAMTS12 silencing leads to an inhibition of the SMAD-dependent TGF-β signaling pathway. In addition, silencing of ADAMTS12 decreased senescence in LX-2 cell line. Furthermore, RNA-seq data showed an up-regulation in genes implicated in the organization of primary cilium upon ADAMTS12 silencing. Immunodetection of the protein ARL13b, a primary cilium component, showed an increase in the number of cilia and a decrease in their length in siADAMTS12 cells. Additionally, ADAMTS12 silencing in LX-2 increased the G1 to S transition. Our results suggest that in the absence of ADAMTS12, HSCs escape senescence, which render them competent for myofibroblast differentiation and proliferation
Biane, Célia. "Reprogrammation comportementale : modèles, algorithmes et application aux maladies complexes". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLE050.
Texto completoComplex diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer's are caused by multiple molecular perturbations responsible for pathological cellular behavior. A major challenge of precision medicine is the identification of the molecular perturbations induced by the disease and the therapies from their consequences on cell phenotypes. We define a model of complex diseases, called behavioral reprogramming, that assimilates the molecular perturbations to alterations of the dynamic local functions of discrete dynamical systems inducing a reprogramming of the global dynamics of the network. This modeling framework relies on the one hand, on Control Boolean networks, which are Boolean networks containing control parameters modeling the perturbations and, on the other hand, the definition of reprogramming modes (Possibility, Necessity) expressing the objective of the behavioral reprogramming. From this framework, we demonstrate that the computation of the cores, namely, the minimal sets of action allowing reprogramming is a problem of abductive inference in propositional logic. Using historical methods computing the prime implicants of Boolean functions, we develop two methods computing all the reprogramming cores.Finally, we evaluate the modeling framework for the identification of perturbations responsible for the transformation of a healthy cell into a cancercell and the discovery of therapeutic targets ona model of breast cancer. In particular, we showthat the perturbations inferred by our methods a recompatible with biological knowledge by discriminating oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and by recovering the causal of the BRCA1 gene. In addition, the method recovers the synthetic lethality phenomenon between PARP1 and BRCA1 that constitutes an optimal anti-cancer treatment because it specifically targets tumor cells
El, Machhour Fala. "Rôle du récepteur Notch3 dans la progression de la glomérulonéphrite à croissants". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066225.
Texto completoChronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent in the general population and glomerulopathies represent the third cause of end stage renal disease. Notch3 belongs to the well known family of Notch receptors. It is involved in the development of resistant arteries but also in the development of glomeruli. Our work aimed to study the involvement of Notch3 receptor in the mechanisms of progression of experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN). GN was induced by nephrotoxic serum (NTS) administration in mice lacking Notch3 expression and their wild-type littermates. First, we found that Notch3 mRNA and protein expressions were induced by several-fold in podocytes concurrently with disease progression. Notch3 null mice were protected from glomerulonephritis, as they exhibited less proteinuria, uremia and inflammatory infiltration compared to wild-type mice. Moreover, the expression of markers typical of podocyte integrity decreased in NTS/WT mice whereas it remained preserved in NTS/KO mice. In separate experiments, podocyte outgrowth from glomeruli freshly isolated from NTS/WT mice was higher compared to NTS/KO mice. In vitro approaches highlighted the involvement of Notch3 in promoting NFB pathway and a pro-migratory phenotype in cultured podocytes. These results demonstrate that abnormal activation of Notch3 is involved in the progression of renal disease by promoting migratory and pro-inflammatory pathways in glomeruli. Inhibiting Notch3 activation could be a novel, promising approach to treat glomerulonephritis, an incurable, severe form of chronic kidney diseases
St-Amour, Isabelle. "Effet des IGIV dans des modèles murins de maladies neurodégénératives". Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30473/30473.pdf.
Texto completoIn the search of therapeutic solutions to neurodegenerative diseases, active and passive immunization strategies have been proposed for the clearance of protein aggregates. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is a pharmaceutical preparation of over 98% immunoglobulin G prepared from the plasma of thousands of healthy donors. Since natural autoantibodies against pathological proteins have been identified in IVIg, it has been proposed as an alternative to immunotherapy and clinical trials in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients are underway. The aim of my PhD project was to evaluate the efficacy, analyze the mechanisms of action of IVIg in animal models of AD and Parkinson’s disease (PD), and identify potential targets for the development of pharmacological alternatives. The bioavailability of IVIg and its ability to reach therapeutic targets in the brain are unknown. In the first part of the project, we quantified the passage of IVIg through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Our results provide quantitative evidence of BBB transport and brain bioavailability of IVIg in the absence of permeabilization and in sufficient amount to interact with therapeutic targets. In a triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD) that reproduces amyloid and tau pathologies, IVIg injections have improved the cognitive performance and reduced anxiety-like behaviors of treated mice. Despite limited effects on tau pathology, IVIg modulated the central (IL-5/IL-10 ratio) and peripheral (CX3CR1 + and T cells), and reduced the ratio of soluble Aβ42/Aβ40 (-22%) and the concentration of 56 kDa oligomers of Aß (Aß*56) by over 60%. This effect of IVIg on cognition, immunity and Aß pathology suggests that Aβ oligomers, effector T cells and the fractalkine pathway are potential pharmacological targets of IVIg in AD. Finally, we studied the effect of an IVIg treatment in a mouse model of PD. In this model of MPTP intoxication, our results did not demonstrate neurorestorative effects of IVIg on the nigrostriatal system and even suggested adverse effects of IVIg on the dopaminergic system. These preclinical data highlighted the importance of proceeding cautiously in the initiation of clinical trials with IVIg to treat PD patients.
Assous, Maxime. "Modèle progressif de la maladie de parkinson après dysfonctionnement aigu des transporteurs du glutamate dans la substance noire chez le rat". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4034/document.
Texto completoParkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive degeneration of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic neurons. Central players in PD pathogenesis, including mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, might affect the function of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). Here, we investigated whether acute EAATs dysfunction might in turn contribute to the vicious cycles sustaining the progression of dopamine neuron degeneration. PDC application on nigral slices triggered sustained glutamate-mediated excitation selectively in dopamine neurons. In vivo time-course study (4-120 days) revealed that a single intranigral PDC injection triggers progressive degeneration of exclusively dopamine neurons with unilateral to bilateral and caudorostral evolution. This degenerative process associates GSH depletion and specific increase in γ-glutamyltranspeptidase activity, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, autophagy and glial reaction. The anti-oxidant N-acetylcysteine and the NMDA receptor antagonists ifenprodil and memantine provided significant neuroprotection Transient compensatory changes in dopamine function markers in SN and striatum accompanied cell loss and axonal dystrophy. Motor abnormalities (hypolocomotion and forelimb akinesia) showed late onset, when ipsilateral neuronal loss exceeded 50%. These findings outline a functional link between EAATs dysfunction and several PD pathogenic mechanisms and pathological hallmarks, and provide the first acutely-triggered rodent model of progressive parkinsonism
Zaidan, Mohamad. "Mécanismes d'adaptation et de progression des maladies rénales chroniques : identification de nouvelles voies moléculaires". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB253.
Texto completoChronic kidney disease (CKD), irrespectively of the underlying cause, usually leads to nephron reduction, which is defined by a decrease in the number of the renal functional units. This is first characterized by a compensatory growth of the remaining nephrons, which in some circumstances, may result in the progressive deterioration of the initially healthy nephrons. The study of subtotal nephrectomy (Nx), a murine model of nephron reduction, has outlined the role of genetic factors in the susceptibility of developing CKD after nephron reduction. In particular, FVB/N mice (FVB) develop early and severe CKD after Nx, contrary to C57Bl/6 (B6) mice that are characterized by a preserved renal parenchyma. My work aimed at identifying new molecular pathways involved in the adaptation and progression processes in response to nephron reduction. The project was articulated around two main axes: - a "global" approach with the temporal and differential analysis of the renal transcriptome of "sensitive" (FVB) and "resistant" strains (B6) after Nx ; - a "candidate" approach centered on the study of the role of YAP/TAZ during nephron reduction. In the first work, the analysis of the renal transcriptomic expression profile of "resistant" and "sensitive" mice allowed to identify a type I interferon (IFN) signature only in the FVB mice during the renal compensation phase. This signature was correlated with a more important expression of markers of : (i) plasmacytoid dendritic cells, known for their ability to rapidly produce large amount of type I IFN; and (ii) necroptosis, an immunogenic cell death associated with the release of "danger" signals by the damaged cells that may induce activation of the immune cells. We have also established a parallelism between this IFN signature and alterations of tubular cells proliferation. Indeed, 2 days after Nx, we observed an activation of p21 in the tubular cells associated with a likely G1/S blockade of proliferating cells. Our results suggest that this cell cycle arrest affects the proliferation rate of tubular cells and underlies a trend for renal hypertrophy in FVB mice during the renal compensation phase. This first work pointed to a potential link between cellular and molecular processes occurring early after Nx, during the compensation phase, and the subsequent progression towards CKD in FVB mice. In a second work investigating the temporal and differential expression of YAP in the Nx model in FVB and B6 mice, we showed that the nuclear expression of YAP in podocytes was maintained and even increased in the “resistant” mice, and decreased significantly in "sensitive" mice with a correlation between this expression and the severity of glomerular lesions. The specific knockdown of YAP, or of its paralogous TAZ, in the podocytes of initially "resistant" mice allowed to better determine their respective role in the adaptation of these cells to nephron reduction. YAP podocyte-specific inactivation is associated with: (i) the development of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis lesions; (ii) an increase of glomerular apoptosis; (iii) an alteration of the architecture of podocytes cytoskeleton; and (iv) podocyte rarefaction responsible for albuminuria and deterioration of renal function. Surprisingly, TAZ podocyte-specific inactivation was not associated with glomerular lesions. Contrary to TAZ, YAP plays a crucial role in podocyte adaptation to nephron reduction
Koval, Igor. "Learning Multimodal Digital Models of Disease Progression from Longitudinal Data : Methods & Algorithms for the Description, Prediction and Simulation of Alzheimer’s Disease Progression". Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAX008.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on the statistical learning of digital models of neurodegenerative disease progression, especially Alzheimer's disease. It aims at reconstructing the complex and heterogeneous dynamic of evolution of the structure, the functions and the cognitive abilities of the brain, at both an average and individual level. To do so, we consider a mixed-effects model that, based on longitudinal data, namely repeated observations per subjects that present multiple modalities, in parallel recombines the individual spatiotemporal trajectories into a group-average scenario of change, and, estimates the variability of this characteristic progression which characterizes the individual trajectories. This variability results from a temporal un-alignment (in term of pace of progression and age at disease onset) along with a spatial variability that takes the form of a modification in the sequence of events that appear during the course of the disease. The different parts of the thesis are ordered in a coherent sequence: from the medical problematic, followed by the statistical model introduced to tackle the aforementioned challenge and its application to the description of the course of Alzheimer's disease, and, finally, numerical tools developed to make the previous model available to the medical community
Callizot, Noelle. "Validation de trois nouveaux modèles animaux de maladies neurologiques humaines et réflexions sur la modélisation". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13172.
Texto completoBouamrane, Mohamed Lamine. "Dysfonctionnements préfrontaux et pharmacothérapies dans des modèles murins de maladies spychiatriques". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4106/document.
Texto completoThe pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders such as mood disorders and schizophrenia involves genetic and environmental factors. The reelin, a protein of the extracellular matrix and social isolation (SI), an environmental stress participate in the etiology of these diseases. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) involved in cognitive and executive functions, exhibits morpho-functional abnormalities in patients with these disorders. The purpose of my thesis is to study the effect of the SI and a haploinsufficiency in reelin (HIR) on the properties of the adult PFC. We used wild mice and reelin heterozygous mice that underwent and proceed to electrophysiological, morphological and behavioral analyses. Our results show that the SI altered synaptic transmission and plasticity and behavior. We also showed that the HIR aggravates these alterations. Finally, we explored a promising therapy
Morère, Lucie. "Modèles d’étude de nouvelles molécules anti-CMV dans le placenta". Limoges, 2013. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/5918fdc5-55ad-4723-8ba3-4ac184d40908/blobholder:0/2013LIMO310D.pdf.
Texto completoHerpes virus type 5 or human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the first cause of congenital malformation infection. In the world, 1% of newborns are infected with this virus. Congenital HCMV infection is a major public health problem due to severe sequelae in the fetus and newborn (microcephaly, hepatomegaly, spontaneous abortion) and the absence of treatments. So far, mechanisms of transplacental transmission from mother to fetus remain to be elucidated. There are several molecules (ganciclovir, cidofovir, foscarnet, valaciclovir), currently used to treat CMV disease (retinitis, pneumonia. . ). These are all inhibitors of the viral polymerase pUL54, essential protein for virus replication in the host cell. These treatments often become ineffective due to the emergence of resistance mutations and are responsible for cellular toxicity, rendering them unsuitable for pregnant women. Our work consisted in develop two placental infection models that mimic in situ placental infection: an ex vivo model and an in vivo mouse model. These models on one hand mimic a way of spreading the virus in the floating villi of the placenta, and secondly, allowed to test the effectiveness of seven new anti-HCMV molecules. In order to reduce or eradicate the virus in cells and decrease the likelihood of emergence of resistance mutations, we opted for therapeutic combinations of these new molecules that target different stages of the viral replication of HCMV. Six of the seven selected molecules showed strong inhibition of HCMV infection in vitro and ex vivo capacity. Combination therapy improves the efficiency of each molecule administered alone, and can sometimes lead to an inhibition of infection of over 90%. Our results are very encouraging and show that the combination would be particularly interesting to study and develop therapeutic approach to eradicate HCMV in the host cell
Thomas, Sophie. "PCP4, trisomie 21 et maladies neurodégénératives : construction et étude de modèles murins". Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05N16S.
Texto completoPCP4 (PEP-19) belongs to a family of Iq motif proteins involved in calcium transduction signals. It binds calmodulin and regulates CamKII and nNOS wich are involved in neuronal plasticity and wich may also mediate the transduction of apoptotic signal. The gene is localized on HSA21 and is in 3 copies in Down syndrome (DS) patients. To determine whether PCP4 may be involved in some DS phenotypic features, we analysed its expression pattern during mouse development and in the adult brain. PC expression pattern suggests that its overexpression may be involved in some of the DS features such as abnormalities in neuronal differentiation in cluding synaptogenesis and migration. We thus constructed a mouse model of PCP4 overexpression using the ES cells transgenesis method. The transgenicline is currently under study. PCP4 expression in the aging brain has been shown not to vary systematically during normal aging suggesting that PCP4 modulations in human neuropathologies are induced by genes involved in these diseases. Moreover, microarrays analysis suggests that PCP4 modulation is associated with other genes involved in neurotransmission
Bienaimé, Frank. "Bases moléculaires de la progression des maladies rénales chroniques : rôle de la voie AKT et de STAT3". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066228.
Texto completoGabriel, Pierre. "Equations de transport-fragmentation et applications aux maladies à prions". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066144.
Texto completoMignard, Caroline. "Sur quelques modèles animaux de neuropathies périphériques". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR13185.
Texto completoThe peripheral neuropathies are very common neuromuscular diseases. They are characterized by more or less severe motor dysfunction, sensitive disorders, loss of reflexes, amyotrophy of territories innervated by affected nerves and some neurovegetative disorders. The causes of neuropathies are various ; they can be of metabolic (diabetes), toxic (drugs), nutritional (vitamin B1 deficiency for example), infectious (disease of Lyme), inflammatory (syndrome of Guillain-Barré) or hereditary (Charcot Marie-Tooth's disease) origins. At the present date, the treatment of neuropathies is symptomatic and limited to relieve of pareasthesia and pain. In the frame of activities of Neurofit SA, the aim of the present work was to develop some animal models of peripheral neuropathies to search for novel therapeutic substances. We were involved in the validation of (a) 2 models of toxic neuropathies, namely those induced by antimitotic agent as vincristine and cisplatin; (b) a model of diabetic neuropathy and (c) a model of traumatic neuropathy (sciatic nerve injury). Different approaches were used to validate these models. The animals were submitted to behavioural tests, electrophysiological studies and histological examination of sciatic nerve. Our results show that these animal models fulfil the 3 validation criteria of an animal model : isomorphism (similar symptoms), homology (similar causes) and predictivity (improvement of symptoms by a reference treatment). In absence of a reference treatment of neuropathies, the criteria of predictivity was checked using 4-méthylcatéchol (4-MC), known as an inducer of NGF. The animal models of peripheral neuropathies characterized in this work now constitute a real tool of preclinical research, and the neuroprotective action of 4-MC takes a prominent position in treatment of sensitive or/and motor impairments, linked to toxic, metabolic or traumatic injuries of peripheral nerves
Saupe, Falk. "Impact of the extracellular matrix molecule tenascine-C in the microenvironment on tumor progression and angiogenesis". Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/SAUPE_Falk_2011_ED414.pdf.
Texto completoThe tumor microenvironment plays an instrumental role in cancer progression. The extracellular matrix molecule tenascin-C (TNC) is a major component of the cancer specific matrix. It is prominently expressed in the tumor microenvironment of several human cancer types and plays a promoting role in malignant tumor progression towards metastasis. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the role of TNC during tumor progression in the immune-competent Rip1-Tag2 mouse model of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumorigenesis. Gain- and loss-of-function strategies were used to analyze the impact of TNC on tumor progression, angiogenesis and formation of metastasis. For the first time we demonstrate in an immune-competent model of spontaneous tumor formation that TNC expression levels determine the extent of cell proliferation, tumor invasion, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. The data obtained in these models showed that TNC plays an important role in tumor onset and during the angiogenic switch. The implication of the Wnt inhibitor DKK1 provides a mechanistic basis for the described TNC actions. TNC also had a structural function determining tumor vessel architecture and formation of matrix conduits as an additional program to drive tumor malignancy. Based on these observations TNC presents an attractive target for blocking tumor angiogenesis. Therefore, the presented well characterized stochastic tumorigenesis models with different TNC expression could serve as an excellent preclinical model for evaluating the efficacy of drugs targeting human TNC and downstream signaling pathways for repressing tumor angiogenesis and metastasis
Nicolet, Céline. "Identification d'altérations génomiques impliquées dans l'initiation et la progression tumorale des cancers du côlon de phénotype "chromosome instable" chez l'Homme". Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6047.
Texto completoColon cancer with chromosomal instability (CIN) is the most common gastrointestinal cancer. At present, a series of genomic alterations are described as involved in tumor progression, but no consensus has helped to validate prognostic markers. One reason could be the inter-tumor heterogeneity, because allelotyping on adenomas and and carcinomas of different stages, identified three groups according to the number of genomic alterations independently of clinical stage, suggesting the existence of several pathways of carcinogenesis. My work has confirmed the heterogeneity of alterations and validated the model of progression described in the literature but by redefining more accurately the chronology of the alteration appearance (i. E. APC, TP53, K-Ras, methylation) by taking into account the anatomical location. In addition, studying the chromosome 20q genomic status by allelotyping and FISH showed that the gain of the arm is complete, homogenous and proceeds through aneusomy (odd number of chromosomes) or tetrasomy (even number of chromosomes). In parallel, CGH arrays identified a restraint micro-deletion in 1p36. 11-12, a region including several genes whose transcription factor E2F2. QPCR experiments validated the genomic deletion of the E2F2 gene, deletion which would be of good prognosis for event-free survival of patients with distal carcinoma. This work confirms the involvement of some genomic abnormalities already described in the tumoral initiation and the progression; however, we could redefine the sequence of appearance of these anomalies by taking into account the localization (proximal-distal) and characterized new changes with a prognostic value
Muorah, Mordi. "Chronic Kidney Disease progression : from molecular pathways to urinary biomarkers". Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T067.
Texto completoChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and its progression has become an important public health issue owing to its strong links to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. To understand molecular pathways implicated the process of CKD progression is several-fold useful. It can enable drug development inhibiting identified pathways. It provides us with potentially measurable molecules for patient categorisation and treatment. In this translational medicine project, we move from the bench, understanding the role played by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) to the bedside, measuring and identifying urinary molecules in patients all in the context of CKD progression. Thus we identified potential downstream effectors of STAT3 in CKD progression: lipocalin 2, TIMP1 and PDGFB. To achieve this we combined an approach of in vivo, in silico and in vitro methods. We observed on immunohistochemistry the activation (phosphorylation) specifically of tubular STAT3, in mice sensitive to subtotal nephrectomy (Nx) prior to their development of fibrosis and confirmed that genetic deletion of STAT3 in the tubules protected the mice kidneys. Exploiting microarray data, from remnant kidneys of mice with different susceptibilities to Nx, and combining this with in silico data of potential STAT3 DNA binding sites (DBS) provided genes differentially regulated by STAT3. In the upregulated genes, in which the DBS were conserved in 4 or more species, we identified and confirmed on RT-PCR (both in the remnant kidneys and in a mouse cell line and independently in IMCD3 cells), genes regulated by deletion of STAT3. We specifically studied secreted factors along the hypothesis of a crosstalk between renal tubular cells with activated STAT3 inducing secreted factors to activate nearby resident fibroblasts to secrete collagen and thus induce fibrosis. In parallel, we examined molecules known to be involved in the pathological processes of CKD progression. We rigorously validated the use of 16 commercialised ELISA kits in the urine following strict industry criteria and excluded 14 failing to meet the criteria in a pilot study of 75 subjects. We next took advantage of a well-characterised cohort of 229 patients with CKD with different rates of progression, as determined by serially measured glomerular filtration rates (mGFRs). We measured by the validated ELISA kits the molecules in the urine collected at baseline visit. We identified a combination of urinary biomarkers that can predict fast progression (i.e. degradation in mGFR at > 10% baseline mGFR/ year) after taking into account demographic risk factors for progression and albuminuria. The three biomarkers identified were EGF, MCP1 and TGF-α
Belkacemi, Mohamed. "Modèles bivariés et mesures de dépendance pour les survies globale et sans progression dans les essais cliniques sur le cancer". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON1T021.
Texto completoAnalysis of survival often represents the main aim in cancer clinical studies. Survival data arise from an event experienced by the study subjects. This event corresponds for example to the death for overall survival and to tumor progression for progression-free survival. The Kaplan-Meier nonparametric estimator and the Cox semiparametric model are the most used standard methods for modeling survival data, although they are applied only in the case of unique temporal event. Overall survival is the optimal clinical endpoint for assessing the efficiency of treatment. Progression-free survival is an intermediate endpoint considered as a potential surrogate of overall survival. For the past few years, we observed an increasing focus on statistical validation of intermediate endpoints and this through measurement of the correlation between the principal clinical endpoint and the intermediate one. Thus, bivariate modeling could be of interest for describing the dependence structure between progression-free survival and overall survival. The aim of this thesis is the modeling of the structure of association between progression-free survival and overall survival as well as the quantification of this association using dependence measures. For this, we study at first extensions of Cox model able to address the topic concerning the statistical dependence between data. Next, we propose a new parametric modeling of overall survival based on two survival times : progression-free survival and post-progression survival, assumed to be linked by a conditional distribution. Moreover, we examine different parametric models for bivariate survival data concerning correlation measurement. These models are based on the marginal distributions and the conditional independence. Finally, we apply and compare these models using data from a phase III randomized clinical trial, involving patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer
Poirot, Laurent. "Mécanismes pathogéniques dans la progression du diabète de type I". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13186.
Texto completoType-I diabetes results from the autoimmune attack on pancreatic beta cells which are responsible for the production of insulin in the body. The first step in disease progression is insulitis: the infiltration of pancreatic islets by leukocytes. Later, these leukocytes destroy beta cells and provoke hyperglycemia. The first part of my thesis work focused on the mechanisms that lead to insulitis by triggering the transport of islet antigens to the pancreatic lymph nodes. We used microarray analysis and representational difference analysis but we could not identify any significant gene expression changes in the gene expression profiles of islets isolated before or after the onset of insulitis. We then showed that insulitis is initiated by a wave of beta cell apoptosis induced by stress of the endoplasmic reticulum. Part of the evidence for this is that in caspase-12 deficient mice, where this apoptosis pathway is impaired, the presentation of beta-cell antigen to the pancreatic lymph nodes is significantly decreased. In the second part of this study, we tried to identify the genes that contol the pathogenic potential of the insulitic infiltrate. We therefore used microarray analysis to understand the differences between BDC2. 5/NOD mice where insulitis remains dormant and BDC2. 5/B6g7 mice where there is a rapid progression from insulitis to overt diabetes. The comparison between the two gene expression profiles showed that a striking difference is the upregulation on B6g7 background of NK-cell specific genes. Flow cytometry analysis showed that this was due to an increase frequency of NK cells in the infiltrate. The same increase in NK cell frequency was observed when a benign infiltrate was transformed into an aggressive one by blocking the CTLA-4 molecule. We then used antibody-mediated depletion to show that NK cells are critical for the development of early-onset diabetes. Their role could involve cytotoxic lysis of beta cells or cytokine production
Calmels, Nadège. "Développement et applications de modèles cellulaires pour l'ataxie de Friedreich". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR13110.
Texto completoFriedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomic recessive neurodegenerative disease due to a loss of function of frataxin. My thesis project was to develop cellular models to unravel frataxin function and FRDA physiopathology and to identify new therapeutic molecules. The first model reproduced frataxin partial deficiency, as observed in a vast majority of patients, by using a ribozyme strategy targeted against murine frataxin. This cellular model has been used to screen a one-thousand compounds library for therapeutic molecules. Moreover I have set up a strategy based on complete inactivation of the murine frataxin gene by using a fluorescent recombinase associated with frataxin conditional allele. Complete frataxin deficiency in murine immortalized fibroblasts led to cell death. However this lethal phenotype could be rescued by transgenic expression of some human frataxin missense mutants (G130V and I154F). These first missense mutants cellular models displayed a spontaneous phenotype specific for Friedreich ataxia and the severity of the model was correlated with the clinical consequences of the mutations
Dequen, Florence. "Filaments intermédiaires neuronaux et maladies neurodégénératives : caractérisation de nouveaux modèles de souris transgéniques". Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26415/26415.pdf.
Texto completoLafon, Pierre-André. "Impact des pesticides sur l'agrégation des amyloïdes dans différents modèles de maladies neurodégénératives". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT005.
Texto completoContamination of the drinking water and agricultural lands by the use of pesticides entering into the food chain is a major environmental and health problem. Epidemiological studies have shown a link between pesticide exposure and Parkinson's disease, but few studies are available on other neurodegenerative disorders. Our hypothesis is that pesticides may be triggering or aggravating factors common to neurodegenerative diseases.In the laboratory, we identified by a screening on the prion protein, PrP, a compound named A6 described for its herbicidal properties. A6 is a derivative of α-terthienyl, a natural molecule extracted from marigolds. A6 compound has the ability to promote oligomeric forms of the prion protein on a prion-infected cell line. My research project aimed to study the effects of the bioherbicide A6 on prion aggregation and propagation in vivo. Mice infected with prions were treated with different doses of this molecule (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg). At the dose of 5 mg/kg, A6 compound decreases the survival time of animals with an increase of the amyloid load. While at the higher doses, A6 treatment increases survival of mice with a decreased amyloid burden. Using a rapid centrifugation assay (RCA), we have shown that low concentrations of A6 promote soluble SDS-resistant oligomers of PrPSc (rSDS-PrPSc), while higher concentrations favour insoluble forms. Brain analysis shows that only mice treated with 10 and 20 mg/kg of A6 exhibit dimeric forms of rSDS-PrPSc. This study shows a dual effect of A6 compound: at low doses, it strenghtens the pathology probably via soluble oligomeric forms favouring the replication of prions. At higher doses, A6 compound would trap part of the infectivity of prions as SDS resistant amorphous aggregates, blocking prion replication, and thus having a “protective” effectA search for structural analogs of A6 compound allowed the identification of a class of commercial antifungals: anilinopyrimidines. This family is composed of 3 molecules: cyprodinil, mepanipyrim and pyrimethanil, used to fight against fungi responsible for the gray mold of fruits. Analysis of many reports have revealed that we are chronically exposed to residues of anilinopyrimidines. In this second study, we evaluated the impact of the 3 fungicides in several models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and their consequences on pathological markers. Ex vivo incubation studies associated to kinetics of fibril formation of Aβ1-42 peptides have shown that these compounds interact directly with Aβ peptides and accelerate its kinetics of aggregation. To determine their effects in vivo, we chronically exposed J20 mice to a cocktail of the 3 fungicides through drinking water. Mice were treated with 0.1 μg/L (0.44 nM) of each compound, corresponding to the maximal concentration allowed in the tap water. After 9 months of treatment, analysis of J20 mice showed an increase in the number and surface of plaques in the hippocampus and cortex. To determine the moment when the pro-aggregative effect occurs, a longitudinal study of appearance of aggregates at 3, 6 and 9 months by 2-photon microscopy was done. Our results showed that amyloid plaques increase between 6 and 9 months, and exacerbate vascular amyloid aggregates. Anilinopyrimidines modified the production and clearance of Aβ peptides by increasing BACE1 expression and by decreasing neprilysin expression. Our researches show a role of fungicides in the aggravation of AD
Dandine-Roulland, Claire. "Modélisation de la composante génétique des maladies humaines : Données familiales et Modèles Mixtes". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS259/document.
Texto completoLinear mixed models have been formalized 60 years ago. These models allow to estimate fixed effects, as in the linear models, and random effects. First used in animal genetics, this type of modelling have been widely used in human genetics since a few years. Mixed models can be used in many genetic analysis; linkage and association studies, heritability estimations and Parent-of Origin effects studies for population or familial data.My thesis’ aim is to investigate mixed models based methods, for genetic data in population and, for familial genetic data.In the first part of my thesis, we investigated the mixed model statistical theory and their multiple uses in human genetics. We also adapted methods for our own work. An R package have been created which permits to analyze genetic data in R environment with mixed models.In a second part, we applied mixed models on Three-Cities data, a French longitudinal study, to estimate heritability of several traits. For this analysis, we have access to tag-SNPs typically used in genome-wide association studies, birthplaces and several anthropometric traits. The aim of our study is to analyze presence of population stratification and evaluate methods to correct it. In the one hand, we analyzed birthplace geographic coordinates and showed that the correction for population stratification by classical method is not sufficient in this case. In the other hand, we analyzed anthropometric traits, in particular the height for which we estimated heritability to 39% in Three-Cities study population.In the last part, we focused on family data. In a first work, we exploited familial information in causal variant research. In a second work, we explored mixed models uses for familial data, in particular association study, on Multiple Sclerosis data. We showed that mixed model methods can not be used without taking account the ascertainment scheme: in our data, all families have at least two affected sibs. To understand and correct this phenomenon, more investigations are needed
Besson, Vanessa. "Ingénierie chromosomique et mutagenèse chimique : deux approches pour la création de modèles souris de pathologies humaines". Orléans, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ORLE2036.
Texto completoSkander, Nadia. "Transfert de gène dans le système nerveux central par un vecteur dérivé des adénovirus canins de type 2 (CAV-2) : application au modèle canin de la mucopolysaccharidose de type VII". Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20049.
Texto completoCamborde, Françoise. "Modèles de douleur chronique : approches bibliographiques et expérimentales". Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR2P084.
Texto completoKmetzsch, Virgilio. "Multimodal analysis of neuroimaging and transcriptomic data in genetic frontotemporal dementia". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS279.pdf.
Texto completoFrontotemporal dementia (FTD) represents the second most common type of dementia in adults under the age of 65. Currently, there are no treatments that can cure this condition. In this context, it is essential that biomarkers capable of assessing disease progression are identified. This thesis has two objectives. First, to analyze the expression patterns of microRNAs taken from blood samples of patients, asymptomatic individuals who have certain genetic mutations causing FTD, and controls, to identify whether the expressions of some microRNAs correlate with mutation status and disease progression. Second, this work aims at proposing methods for integrating cross-sectional data from microRNAs and neuroimaging to estimate disease progression. We conducted three studies. Initially, we focused on plasma samples from C9orf72 expansion carriers. We identified four microRNAs whose expressions correlated with the clinical status of the participants. Next, we tested all microRNA signatures identified in the literature as potential biomarkers of FTD or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), in two groups of individuals. Finally, in our third work, we proposed a new approach, using a supervised multimodal variational autoencoder, that estimates a disease progression score from cross-sectional microRNA expression and neuroimaging datasets with small sample sizes. The work conducted in this interdisciplinary thesis showed that it is possible to use non-invasive biomarkers, such as circulating microRNAs and magnetic resonance imaging, to assess the progression of rare neurodegenerative diseases such as FTD and ALS
Mounayar, Stéphanie. "Mécanismes de compensation dans un modèle de la maladie de Parkinson : approches multiples chez le singe exprimant une régression des symptômes moteurs après intoxication progressive au MTPT". Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066480.
Texto completoEymard, Nathalie. "Modélisation hybride de l’hématopoïèse et de maladies sanguines". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10340/document.
Texto completoThe thesis is devoted to mathematical modeling of hematopoiesis and blood diseases. It is based on the development of hybrid discrete continuous models and to their applications to investigate production of blood cell (hematopoiesis) and blood diseases such as lymphoma and myeloma. The first part of the thesis concerns production of blood cells in the bone marrow. We will mainly study production of red blood cells, erythropoiesis. In mammals erythropoiesis occurs in special structures, erythroblastic islands. Their functioning is determined by complex intracellular and extracellular regulations which include various cell types, hormones and growth factors. The results of modeling are compared with biological and medical data for humans and mice. The purpose of the second part of the thesis is to model some blood diseases, T cell Lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) and multiple myeloma (MM) and their treatment. TLBL develops in the thymus and it affects the immune system. In MM malignant cells invade the bone marrow and destroy erythroblastic islands preventing normal functioning of erythropoiesis. We developed multi-scale models of these diseases in order to take into account intracellular molecular regulation, cellular level and extracellular regulation. The response to treatment depends on the individual characteristics of the patients. Various scenarios are considered including successful treatment, relapse and development of the resistance to treatment. The last part of the thesis is devoted to a reaction-diffusion model which can be used to describe Darwinian evolution of cancer cells. Existence of pulse solutions, which can describe localized cell populations and their evolution, is proved
Poncet, Gilles. "Étude de la progression tumorale dans les tumeurs endocrines digestives : intérêt des modèles animaux de xénogreffe". Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10195.
Texto completoDigestive endocrine tumors are a rare and heterogeneous group of human tumors, and this is a major limitation for their study. In addition, many aspects of tumoral evolution, including molecular and cellular determinants are poorly understood at the present time. The aim of our experimental approach was to develop an animal model of digestive endocrine tumor, using heterotopic xenografts, reproducing all the different steps of tumoral progression: local invasion and metastatic dissemination. In particular, this model was used for the study of angiogenesis during the natural history of this specific kind of highly vascularized tumors. Recalling its human counterpart, our model is of great relevance for the identification of new diagnostic or prognostic markers, together with the development of new therapeutic approaches
Hédan, Benoît. "Génétique canine : histyocytoses et phénotype de couleur Merle : deux modèles de maladies homologues humaines". Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S027.
Texto completoThe dog shows a high diversity and a unique source of natural genetic models for human medicine. Moreover, the dog, through its domestication, the origin of breeds and the selection, has a useful genetic structure for identification of genes involved in different traits or diseases. In this work, I used the potential of this model to improve our genetic knowledge of two human diseases : histiocytic disorders and Waardenburg syndrome. The collection and study of an large bernese mountain dog family, affected by malignant histiocytosis, allowed us to identify several loci. On the other hand, collecting of dog families with merle coat color allowed us to identify the locus involved in this phenotype. These identifications give new candidate loci for unexplained Waardenburg syndromes or histiocytic disorders
Leyme, Anthony. "Rôle de la protéine ADAM12 dans la progression tumorale : implication dans la survie cellulaire et la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse". Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S047.
Texto completoADAM12 protein (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 12) has been implicated in hepatocellular carcinoma progression and has been confirmed in many other cancer, making it a new therapeutic target. During human liver fibrosis, a huge quantity of extracellular matrix is synthesized by activated hepatic stellate cells which overexpressed ADAM12. We have demonstrated a new ADAM12 function in adhesion, cell survival and a function of scaffolding protein in hepatic stellate cells increasing fibrotic development. ADAM12 increase the survival/proliferation Akt/GSK-3 pathway by linking integrin with ILK and PI3-K. Collaboration has identified the endosomal recycling of ADAM12 by clathrine dependent internalization and interaction with Grb2 protein. Finally, ADAM12 is expressed during epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by TGF-β cytokine. This expression is correlated with mesenchymal markers expression in mammary tumors (n=79) and mammary cells lines (n=37). TGF-β treatment in a model of mammary epithelial cell line induces ADAM12 expression and demonstrates ADAM12 correlation with expression of mesenchymal markers and activation of p38MAPK pathway. These works highlight the important ADAM12 role in the induction of signaling pathways. This function explains is potential implies in epithelial-mesenchymal transition by coordination and amplification of Smad-dependent and –independent pathways
Benavides, Julio. "Dynamique des maladies dans les systèmes sociaux complexes : émergence des maladies infectieuses chez les primates". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20163/document.
Texto completoUnderstanding the emergence and spread of infectious disease in wild animal populations has become an important priority for both public health and animal conservation. Combining the collection of empirical data with the development of epidemiological models, this thesis focuses on understanding two key issues of wildlife epidemiology: (i) how heterogeneity at the individual, group, population and landscape level affects parasite spread (ii) investigating whether transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria from humans to wildlife is occurring within three protected areas of Africa (Tsaobis NP-Namibia, Lope NP-Gabon and Dzanga-Ndoki NP-Central African Republic). The main findings of this work indicated that: (1) multiple-scale factors including temperature, rainfall, home range use, sex, age and body condition influence gastro-intestinal parasite richness among wild baboons; (2) animal contacts around ‘habitat hotspots' can substantially influence the spatio-temporal dynamics of a disease; (3) antibiotic resistant enterobacteria seem to be spreading from humans/livestock to wildlife when the territory overlap between these two populations is expected to be high; (4) gradients in gorilla density created by bushmeat hunting can reverse the expected pattern of decreasing parasite prevalence with distance to human-spillover. The conclusions of this work open new possibilities for studying the mechanisms explaining the spread of emerging infectious diseases among wild animals
Andraud, Mathieu. "Modélisation de la dynamique d’infection par le circovirus porcin de type 2 (PCV-2) dans un élevage de type naisseur-engraisseur". Rennes 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REN1S143.
Texto completoA stochastic individual-based model has been developed to represent the population dynamics within a pig production herd and coupled with a PCV-2 specific epidemiological model. Two experimental transmission studies were carried out to estimate accurately the main parameters of the epidemiological model. The resulting model has been used to evaluate the influence of husbandry and control measures on PCV-2 within herd infection dynamics, previously identified as a major risk factor for post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome
Vautheny, Audrey. "Rôle de la neuroinflammation et du récepteur microglial TREM2 dans la progression de deux modèles de tauopathie". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS170.
Texto completoNeuroinflammation processes appear to play a major role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent genetic studies support this correlation between neuroinflammation and AD and include a gene, TREM2, expressed on microglial surface. Tauopathy is a characteristic lesion of AD. It results in hyperphosphorylation and intraneuronal aggregation of Tau protein. In the literature, only few articles describe the role of TREM2 in the development of Tau pathology, and they report contradictory results. We therefore do not know for sure whether a deficiency in TREM2 has a deleterious effect or not on tauopathy. Thus, the goal of my thesis is to study the role of neuroinflammation and TREM2 in the progression of tauopathy, in two different models. The first is obtained by stereotaxic injection of AAV vectors into the CA1 layer of the hippocampus of TREM2-deficient or non-deficient mice. These vectors lead to the overexpression of different forms of the human tau protein, thus making it possible to recapitulate the different tauopathy stages.In parallel, we used a more progressive trangenic model of tauopathy, the THY-Tau22 mouse, to study the influence of TREM2 deficiency at different stage of the pathology. Our study demonstrated the toxicity of Tau soluble forms in the AAV model compared to its aggregated forms. The THY-Tau22 transgenic model allowed us to demonstrate an increase in tauopathic lesions in TREM2 deficient mice compared to wild type mice, at late stage only. This suggests that, similar to amyloid models, the effect of TREM2 deficiency on the course of tauopathy is influenced by the stage of the disease