Tesis sobre el tema "Modèle hydrologique global"
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Saadi, Mohamed. "Représentation de l’urbanisation dans la modélisation hydrologique à l’échelle du bassin versant". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS374.
Texto completoIn order to determine the hydrological impact of future urban development, hydrological modeling is very useful because it allows obtaining hydrological scenarios from urbanization scenarios by considering climate variability. Despite the current diversity of applicable hydrological models to urbanized catchments, those models were generally tested on few catchments, which raises the question of their robustness. The objective of this thesis is to look for a hydrological model structure that is able to reproduce the rainfall-runoff relationship for a large sample of urbanized catchments, located in France and the United States, and characterized by a wide variety of urban sprawl. To do so, we started from an hourly conceptual model structure (GR4H) which was not specifically developed nor tested on highly urbanized catchments. We followed four steps: (1) The collection and preparation of a large sample of data for more than 2000 catchments located in France and the United States. The analysis of the variability of event runoff ratio for 852 US catchments showed the dependence of catchment response not only on mean total impervious area (TIA), but also on antecedent soil moisture conditions regardless of the level of urban sprawl in the catchment; (2) The test of the starting model structure on highly urbanized catchments. This step showed the ability of GR4H parameters to reflect the behavioral specificities of urbanized catchments; (3) The regionalization of GR4H parameters in order to relate them to the fraction of urban cover in the catchment. The obtained regression relationships performed well but showed weak sensitivity to change in the fraction of urban cover, which impeded their use for scenario prediction; (4) The step-by-step modification of the GR4H model structure by including excess rainfall on impervious surfaces, and by varying the partitioning between quick flow and slow flow depending on each catchment. The evaluation of these modifications on 273 urbanized catchments indicated an improvement in reproducing the observed flows in comparison to the original structure, especially during dry and flooding periods. The added parameters showed a strong dependence on the mean total impervious area. This thesis work illustrates a constructive modeling approach by which we have succeeded in both (1) improving the representation of urbanization within the model and (2) obtaining better simulation of catchment response. An effort of regionalizing the new model structure using measures of urban landscape fragmentation will allow to better estimate the impact of different urban planning schemes on the hydrological behavior at the catchment scale
Payan, Jean-Luc. "Prise en compte de barrages-réservoirs dans un modèle global pluie-débit". Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003555.
Texto completoGuinaldo, Thibault. "Paramétrisation de la dynamique lacustre dans un modèle de surface couplé pour une application à la prévision hydrologique à l’échelle globale". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0125.
Texto completoThe water cycle encompasses the main processes related to mass fluxes that influence the atmosphere and climate variability. More specifically, continental hydrology refers to the water transfer occurring at the land surface and sub-surface. Modelling is one of the main methods used for the representation of these processes at regional to global scales. The land surface model system used in this thesis is composed of the ISBA land surface model coupled to the river routing model TRIP that combines the CNRM’s latest developments for use in stand-alone hydrological applications or coupled to a climate model. This PhD is focused on the development and evaluation of lake mass-balance dynamics and water level diagnostics using a new non-calibrated model called MLake which has been incorporated into the 1/12° version of the CTRIP model. Simulated river flows forced by high resolution hydrometeorological forcings are evaluated for the Rhone river basin against in situ observations coming from three river gauges over the period 1960-2016. Results reveal the positive contribution of MLake in simulating Rhone discharge and in representing the lake buffer effects on peak discharge. Moreover, the evaluation of the simulated and observed water level variations show the ability of MLake to reproduce the natural seasonal and interannual cycles. Based on the same framework, a final evaluation was conducted in order to assess the value of the non-calibrated MLake model for global hydrological applications. The results confirmed the capability of the model to simulate realistic river discharges worldwide. At 45% of the river gauge stations, which are mostly located within regions of high lake density, the new model resulted in improved simulated river discharge. The results also highlighted the strong effect of anthropization on the alterations of river dynamics, and the need for a global representation of human-impacted flows in the model. This study has lead to several future perspectives, such as the incorporation of a parametrization of lake hypsometry for use at global scale. The implementation of such developments will improve the representation of vertical water dynamics and facilitate both the coupling of MLake within the CNRM earth system model framework and the future spatial mission SWOT for improved future global hydrological and water resource projections
Berthet, Lionel. "Prévision des crues au pas de temps horaire : pour une meilleure assimilation de l'information de débit dans un modèle hydrologique". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00529652.
Texto completoXIE, XIE MING YUE. "Modeles hydrologiques : de l'approche globale au modele integre utilisant les donnees satellitaires". Nice, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NICE4750.
Texto completoKittavong, Sisouvanh. "Exploration de nouvelles structures de modélisation hydrologique globale conceptuelle". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66670.
Texto completoMany hydrologic models were developed in the last few decades. They should be capable of simulating all of the catchments but, in practice, their performance is dependent on the geology and climate, so no model structure is suitable for all modeling tasks. This doctoral thesis aims at proposing a model selection method, from a grand pool of candidates, which accounts for the identification of a pool of successful models in diversified climates conditions and the selection of appropriate models for the catchment climatic conditions (arid, humid, and continental) and modeling objectives (high, medium and low flows). It is based on 1446 models constructed using the Ensemble Multistructure Framework (EMF) and 100 climatically diversified American catchments. The focus of this study is to value flexible modeling approaches to identify successful models for a variety of climates. The model selection is first based on the individual performance of the 1446 models, comparing them to a reference model (GR4J). A pool of 80 diversified models is then identified for further investigation. To evaluate the impact of climate and metric on model performance, the 80 preselected models are evaluated on the three types of climates and three modeling objectives. At the end, four new lumped conceptual hydrologic models are tailored for specific climate and flow conditions. Hydrological modeling remains imperfect due to a large number of uncertainties, particularly related to the description of rainfall-flow transformation by hydrological model structures. The multimodel approach is an alternative solution, because the combination of existing models gives better results than individual ones. The diversity of model structures touches one of the first principles of the operation of a multimodel is the compensation of the errors to improve the performances. The 80 preselected models and the Backward Greedy Selection (BGS) algorithm are then used to select the models set to combine. Tests are performed on six optimizations (MCRPS, KGEsqrt, Mlogs, NRD, PIT and RDmse). Results show that, the optimization by the MCRPS is most interesting when compare to other criterions.
Loumagne, Cécile. "Prise en compte d'un indice de l'état hydrique du sol dans la modélisation pluie-débit". Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112283.
Texto completoKouame, Brou. "Adéquation de différents modèles globaux pluie-débit pour déterminer les apports en eau dans les zones de transition et de forêt de la Côte - d'Ivoire : essai de régionalisation des paramètres". Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20249.
Texto completoDecharme, Bertrand. "Développement et validation d'une modélisation hydrologique globale incluant les effets sous maille et la représentation des zones inondées". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00518491.
Texto completoLerat, Julien. "Quels apports hydrologiques pour les modèles hydrauliques ? : vers un modèle intégré de simulation des crues". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00392240.
Texto completoUne méthode automatisée de découpage du bassin intermédiaire en sous-bassins a d'abord été élaborée afin de faciliter la construction du modèle hydrologique sur les 50 tronçons de rivière. Des tests de sensibilité ont été menés sur le nombre de sous-bassins, la nature uniforme ou distribuée des entrées de pluie et des paramètres du modèle hydrologique. Une configuration à 4 sous-bassins présentant des pluies et des paramètres uniformes s'est avérée la plus performante sur l'ensemble de l'échantillon.
Enfin, une méthode alternative de calcul des apports latéraux a été proposée utilisant une transposition du débit mesuré à l'amont et une combinaison avec le modèle hydrologique.
Perrin, Charles. "Vers une amélioration d'un modèle global pluie-débit". Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006216.
Texto completoHeberger, Matthew. "Improved observation of the global water cycle with satellite remote sensing and neural network modeling". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS012.
Texto completoSatellite remote sensing is commonly used to observe the hydrologic cycle at spatial scales ranging from river basins to the globe. Yet, it remains difficult to obtain a balanced water budget using remote sensing data, which highlights the errors and uncertainties in earth observation (EO) data. This research aimed to improve estimates of precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff, and total water storage change at the global scale using a combination of analytical methods (optimal interpolation, OI) and statistical modeling methods including neural networks (NN). Models were trained on a set of 1,358~river basins and validated them on an independent set of 340~basins and in-situ observations of precipitation, evapotranspiration, and river discharge. The models are extended to make pixel-scale predictions in 0.5° grid cells for near-global coverage. Calibrated datasets result in lower water budget residuals in validation basins: the mean and standard deviation of the imbalance is 11±44 mm/mo when calculated with uncorrected EO data and 0.03±24 mm/mo after calibration by the NN models. The results allow us to make more accurate estimates of missing water cycle components, for example to estimate evapotranspiration in un-instrumented areas, or to predict discharge in ungaged basins. The results can also indicate to data producers where their products seem incoherent with other datasets and where enhanced calibration could lead to improvements. Finally, this research demonstrates the use of neural networks and machine learning for the integration of satellite data and for the study of the water cycle
Oudin, Ludovic. "Recherche d'un modèle d'évapotranspiration potentielle pertinent comme entrée d'un modèle pluie-débit global". Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000931.
Texto completoDeville, Sabrina. "Caractérisation de la zone non saturée des karsts par la gravimétrie et l'hydrogéologie". Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00829346.
Texto completoQuesney, Arnaud. "Assimilation de mesures d'humidite de surface dans un modele hydrologique conceptuel global. Apport de la teledetection radar ers/sar". Paris 7, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA077209.
Texto completoGoundoul, N'golona. "Etude de la relation "averses-crues" : application d'un modèle global et essais de mise au point d'un modèle distribué sur le bassin versant du Bam-Bam (Tchad)". Avignon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AVIG1001.
Texto completoThe Bam-Bam catchment area is about 1196 km2. It is located in the sahelian region and its comprised by five jointed watersheds of different surfaces. The dynamic study of mrainfalls reflects the characteristics of precipitation (homogeneity of form, spatial distribution) in the sahelian region in general. A hydrological model based on the unit hydrograph technique is used with aim of analysing and predetermining the floods for each sub-watershed. The resulds obtained by a humped model approach show the predominance of surface runoff in comparison with the other types of runoff (base runoff, delayed runoff). An attempt using a distributed model shows that, for the watersheds greater than 100 km2, direct runoff is not predominant. In order to improve modelisation in the sahelian region, we suggest the application of a process which takes into account other factors (geomorphogical, pedological)
Arboleda-Obando, Pedro Felipe. "Feedback from groundwater and irrigation on past and future climate simulated by the IPSL climate model". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS045.
Texto completoContinental fluxes play an important role in the water cycle, and in the evolution of climate at different time scales. It is particularly interesting to note the control that soil moisture can exert on evapotranspiration, since an anomaly of the former can induce a change of the latter. This produces changes in the seasonal and long-term evolution of climatic variables such as precipitation and temperature. The coupling between soil moisture and evapotranspiration, and their effects on climate, have led to focus on those landscape factors that have some effect on soil moisture. This study focuses on two: downward hillslope flows (surface and subsurface) caused by topography, of natural origin, and water transfers for irrigation activities, of human origin. One of the tools for studying climate is the use of general circulation models, consisting of an atmospheric model and a land surface model. Land surface models, although increasingly complex, have limited or no representation of the effect of topography on land surface fluxes and of the anthropogenic effects on water resources. The objective of this thesis is to understand the effect of each landscape driver on terrestrial fluxes and on present and future climate, using the ORCHIDEE land surface model, which is part of the IPSL climate model. The first part of this thesis uses a simple representation of hillslope flows within ORCHIDEE. The typical model grid-cell is divided into an upland and lowland zone to represent the topography, with the lowland fraction being potentially wetter. LMDZOR, which couples ORCHIDEE to the IPSL atmospheric model, known as LMDZ, was used to run two long-term simulations (between 1980 and 2100) under climate change, with and without hillslope flow. The results show increases in soil moisture and evapotranspiration, a slight increase in rainfall and lower air temperature. Under climate change, hillslope flows attenuate part of the climate change-induced decreases in soil moisture, evapotranspiration and precipitation, and slightly decrease warming. In the second part, an irrigation scheme was implemented in ORCHIDEE, for use at global scale. The water demand is calculated according to the soil moisture deficit and the irrigated area, and the supply depends on natural reservoirs under two constraints: a volume left available for ecosystems (ecological flow) and water allocation according to existing local infrastructure. The new scheme was tested in offline mode, (forced with meteorological data). Comparison with observed data shows that including irrigation decreases negative modeling biases for evapotranspiration, but increases positive biases for leaf area index (except in intensively irrigated areas, where the negative bias of leaf area index decreases). Likewise, irrigation decreases the discharge of large rivers, but this does not lead to a better representation of discharge dynamics compared to observations. The results show that landscape drivers increase certain fluxes of the water and energy balances, and in the case of hillslope flows, attenuates part of the decreases due to climate change. In the case of irrigation, online simulations are needed to know its effect on the evolution of hydroclimatic variables under climate change. In addition, considering the joint effects of the two landscape drivers is necessary, which calls for including hillslope flows and irrigation in a new version of ORCHIDEE
Mantilla, Morales Gabriela. "Modélisation des transferts de nitrates, confrontation des concepts, des données et des informations : application au bassin de la Charente". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1995. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00569426.
Texto completoSeiller, Gregory. "Évaluation de la sensibilité des projections hydrologiques au choix des outils hydro-météorologiques globaux conceptuels - Approche multimodèle". Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30064/30064.pdf.
Texto completoModeling climate change impacts on water resources remains one of the major challenges for the scientific community. This task is complex and contains numerous cumulated uncertainties all along the modeling process, from the greenhouse gas scenarios definition to the hydrological projections. All the modeling tools can thus potentially affect our ability to render a diagnosis of the impacts of climate changes on water resources. In this context, modeling uncertainty related to 20 lumped conceptual hydrological models, 24 potential evapotranspiration formulations, and 7 snow modules was evaluated on two catchments: au Saumon (Province of Quebec, Canada) and Schlehdorf (State of Bavaria, Germany). This work first assessed the transposability in time of the hydrological models and examined the interest of the multimodel approach in a climate change context. Then, contribution of the different tools to cumulated uncertainty is evaluated, followed by an investigation of individual sensitivity origins. This analysis was based on performance criteria, discharge graphical displays, statistics tools, and hydrological indicators of changes in water resources. More, uncertainties related to climatic members are also appraised on the Quebec catchment to allow a direct comparison with the principal studied tools. Results demonstrated that our capacity to render a diagnosis of the impacts of climate change on water resources on the two studied catchments was highly connected to the choice of the hydro-meteorological lumped modeling tools. Each one contributed to the total uncertainty; however, with a larger prevalence for the potential evapotranspiration formulations and hydrological models, snow modules being more neutral. Nevertheless, comparative analysis showed that the selection of a climatic member was affecting the total uncertainty the most. This research proposed a detailed analysis on our capacity to realise a diagnosis of the impacts of climate change on water resources for two studied catchments and provided a specific and original methodology directly applicable and adjustable to other hydro-climatic contexts.
Wendling, Jacques. "Modélisation pluie-débit en zone méditerranéenne : comparaison d'approches globaels/distribuées, conceptuelles/physico-déterministes : essai de prise en compte de la variabilité spatiale des pluies (application au bassin versant du Réal Collobrier)". Grenoble INPG, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPG0012.
Texto completoTootchifatidehi, Ardalan. "Development of a global wetland map and application to describe hillslope hydrology in the ORCHIDEE land surface model". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS390.
Texto completoWetlands have significant functions in the Earth’s climate system both at local scales through their buffering effect on floods and water purification (denitrification) and also at a larger scale with their feedbacks to the atmosphere and its role in methane emission. To include wetlands in climate models globally, both their geographic distribution and hydrology should be known. There is a massive inconsistency among wetland mapping methods and wetland extent estimates (from 3 to 21% of the land surface area), rooted in imagery disturbances, underestimation of the groundwater driven wetlands in inventories or imprecise representation of flooded zones in GW modellings. In the framework of this PhD project, first by developing a global wetland map through a multi-source data fusion method we provide a simple applied classification for wetlands hydrological roles. Wetlands’ global extent is estimated to be almost 24.3 106 km2 (including lakes). The core distinction between classes is the flooding conditions and the water source, either coming from surface streams or groundwater convergence. In the next step, we modelled the wetlands’ role on surface processes in ORCHIDEE land surface model which was the testing platform for this new hydrologic scheme at large scale. The basic assumption in the new version (ORCHIDEE-GW) in this sub-grid procedures is that the deep drainage from the uplands converges over lowland wet fraction in parallel to infiltration from precipitation. Simulations over the contemporary era under climate forcing shows that the water table goes deeper with increased potential wetland fraction. The water table is shallow enough to be considered actual wetland when the potential wetland fraction is less than 0.2 over the Seine River Basin. The evapotranspiration rate increases by almost 3% with ORCHIDEE-GW because of the increased soil moisture in the wetland soil column. Increased soil moisture in the wet fraction affects the soil surface temperature as well. The future applications of this PhD work can be to explicitly introduce the biogeochemical procedures in wetlands in a dynamic manner to study the feedback effects of wetlands on climate and the Carbon cycle
Delcourt, Charlotte. "Dynamique, hydrologie sous-glaciaire et régime polythermal du Glacier McCall, Alaska, USA: approche combinée par techniques radar et modélisation numérique". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209648.
Texto completoNous avons utilisé les techniques modernes de radio-écho sondage (radar) et de modélisation numérique, en combinaison avec des observations et mesures de terrain, afin d’identifier les processus physiques responsables de l’évolution de ce glacier ces dernières décennies.
Les données radar ont permis de reconstituer la géométrie actuelle du glacier, de distinguer les zones de glace « froide » (dont la température est située sous le point de fusion) des zones de glace « chaude » (température au point de fusion), ainsi que de détecter la présence d’eau à la base du glacier.
Ces informations ont été introduites dans un modèle à deux dimensions d’écoulement de la glace, afin de simuler le retrait du glacier depuis le Petit Age de la Glace (fin du 19ème siècle) selon différents scenarios.
Les résultats montrent que le modèle est capable de simuler l’évolution du glacier ces dernières décennies de manière réaliste et que le glacier McCall peut-être considéré comme un bon indicateur du changement climatique. Ils démontrent également que le retrait du front du glacier est principalement dû aux perturbations de son bilan de masse, chaque jour plus négatif. Cependant, la percolation et le regel d’une partie de l’eau de fonte sont des processus essentiels pour expliquer le maintien du glacier. Ceux-ci ont pour effet d’ajouter de la glace à l’ensemble du système qui serait autrement perdue par écoulement et drainage. De plus, ils ont paradoxalement pour effet de diminuer la température de la glace et participent donc à ralentir sa perte de masse.
En conclusion, la tendance générale au retrait du glacier McCall se confirme pour les années à venir et sa disparition semble inévitable. Cependant, nos résultats suggèrent que cette évolution future pourrait être moins rapide qu’annoncé, en raison de phénomènes complexes de regel d’une partie de l’eau de fonte jouant un rôle « tampon » en contrebalançant les effets directs du réchauffement atmosphérique dans la région.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Dezetter, Alain. "Modélisation globale de la relation pluie débit : application en zone de savanes soudanaises (Nord-Ouest de la Côte-d'Ivoire)". Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20173.
Texto completoMouelhi, Safouane. "Vers une chaîne cohérente de modèles pluie-débit conceptuels globaux aux pas de temps pluriannuel, annuel, mensuel et journalier". Paris, ENGREF, 2003. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005696.
Texto completoThe hydrologic literaure abounds in description of models with various temporal scale (from hourly to several years) that are applied on wide range of cathment sizes (from a few square meters to a few tens thousands of square kilometres). However, few authors have looked at the overall coherence of thse models developed at different time steps. The present thesis tries to answer an interesting question : Is it possible to see in this various time scales a mean to rationalize the corresponding modelling endeavours and obtain more efficient and more coherent models? Our work here, was mainly concerned with three time-steps: several years, one year and one month. For each time step we compared models from the literature, checking them against data from 429 basins featuring contrasting climatic conditions. Thanks to several going to and fro between those time steps, we greatly improved the models available for the three studies time steps. We proposed three lumped coneptual models for these three time. Considering a similar model developed for the daily time step, we could get an overall view of the modeling exercise for these four time steps and we found an abiding feature in all of them. This cammon only with the overlying atmosphere
Yassine, Rabab. "Evaluation de l'efficience probable d'un projet de restauration fonctionnelle et durable d'un cours d'eau". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0057.
Texto completoThe restoration of mountain rivers as well as the evolution of the hydro-sedimentary context and associated control factors (climate, land use change, reforestation, human impacts, etc.) have been widely studied in Alpine catchment areas. Pyrenean watercourses remain very poorly documented and knowledge related to their torrential dynamics is limited. However, the problems observed recently and the evolutionary trajectories documented tend to show the same tendencies. The aim of this research project is to address, under a global and systemic approach, a restoration project of a mountain river reach. The methodological approach adopted is intended to be multidisciplinary. The system dynamics is thus apprehended from different angles and scales, requiring the intervention of various scientific fields (hydrology, hydraulics, geomorphology, risks). The objectives of the thesis are numerous. The first addresses the understanding of the evolution of the “Lac des Gaves” reach, within the Gave de Pau watershed in the Hautes- Pyrénées department as well as the torrential system immediately upstream. The aim is to identify the different pressures (anthropic and natural) that led to the current hydro-sedimentary context through a diachronic and experimental approach. The result of this analysis is the characterization of the evolution of the Gave de Pau watershed’s sedimentary context over eight periods, indicating that it is still in a post-flood readjustment period. The second concerns the quantification of the behaviour of liquid and solid flows coming from the upstream torrential system in order to understand their effects on the physical environment studied and to set orders of magnitude. To this end, hydrological modelling with the MARINE model at the watershed scale is carried out in order to reproduce the major flood events and to feed the two-dimensional hydro-morphological model developed at the reach scale with the TELEMAC model. This approach demonstrates how difficult it is to make precise estimates of hydrology in mountainous catchments and that, while good results can be observed downstream, it remains complicated to find a consensus for the calibration of the model upstream. At the section scale, the results reveal the challenge to reproduce the evolution of a channel with a very complex morphology. Sediment budget calculations were also performed in order to identify the quantity of material arriving at the “Lac des Gaves” and potentially modifying its morphology. This approach made it possible to select a formula adapted to the Gave de Pau watershed and to obtain orders of magnitude of the volumes of sediments coming from the upstream torrential system. Finally, this restoration project is of big interest for the various stakeholders in the Gaves valleys. The stakes are multiple and a given restoration measure can significantly impact the safety of goods and people, the various socio-economic aspects and the ecological continuity of the system. In order to integrate these different criteria, a participatory approach involving the project stakeholders is deployed in the form of a system-oriented methodology. To support this approach, the Bayesian Networks are used as modelling tools because of their propensity to combine transdisciplinary and multidimensional knowledge as well as data of various kinds. Their use as a decision-making support in the framework of a river restoration project is finally addressed and applied to the specific case study of the Lac des Gaves
Emmanuel, Isabelle. "Evaluation de l'apport de la mesure de pluie par radar météorologique pour la modélisation pluie-débit de petits bassins versants". Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00709754.
Texto completoMoulin, Laetitia. "Prévision des crues rapides avec des modèles hydrologiques globaux : application aux bassins opérationnels de la Loire supérieure : évaluation des modélisations, prise en compte des incertitudes sur les précipitations moyennes spatiales et utilisation de prévisions météorologiques". Paris, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.paristech.org/5392/01/MOULIN_et_couverture.pdf.
Texto completoThe aim of the present work is the evaluation of lumped rainfall-runoff (RR) models for flood forecasting in the case of upper Loire river catchments. Following the description of Loire catchment at Bas-en-Basset, an analysis demonstrates both the worth and the flaws of presently available data sets. The high variability of these hydrometeorological events enables us to compare RR models in particularly difficult but interesting contexts. Simple conceptual models appear more robust and often more efficient than data-driven models. A further evaluation, based on specific criteria for flood forecasting, highlight the information about flood evolution provided by conceptual RR models, even though modelling errors remain altogether significant while the various models behave in a similar way. Estimation of mean areal precipitation is conducted with kriging tools and a model of uncertainty on mean areal precipitation estimation is proposed and validated on data. These uncertainties are then propagated within RR models. Their impact is reasonably different with respect to catchment size, as a variable part of the global modelling error may be explained. Finally, an exploratory work has demonstrated the usefulness of taking into account probabilistic precipitation forecast into a hydrometeorological chain: longer anticipation has consequently been obtained. Although pre-processing linked to these forecast availability is absolutely necessary As a conclusion, simple tools let us expect improvements in this very perfectible field
Hattermann, Fred Fokko. "Integrated modelling of Global Change impacts in the German Elbe River Basin". Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2005/605/.
Texto completoThe Elbe region is representative of humid to semi-humid landscapes in central Europe, where water availability during the summer season is the limiting factor for plant growth and crop yields, especially in the loess areas, where the annual precipitation is lower than 500 mm. It is most likely that water quantity problems will accelerate in future, because both the observed and the projected climate trend show an increase in temperature and a decrease in annual precipitation, especially in the summer. Another problem is nutrient pollution of rivers and lakes. In the early 1990s, the Elbe was one of the most heavily polluted rivers in Europe. Even though nutrient emissions from point sources have notably decreased in the basin due to reduction of industrial sources and introduction of new and improved sewage treatment facilities, the diffuse sources of pollution are still not sufficiently controlled.
The investigations have been done using the eco-hydrological model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model), which has been embedded in a model framework of climate and agro-economic models. A global scenario of climate and agro-economic change has been regionalized to generate transient climate forcing data and land use boundary conditions for the model. The model was used to transform the climate and land use changes into altered evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, crop yields and river discharge, and to investigate the development of water quality in the river basin. Particular emphasis was given to assessing the significance of the impacts on the hydrology, taking into account in the analysis the inherent uncertainty of the regional climate change as well as the uncertainty in the results of the model.
The average trend of the regional climate change scenario indicates a decrease in mean annual precipitation up to 2055 of about 1.5 %, but with high uncertainty (covering the range from -15.3 % to +14.8 %), and a less uncertain increase in temperature of approximately 1.4 K. The relatively small change in precipitation in conjunction with the change in temperature leads to severe impacts on groundwater recharge and river flow. Increasing temperature induces longer vegetation periods, and the seasonality of the flow regime changes towards longer low flow spells in summer. As a results the water availability will decrease on average of the scenario simulations by approximately 15 %. The increase in temperatures will improve the growth conditions for temperature limited crops like maize. The uncertainty of the climate trend is particularly high in regions where the change is the highest.
The simulation results for the Nuthe subbasin of the Elbe indicate that retention processes in groundwater, wetlands and riparian zones have a high potential to reduce the nitrate concentrations of rivers and lakes in the basin, because they are located at the interface between catchment area and surface water bodies, where they are controlling the diffuse nutrient inputs. The relatively high retention of nitrate in the Nuthe basin is due to the long residence time of water in the subsurface (about 40 years), with good conditions for denitrification, and due to nitrate retention and plant uptake in wetlands and riparian zones.
The concluding result of the study is that the natural environment and communities in parts of Central Europe will have considerably lower water resources under scenario conditions. The water quality will improve, but due to the long residence time of water and nutrients in the subsurface, this improvement will be slower in areas where the conditions for nutrient turn-over in the subsurface are poor.
Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Auswirkungen des Globalen Wandels auf den Wasserkreislauf im deutschen Teil des Elbeeinzugsgebietes. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf Wassermengen- und Wasserqualitätsproblemen.
Die Elbe liegt im Zentrum Europas im Übergangsbereich zwischen ozeanischen und kontinentalen Klimaten, wo die Wasserverfügbarkeit in den Sommermonaten den limitierenden Faktor für das Pflanzenwachstum und die landwirtschaftlichen Erträge bildet. Dies gilt insbesondere für die Lössgebiete im Lee des Harzes, wo die jährlichen Niederschläge unter 500 mm liegen. Es ist sehr wahrscheinlich, dass sich die Wassermengenprobleme in Zukunft noch verstärken werden, denn sowohl das beobachtete als auch das für die Zukunft projizierte Klima in der Region zeigen höhere Temperaturen und fallende Niederschläge, besonders im Sommer. Ein weiteres Problem ist die hohe Nährstoffbelastung der Flüsse und Seen im Elbeeinzugsgebiet. Anfang der neunziger Jahre war die Elbe eine der am stärksten belasteten Flüsse in Europa. Obwohl die Einträge besonders aus Punktquellen durch den Rückgang der Industrie und den Bau von neuen Kläranlagen seitdem gefallen sind, gelangen trotzdem noch große Nährstoffmengen aus diffusen Quellen in die Gewässer.
Die Untersuchungen wurden unter Anwendung des ökohydrologischen Modells SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model) durchgeführt, welches über Schnittstellen mit Klimamodellen und agroökonomischen Modellen verbunden wurde. Ein globales Szenario des Klimawandels und des landwirtschaftlichen Wandels wurde regionalisiert, um so die geänderten Randbedingungen für den Szenarienzeitraum zu erhalten. Simulationen mit SWIM dienten dann dazu, die geänderten Randbedingungen in Änderungen im Wasserhaushalt und in den landwirtschaftlichen Erträgen zu transformieren. Außerdem wurde das Langzeitverhalten von Nährstoffen im Untersuchungsgebiet modelliert. Besonderer Wert wurde dabei darauf gelegt, die Unsicherheit der Szenarienergebnisse zu quantifizieren.
Der mittlere Szenarientrend zeigt eine Reduzierung der mittleren jährlichen Niederschläge bis zum Jahre 2055 um ungefähr 1.5 %, wobei die Ergebnisse mit einer großen Unsicherheit behaftet sind: die Spannweite der Niederschläge in den Szenarienrealisationen liegt zwischen -15.3 % und +14.8 %. Die Erwärmung unter Szenarienbedingungen mit ungefähr 1.4 K ist weniger unsicher. Diese relativ geringen Änderungen habe starke Auswirkungen auf den Wasserhaushalt im Elbegebiet: durch die steigenden Temperaturen wird die Vegetationszeit verlängert, und die Niedrigabflussperiode im Sommer wird sich in den Herbst ausdehnen. Insgesamt wird unter dem mittleren Szenarientrend die Wasserverfügbarkeit um ca. 15 % abnehmen. Außerdem werden sich durch die steigenden Temperaturen die Anbaubedingungen für wärmeliebende Ackerfrüchte in der Landwirtschaft verbessern. Die Unsicherheit des Klimatrends ist dort am größten, wo auch die lokalen Änderungen am größten sind.
Die Simulationsergebnisse für das Nuthe-Teileinzugsgebiet der Elbe zeigen, das Retentionsprozesse im Untergrund und in den Feucht- und Auengebieten einen starken Einfluss auf die Wasserqualität und die Nitratkonzentration der Oberflächengewässer haben, da sie durch ihre Lage im Einzugsgebiet eine Schnittstelle zwischen dem umliegenden Einzugsgebiet und den Flüssen und Seen bilden. Die relativ hohe Umsetzung von Nitrat im Einzugsgebiet der Nuthe kann dadurch erklärt werden, dass Nitrat eine relativ lange Aufenthaltszeit im Grundwasser (im Mittel 40 Jahre) mit einer hohen Nitratumsetzungsrate hat, und durch die guten Denitrifizierungsbedingungen in den Feucht- und Auengebieten. Dazu kommt noch, dass große Nitratmengen durch die Pflanzen in den Feuchtgebieten aus dem Grundwasser aufgenommen werden.
Zusammenfassend kann man sagen, das sich die Ökosysteme und die Gesellschaft im Elbeeinzugsgebiet unter Szenarienbedingungen auf niedrigere Wasserverfügbarkeit einstellen müssen. Die Wasserqualität wird sich grundsätzlich zwar weiter verbessern, aber aufgrund der langen Verweilzeit der Nährstoffe im Grundwasser wird dies insbesondere in den Teileinzugsgebieten, in denen die geochemischen Bedingungen für einen hohen Nährstoffumsatz nicht gegeben sind, noch relativ lange dauern.
Velluet, Cécile. "Modélisation et analyse pluriannuelles du fonctionnement hydrologique et énergétique de deux écosystèmes dominants au Sahel agropastoral (Sud-Ouest Niger)". Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01002273.
Texto completoEl, Janyani Sanae. "Incidence des bétoires et de la karstogenèse des plateaux crayeux de la Haute-Normandie sur le fonctionnement hydrologique de l'aquifère de la craie : modélisation hydrogéologique des influences climatiques à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles". Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00920267.
Texto completoMoulin, Laetitia. "Prévision des crues rapides avec des modèles hydrologiques globaux. Applications aux bassins opérationnels de la Loire supérieure : évaluation des modélisations, prise en compte des incertitudes sur les précipitations moyennes spatiales et utilisation de prévisions météorologiques". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00368262.
Texto completoAprès une description du bassin à Bas-en-Basset, l'analyse critique des jeux de données disponibles met en évidence leur richesse, mais aussi leurs défauts. La grande variété des événements hydrométéorologiques touchant ces bassins apparaît particulièrement intéressante pour comparer des modèles hydrologiques.
Des modèles conceptuels simples sont apparus plus robustes et souvent plus performants que des modèles statistiques ou des réseaux de neurones artificiels. Des critères spécifiques à la prévision des crues mettent en évidence les informations sur l'évolution immédiate des débits apportées par la transformation de la pluie en débit, même si les erreurs de modélisation restent importantes et finalement proches d'un modèle à l'autre.
Un effort particulier a été porté sur l'estimation par krigeage des précipitations moyennes spatiales, pour lesquelles un modèle d'erreur est proposé et validé sur les données. Ces incertitudes, propagées dans les modèles pluie-débit, contribuent, selon la taille des bassins, à une part variable de l'erreur totale de modélisation.
Enfin un travail exploratoire a montré l'intérêt d'inclure des prévisions de pluies probabilisées dans une chaîne hydrométéorologique, pour augmenter les délais d'anticipation et prendre en compte les incertitudes associées. Toutefois, la disponibilité de ces prévisions impose des traitements préalables à leur utilisation.
Il ressort que des outils simples peuvent laisser envisager des améliorations dans ce domaine encore très perfectible de la prévision des crues.
Jaunat, Jessy. "Caractérisation des écoulements souterrains en milieu fissuré par approche couplée hydrologie-géochimie-hydrodynamisme : application au massif de l'Ursuya (Pays Basque, France)". Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00778427.
Texto completoPereira, Alice. "Contribution à l'étude de la qualité des eaux des retenues amazoniennes : application de la modélisation mathématique à la retenue de Tucurui (Brésil)". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1994. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00569488.
Texto completoDe, Oliveira Nascimento Nilo. "Appréciation à l'aide d'un modèle empirique des effets d'actions anthropiques sur la relation pluie-débit à l'échelle d'un bassin versant". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1995. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00569059.
Texto completoCharbonnel, Anaïs. "Influence multi-échelle des facteurs environnementaux dans la répartition du Desman des Pyrénées (Galemys pyrenaicus) en France". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/14261/1/Charbonnel.pdf.
Texto completoSkoulikaris, Charalampos. "Modélisation appliquée à la gestion durable des projets de ressources en eau à l'échelle d'un bassin hydrographique : le cas du Mesta-Nestos". Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004775.
Texto completoWei, Xi. "Une approche de modélisation pour diagnostiquer les impacts des changements globaux sur l'hydrologie, les sédiments en suspension et le carbone organique dans un bassin tropical asiatique : cas du fleuve Rouge (Chine et Vietnam)". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/4685/.
Texto completoThe Asian river basins are great contributors to sediments and organic carbon to the seas. However, these river basins are subject to the influence of climate variability and human activities, which alters the transport and fate of water and associated matter in rivers, and then modifies the coastal biochemical processes. The Red River is a representative Asian river basin and plays an important role in the economy and agriculture in China and Vietnam. However, lack of data sharing between countries and difficulty in in-situ observations and samplings, make the study through the whole basin difficult both spatially and temporally. In order to overcome these issues and better understand the water resources and matters transfer dynamics, interactive use of in-situ measurements, remote sensing observations and numerical modellings are necessary. This work proposed a modelling approach to simulate the transfer dynamics of water, suspended sediment (SS) and organic carbon at a daily scale in the Red River, and to understand and quantify their responses to the impacts of climate variability and dam constructions. The physical-based SWAT model, combining the remote sensing data, was used in this study to simulate the water regime and suspended sediment. Six dams (two were operated before the study period and the other four started operation since 2008) were implemented in this model. The model was calibrated based on observed discharge (Q) and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) data from 2000 to 2013 at five gauge stations (the outlets of the main tributaries and of the continent basin) at a daily time step. After Q and SSC calibrated under actual conditions, a scenario of natural conditions (without any dams inside the basin) was modelled to disentangle and quantify the impacts of climate variability and dams on Q and sediment fluxes (SF). Dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC, POC) were calibrated based on observed Q, SSC and in-situ organic carbon sampling data. According to these relationships, the organic carbon concentrations and fluxes under actual and natural conditions are calculated, in order to further quantify the impacts of climate variability and dams on DOC and POC transfer. This study highlighted the strong impacts of dams on sediment fluxes (-80%) and organic carbon (POC, -85%; DOC, -13%), and the impacts of climate variability on Q (-9%). Without dams, the Red River basin would have a high specific sediment yield (779 t km-2 yr-1) compared to other Asian river basins, though its sediment export was low compared to them. The high soil erosion due to precipitation, slope and agricultural practice in the middle part of the basin is the main factor contributing to the specific sediment yield. [...]
Parent, Eric. "Élaboration des consignes de gestion des barrages - réservoirs". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1991. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00569481.
Texto completoGarambois, Stéphane. "Etudes expérimentales et théoriques des conversions d'ondes sismo-électriques dans les milieux poreux superficiels". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00719591.
Texto completoLe, Meillour Françoise. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de la contribution des eaux de surface et de subsurface à la formation des crues : conséquences sur l'hydrogramme d'un bassin versant (application au Real Collobrier)". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00694046.
Texto completoNetto, André Maciel. "Transfert d'eau et de solutés dans un sol agricole hétérogène : analyse de différents types de mesures, de la variabilité spatiale et modélisation monodimensionnelle". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00801928.
Texto completoHakoun, Vivien. "Développement d'une sonde aquatique autonome pour la cartographie des drains karstiques noyés. Simulation des écoulements par une approche couplée drains discrets - double porosité". Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01067700.
Texto completoFournillon, Arnaud. "Modélisation géologique 3D et hydrodynamique appliquées aux réservoirs carbonatés karstiques : caractérisation des ressources en eau souterraine de l'Unité du Beausset (SE France)". Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille Université, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00830331.
Texto completoCalmels, Pierre. "Application de l'analyse-système à l'exploitation des données hydrométriques et isotopiques en hydrologie". Phd thesis, 1985. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00785560.
Texto completoLevavasseur, F. "Structure du paysage et fonctionnement hydrologique : application aux réseaux de fossés en zone viticole méditerranéenne". Phd thesis, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00745506.
Texto completoYang, Xiaoliu. "Mise au point d'une méthode d'utilisation d'un modèle pluie-débit conceptuel pour la prévision des crues en temps réel". Phd thesis, 1993. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00574117.
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