Tesis sobre el tema "Modèle de climat global"
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Guilbon, Sabrina. "Développement d'un modèle microphysique de nuages pour un modèle de climat global vénusien". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV006/document.
Texto completoThe conditions on the surface of Venus are infernal: temperature of more than 400 C, 90 times the Earth's atmospheric pressure in an atmosphere composed of 96 % of carbon dioxide. A distinctive characteristic of this planet is the 20 km thick opaque cloud layer, which enshrouds the planet. Clouds have a crucial role in radiative transfer, atmospheric dynamics, in the cycle of some chemical species like sulphur and more generally in the climate of Venus. Despite the numerous space missions devoted to this object since 1961, there are few in-situ measurements. The lower cloud layers are di cult to study by satellite, so there are still many questions about clouds: their properties and their radiative, dynamic and chemical impacts are poorly constrained. Predominantly composed of sulphuric acid solution, the particles are supposed to be spherical and liquid and compose the clouds that are vertically spread between approximately 50 and 70 km of altitude, surrounded by hazes between approximately 30 and 50 km and above 70 km. Based on observations the droplets have been classied into three modes according to their size and composition: modes 1 and 2 respectively for small (r = 0.2 μm) and medium particles (r = 1.0 μm), and a third mode that would contain the largest particles (r = 3.5 μm). The latter mode, which has been detected by the Pioneer Venus probe, remains uncertain in composition and existence, and is not taken into account in our study. To complete and better understand the observational data, a modal microphysical model, called MAD-Muphy (Modal Aerosol Dynamics with Microphysics), has been developed. The goal is to integrate MAD-Muphy into the venusian global climate model (IPSL-VGCM), so we must limit the number of variables that the VGCM must follow in time and space (also called tracers). The moment method is already used in the Titan and Mars GCMs and is a good compromise between the accuracy of the results and the computation time. MAD-Muphy is the refore based on this representation for a pressure and a temperature of one atmospheric layer (or 0D). The thesis presented here details the derivation of the mathematical expressions of the microphysical equations with moments, presents the new MAD-Muphy model as well as the hypotheses that were necessary for its development. We will first determine the characteristic timescale of each microphysical process and we will study their behaviour in 0D. Then, our results will be compared with those of the SALSA sectional model in 0D
Beaumet, Julien. "Changement climatique en Antarctique : études à l'aide d'un modèle atmosphérique de circulation générale à haute résolution régionale". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU050/document.
Texto completoThe increase of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface mass balance due to rise in snowfall is the only expected negative contribution to sea-level rise in the course of the 21st century within the context of global warming induced by mankind. Dynamical downscaling of climate projections provided by coupled ocean-atmosphere models is the most commonly used method to assess the future evolution of the Antarctic climate. Nevertheless, large uncertainties remain in the application of this method, particularly because of large biases in coupled models for oceanic surface conditions and atmospheric large-scale circulation at Southern Hemisphere high latitudes.In the first part of this work, different bias-correction methods for oceanic surface conditions have been evaluated. The results have allowed to select a quantile-quantile method for sea surface temperature and an analog method for sea-ice concentration. Because of the strong sensitivity of Antarctic surface climate to the variations of sea-ice extents in the Southern Ocean, oceanic surface conditions provided by two coupled models, NorESM1-M and MIROC-ESM, showing clearly different trends (respectively -14 and -45%) on winter sea-ice extent have been selected. Oceanic surface conditions of the ``business as usual" scenario (RCP8.5) coming from these two models have been corrected in order to force the global atmospheric model ARPEGE.In the following, ARPEGE has been used in a stretched-grid configuration, allowing to reach an horizontal resolution around 40 kilometers on Antarctica. For historical climate (1981-2010), the model was driven by observed oceanic surface conditions as well as by those from MIROC-ESM and NorESM1-M historical simulation. For late 21st century (2071-2100), original and bias corrected oceanic conditions from the latter two model have been used. The evaluation for present climate has evidenced excellent ARPEGE skills for surface climate and surface mass balance as well as large remaining errors on large-scale atmospheric circulation even when using observed oceanic surface conditions. For future climate, the use of bias-corrected MIROC-ESM oceanic forcings has yielded an additionally significant increase in winter temperatures and in annual surface mass balance at the continent-scale.In the end, ARPEGE has been corrected at run-time using a climatology of tendency errors coming from an ARPEGE simulation driven by climate reanalyses. The application of this method for present climate has dramatically improved the modelling of the atmospheric circulation and antarctic surface climate. The application for the future suggests significant additional warming (~ 0.7 to +0.9 C) and increase in precipitation (~ +6 to +9 %) with respect to the scenarios realized without atmospheric bias correction. Driving regional climate models or ice dynamics model with corrected ARPEGE scenarios is to explored in regards of the potentially large-impacts on the Antarctic ice-sheet and its contribution to sea-level rise
Van, Aalderen Victor. "Modéliser l'évolution du climat global et de la calotte eurasienne pendant la dernière déglaciation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASJ029.
Texto completoThe marine West Antarctic ice sheet is characterized by being largely in contact with the ocean. The latest observations reveal an acceleration in its mass loss over the last few decades, mainly due to increased melting under floating ice shelves. However, its future evolution remains highly uncertain, due to our poor understanding of the physical processes at play between the ice sheet and the ocean.The last deglaciation (21 ka-11 ka) is one of the most recent major climatic changes in our history. This period is marked by an increase in global atmospheric temperatures and the melting of the North American and Eurasian ice sheets. The study of the Barents-Kara Ice Sheet (BKIS), which covered the Barents and Kara Seas during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 ka) and was an integral part of the Eurasian Ice Sheet, is of particular interest because of its common features with present-day West Antarctica. Identifying the mechanisms responsible for its retreat allows to provide information to better understand the West Antarctic behavior within under present and future climatic conditions.The impact of climate on the evolution of a marine ice sheet depends on two main processes: The surface mass balance, depending on atmospheric temperatures and precipitation, and melting under floating ice, related to oceanic temperatures and salinity. In order to identify the mechanisms triggering the BKIS retreat, I used the GRISLI2.0 ice-sheet model to analyse the ice-sheet response to climate perturbations at the LGM. This study highlighted the key role of atmospheric temperatures in triggering the melting of the ice sheet via surface melting, while ocean temperatures had only a limited impact despite a large part of BKIS being in contact with the ocean. I also identified that the total retreat of BKIS could be attributed to a mechanical instability at the grounding line, caused by a decrease in ice thickness resulting from an increase in surface melting.In order to better understand the impact of ice sheets on the global climate, I have also carried out the first transient simulation of the last deglaciation with the IPSL-CM5A2 model, modifying the geometry of the ice sheets provided by the GLAC-1D reconstruction at some key periods. The simulations show a warming trend in line with the reconstructions, particularly during MWP1A, which was characterised by an abrupt rise in atmospheric temperatures. Using sensitivity experiments, I have shown that changes in the ice sheet geometry have contributed to the increase in atmospheric temperatures via temperature-altitude feedbacks and the albedo effect. Moreover, I have shown that ocean dynamics have been significantly altered by freshwater fluxes from the melting ice sheets. This has led to a weakening of the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and a reduction of its deepening, resulting in a warming slowdown, mainly located in the North Atlantic Ocean. In addition, the IPSL-CM5A2 experiments all simulate a shutdown of the Antarctic bottom water circulation at the onset of MWP1A, leading to a significant cooling of about 100 years in the Amundsen Sea, followed by a restart of this circulation.This work is contributing to a better understanding of the complex mechanisms governing the dynamics of the ice sheets and their interaction with the climate, while also providing a basis for anticipating the consequences of current and future climate change, particularly in West Antarctica
Qasmi, Saïd. "Sensibilité du climat européen à la variabilité multidécennale de l'Atlantique Nord". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30367.
Texto completoThe anthropogenic warming trend observed during the 20th century in Europe is characterized by fluctuations, which are partly explained by internal climate variability. The physical mechanisms between the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV, whose internal component contributes to shape atmospheric variability), and the European climate are investigated in this thesis. A comprehensive study of climate models shows a great diversity in the simulation of the teleconnection between the AMV and European summer temperature. The underestimation of its intensity relative to the observations contributes to explain the uncertainties within the decadal climate predictions. Numerical experiments used to assess the mechanisms of influence of the AMV on the European climate indicate that the AMV is likely to significantly modulate temperature, precipitation and the occurrence of extreme events in winter and summer
Peaucelle, Marc. "Utilisation des traits fonctionnels au sein d'un modèle global de végétation : analyse de trois approches complémentaires axées sur les écosystèmes forestiers". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066238.pdf.
Texto completoEarth system models currently use a discretized representation of vegetation, grouping together the whole world species into a dozen of Plant Functional Types (PFT), whose characteristics (traits) are fixed. This rigidity does not allow to accurately represent the evolution of ecosystems and their associated bio-geochemical cycles, while vegetation is facing stronger environnemental and anthropogenic pressures. Three complementary approaches based on functional traits were tested in order to improve the representation of forests in the dynamic global vegetation model ORCHIDEE. Based on a hierarchical classification of species, the first approach is to increase the number of PFTs. The second approach extrapolates observed traits for each PFT from empirical relationships calibrated against different environmental variables. The last one uses the photosynthesis coordination theory which allows the estimation of functional traits in optimal photosynthesis conditions. In addition, this study explores the capacity of a global model to represent functional traits when optimized against a given carbon flux. Increasing the number of PFTs significantly improves the estimations of stand characteristics and their spatial distribution by more than 50 %. The two other approaches managed to reproduce realistics traits distributions and higlighted the ``buffer'' role of traits plasticity on futur carbon fluxes. Some weaknesses of the model linked to phenological processes, biomass allocation or hydric stress, emerged for conifers species. This led to the implementation of an explicit representation of the phenology for evergreen needleleaves PFTs in ORCHIDEE, which can now reproduce the LAI dynamic observed from remote sensing data. Finally, the ORCHIDEE model cannot be calibrated with in situ observations, emphasizing the theoretical approach to simulate continuous traits distributions. However, the assimilation of observed carbon fluxes allows to bridge the gap between traits measured at the leaf scale and the canopy. It reproduced consistent trait distributions with observations, and led to trait-trait and trait-environment relationships similar to those observed at the leaf scale
Rajaud, Amélie. "Reforester les tropiques semi-arides ? : Enjeux, contraintes et opportunités climatiques dans la perspective du changement global". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV066.
Texto completoIn the face of evergrowing global deforestation, numerous forest protection and restoration projects have been deployed at the international scale. The goal of this thesis is to provide adaptation planning in the vulnerable tropical semi-arid regions with scientific material about reforestation project constraints and opportunities at the global scale, inthe context of climate change. The literature review (chapter 1) confirms that reforestation projects aimed at warmingmitigation hold a better chance of success under tropical lattitudes. Indeed, both biochemical and biophysical effects of the vegetation on climate converge toward a global cooling effect. As reforestation in tropical semi-arid regions aims at satisfying various ecosystemic services, it holds beneficial promises at both the global and the local scale. However, due to scarce water resources, implementing a tree cover in semi-arid conditions could turn out unsustainable in the long run. A bioclimatological is applied, in chapter 2, to a multimodel ensemble of projections in order to draw the evolution of global tropical semi-arid territory under several climate change scenarios (RCP). The present tropical semi-arid territory is expected to remain mostly so in future conditions. However, up to 25% of the this territory on average will evolve towards arider conditions, and up to 11% towards wetter conditions. Nevertheless, the tropical semi-arid territory will increase by the end of the 21st century, by up to 13% on average (RCP 8.5). This increase results from a migration outside of the tropical belt, consistent with the Hadley circulation widening hypothesis under climate change. Chapter 3 proposes a methodology aimed at analysing the implications of this evolution for the climatic potential of tree cover sustainability. The global vegetation model (ORCHIDEE, developed at IPSL), used to simulate this potential, accounts mechanistically for all the climatic factors of the plant's growth. A typology of result profiles from the simulation experiments partitions the territory into subregions characterized by a specific relation between the tree development and the tree cover density: five types range from the least (Type 1) to the most (Type 4) favourable ones. A reference experiment is performed using observational climate data (from the Climatic Research Unit). Covering almost half of the territory, Type 1 is characterized by the impossibility to maintain a tree cover for the highest cover densities. The second type in order of surface occupation is Type 4 (28% of the territory). More favourable, it is characterized by high tree development for any tree cover density. The "tree cover potential" of each type is characterized by its optimum: the tree cover density that realises the best compromise between tree development and total productivity. In Chapter 4, the same methodology is applied to future climate projections for RCP 8.5. The ORCHIDEE model is thus forced with global climate model outputs, for the beginning and the end of the 21st century. By the end of the century, Type 1 represents no more than 25% of the tropical semi-arid territory on average, while Type 4 becomes the dominant one (49% of the territory). Because of the stability of the tree cover potential whithin each type, the evolution toward a more or less favourable type can be directly interpreted in terms of an increasing or a decreasing potential. The results show that the tree cover potential in the tropical semi-arid territory does not systematically suffer from the general decrease that could be expected from increasing aridity. A complementary experiment suggests that the main reason for this result lies is the atmospheric CO2 fertilization effect. Interpreting these results for reforestation strategy recommandations, suggests that, for the long term, areas of the tropical semi-arid territory where reforestation would be advised against are overall relatively small
Tang, Chao. "Model estimations of possible climate changes of surface solar radiation at regional scales over Southern Africa and the South West Indian Ocean". Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0055/document.
Texto completoChanges in Surface Solar Radiation (SSR) have the potential to significantly impact diverse aspects of the climate system, and notably the socio-economic development of any nation. To identify the possible impacts of climate change on SSR at regional scales (~50 km) over Southern Africa and the South West Indian Ocean (SA-SWIO; 0-40°S ; 0- 100°E) up to the end of the 21st century, a slice downscaling experiment consisting of simulations covering three temporal windows: a) the present 1996-2005; b) the future 2046-2055 and 2090-2099 conducted with the Regional Climate Model (RCM) RegCM version 4, driven by the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis (ERAINT, only present) and 2 Global Climate Model (GCMs: HadGEM2-ES and GFDL-ESM2M) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) under RCP8.5 scenario, are performed and evaluated. Since the slice simulation is of limited temporal coverage, number of regional and driven global models and climate change forcings, mainly because of the limit of available computational resources, the study towards a comprehensive knowledge of SSR changes in context of climate change is thus extended: an ensemble consisting of outputs from 20 regional climate downscaling realisations based on 5 RCMs that participated in the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) program (CORDEX-Africa) along with their 10 driving GCMs from CMIP5 covering southern Africa (0-40°S; 0- 100°E) during the period of 1990-2099 is analyzed under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 up to 2099.The slice experiment indicates that 1) RegCM4 simulates present-day seasonal climatology, (surface air temperature, precipitation and SSR) quite well, but has a negative total cloud cover bias (about -20% in absolute percentage) when forced by the ERAINT and the two GCMs. 2) Internal variability of RegCM4-simulated annual means SSR (about 0.2 W/m2) is of one order smaller than the model bias compared with reference data. 3) RegCM4 simulates SSR changes in opposite signs when driven by the different GCMs under RCP8.5 scenario. 4) Electricity potential calculated using first-order estimation based on the RegCM simulations indicates a change less then 2% to 2099 with respect on present level.It is also found from the ensemble study that: 1) GCMs ensemble generally overestimates SSR by about 1 W/m2 in austral summer (December, January, and February, short as DJF) and 7.5 W/m2 in austral winter (June, July and August, short as JJA), while RCMs ensemble mean shows underestimations of SSR by about -32 W/m2 and -14 W/m2 in summer and winter seasons respectively when driven by GCMs. 2) Multi-model mean projections of SSR change patterns simulated by the GCMs and their embedded RCMs are fairly consistent. 3) GCMs project, in their multi-model means, a statistically significant increase of SSR of about 8 W/m2 in RCP4.5 and 12 W/m2 in RCP8.5 by 2099 over Centre Southern Africa (SA-C) and a highly confident decreasing SSR over Eastern Equatorial Africa (EA-E) of about -5 W/m2 in RCP4.5 and -10 W/m2 in RCP8.5 during the DJF season. RCMs simulate SSR change with statistical confidence over SA-C and EA-E area as well with a little spatial extension compared to GCMs. However, in the JJA season, an increase of SSR is found over EA-E of about 5 W/m2 by 2099 under RCP4.5 and 10 W/m2 under RCP8.5, of similar amplitudes in both the GCMs and RCMs simulations. 4) Significant cloudiness decrease (about -6 % to 2099) is found over continent of SA for GCMs and also shown in RCMs. 5) Larger SSR changes are found in the RCP8.5 scenario than in the RCP4.5 scenario in 2099, with about 2.5 W/m2 enhanced changes in GCMs and about 5 W/m2 in RCMs. 6) Either the biases or the changes pattern of SSR are overall correlated with the patterns of total cloud cover from RCMs in CORDEX-Africa program (for RegCM4 as well). The slice experiment indicates that
Le, Clainche Yvonnick. "Etude du couplage océan-glace-atmosphère et de l'impact de la glace de mer sur le climat des hautes latitudes". Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066274.
Texto completoPeaucelle, Marc. "Utilisation des traits fonctionnels au sein d'un modèle global de végétation : analyse de trois approches complémentaires axées sur les écosystèmes forestiers". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066238/document.
Texto completoEarth system models currently use a discretized representation of vegetation, grouping together the whole world species into a dozen of Plant Functional Types (PFT), whose characteristics (traits) are fixed. This rigidity does not allow to accurately represent the evolution of ecosystems and their associated bio-geochemical cycles, while vegetation is facing stronger environnemental and anthropogenic pressures. Three complementary approaches based on functional traits were tested in order to improve the representation of forests in the dynamic global vegetation model ORCHIDEE. Based on a hierarchical classification of species, the first approach is to increase the number of PFTs. The second approach extrapolates observed traits for each PFT from empirical relationships calibrated against different environmental variables. The last one uses the photosynthesis coordination theory which allows the estimation of functional traits in optimal photosynthesis conditions. In addition, this study explores the capacity of a global model to represent functional traits when optimized against a given carbon flux. Increasing the number of PFTs significantly improves the estimations of stand characteristics and their spatial distribution by more than 50 %. The two other approaches managed to reproduce realistics traits distributions and higlighted the ``buffer'' role of traits plasticity on futur carbon fluxes. Some weaknesses of the model linked to phenological processes, biomass allocation or hydric stress, emerged for conifers species. This led to the implementation of an explicit representation of the phenology for evergreen needleleaves PFTs in ORCHIDEE, which can now reproduce the LAI dynamic observed from remote sensing data. Finally, the ORCHIDEE model cannot be calibrated with in situ observations, emphasizing the theoretical approach to simulate continuous traits distributions. However, the assimilation of observed carbon fluxes allows to bridge the gap between traits measured at the leaf scale and the canopy. It reproduced consistent trait distributions with observations, and led to trait-trait and trait-environment relationships similar to those observed at the leaf scale
Rajaud, Amélie. "Reforester les tropiques semi-arides ? : Enjeux, contraintes et opportunités climatiques dans la perspective du changement global". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV066/document.
Texto completoIn the face of evergrowing global deforestation, numerous forest protection and restoration projects have been deployed at the international scale. The goal of this thesis is to provide adaptation planning in the vulnerable tropical semi-arid regions with scientific material about reforestation project constraints and opportunities at the global scale, inthe context of climate change. The literature review (chapter 1) confirms that reforestation projects aimed at warmingmitigation hold a better chance of success under tropical lattitudes. Indeed, both biochemical and biophysical effects of the vegetation on climate converge toward a global cooling effect. As reforestation in tropical semi-arid regions aims at satisfying various ecosystemic services, it holds beneficial promises at both the global and the local scale. However, due to scarce water resources, implementing a tree cover in semi-arid conditions could turn out unsustainable in the long run. A bioclimatological is applied, in chapter 2, to a multimodel ensemble of projections in order to draw the evolution of global tropical semi-arid territory under several climate change scenarios (RCP). The present tropical semi-arid territory is expected to remain mostly so in future conditions. However, up to 25% of the this territory on average will evolve towards arider conditions, and up to 11% towards wetter conditions. Nevertheless, the tropical semi-arid territory will increase by the end of the 21st century, by up to 13% on average (RCP 8.5). This increase results from a migration outside of the tropical belt, consistent with the Hadley circulation widening hypothesis under climate change. Chapter 3 proposes a methodology aimed at analysing the implications of this evolution for the climatic potential of tree cover sustainability. The global vegetation model (ORCHIDEE, developed at IPSL), used to simulate this potential, accounts mechanistically for all the climatic factors of the plant's growth. A typology of result profiles from the simulation experiments partitions the territory into subregions characterized by a specific relation between the tree development and the tree cover density: five types range from the least (Type 1) to the most (Type 4) favourable ones. A reference experiment is performed using observational climate data (from the Climatic Research Unit). Covering almost half of the territory, Type 1 is characterized by the impossibility to maintain a tree cover for the highest cover densities. The second type in order of surface occupation is Type 4 (28% of the territory). More favourable, it is characterized by high tree development for any tree cover density. The "tree cover potential" of each type is characterized by its optimum: the tree cover density that realises the best compromise between tree development and total productivity. In Chapter 4, the same methodology is applied to future climate projections for RCP 8.5. The ORCHIDEE model is thus forced with global climate model outputs, for the beginning and the end of the 21st century. By the end of the century, Type 1 represents no more than 25% of the tropical semi-arid territory on average, while Type 4 becomes the dominant one (49% of the territory). Because of the stability of the tree cover potential whithin each type, the evolution toward a more or less favourable type can be directly interpreted in terms of an increasing or a decreasing potential. The results show that the tree cover potential in the tropical semi-arid territory does not systematically suffer from the general decrease that could be expected from increasing aridity. A complementary experiment suggests that the main reason for this result lies is the atmospheric CO2 fertilization effect. Interpreting these results for reforestation strategy recommandations, suggests that, for the long term, areas of the tropical semi-arid territory where reforestation would be advised against are overall relatively small
Menegoz, Martin. "Modélisation globale des interactions atmosphère-aérosols". Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/700/.
Texto completoAerosols influence the Earth radiative budget, both scattering and absorbing solar radiation and through their interactions with clouds. Before quantifying the impact of aerosols on climate, it is necessary to evaluate their concentration in the atmosphere. This is the topic of this work. In particular, three aerosols are studied : sulphate, black-carbon and desert dust. Multi-year simulations are analysed over Europe and high latitudes as a first step and at the global scale as a second step. They are compared with observations and with simulations performed by other models. Our model describe the atmospheric concentration of aerosols quite well. Mains sinks and sources are put forward for each aerosol, which allows to identify ways to better simulate their atmospheric distribution
Moullec, Fabien. "Impacts du changement global sur la biodiversité en mer Méditerranée : une approche par modélisation End-to-End". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG015/document.
Texto completoUnder the combined effects of overexploitation of marine resources and climate change the Mediterranean Sea is gradually becoming a hotspot of global change. Despite a large number of models developed locally or regionally in the Mediterranean Sea, no previous studies have addressed changes in species assemblages at the basin scale with an integrated ecosystem modelling from physics to predators and explicitly representing the multi-species, spatial, and trophic dimensions. This thesis work presents a threefold challenge: (i) implementing such a model of the species richness in the Mediterranean Sea based on life history traits and representing the entire life cycle of interacting species; (ii) projecting the consequences of physical and biogeochemical changes induced by climate change on the spatial distribution of species and on the structure and trophic functioning of the Mediterranean ecosystem; (iii) exploring fisheries management scenarios aiming at rebuilding some stocks of commercial interest in a climate change context. To address these challenges, an end-to-end model, OSMOSE-MED, based on the coupling of a high trophic level OSMOSE model with NEMOMED12 and ECO3M-S physical and biogeochemical models, has been developed. With 100 modelled species, representing nearly 95% of the catches made in the Mediterranean Sea, it is the first trophic model of this type to integrate such a large diversity of species, on such a large spatial scale (the Mediterranean Sea as a whole) and at fine resolution (20x20 km²). According to the greenhouse gas emissions scenario RCP8.5, projections made with the OSMOSE-MED model show an overall increase in biomass and catches of 22% and 7% respectively by the end of the century. However, these increases mask large geographical disparities. The eastern basin is characterized by an overall increase in biomass associated with exotic species. With regard to catches, the model projects increase in the eastern basin and a significant decrease in the western part. A change in the species composition of catches could appear during the 21st century with winner (e.g. anchovy) and loser (e.g. hake) species. Winner species would mainly belong to the small pelagics group, are thermophilic and/or exotic, of smaller sizes and of low trophic level while loser species are generally large-sized, some of them of great commercial interest, and could suffer from a spatial mismatch with potential prey subsequent to a contraction or shift of their geographic range. Fisheries management scenario projections highlight the benefits of greater selectivity or reduced fishing mortality for the recovery of certain stocks of commercial interest, particularly among organisms belonging to the demersal, benthic and large pelagic groups. A reduction in fishing mortality could also reverse the projected decline in biomass and total catches in the Western Mediterranean
Bourdin, Stella. "Tropical and mediterranean cyclones in the IPSL climate model : tracking & assessment". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASJ003.
Texto completoStorms are among the most damaging disasters on earth: the most costly and the second deadliest. Among these storms, tropical cyclones cause the most damage. Medicanes --- Mediterranean subtropical cyclones --- can also do significant harm, as demonstrated by the recent example of Storm Daniel.The study of tropical cyclones is largely based on climate models. It is well established that a prerequisite for simulating these phenomena is a horizontal resolution of a few tens of kilometres.The Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL) develops and maintains a climate model (IPSL-CM), with which it is now possible to achieve such high resolutions thanks to the recent development of DYNAMICO.My thesis assesses the opportunity associated with the arrival of DYNAMICO for studying tropical cyclones at IPSL. The question I address in the present thesis is: Is IPSL-CM at high horizontal resolution capable of correctly simulating the climatology of tropical and Mediterranean cyclones?First, I compared several methods for detecting tropical cyclones in climate data. To this end, I applied four methods to the ERA5 reanalysis and compared the results with a database of observations. I showed that all detection methods can detect around 80% of observed cyclones. They agree on the strongest events. The frequency and duration of events detected vary according to the methods' propensity to detect weak cyclones. Some methods also tend to detect extra-tropical cyclones. To counter this problem, I have developed two methods to filter out such systems. (Bourdin et al., 2022)I then assessed the climatology of tropical cyclones in six simulations with varying resolutions, produced using the HighResMIP protocol. In these atmosphere-only historical simulations, the cyclone activity increases dramatically as resolution increases from 200 to 25 km. Increasing resolution also enables better simulation of the distribution of cyclones between and among basins as well as the structure of cyclones. The high-resolution model can simulate the observed interannual variability and its link with ENSO, particularly in the North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific. In the North-Western Pacific, the model does not simulate enough tropical cyclones due to a climatological bias in the large-scale circulation. The IPSL model shows an outstanding ability to simulate tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic, a basin where many other models exhibit biases. (Bourdin et al., 2023, in review)Finally, I have extended my evaluation to Mediterranean cyclones to highlight the particularities of medicanes.The model can simulate Mediterranean cyclones and medicanes climatology in good agreement with the ERA5 reanalysis. The simulated medicanes have a more symmetrical structure, and surface heat fluxes play a more important role compared to Mediterranean cyclones in general. Unlike Mediterranean cyclones, medicanes only appear in the presence of weak horizontal wind shear.In conclusion, my thesis demonstrates the ability of the IPSL model to simulate tropical and Mediterranean cyclones at a horizontal resolution of 25 km. This paves the way for further studies of tropical cyclones with the IPSL model, which may help to better understand the climatology of these events
Tootchifatidehi, Ardalan. "Development of a global wetland map and application to describe hillslope hydrology in the ORCHIDEE land surface model". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS390.
Texto completoWetlands have significant functions in the Earth’s climate system both at local scales through their buffering effect on floods and water purification (denitrification) and also at a larger scale with their feedbacks to the atmosphere and its role in methane emission. To include wetlands in climate models globally, both their geographic distribution and hydrology should be known. There is a massive inconsistency among wetland mapping methods and wetland extent estimates (from 3 to 21% of the land surface area), rooted in imagery disturbances, underestimation of the groundwater driven wetlands in inventories or imprecise representation of flooded zones in GW modellings. In the framework of this PhD project, first by developing a global wetland map through a multi-source data fusion method we provide a simple applied classification for wetlands hydrological roles. Wetlands’ global extent is estimated to be almost 24.3 106 km2 (including lakes). The core distinction between classes is the flooding conditions and the water source, either coming from surface streams or groundwater convergence. In the next step, we modelled the wetlands’ role on surface processes in ORCHIDEE land surface model which was the testing platform for this new hydrologic scheme at large scale. The basic assumption in the new version (ORCHIDEE-GW) in this sub-grid procedures is that the deep drainage from the uplands converges over lowland wet fraction in parallel to infiltration from precipitation. Simulations over the contemporary era under climate forcing shows that the water table goes deeper with increased potential wetland fraction. The water table is shallow enough to be considered actual wetland when the potential wetland fraction is less than 0.2 over the Seine River Basin. The evapotranspiration rate increases by almost 3% with ORCHIDEE-GW because of the increased soil moisture in the wetland soil column. Increased soil moisture in the wet fraction affects the soil surface temperature as well. The future applications of this PhD work can be to explicitly introduce the biogeochemical procedures in wetlands in a dynamic manner to study the feedback effects of wetlands on climate and the Carbon cycle
Arboleda-Obando, Pedro Felipe. "Feedback from groundwater and irrigation on past and future climate simulated by the IPSL climate model". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS045.
Texto completoContinental fluxes play an important role in the water cycle, and in the evolution of climate at different time scales. It is particularly interesting to note the control that soil moisture can exert on evapotranspiration, since an anomaly of the former can induce a change of the latter. This produces changes in the seasonal and long-term evolution of climatic variables such as precipitation and temperature. The coupling between soil moisture and evapotranspiration, and their effects on climate, have led to focus on those landscape factors that have some effect on soil moisture. This study focuses on two: downward hillslope flows (surface and subsurface) caused by topography, of natural origin, and water transfers for irrigation activities, of human origin. One of the tools for studying climate is the use of general circulation models, consisting of an atmospheric model and a land surface model. Land surface models, although increasingly complex, have limited or no representation of the effect of topography on land surface fluxes and of the anthropogenic effects on water resources. The objective of this thesis is to understand the effect of each landscape driver on terrestrial fluxes and on present and future climate, using the ORCHIDEE land surface model, which is part of the IPSL climate model. The first part of this thesis uses a simple representation of hillslope flows within ORCHIDEE. The typical model grid-cell is divided into an upland and lowland zone to represent the topography, with the lowland fraction being potentially wetter. LMDZOR, which couples ORCHIDEE to the IPSL atmospheric model, known as LMDZ, was used to run two long-term simulations (between 1980 and 2100) under climate change, with and without hillslope flow. The results show increases in soil moisture and evapotranspiration, a slight increase in rainfall and lower air temperature. Under climate change, hillslope flows attenuate part of the climate change-induced decreases in soil moisture, evapotranspiration and precipitation, and slightly decrease warming. In the second part, an irrigation scheme was implemented in ORCHIDEE, for use at global scale. The water demand is calculated according to the soil moisture deficit and the irrigated area, and the supply depends on natural reservoirs under two constraints: a volume left available for ecosystems (ecological flow) and water allocation according to existing local infrastructure. The new scheme was tested in offline mode, (forced with meteorological data). Comparison with observed data shows that including irrigation decreases negative modeling biases for evapotranspiration, but increases positive biases for leaf area index (except in intensively irrigated areas, where the negative bias of leaf area index decreases). Likewise, irrigation decreases the discharge of large rivers, but this does not lead to a better representation of discharge dynamics compared to observations. The results show that landscape drivers increase certain fluxes of the water and energy balances, and in the case of hillslope flows, attenuates part of the decreases due to climate change. In the case of irrigation, online simulations are needed to know its effect on the evolution of hydroclimatic variables under climate change. In addition, considering the joint effects of the two landscape drivers is necessary, which calls for including hillslope flows and irrigation in a new version of ORCHIDEE
Neverre, Noémie. "Rareté de l’eau et relations interbassins en Méditerranée sous changements globaux. Développement et application d’un modèle hydroéconomique à large échelle". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLA002.
Texto completoGlobal socioeconomic and climatic changes will increase the pressure on water resources in the Mediterranean region in the next decades. This thesis contemplates the question of how heterogeneously distributed water constraints might foster inter-basin interactions. To do so, it is necessary to assess localised water scarcity in terms of both water quantities and economic values, in a framework combining a river basin level modelling with an extended geographic coverage. The methodological approach used is generic hydroeconomic modelling.The first part of the thesis is dedicated to the projection and valuation of water demands. For the domestic sector, the approach is to build threepart inverse demand functions, calibrated at the country scale, taking into account structural change. For the agricultural sector, the economic benefits of irrigation water are calculated based on a yield comparison approach between rainfed and irrigated crops.The second part concentrates on the supply-side of the hydroeconomic model. Operating rules of the reservoirs and water allocation between demands are determined based on the maximisation of water benefits over time and space. A parameterisation-simulation-optimisation approach is used, with hedging parameters and branch allocation parameters optimisation. The model is applied to Algeria, at the 2050 horizon.The last part explores how this hydroeconomic model could be used to investigate inter-basin issues. In a context of heterogeneous water availability between basins, water dependent activities could relocate from water scarce areas to less constrained locations. The last chapter of the thesis suggests looking at the impacts of water scarcity on economic activities location and population migration in an economic geography framework
Bador, Margot. "Les changements d'extrêmes de température en Europe : records, canicules intenses et influence anthropique". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30024/document.
Texto completoOver the 21st century, the mean increase in surface air temperatures is projected to be associated with an increase in warm temperature extremes and a decrease in the cold ones. Over the last decades, evidence already suggests these changes, as for example recurrent warm record-breaking temperatures or the increase in heatwave occurrence. We investigate the evolution of daily temperature extremes over the 20th and the 21st centuries in France and in Europe, their possible changes in frequency and intensity. We also focus on the mechanisms responsible for these projected climate extremes, as well as the maximum values of temperature extremes at the end of the century. First, we investigate the evolution of daily record-breaking temperatures in Europe based on the observations and an ensemble of climate models. From the 1950s to the 1980s, the theoretical evolution of the records in a stationary climate correctly reproduce the observed one, for both cold and warm records. From 1980, a shift from that theoretical evolution is observed, with an increase in the occurrence of warm records and a decrease in the occurrence of the cold ones. Climate models suggest an amplification of these changes over the century. At the end of the 21st century, the mean number of warm records shows a strong increase compared to the first decades of the observed period. The strongest increase in warm record-breaking temperatures is found in summer, and particularly over the Mediterranean edge. On the contrary, the occurrence of cold record-breaking temperatures is projected to strongly decrease, with almost no new records in the last decades of the century, for all seasons and over the entire European domain. Observed variations of daily record-breaking temperatures are still, at the beginning of the 21st century, consistent with internal climate variability only. Over the century, the anthropogenic influence emerge from these fluctuations in the summer record evolutions, around the 2030 and the 2020 for the warm and cold records respectively. By 2100, the mean changes in record occurrences cannot be explained by the internal climate variability solely, for all seasons and over the entire European domain. Then, we investigate future extreme temperatures at the end of the 21st century, as well as severe heatwaves leading to these extremes. Climate models analyses are associated with regional climate modeling and a French station-based dataset of observations. The summer 21st century evolution of the maximum values of daily warm record-breaking temperatures is first examined in the observations and the high resolution simulation of the regional model. By 2100, an increase of these values is projected, with maximum changes between +6.6°C and +9.9°C in summer among the French regions. These projections assessed from a regional model may underestimate the changes. The multi-model mean estimate of the maximum increase of these values is indeed around +11.8°C in summer over France. Finally, regional modeling experiments of severe heatwaves in the climate of the end of the 21st century in Europe are performed. These severe heatwaves are selected cases from a global climate model trajectory. The experiments results show the role of the soil-atmosphere interactions in the amplification of the extreme temperatures during such future severe warm events. The occurrence of the heatwave is first caused by the atmospheric circulation, but the temperature anomaly can then be amplified according to the soil moisture content before the event, and thus the climatic conditions of the preceding weeks and months
Dumas, Patrice. "L'évaluation des dommages du changement climatique en situation d'incertitude : l'apport de la modélisation des coûts de l'adaptation". Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0072.
Texto completoThe purpose of this thesis is the improvement of climate change damage assessment by the mean of : the use of a threshold damage function and an evaluation of the costs of adapting to a changed climate. Simulation and optimization compact climate economy integrated assessment models are solved to assess the damages. A stochastic threshold damage function leads to a precautionary effect for climate policies. In a cost-benefit framework, the threshold acts as a soft ceiling. Turning to the representation of adaptation, adaptive capital is split in categories corresponding with temperature ranges in optimization models. In simulation, a Kalman filter is used to model climate change detection. The results show strong anticipations. Additional costs arise mainly from over-investment allowing to follow climate change. The costs are not very sensitive to the amount of uncertainly, but they rise sharply in the case of no anticipation
Konsta, Dimitra. "EVALUATION DE LA DESCRIPTION DES NUAGES DANS LES MODÈLES DE CLIMAT À PARTIR DES OBSERVATIONS SATELLITALES DE L'A-TRAIN". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00556418.
Texto completoBrouillet, Audrey. "Évolution des extrêmes de température et de stress thermique au 21ème siècle : cooccurrence, vitesses relatives et implications sur la perception du réchauffement climatique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASV015.
Texto completoAccording to climate models, observed global warming will intensify during the 21st century due to the increase of greenhouse gas concentrations. This warming will be more readily perceived by human populations if it occurs rapidly and if it induces a thermal heat stress on the human body. This thesis proposes to study global warming through different indicators allowing us to provide a first assessment of the possible human perception of climate change. We focus on extreme values, which are particularly felt by people compared to the mean climate. In the first part, we analyse the effect of relative humidity variations on the occurrence and future changes in heat stress extremes, since this effect is often overlooked due to the major role played by temperature in heat stress variations. The second part investigates which populations will perceive the fastest and/or the most severe intensification of extremes, by using a moving baseline approach to analyse the warming speed. A set of 12 CMIP5 general circulation models is used to analyse the evolution of extremes between 1959 and 2100.Under the highest greenhouse gas emissions scenario (RCP8.5), relative humidity is projected to decrease over land, particularly in Europe and Amazonia. This drying enhances the increase of temperature extremes, but dampens the intensification of heat stress extremes. In a theoretical future in which temperature would increase without any humidity changes, the heat stress intensification would be 20 to 100 % higher in Europe and Amazonia respectively. According to international health recommendations, this moderating effect strongly reduces risks for population in Europe, but does not prevent risks in Amazonia, where the highest danger thresholds are simulated and observed to be reached before 2020. Moreover, an examination of seasonal cycles shows that temperature and heat stress extremes annually co-occur in mid-latitudes, but are time-lagged within the tropics. This time-lag results from the important role played by the relative humidity, especially in regions where the future maximum heat stress intensification is projected, such as the Sahel, Arabia or Amazonia. This result suggests that temperature and heat stress should be considered as two consecutive and additional extremes when studying annual climate impacts on population within these regions.We define the speed of change for each year of the period as a difference between two successive 20-year periods, one immediately preceding the year in question and one immediately after it (i.e. with a moving baseline). According to CMIP5 models, the change of temperature and heat stress extremes will be twice as fast in the future compared to the current speed of change in the mid-latitudes, and by up to four times faster in regions such as Amazonia. A larger acceleration is thus shown within the tropics compared to the mid-latitudes, but this acceleration is similar for both temperature and heat stress changes. However, in tropical regions, by 2080 this speed is projected to be 2.3 times larger than the recently experienced year-to-year variability for heat stress extremes, but only 1.5 to 1.8 times larger for temperature. We thus show that 36% of the total world population will experience a rapid and severe increase of heat stress extremes in 2080, but only 15% of the population for temperature extremes. According to future projections, the accelerated warming of future heat extremes will be more felt by populations than current changes, and this perceived change will be more severe for heat stress than for temperature, particularly in the tropics
Kleinschmitt, Christoph. "Climate engineering with stratospheric sulphate aerosol : development and application of a global atmosphere-aerosol model for studying potential efficacy and impacts". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066560/document.
Texto completoThe enhancement of the stratospheric sulphate aerosol layer has been proposed as a method to abate the global warming caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. In this thesis we present a newly developed global atmosphere-aerosol model, evaluate its performance against observations, and apply it to study the effectiveness and impacts of this possible form of climate engineering. We find that the achievable cooling effect per injected sulphur mass unit may decrease more drastically for larger injections than previously estimated and that injections at higher altitude or over larger areas do not result in a stronger cooling. The effectiveness of the method may therefore be rather limited, at least when using tropical injections of sulphur dioxide as in our model experiments. In addition, there are several potentially harmful side effects, such as stratospheric heating due to absorption of radiation by the aerosol causing strong perturbations in atmospheric dynamics, composition, and high-level clouds. Furthermore, we find that the radiative effects of stratospheric aerosol injection and marine cloud brightening, another proposed geoengineering technique, would be largely additive and complementary when applying them together. This might allow the design of portfolio approaches to achieve specific climate goals and reduce unintended side effects of climate engineering
Kleinschmitt, Christoph. "Climate engineering with stratospheric sulphate aerosol : development and application of a global atmosphere-aerosol model for studying potential efficacy and impacts". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066560.
Texto completoThe enhancement of the stratospheric sulphate aerosol layer has been proposed as a method to abate the global warming caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. In this thesis we present a newly developed global atmosphere-aerosol model, evaluate its performance against observations, and apply it to study the effectiveness and impacts of this possible form of climate engineering. We find that the achievable cooling effect per injected sulphur mass unit may decrease more drastically for larger injections than previously estimated and that injections at higher altitude or over larger areas do not result in a stronger cooling. The effectiveness of the method may therefore be rather limited, at least when using tropical injections of sulphur dioxide as in our model experiments. In addition, there are several potentially harmful side effects, such as stratospheric heating due to absorption of radiation by the aerosol causing strong perturbations in atmospheric dynamics, composition, and high-level clouds. Furthermore, we find that the radiative effects of stratospheric aerosol injection and marine cloud brightening, another proposed geoengineering technique, would be largely additive and complementary when applying them together. This might allow the design of portfolio approaches to achieve specific climate goals and reduce unintended side effects of climate engineering
Assamoi, Abé Yapo Eric-Michel. "Emissions anthropiques d'aérosols carbonés en Afrique en 2005 et en 2030 : élaboration d'inventaires et évaluation". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00585492.
Texto completoJebri, Beyrem. "Attribution et reconstruction du rôle de la variabilité interne et des forçages externes sur le climat passé récent et du dernier millénaire". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS162.
Texto completoUsing large ensembles of IPSLCM5A model simulations, we first investigate the roles of internal variability (and in particular the IPO) and external forcing in driving recent Peru-Chile regional cooling. The simulations reproduce the relative cooling, in response to an externally-forced southerly wind anomaly, which strengthens the upwelling off Chile in recent decades. This southerly wind anomaly results from the expansion of the Southern Hemisphere Hadley Cell in response to increasing greenhouse gases and stratospheric ozone depletion since ~1980. An oceanic heat budget confirms that the wind-forced upwelling dominates the cooling near the coast while a wind-forced deepening of the mixed layer drives the offshore cooling, irrespectively of the IPO phase, hence indicating the preeminent role of external forcing. Constraining the climate sensitivity from observations remains however fraught with uncertainties due to the limited instrumental window of observation. In a second part, a data assimilation method is developed to reconstruct past natural variability relying on a particles filter using CMIP-class climate models. Such method is confronted with a problem of degeneracy associated with the resolution of a large problem with a limited number of particles. This issue has been resolved using a statistical emulator of the IPSL model (LIM) as an integration model in a particle filter with resampling. The validation of this new method, called SIR-LIM, allows the reconstruction of the climate variability of the past centuries by assimilating observations and proxy records into a CMIP-class coupled model while preserving the physical coherence along the simulation
Gibelin, Anne-Laure. "Cycle du carbone dans un modèle de surface continentale : modélisation, validation et mise en oeuvre à l'échelle globale". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00164054.
Texto completoUne nouvelle option du modèle, nommée ISBA-CC, est aussi développée afin de simuler de manière plus réaliste la respiration de l'écosystème, en distinguant la respiration autotrophe et la respiration hétérotrophe.
La validation de la dynamique de la végétation et des flux de carbone échangés, à la fois à l'échelle globale à l'aide de données satellitaires, et à l'échelle locale sur 26 sites de mesure du réseau FLUXNET, montre que le modèle de surface est suffisamment réaliste pour être couplé à un modèle de circulation générale, afin de simuler les interactions entre la surface continentale, l'atmosphère et le cycle du carbone.
Eddounia, Fadoua. "La microphysique des cirrus a l'echelle du globe : Correlation avec les proprietes atmospheriques et meilleure representation dans les modeles de climat". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001049.
Texto completoAbs, Elsa. "Eco-evolutionary modeling of soil microbial decomposition in a warming climate". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/ABS_Elsa_2_complete_20190108.pdf.
Texto completoOne major source of uncertainty in global climate predictions is the extent to which global warming will increase atmospheric CO2 concentrations through enhanced microbial decomposition of soil organic matter. There is therefore a critical need for models that mechanistically link decomposition to the dynamics of microbial communities, and integration of these mechanistic models in global projection models of the Earth system. Mathematical models of soil microbial decomposition models have recently been introduced to predict soil C stocks and heterotrophic soil respiration, especially in the context of climate change. Thus far, models focused on physiological and ecological mechanisms of microbial responses, leaving the role of evolutionary adaptation poorly understood. My thesis addresses this gap and evaluates the hypothesis that microbial evolutionary adaptation to warming can have a significant impact on the global carbon cycle. After reviewing mechanistic, non- evolutionary microbial models of decomposition, I construct an eco-evolutionary spatially explicit, stochastic model, scaling up from microscopic processes acting at the level of cells and extracellular molecules. I use an approximated version of the model (spatially implicit, deterministic) to investigate the eco-evolutionary response of a soil microbe-enzyme system to warming, under three possible scenarios for the influence of temperature on microbial activity. In the absence of microbial evolution, warming results in soil carbon loss to the atmosphere (an amplification of climate change) in all scenarios. Microbial evolutionary adaptation generally aggravates soil carbon loss in cold ecosystems, and may aggravate, buffer or even reverse carbon loss in warm ecosystems. Constraining the model with observations from five contrasting biomes reveals evolutionary aggravation of soil carbon loss to be the most likely outcome. Earth-scale projections of carbon stocks that integrate my eco-evolutionary model support the prediction of a significant global aggravation of soil C loss due to microbial evolution. Dormant soils, in which microbial activity is very low, play a special role in the long-term eco-evolutionary dynamics of global soil carbon, since in these regions, the negative effect of evolution on soil carbon stocks may not kick in until the microbial community shifts from dormant to active, and may thus be delayed by decades. Overall, my work is a first step toward predictive modeling of eco- evolutionary dynamics of carbon cycling; it also lays the ground for a broad future research program that will empirically test model predictions about the role of evolutionary mechanisms in different systems across the globe, by leveraging the growing global archive of soil metagenomics data to quantify variations in microbial metabolic functions and their response to selection. Mots clés en français (10 max) : changement climatique, cycle du carbone, décomposition, projections globales, évolution microbienne, dynamiques adaptatives, rétroaction sol-climat, évolution de la coopération, modèles individu-centrés.Mots clés en anglais : climate change, carbon cycle, decomposition, global predictions, microbial evolution, adaptive dynamics, soil-climate feedbacks, evolution of cooperation, individual-based models
Lagarrigues, Guillaume. "Variabilité démographique et adaptation de la gestion aux changements climatiques en forêt de montagne : calibration par Calcul Bayésien Approché et projection avec le modèle Samsara2". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV081/document.
Texto completoThe spruce-fir-beech mountain forests could be particularly threatened by the global warming. To better understand the future dynamics of these forests and adapt the silviculture to these new conditions, a better knowledge of the environmental factors affecting the species demograhics is needed. We studied this issue by combining a historical management data set, the forest dynamics model Samsara2 and a calibration method based on Approximate Bayesian Computation. We were able thus to study jointly the different demographic process in these forests. Our analysis show that the forest demographics can strongly vary between stands and that climate is not always determining to explain these variations. The unven-aged management currently applied seem adapted for the mixed stands located in mesic conditions, but the pure spruce forests and the low elevation stands could be highly impacted
Aimola, Luís Antônio Lacerda. "Cascatas de incertezas, impactos climáticos perigosos e negociações internacionais sobre mudança de clima global - um modelo exploratório". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-22112011-163145/.
Texto completoThe problem of the global climate change only can to be solved through a long term process of international political coordination which the principal actors are the governments of the National States. The Kyoto Protocol is the first international agreement to control the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the others rounds of negotiations will happen through this century producing new deals with the same goal. A number of factors related of a complex way, have influenced and will influence the results of these future agreements. Among the principal factors, are the uncertainties about the physical, biological, ecological, economical and poltical aspects of the global climate change problem. The goal of this work was to contruct a integrated assessment model, that show in a transparent way some the majors elements and links of the uncertainties cascade that exist in the problem of the climate change, and their influence on the results on that negotiations. The model permit us to make exploratory simulations about the effects of the evolution that uncertainties in the results of the sequence of negotiations after the Kyoto Protocol. The model represent in a stylized way important elements that participate in the structure of collective decision making about abatement of GHG emissions and in some aspects is more realistic that several existent models on decision making about climate change. It is composed of one module that represent the climate system, one module that represent the national economies, one module that represent the governmental decision makers and one module that represent the negotiations about reductions of GHG emissions. The climate model include a carbon cycle and an energetic balance simple models with white noise in the radiative forcing to repesent the natural climate variability. The economic models include abrupt changes in the damages functions. The The decision makers are represented as agents that have economical development plans for their countries and have models of the climate change and their national economies. These models permit to each one make projections on future global warming, economical growth, emissions and the climate impacts on each territory. Thus each agent can estimate the impact of the global warming on his development plan under a action of abatement of emissions. These analysis are made with the aid of a antecipation horizon that depends of the uncertainty levels in the epoch which the projections are made. We represented some of majors uncertainties in the climate science and economic analysis on the problem through probabilities distributions of certain key parameters, such that the climate sensibility and the ocean thermal diffusivity, which can to vary in time. There is a number of possible evolution scenarios for these uncertainties, but only a few with important intuitive means. We take only these more important scenarios to simulation. A negotiation on reduction quotas of emissions is represented as a non-cooperative game and the agreement between countries is a Nash equilibrium of the game. Each government before to negotiate choose his strategies on how much abate emissions based on his projections. The game final result is influenced by the probabilities distributions that represent the uncertainties in the epoch of the negotiations. Some distributions can reveal high probabilities for dangerous climate impacts in their economies, influencing strongly the choices of emission abatements and the results of negotiations. The cycle of projection-analysisnegotiation can to repeat many times defining a sequence of agreements and then a emission trajectory, and as consequence a global warming and distributions of regional impacts. The comparison of final trajectories of warming and impacts for each negotiations sequence help us to understand the possible evolutions of future negotiations and his role in the climate change problem.
Zaka, Serge. "Caractérisation et modélisation des réponses à la température de la luzerne et de la fétuque élevée pour des variétés d'origines contrastées. Application au modèle STICS". Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT2262/document.
Texto completoDue to climate change, the global average temperature is expected to rise with marked impacts on crop growth. However, extreme temperature's impacts on perennial herbaceous species have received much less attention to date than other crops and aren’t currently implemented in grassland models. Yet, grassland models have a major role to play in defining adaptation options to global warming’s impacts on agriculture. In this context, our aims were to characterise the responses to temperature of two major perennial forage species over a large range of growth temperature and to improve the temperature response formalisms in the STICS model. First, experiment conducted in growth chambers indicated that the responses of normalized developmental rates did not differ between genotypes from contrasting thermal areas (Mediterranean/temperate) within each species. On the other hand, the responses to temperature of normalised rates differed significantly between several of the physiological processes studied; in particular stem elongation rate differed from other developmental rates in alfalfa. Irrespective of cultivar origin, a remarkable acclimation of photosynthesis to growth temperature was observed. Mediterranean genotypes displayed a greater sensitivity of the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylation to elevated temperatures. Modifications of temperature formalism in the STICS crop model (implementation of nonlinear response, hourly/daily step of response) had a significant impact on thermal time accumulation and crop development for future climate scenarios. However, due to larger effects of water stress and to saturation of radiation interception, impacts on projections of grassland dry matter production were limited. This result suggests that grassland production could be less exposed to thermal stress than annual crops
Cain, Russell. "The climatic significance of tropical forest edges and their representation in global climate models". Thesis, Durham University, 2009. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/302/.
Texto completoDelcourt, Charlotte. "Dynamique, hydrologie sous-glaciaire et régime polythermal du Glacier McCall, Alaska, USA: approche combinée par techniques radar et modélisation numérique". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209648.
Texto completoNous avons utilisé les techniques modernes de radio-écho sondage (radar) et de modélisation numérique, en combinaison avec des observations et mesures de terrain, afin d’identifier les processus physiques responsables de l’évolution de ce glacier ces dernières décennies.
Les données radar ont permis de reconstituer la géométrie actuelle du glacier, de distinguer les zones de glace « froide » (dont la température est située sous le point de fusion) des zones de glace « chaude » (température au point de fusion), ainsi que de détecter la présence d’eau à la base du glacier.
Ces informations ont été introduites dans un modèle à deux dimensions d’écoulement de la glace, afin de simuler le retrait du glacier depuis le Petit Age de la Glace (fin du 19ème siècle) selon différents scenarios.
Les résultats montrent que le modèle est capable de simuler l’évolution du glacier ces dernières décennies de manière réaliste et que le glacier McCall peut-être considéré comme un bon indicateur du changement climatique. Ils démontrent également que le retrait du front du glacier est principalement dû aux perturbations de son bilan de masse, chaque jour plus négatif. Cependant, la percolation et le regel d’une partie de l’eau de fonte sont des processus essentiels pour expliquer le maintien du glacier. Ceux-ci ont pour effet d’ajouter de la glace à l’ensemble du système qui serait autrement perdue par écoulement et drainage. De plus, ils ont paradoxalement pour effet de diminuer la température de la glace et participent donc à ralentir sa perte de masse.
En conclusion, la tendance générale au retrait du glacier McCall se confirme pour les années à venir et sa disparition semble inévitable. Cependant, nos résultats suggèrent que cette évolution future pourrait être moins rapide qu’annoncé, en raison de phénomènes complexes de regel d’une partie de l’eau de fonte jouant un rôle « tampon » en contrebalançant les effets directs du réchauffement atmosphérique dans la région.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Cao, Zhiyu. "Convection and its representation in global climate models". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709502.
Texto completoKent, Michael L. "A mode-based metric for evaluating global climate models". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27832.
Texto completoLi, Shan. "Régionalisation du climat avec le modèle LMDZ : étude méthodologique". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066451/document.
Texto completoThe work developed in this thesis explores through methodological modelling studies the current techniques of climate regionalization. In this case, the regionalization focuses on a geographical domain covering from the North Atlantic to Eastern Europe longitudinal wise, and from the Sahel to the Arctic as a latitudinal interval. The aim of this thesis is not the improvement of regional climate modelling per se, but tackling three key questions that are commonly met by all attempts when trying to improve climate regionalization. Firstly, the choice and advantages of the nesting scheme: one-way nesting (OWN) versus two-way nesting (TWN). Secondly, the evaluation of the nesting method, which is generally a Newtonian relaxation operation added to the prognostic equations of the model. And finally, the consequences of the mesh refinement in Regional Circulation Models (RCM). The objective of this manuscript consists in conceptualizing and carrying out numerical simulations to answer these three questions by isolating each individual effect and quantifying the consequences of each of the effects. The general circulation model LMDZ is used for all experiments. It is able to play the role of the General Circulation Model (GCM) and the RCM, keeping the same physical parameterizations and the same dynamical configuration, as well as the same external forcings and model parameters. Our experimental set-up, referred as “Master versus Slave”, consists on two related protocols: “DS-300-to-300” and “DS-300-to-100”. The former implies the downscaling of the GCM at 300 km of horizontal resolution while the RCM has the identical resolution of 300 km. The latter implies the downscaling from 300 km (GCM) to 100 km (RCM). We have assumed the “DS-300-to-300” as an idealized framework, particularly appropriate to evaluate the relaxation operation effect. In parallel, the “DS-300-to-100” protocol, subtracted from the “DS-300-to-300”, allows assessing the effect of the increased resolution for the RCM. In each protocol, two communication schemes between the RCM and the GCM have been implemented. The first one -OWN- is the classic one-way methodology to control the RCM by the outputs of the GCM. The second one -TWN- is used to establish a mutual exchange between the two models (RCM and GCM). This thesis has found that climate regionalization is highly sensitive to the choice of the communication scheme between the RCM and the GCM, especially at mid-latitudes. TWN clearly improves the representation at the boundaries. For the regional atmospheric circulation modes, expressed in EOF structures, both OWN and TWN are able to reproduce them, but with a slight deformation in space. Newtonian relaxation, widely used in climate regionalization, allows the RCM to follow the GCM’s synoptic trajectory. However, temporal concomitance and spatial resemblance of the two depend on the variables considered, on the particular seasons selected, on the weather regimes, and on the spatiotemporal scales of atmospheric circulation. De-correlation cases are remarkable when the dominant circulation on a regional scale is small. Moreover, mesh refinement increases the freedom of the RCM to develop its internal dynamic circulation, especially at small scales, and also across the whole spectrum of circulation regimes through the scales in which the RCM operates. Thus, when resolution increases, the RCM becomes more independent from the GCM behavior and the model results deviate significantly from the GCM. Focused on the methodological aspects of climate regionalization, this thesis helps to gain a better understanding on the regionalization practice. Il also sends a precautionary message to the RCM community, kindly inviting to verify their regionalization strategy
Li, Shan. "Régionalisation du climat avec le modèle LMDZ : étude méthodologique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066451.pdf.
Texto completoThe work developed in this thesis explores through methodological modelling studies the current techniques of climate regionalization. In this case, the regionalization focuses on a geographical domain covering from the North Atlantic to Eastern Europe longitudinal wise, and from the Sahel to the Arctic as a latitudinal interval. The aim of this thesis is not the improvement of regional climate modelling per se, but tackling three key questions that are commonly met by all attempts when trying to improve climate regionalization. Firstly, the choice and advantages of the nesting scheme: one-way nesting (OWN) versus two-way nesting (TWN). Secondly, the evaluation of the nesting method, which is generally a Newtonian relaxation operation added to the prognostic equations of the model. And finally, the consequences of the mesh refinement in Regional Circulation Models (RCM). The objective of this manuscript consists in conceptualizing and carrying out numerical simulations to answer these three questions by isolating each individual effect and quantifying the consequences of each of the effects. The general circulation model LMDZ is used for all experiments. It is able to play the role of the General Circulation Model (GCM) and the RCM, keeping the same physical parameterizations and the same dynamical configuration, as well as the same external forcings and model parameters. Our experimental set-up, referred as “Master versus Slave”, consists on two related protocols: “DS-300-to-300” and “DS-300-to-100”. The former implies the downscaling of the GCM at 300 km of horizontal resolution while the RCM has the identical resolution of 300 km. The latter implies the downscaling from 300 km (GCM) to 100 km (RCM). We have assumed the “DS-300-to-300” as an idealized framework, particularly appropriate to evaluate the relaxation operation effect. In parallel, the “DS-300-to-100” protocol, subtracted from the “DS-300-to-300”, allows assessing the effect of the increased resolution for the RCM. In each protocol, two communication schemes between the RCM and the GCM have been implemented. The first one -OWN- is the classic one-way methodology to control the RCM by the outputs of the GCM. The second one -TWN- is used to establish a mutual exchange between the two models (RCM and GCM). This thesis has found that climate regionalization is highly sensitive to the choice of the communication scheme between the RCM and the GCM, especially at mid-latitudes. TWN clearly improves the representation at the boundaries. For the regional atmospheric circulation modes, expressed in EOF structures, both OWN and TWN are able to reproduce them, but with a slight deformation in space. Newtonian relaxation, widely used in climate regionalization, allows the RCM to follow the GCM’s synoptic trajectory. However, temporal concomitance and spatial resemblance of the two depend on the variables considered, on the particular seasons selected, on the weather regimes, and on the spatiotemporal scales of atmospheric circulation. De-correlation cases are remarkable when the dominant circulation on a regional scale is small. Moreover, mesh refinement increases the freedom of the RCM to develop its internal dynamic circulation, especially at small scales, and also across the whole spectrum of circulation regimes through the scales in which the RCM operates. Thus, when resolution increases, the RCM becomes more independent from the GCM behavior and the model results deviate significantly from the GCM. Focused on the methodological aspects of climate regionalization, this thesis helps to gain a better understanding on the regionalization practice. Il also sends a precautionary message to the RCM community, kindly inviting to verify their regionalization strategy
Moufouma-Okia, Wilfran. "Modélisation du climat de l'Afrique de l'Ouest avec le modèle régional MAR". Grenoble INPG, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPG0025.
Texto completoLohmann, Ulrike, Johannes Quaas, Stefan Kinne y Johann Feichter. "Different approaches for constraining global climate models of the anthropogenic indirect aerosol effect: Different approaches for constraining global climate models of theanthropogenic indirect aerosol effect". American Meteorological Society, 2007. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13992.
Texto completoCasado, Lopez Alberto. "Simulation du climat en Méditerranée dans un modèle couplé régional". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066699.
Texto completoChristidis, Nikolaos. "Halocarbon radiative forcing in radiation and general circulation models". Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312563.
Texto completoGraham, Timothy. "Sensitivity of the global climate to vertical ocean diffusivity and other parameters in coupled climate models". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492866.
Texto completoGeil, Kerrie L. y Kerrie L. Geil. "Assessing the 20th Century Performance of Global Climate Models and Application to Climate Change Adaptation Planning". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623015.
Texto completoCosme, Emmanuel. "Cycle du soufre des moyennes et hautes latitudes Sud dans un modèle de circulation générale atmosphérique". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00705168.
Texto completoRoche, Didier. "Isotopes de l'oxygène en paléoclimatologie : l'apport d'un modèle de complexité intermédiaire". Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066352.
Texto completoFountoukis, Christos. "Continued Development of a Cloud Droplet Formation Parameterization for Global Climate Models". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7158.
Texto completoKarlsson, Johannes. "The influence of clouds on Earth's radiation budget in global climate models /". Stockholm : Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-29276.
Texto completoAt the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Submitted. Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript. Härtill 4 uppsatser.
Oudin, Ludovic. "Recherche d'un modèle d'évapotranspiration potentielle pertinent comme entrée d'un modèle pluie-débit global". Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000931.
Texto completoPerrin, Charles. "Vers une amélioration d'un modèle global pluie-débit". Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006216.
Texto completoPerkins, Sarah Elizabeth Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "Evaluation and 21st century projections of global climate models at a regional scale over Australia". Awarded By:University of New South Wales. Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2010. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44906.
Texto completoMitchell, Timothy D. "An investigation of the pattern scaling technique for describing future climates". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390635.
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