Literatura académica sobre el tema "Modèle de climat global"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Modèle de climat global"
Decharme, Bertrand, Christine Delire y Aaron Boone. "La représentation des surfaces continentales dans la modélisation du climat à Météo-France". La Météorologie, n.º 108 (2020): 067. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2020-0018.
Texto completoHerrera, Edgar, Taha B. M. J. Ouarda y Bernard Bobée. "Méthodes de désagrégation appliquées aux Modèles du Climat Global Atmosphère-Océan (MCGAO)". Revue des sciences de l'eau 19, n.º 4 (17 de enero de 2007): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/014417ar.
Texto completoMeyssignac, Benoît, Jonathan Chenal, Robin Guillaume-Castel, Alejandro Blazquez y Sébastien Fourest. "Mesurer le déséquilibre énergétique de la planète pour évaluer la sensibilité du climat aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre". La Météorologie, n.º 122 (2023): 023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2023-0069.
Texto completoTreiner, Jacques y François-Marie Bréon. "Les scénarios les plus extrêmes considérés par le Giec sont-ils réalistes ?" La Météorologie, n.º 121 (2023): 048. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2023-0042.
Texto completoAdorni-Braccesi, A., M. Acutis, S. Merlo y G. M. Zuppi. "Application des techniques physiques, géochimiques et isotopiques pour l'évaluation de l'infiltration sous climat tempéré". Revue des sciences de l'eau 14, n.º 3 (12 de abril de 2005): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705419ar.
Texto completoHanchane, Mohamed. "Simulation de l’effet de la date de semis sur la satisfaction des besoins en eau de l’orge par le modèle CERES en climat semi-aride marocain". Sécheresse 20, n.º 4 (octubre de 2009): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/sec.2009.0206.
Texto completoALIX, Thecle, Gregory ZACHAREWICZ y Nicolas PERRY. "Modèle d’analyse de la valeur de l’innovation des systèmes de produit-service". Revue Française de Gestion Industrielle 33, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2014): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53102/2014.33.03.782.
Texto completoBoucher, Olivier. "Utilisation d'un modèle de climat simplifié". La Météorologie 8, n.º 87 (2014): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/54330.
Texto completoChagnaud, Guillaume, Hubert Gallée, Thierry Lebel, Gérémy Panthou y Théo Vischel. "A Boundary Forcing Sensitivity Analysis of the West African Monsoon Simulated by the Modèle Atmosphérique Régional". Atmosphere 11, n.º 2 (11 de febrero de 2020): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020191.
Texto completoBrun, Eric, Eric Martin y Valery Spiridonov. "Couplage d'un modèle de neige avec un modèle de climat". La Houille Blanche, n.º 7 (octubre de 1997): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/1997067.
Texto completoTesis sobre el tema "Modèle de climat global"
Guilbon, Sabrina. "Développement d'un modèle microphysique de nuages pour un modèle de climat global vénusien". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV006/document.
Texto completoThe conditions on the surface of Venus are infernal: temperature of more than 400 C, 90 times the Earth's atmospheric pressure in an atmosphere composed of 96 % of carbon dioxide. A distinctive characteristic of this planet is the 20 km thick opaque cloud layer, which enshrouds the planet. Clouds have a crucial role in radiative transfer, atmospheric dynamics, in the cycle of some chemical species like sulphur and more generally in the climate of Venus. Despite the numerous space missions devoted to this object since 1961, there are few in-situ measurements. The lower cloud layers are di cult to study by satellite, so there are still many questions about clouds: their properties and their radiative, dynamic and chemical impacts are poorly constrained. Predominantly composed of sulphuric acid solution, the particles are supposed to be spherical and liquid and compose the clouds that are vertically spread between approximately 50 and 70 km of altitude, surrounded by hazes between approximately 30 and 50 km and above 70 km. Based on observations the droplets have been classied into three modes according to their size and composition: modes 1 and 2 respectively for small (r = 0.2 μm) and medium particles (r = 1.0 μm), and a third mode that would contain the largest particles (r = 3.5 μm). The latter mode, which has been detected by the Pioneer Venus probe, remains uncertain in composition and existence, and is not taken into account in our study. To complete and better understand the observational data, a modal microphysical model, called MAD-Muphy (Modal Aerosol Dynamics with Microphysics), has been developed. The goal is to integrate MAD-Muphy into the venusian global climate model (IPSL-VGCM), so we must limit the number of variables that the VGCM must follow in time and space (also called tracers). The moment method is already used in the Titan and Mars GCMs and is a good compromise between the accuracy of the results and the computation time. MAD-Muphy is the refore based on this representation for a pressure and a temperature of one atmospheric layer (or 0D). The thesis presented here details the derivation of the mathematical expressions of the microphysical equations with moments, presents the new MAD-Muphy model as well as the hypotheses that were necessary for its development. We will first determine the characteristic timescale of each microphysical process and we will study their behaviour in 0D. Then, our results will be compared with those of the SALSA sectional model in 0D
Beaumet, Julien. "Changement climatique en Antarctique : études à l'aide d'un modèle atmosphérique de circulation générale à haute résolution régionale". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU050/document.
Texto completoThe increase of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface mass balance due to rise in snowfall is the only expected negative contribution to sea-level rise in the course of the 21st century within the context of global warming induced by mankind. Dynamical downscaling of climate projections provided by coupled ocean-atmosphere models is the most commonly used method to assess the future evolution of the Antarctic climate. Nevertheless, large uncertainties remain in the application of this method, particularly because of large biases in coupled models for oceanic surface conditions and atmospheric large-scale circulation at Southern Hemisphere high latitudes.In the first part of this work, different bias-correction methods for oceanic surface conditions have been evaluated. The results have allowed to select a quantile-quantile method for sea surface temperature and an analog method for sea-ice concentration. Because of the strong sensitivity of Antarctic surface climate to the variations of sea-ice extents in the Southern Ocean, oceanic surface conditions provided by two coupled models, NorESM1-M and MIROC-ESM, showing clearly different trends (respectively -14 and -45%) on winter sea-ice extent have been selected. Oceanic surface conditions of the ``business as usual" scenario (RCP8.5) coming from these two models have been corrected in order to force the global atmospheric model ARPEGE.In the following, ARPEGE has been used in a stretched-grid configuration, allowing to reach an horizontal resolution around 40 kilometers on Antarctica. For historical climate (1981-2010), the model was driven by observed oceanic surface conditions as well as by those from MIROC-ESM and NorESM1-M historical simulation. For late 21st century (2071-2100), original and bias corrected oceanic conditions from the latter two model have been used. The evaluation for present climate has evidenced excellent ARPEGE skills for surface climate and surface mass balance as well as large remaining errors on large-scale atmospheric circulation even when using observed oceanic surface conditions. For future climate, the use of bias-corrected MIROC-ESM oceanic forcings has yielded an additionally significant increase in winter temperatures and in annual surface mass balance at the continent-scale.In the end, ARPEGE has been corrected at run-time using a climatology of tendency errors coming from an ARPEGE simulation driven by climate reanalyses. The application of this method for present climate has dramatically improved the modelling of the atmospheric circulation and antarctic surface climate. The application for the future suggests significant additional warming (~ 0.7 to +0.9 C) and increase in precipitation (~ +6 to +9 %) with respect to the scenarios realized without atmospheric bias correction. Driving regional climate models or ice dynamics model with corrected ARPEGE scenarios is to explored in regards of the potentially large-impacts on the Antarctic ice-sheet and its contribution to sea-level rise
Van, Aalderen Victor. "Modéliser l'évolution du climat global et de la calotte eurasienne pendant la dernière déglaciation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASJ029.
Texto completoThe marine West Antarctic ice sheet is characterized by being largely in contact with the ocean. The latest observations reveal an acceleration in its mass loss over the last few decades, mainly due to increased melting under floating ice shelves. However, its future evolution remains highly uncertain, due to our poor understanding of the physical processes at play between the ice sheet and the ocean.The last deglaciation (21 ka-11 ka) is one of the most recent major climatic changes in our history. This period is marked by an increase in global atmospheric temperatures and the melting of the North American and Eurasian ice sheets. The study of the Barents-Kara Ice Sheet (BKIS), which covered the Barents and Kara Seas during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 ka) and was an integral part of the Eurasian Ice Sheet, is of particular interest because of its common features with present-day West Antarctica. Identifying the mechanisms responsible for its retreat allows to provide information to better understand the West Antarctic behavior within under present and future climatic conditions.The impact of climate on the evolution of a marine ice sheet depends on two main processes: The surface mass balance, depending on atmospheric temperatures and precipitation, and melting under floating ice, related to oceanic temperatures and salinity. In order to identify the mechanisms triggering the BKIS retreat, I used the GRISLI2.0 ice-sheet model to analyse the ice-sheet response to climate perturbations at the LGM. This study highlighted the key role of atmospheric temperatures in triggering the melting of the ice sheet via surface melting, while ocean temperatures had only a limited impact despite a large part of BKIS being in contact with the ocean. I also identified that the total retreat of BKIS could be attributed to a mechanical instability at the grounding line, caused by a decrease in ice thickness resulting from an increase in surface melting.In order to better understand the impact of ice sheets on the global climate, I have also carried out the first transient simulation of the last deglaciation with the IPSL-CM5A2 model, modifying the geometry of the ice sheets provided by the GLAC-1D reconstruction at some key periods. The simulations show a warming trend in line with the reconstructions, particularly during MWP1A, which was characterised by an abrupt rise in atmospheric temperatures. Using sensitivity experiments, I have shown that changes in the ice sheet geometry have contributed to the increase in atmospheric temperatures via temperature-altitude feedbacks and the albedo effect. Moreover, I have shown that ocean dynamics have been significantly altered by freshwater fluxes from the melting ice sheets. This has led to a weakening of the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and a reduction of its deepening, resulting in a warming slowdown, mainly located in the North Atlantic Ocean. In addition, the IPSL-CM5A2 experiments all simulate a shutdown of the Antarctic bottom water circulation at the onset of MWP1A, leading to a significant cooling of about 100 years in the Amundsen Sea, followed by a restart of this circulation.This work is contributing to a better understanding of the complex mechanisms governing the dynamics of the ice sheets and their interaction with the climate, while also providing a basis for anticipating the consequences of current and future climate change, particularly in West Antarctica
Qasmi, Saïd. "Sensibilité du climat européen à la variabilité multidécennale de l'Atlantique Nord". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30367.
Texto completoThe anthropogenic warming trend observed during the 20th century in Europe is characterized by fluctuations, which are partly explained by internal climate variability. The physical mechanisms between the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV, whose internal component contributes to shape atmospheric variability), and the European climate are investigated in this thesis. A comprehensive study of climate models shows a great diversity in the simulation of the teleconnection between the AMV and European summer temperature. The underestimation of its intensity relative to the observations contributes to explain the uncertainties within the decadal climate predictions. Numerical experiments used to assess the mechanisms of influence of the AMV on the European climate indicate that the AMV is likely to significantly modulate temperature, precipitation and the occurrence of extreme events in winter and summer
Peaucelle, Marc. "Utilisation des traits fonctionnels au sein d'un modèle global de végétation : analyse de trois approches complémentaires axées sur les écosystèmes forestiers". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066238.pdf.
Texto completoEarth system models currently use a discretized representation of vegetation, grouping together the whole world species into a dozen of Plant Functional Types (PFT), whose characteristics (traits) are fixed. This rigidity does not allow to accurately represent the evolution of ecosystems and their associated bio-geochemical cycles, while vegetation is facing stronger environnemental and anthropogenic pressures. Three complementary approaches based on functional traits were tested in order to improve the representation of forests in the dynamic global vegetation model ORCHIDEE. Based on a hierarchical classification of species, the first approach is to increase the number of PFTs. The second approach extrapolates observed traits for each PFT from empirical relationships calibrated against different environmental variables. The last one uses the photosynthesis coordination theory which allows the estimation of functional traits in optimal photosynthesis conditions. In addition, this study explores the capacity of a global model to represent functional traits when optimized against a given carbon flux. Increasing the number of PFTs significantly improves the estimations of stand characteristics and their spatial distribution by more than 50 %. The two other approaches managed to reproduce realistics traits distributions and higlighted the ``buffer'' role of traits plasticity on futur carbon fluxes. Some weaknesses of the model linked to phenological processes, biomass allocation or hydric stress, emerged for conifers species. This led to the implementation of an explicit representation of the phenology for evergreen needleleaves PFTs in ORCHIDEE, which can now reproduce the LAI dynamic observed from remote sensing data. Finally, the ORCHIDEE model cannot be calibrated with in situ observations, emphasizing the theoretical approach to simulate continuous traits distributions. However, the assimilation of observed carbon fluxes allows to bridge the gap between traits measured at the leaf scale and the canopy. It reproduced consistent trait distributions with observations, and led to trait-trait and trait-environment relationships similar to those observed at the leaf scale
Rajaud, Amélie. "Reforester les tropiques semi-arides ? : Enjeux, contraintes et opportunités climatiques dans la perspective du changement global". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV066.
Texto completoIn the face of evergrowing global deforestation, numerous forest protection and restoration projects have been deployed at the international scale. The goal of this thesis is to provide adaptation planning in the vulnerable tropical semi-arid regions with scientific material about reforestation project constraints and opportunities at the global scale, inthe context of climate change. The literature review (chapter 1) confirms that reforestation projects aimed at warmingmitigation hold a better chance of success under tropical lattitudes. Indeed, both biochemical and biophysical effects of the vegetation on climate converge toward a global cooling effect. As reforestation in tropical semi-arid regions aims at satisfying various ecosystemic services, it holds beneficial promises at both the global and the local scale. However, due to scarce water resources, implementing a tree cover in semi-arid conditions could turn out unsustainable in the long run. A bioclimatological is applied, in chapter 2, to a multimodel ensemble of projections in order to draw the evolution of global tropical semi-arid territory under several climate change scenarios (RCP). The present tropical semi-arid territory is expected to remain mostly so in future conditions. However, up to 25% of the this territory on average will evolve towards arider conditions, and up to 11% towards wetter conditions. Nevertheless, the tropical semi-arid territory will increase by the end of the 21st century, by up to 13% on average (RCP 8.5). This increase results from a migration outside of the tropical belt, consistent with the Hadley circulation widening hypothesis under climate change. Chapter 3 proposes a methodology aimed at analysing the implications of this evolution for the climatic potential of tree cover sustainability. The global vegetation model (ORCHIDEE, developed at IPSL), used to simulate this potential, accounts mechanistically for all the climatic factors of the plant's growth. A typology of result profiles from the simulation experiments partitions the territory into subregions characterized by a specific relation between the tree development and the tree cover density: five types range from the least (Type 1) to the most (Type 4) favourable ones. A reference experiment is performed using observational climate data (from the Climatic Research Unit). Covering almost half of the territory, Type 1 is characterized by the impossibility to maintain a tree cover for the highest cover densities. The second type in order of surface occupation is Type 4 (28% of the territory). More favourable, it is characterized by high tree development for any tree cover density. The "tree cover potential" of each type is characterized by its optimum: the tree cover density that realises the best compromise between tree development and total productivity. In Chapter 4, the same methodology is applied to future climate projections for RCP 8.5. The ORCHIDEE model is thus forced with global climate model outputs, for the beginning and the end of the 21st century. By the end of the century, Type 1 represents no more than 25% of the tropical semi-arid territory on average, while Type 4 becomes the dominant one (49% of the territory). Because of the stability of the tree cover potential whithin each type, the evolution toward a more or less favourable type can be directly interpreted in terms of an increasing or a decreasing potential. The results show that the tree cover potential in the tropical semi-arid territory does not systematically suffer from the general decrease that could be expected from increasing aridity. A complementary experiment suggests that the main reason for this result lies is the atmospheric CO2 fertilization effect. Interpreting these results for reforestation strategy recommandations, suggests that, for the long term, areas of the tropical semi-arid territory where reforestation would be advised against are overall relatively small
Tang, Chao. "Model estimations of possible climate changes of surface solar radiation at regional scales over Southern Africa and the South West Indian Ocean". Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0055/document.
Texto completoChanges in Surface Solar Radiation (SSR) have the potential to significantly impact diverse aspects of the climate system, and notably the socio-economic development of any nation. To identify the possible impacts of climate change on SSR at regional scales (~50 km) over Southern Africa and the South West Indian Ocean (SA-SWIO; 0-40°S ; 0- 100°E) up to the end of the 21st century, a slice downscaling experiment consisting of simulations covering three temporal windows: a) the present 1996-2005; b) the future 2046-2055 and 2090-2099 conducted with the Regional Climate Model (RCM) RegCM version 4, driven by the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis (ERAINT, only present) and 2 Global Climate Model (GCMs: HadGEM2-ES and GFDL-ESM2M) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) under RCP8.5 scenario, are performed and evaluated. Since the slice simulation is of limited temporal coverage, number of regional and driven global models and climate change forcings, mainly because of the limit of available computational resources, the study towards a comprehensive knowledge of SSR changes in context of climate change is thus extended: an ensemble consisting of outputs from 20 regional climate downscaling realisations based on 5 RCMs that participated in the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) program (CORDEX-Africa) along with their 10 driving GCMs from CMIP5 covering southern Africa (0-40°S; 0- 100°E) during the period of 1990-2099 is analyzed under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 up to 2099.The slice experiment indicates that 1) RegCM4 simulates present-day seasonal climatology, (surface air temperature, precipitation and SSR) quite well, but has a negative total cloud cover bias (about -20% in absolute percentage) when forced by the ERAINT and the two GCMs. 2) Internal variability of RegCM4-simulated annual means SSR (about 0.2 W/m2) is of one order smaller than the model bias compared with reference data. 3) RegCM4 simulates SSR changes in opposite signs when driven by the different GCMs under RCP8.5 scenario. 4) Electricity potential calculated using first-order estimation based on the RegCM simulations indicates a change less then 2% to 2099 with respect on present level.It is also found from the ensemble study that: 1) GCMs ensemble generally overestimates SSR by about 1 W/m2 in austral summer (December, January, and February, short as DJF) and 7.5 W/m2 in austral winter (June, July and August, short as JJA), while RCMs ensemble mean shows underestimations of SSR by about -32 W/m2 and -14 W/m2 in summer and winter seasons respectively when driven by GCMs. 2) Multi-model mean projections of SSR change patterns simulated by the GCMs and their embedded RCMs are fairly consistent. 3) GCMs project, in their multi-model means, a statistically significant increase of SSR of about 8 W/m2 in RCP4.5 and 12 W/m2 in RCP8.5 by 2099 over Centre Southern Africa (SA-C) and a highly confident decreasing SSR over Eastern Equatorial Africa (EA-E) of about -5 W/m2 in RCP4.5 and -10 W/m2 in RCP8.5 during the DJF season. RCMs simulate SSR change with statistical confidence over SA-C and EA-E area as well with a little spatial extension compared to GCMs. However, in the JJA season, an increase of SSR is found over EA-E of about 5 W/m2 by 2099 under RCP4.5 and 10 W/m2 under RCP8.5, of similar amplitudes in both the GCMs and RCMs simulations. 4) Significant cloudiness decrease (about -6 % to 2099) is found over continent of SA for GCMs and also shown in RCMs. 5) Larger SSR changes are found in the RCP8.5 scenario than in the RCP4.5 scenario in 2099, with about 2.5 W/m2 enhanced changes in GCMs and about 5 W/m2 in RCMs. 6) Either the biases or the changes pattern of SSR are overall correlated with the patterns of total cloud cover from RCMs in CORDEX-Africa program (for RegCM4 as well). The slice experiment indicates that
Le, Clainche Yvonnick. "Etude du couplage océan-glace-atmosphère et de l'impact de la glace de mer sur le climat des hautes latitudes". Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066274.
Texto completoPeaucelle, Marc. "Utilisation des traits fonctionnels au sein d'un modèle global de végétation : analyse de trois approches complémentaires axées sur les écosystèmes forestiers". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066238/document.
Texto completoEarth system models currently use a discretized representation of vegetation, grouping together the whole world species into a dozen of Plant Functional Types (PFT), whose characteristics (traits) are fixed. This rigidity does not allow to accurately represent the evolution of ecosystems and their associated bio-geochemical cycles, while vegetation is facing stronger environnemental and anthropogenic pressures. Three complementary approaches based on functional traits were tested in order to improve the representation of forests in the dynamic global vegetation model ORCHIDEE. Based on a hierarchical classification of species, the first approach is to increase the number of PFTs. The second approach extrapolates observed traits for each PFT from empirical relationships calibrated against different environmental variables. The last one uses the photosynthesis coordination theory which allows the estimation of functional traits in optimal photosynthesis conditions. In addition, this study explores the capacity of a global model to represent functional traits when optimized against a given carbon flux. Increasing the number of PFTs significantly improves the estimations of stand characteristics and their spatial distribution by more than 50 %. The two other approaches managed to reproduce realistics traits distributions and higlighted the ``buffer'' role of traits plasticity on futur carbon fluxes. Some weaknesses of the model linked to phenological processes, biomass allocation or hydric stress, emerged for conifers species. This led to the implementation of an explicit representation of the phenology for evergreen needleleaves PFTs in ORCHIDEE, which can now reproduce the LAI dynamic observed from remote sensing data. Finally, the ORCHIDEE model cannot be calibrated with in situ observations, emphasizing the theoretical approach to simulate continuous traits distributions. However, the assimilation of observed carbon fluxes allows to bridge the gap between traits measured at the leaf scale and the canopy. It reproduced consistent trait distributions with observations, and led to trait-trait and trait-environment relationships similar to those observed at the leaf scale
Rajaud, Amélie. "Reforester les tropiques semi-arides ? : Enjeux, contraintes et opportunités climatiques dans la perspective du changement global". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV066/document.
Texto completoIn the face of evergrowing global deforestation, numerous forest protection and restoration projects have been deployed at the international scale. The goal of this thesis is to provide adaptation planning in the vulnerable tropical semi-arid regions with scientific material about reforestation project constraints and opportunities at the global scale, inthe context of climate change. The literature review (chapter 1) confirms that reforestation projects aimed at warmingmitigation hold a better chance of success under tropical lattitudes. Indeed, both biochemical and biophysical effects of the vegetation on climate converge toward a global cooling effect. As reforestation in tropical semi-arid regions aims at satisfying various ecosystemic services, it holds beneficial promises at both the global and the local scale. However, due to scarce water resources, implementing a tree cover in semi-arid conditions could turn out unsustainable in the long run. A bioclimatological is applied, in chapter 2, to a multimodel ensemble of projections in order to draw the evolution of global tropical semi-arid territory under several climate change scenarios (RCP). The present tropical semi-arid territory is expected to remain mostly so in future conditions. However, up to 25% of the this territory on average will evolve towards arider conditions, and up to 11% towards wetter conditions. Nevertheless, the tropical semi-arid territory will increase by the end of the 21st century, by up to 13% on average (RCP 8.5). This increase results from a migration outside of the tropical belt, consistent with the Hadley circulation widening hypothesis under climate change. Chapter 3 proposes a methodology aimed at analysing the implications of this evolution for the climatic potential of tree cover sustainability. The global vegetation model (ORCHIDEE, developed at IPSL), used to simulate this potential, accounts mechanistically for all the climatic factors of the plant's growth. A typology of result profiles from the simulation experiments partitions the territory into subregions characterized by a specific relation between the tree development and the tree cover density: five types range from the least (Type 1) to the most (Type 4) favourable ones. A reference experiment is performed using observational climate data (from the Climatic Research Unit). Covering almost half of the territory, Type 1 is characterized by the impossibility to maintain a tree cover for the highest cover densities. The second type in order of surface occupation is Type 4 (28% of the territory). More favourable, it is characterized by high tree development for any tree cover density. The "tree cover potential" of each type is characterized by its optimum: the tree cover density that realises the best compromise between tree development and total productivity. In Chapter 4, the same methodology is applied to future climate projections for RCP 8.5. The ORCHIDEE model is thus forced with global climate model outputs, for the beginning and the end of the 21st century. By the end of the century, Type 1 represents no more than 25% of the tropical semi-arid territory on average, while Type 4 becomes the dominant one (49% of the territory). Because of the stability of the tree cover potential whithin each type, the evolution toward a more or less favourable type can be directly interpreted in terms of an increasing or a decreasing potential. The results show that the tree cover potential in the tropical semi-arid territory does not systematically suffer from the general decrease that could be expected from increasing aridity. A complementary experiment suggests that the main reason for this result lies is the atmospheric CO2 fertilization effect. Interpreting these results for reforestation strategy recommandations, suggests that, for the long term, areas of the tropical semi-arid territory where reforestation would be advised against are overall relatively small
Libros sobre el tema "Modèle de climat global"
Hengeveld, Henry. Projections for Canada's climate future : a discussion of recent simulations with the Canadian Global Climate Model =: Projections du climat futur du Canada : discussion de simulations récemment effectuées avec le modèle canadien du climat du globe. Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada = Environnement Canada, 2000.
Buscar texto completoManaging the global commons: The economics of climate change. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1994.
Buscar texto completo1948-, Watanabe Tadashi, ed. Chikyū ondankaron no uso to wana: Shijō saiaku no kagaku sukyandaru = Lies and traps in "global warming affairs". Tōkyō: Besutoserāzu, 2008.
Buscar texto completoNASA Scientific Forum on Climate Variability and Global Change (1999 Vienna, Austria). NASA Scientific Forum on Climate Variability and Global Change: 20 July 1999 : UNISPACE III. [Washington, DC]: Published by National Aeronautics and Space Administration as a contribution to United Nations Office of Outer Space Affairs for UNISPACE III, 1999.
Buscar texto completoCanada, Canada Environment. Modelling the global climate system. Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1994.
Buscar texto completo1943-, Solomon Allen M. y Shugart H. H, eds. Vegetation dynamics & global change. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993.
Buscar texto completoGuy, Laval, ed. Incertitudes sur le climat. Paris: Belin-Pour la science, 2013.
Buscar texto completoCédis (Organization : Montreuil, France) y Réseau action climat-France, eds. Plans climat-énergie territoriaux. Paris: Passager clandestin, 2009.
Buscar texto completoChanger de modèle économique. Paris: Economica, 2011.
Buscar texto completoPierre, Lefèvre, ed. Un nouveau climat. Paris: Éditions de La Martinière, 2003.
Buscar texto completoCapítulos de libros sobre el tema "Modèle de climat global"
Gottinger, Hans W. "Global Climate Change Models". En Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science, 645–49. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1153-7_388.
Texto completoSrinivasa Raju, Komaragiri y Dasika Nagesh Kumar. "Selection of Global Climate Models". En Springer Climate, 27–75. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6110-3_2.
Texto completoGettelman, Andrew y Richard B. Rood. "Climate Change and Global Warming". En Earth Systems Data and Models, 23–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48959-8_3.
Texto completoRobinson, Walter A. "Models of the Global Climate". En Modeling Dynamic Climate Systems, 11–51. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0113-4_2.
Texto completoTapiador, Francisco J. "Validation of Climate Models". En Advances in Global Change Research, 1073–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35798-6_30.
Texto completoNeal, Jeffrey. "Recent Innovations in Flood Hazard Modelling Over Large Data Sparse Regions". En Springer Climate, 121–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86211-4_15.
Texto completoShishov, Vladimir V., Alberto Arzac, Margarita I. Popkova, Bao Yang, Minhui He y Eugene A. Vaganov. "Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of Tree-Ring Growth in Cold Climates". En Advances in Global Change Research, 295–321. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15988-6_11.
Texto completoWagener, Thorsten. "On the Evaluation of Climate Change Impact Models for Adaptation Decisions". En Springer Climate, 33–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86211-4_5.
Texto completoJohnson, Leigh y Costanza Rampini. "Are Climate Models Global Public Goods?" En The Routledge Handbook of the Political Economy of Science, 263–74. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315685397-23.
Texto completoDiro, Gulilat Tefera, Thomas Toniazzo y Len Shaffrey. "Ethiopian Rainfall in Climate Models". En Advances in Global Change Research, 51–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3842-5_3.
Texto completoActas de conferencias sobre el tema "Modèle de climat global"
HILALI, Farah, Ibtissam KARA y Hicham ElYousfi. "Enjeux et perspectives de l’amélioration du climat des affaires à l’ère du Nouveau Modèle de Développement". En Quelles politiques économiques en faveur de l’investissement et de l’emploi en période de crises et de reconstitution de l’économie mondiale ? Francisco Baptista Gil, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23882/eb.23.0535-03.
Texto completoRandall, David A. "Global climate models: What and how". En Global warming: physics and facts. AIP, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.41932.
Texto completoStone, Peter H. "Forecast cloudy: The limits of global warming models". En The world at risk: Natural hazards and climate change. AIP, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.43901.
Texto completoCroce, Pietro, Paolo Formichi, Filippo Landi y Francesca Marsili. "Evaluating the effect of climate change on snow load on structures". En IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0666.
Texto completoSavin, Cristina, Florica Moldoveanu y Alin Moldoveanu. "SIMULATION AND VISUALIZATION TOOL TO EXPLORE THE IMPACTS OF COMPLEX AND CROSS-RELATED ENVIRONMENT CHANGES". En eLSE 2015. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-15-083.
Texto completoKamworapan, Suchada y Chinnawat Surussavadee. "Performance of CMIP5 global climate models for climate simulation in Southeast Asia". En TENCON 2017 - 2017 IEEE Region 10 Conference. IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tencon.2017.8227954.
Texto completo"Consistent Climate Scenarios: projecting representative future daily climate from global climate models based on historical climate data". En 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2013). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2013.l11.ricketts.
Texto completoChen, Taoyue, Zhaoyue Zhang, Zilu Yi, Wenxi Xu y Kai Yang. "A Hybrid Mathematical Models for Predicting Global Climate Change". En 2023 3rd Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications Technology and Computer Science (ACCTCS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acctcs58815.2023.00052.
Texto completoChaudhary, Junaid Rafi, Husain y Tahir. "Uncertainty Analysis of Humidity and Precipitation Changes using Data from Global Climatic Models with a Case Study". En 2006 IEEE EIC Climate Change Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eicccc.2006.277180.
Texto completoConry, Patrick, H. J. S. Fernando, L. S. Leo, Ashish Sharma, Mark Potosnak y Jessica Hellmann. "Multi-Scale Simulations of Climate-Change Influence on Chicago Heat Island". En ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21581.
Texto completoInformes sobre el tema "Modèle de climat global"
BOSLOUGH, MARK B. E. Massively Parallel Global Climate Model for Paleoclimate Applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), junio de 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/805884.
Texto completoEickhout, Bas, Hans van Meijl, Andrzej Tabeau y Elke Stehfest. The Impact of Environmental and Climate Constraints on Global Food Supply. GTAP Working Paper, abril de 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp47.
Texto completoKao, C. Y. J., S. Elliott, R. P. Turco y X. Zhao. Integrating chemistry into 3D climate models: Detailed kinetics in the troposphere and stratosphere of a global climate model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), noviembre de 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/548668.
Texto completoZhang, Y. ARM Cloud Radar Simulator Package for Global Climate Models. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), abril de 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1557052.
Texto completoKukla, G. y J. Gavin. Global climate change model natural climate variation: Paleoclimate data base, probabilities and astronomic predictors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mayo de 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/145219.
Texto completoJohannesson, G. Accounting for Global Climate Model Projection Uncertainty in Modern Statistical Downscaling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo de 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/974391.
Texto completoLi, Tim, Shian-Jiann Lin y Melinda S. Peng. Toward Seamless Weather-Climate Prediction with a Global Cloud Resolving Model. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, septiembre de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada574133.
Texto completoLi, Tim, Shian-Jiann Lin y Melinda S. Peng. Toward Seamless Weather-Climate Prediction with a Global Cloud Resolving Model. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, septiembre de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada597976.
Texto completoLi, Tim, Shian-Jiann Lin y Melinda S. Peng. Toward Seamless Weather-Climate Prediction with a Global Cloud Resolving Model. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, enero de 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada626666.
Texto completoZhang, Yuying y Shaocheng Xie. ARM Cloud Radar Simulator Package for Global Climate Models Value-Added Product. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mayo de 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1353477.
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