Tesis sobre el tema "Mixing planes"

For more than half a century turbulent mixing layers have been the subject of intense experimental and numerical investigation. With the discovery of primary, spanwise aligned and secondary, streamwise oriented vortices the interest in low and high Reynolds number mixing layers has been invigorated. The immense increase of computational capabilities in recent years has lead to an ever growing number of numerical simulations of mixing layers. However, numerical simulations have had great difficulties in reproductions the structure dynamics and entrainment mechanisms observed in the experiments. In this study Large Eddy Simulations of the low and high Reynolds number spatially developing, three-dimensional mixing layer are performed. At the heart of the presented studies lies the focus on the inlet conditions of the simulations. The effects of spatial and temporal correlation of the inlet conditions are studied for the low and high Reynolds number planemixing layer. It is shown that physically correlated inlet fluctuations lead to the development of the spatially stationary, streamwise oriented vortices observed in experiments. The effects of the presence of the streamwise vortices on the momentumand passive scalar fields are investigated in detail. In the latter parts of this work, the effects of varying the inlet fluctuation levels are reported. By altering the inlet fluctuation magnitudes the number and strength of the spatially stationary streamwise vortices can be controlled. The implications of this on the dynamics of the primary, spanwise aligned vortices are discussed. A change in the number and strength of the spatially stationary streamwise vortices is shown to be critical for the shape of the obtained probability density functions. If spatially stationary streamwise vortices are present, the obtained probability density functions are of the non-marching type. A lack of spatially stationary streamwise vortices produces marching probability density functions.

The formation and evolution of secondary vortical structures in a plane mixing layer subjected to spanwise-nonuniform excitation has been studied in a closed-return water facility. It is shown that secondary vortices may result from spanwise-nonuniformities in the nominally two-dimensional vorticity layer close to the flow partition, or from spanwise core deformations of the primary vortices further downstream. These distinctly different mechanisms are excited by time-harmonic wavetrains with spanwise amplitude or phase variations, respectively, synthesized by a mosaic of surface film heaters flush-mounted on the flow partition. The appearance of the secondary vortical structures is accompanied by significant distortions in transverse distributions of the streamwise velocity component. Inflection points, which are not present in corresponding velocity distributions of the unforced flow, suggest the formation of locally unstable regions of large shear in which broadband perturbations, already present in the base flow, undergo rapid amplification. This amplification is followed by breakdown to turbulence thus producing the small-scale motion necessary for mixing transition. The present investigation further shows that the flow is extremely receptive to spanwise-periodic amplitude excitation at any wavelength synthesizable by the heater mosaic. Spanwise-periodic phase excitation leads to substantial deformations of the primary vortices, although the receptivity of the flow appears to have a short wavelength cutoff. Spanwise-nonuniform amplitude and phase excitations at a subharmonic frequency of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability result in complex pairing interactions of the primary vortices.

The evolution of 3-D pulsed disturbances in a plane mixing layer is studied experimentally. The disturbance is effected via amplitude modulation of a spanwise uniform time-harmonic wave train which provides a clear phase reference for the phase-locked velocity measurements. The evolution of the pulsed disturbance depends critically on the time delay between the modulation pulse and the carrier wave train, the plane mixing layer is most receptive to pulsed excitation when the pulse appears in the braid region between adjacent primary vortices of the base flow. An amplitude demodulation technique is applied to decompose an isolated pulsed disturbance into a family of modal wave packets, and the evolution of the fundamental wave packet was studied in detail. The wave fronts of the wave packet in plane mixing layers are almost parallel to the span, in contrast to a boundary layer wave packet where wave fronts are bowed. The spanwise spreading speed of the wave packet is approximately equal to U(z) = 0.2U(c), while its growth in the streamwise direction is limited. The wave packet is non-dispersive, in agreement with the theoretical results. The effect of a pulse train having temporally and spatially periodic pattern is also studied. Wavelet transforms, both 1-D Morlet and 2-D Arc, are applied to study scales of the flow structures. The large-scale structure exhibits a staggered "chain-link"-like pattern in the streamwise and spanwise directions, whereas the small scale structures are initially generated half way between spanwise centers of pulses. The power spectra indicate that the energy at these small scales increases with increased x. This may suggest that pulsed disturbances may be used to enhance mixing.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l'étude du renforcement par «soil-mixing» des plateformes ferroviaires en France. Cette recherche, à dominante expérimentale, s'appuie sur une approche du type modélisation physique. Deux cas d'études ont été abordés, la dégradation du frottement à l'interface sol-colonne et le comportement mécanique du matériau « soil-mix » à jeune âge sous l'effet de chargements cycliques. En ce qui concerne l'étude du comportement de l'interface entre la colonne en «soil-mix» et le sol environnant, on a développé un essai de chargement d'un tronçon modèle de colonne instrumenté de capteurs de forces, dans un massif de limon reconstitué. L'objectif principal a été d'évaluer le frottement latéral unitaire le long de ce tronçon de « soil-mix », sous chargements monotones et cycliques. On s'est intéressé, plus particulièrement, à l'évolution du frottement latéral sous chargement cyclique à déplacement contrôlé à grand nombre de cycles (100 000 cycles). Le programme d'essais a permis de mettre en évidence l'influence des paramètres principaux du problème comme l'amplitude du déplacement cyclique, la contrainte verticale appliquée au massif, le sens de chargement. Les résultats obtenus montrent une bonne cohérence avec les résultats de la littérature dans le cas de l'interface entre un pieu métallique et un massif de sable. Dans un second temps, on s'est intéressé à l'effet des chargements cycliques sur le comportement du matériau «soi-mix» pendant les premières heures de prise après la réalisation des colonnes. Ce cas d'étude s'inscrit dans le contexte ferroviaire pour lequel une des contraintes principales est d'assurer la continuité du trafic ferroviaire. Des essais sur un modèle physique simplifié ont permis d'étudier le comportement mécanique du matériau «soil-mix» à 2h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 12h et 24 h après la mise en place du soil mix et après avoir subi un chargement cyclique de 2000 cycles. On a pu montrer que le chargement cyclique ne provoque pas de dégradation du matériau «soil-mix». Au contraire, on observe un accroissement de la résistance à la compression simple d'autant plus fort que le matériau est chargé rapidement après la mise en place du soil mix
The present work deals with the behaviour of soil-mix columns used to reinforce railway platforms in France. This research, mainly experimental, is based on a physical modelling approach. Two case studies have been conducted, the degradation of the local friction mobilized at the interface soil-column and the mechanical behaviour of the material “soil-mix” at young age under cyclic loading. Concerning the degradation of the local friction mobilized at the interface soil-column, an experimental program on a physical model has been carried out. A model of a column slice instrumented with load sensors within a mass of reconstituted silt has been developped. The main objective was to evaluate the local skin friction mobilized along the soil-mix column under monotonic and cyclic loading. The main point of interest was the evolution of skin friction under large number of cycles (100 000 cycles). The experimental program highlighted the influence of key parameters such as the cyclic displacement amplitude, the vertical stress applied to the soil sample, the loading direction. The results obtained show a good consistency with the results of the literature on steel piles in sand. In a second step, we studied the effect of cyclic loading on the behaviour of the material “soil-mix” during the first hours after the realization of the columns. This case is directly related to the railway context in which the constraint of traffic continuity is one strong request of SNCF. Tests on a simplified physical model have been carried out in order to study the mechanical behaviour of the material "soil mix" at 2h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 12h and 24 h after realization of the column and after 2000 loading cycles. It has been shown that the cyclic loading does not cause degradation of the "soil-mix" material. On the contrary, there is an increase of the unconfined compression strength, the higher as the column is loaded rapidly after its realization

A control system for the enhancement and regulation of mixing in a nonreactive plane shear layer has been developed in a two-stream closed-return water facility. Mixing of a passive scalar is estimated using a thermal analog in which the two streams have uniform, steady temperatures differing by 3°C. The position of the temperature interface between the two streams is measured in the plane of its cross stream Schlieren image by an optical sensor which is placed upstream of the rollup of the primary vortices. Control is effected via an array of surface heaters flush-mounted on the flow partition and cross-stream temperature distributions are measured with a resolution of 0.03°C using an array of closely-spaced cold wire sensors. In closed-loop experiments the output from the interface position sensor is fed back to the surface heaters. A transfer function is used to predict the effect of feedback on the interface motion. The dependence of various measures of mixing on the feedback gain k and the total delay time Δ between the actuators and the sensors is studied. The feedback gain k is adaptively modified to maximize mixing at a given streamwise station. These experiments indicate that feedback control of the motion of the temperature interface can be used for controlling the nominally 2D entrainment by the primary vortices and thus enhancing mixing.

Experiments were conducted on the Cal Poly air augmented rocket (AAR) in order to characterize two-dimensional flowfield phenomenon occurring in the mixing duct. The testing utilized a direct connect system where high pressure nitrogen is fed into the combustion chamber, to form a primary flow. The high pressure nitrogen is then expanded through a nozzle, with an area ratio of 22 and an exit area of 0.75 in2, up to Mach 4.3. Secondary air is entrained from a plenum chamber which is used to create a lower stagnation pressure for the secondary flow. The two flows mix in a duct that has a cross sectional area of 2.06 in2. The maximum pressure ratio, the ratio of primary to secondary stagnation pressure, achieved during testing was 132. The stagnation pressures of the primary and secondary flows are transient throughout the test. The quasi-steady portion of each run increased with increasing pressure ratio. Pressure and temperature measurements were collected from ten test runs. Shadowgraph images were taken of the mixing duct during testing in order to image the interactions between the primary and secondary flows. The images show an oblique shock forming in the primary flow. The angle of the shock matches theoretical predictions to within 8.41%. The oblique shock begins at a distance of 1.5 inches downstream of nozzle exit when the AAR is operating in the Fabri choked condition. The images also show the mixing region which forms between the primary and secondary flows. The mixing region represents as much as 25% of the cross-sectional area of the flow field in the mixing duct two inches downstream of the nozzle exit. An analysis of the secondary Mach number in the mixing duct shows that Fabri choking is occurring during testing. The secondary Mach number decreases as pressure ratio increases, in the Fabri choked condition. The transition to Fabri choking occurs at a pressure ratio of 100, suggesting that this is the pressure ratio of the saturated case. The shape of the primary plume was compared to results from a 2-D simulation developed to predict the flow field inside the Cal Poly AAR. Although, the simulation is unable to predict the entire flowfield, modifications made it able to predict the velocity of the secondary, entrained, flow within 3.7%. The modified simulation also predicts the that the primary plume will have expanded 98% of its total distance from the centerline of the mixing duct 1.7 inches downstream of the primary nozzle exit. Pressure data taken along the wall of the mixing duct was used to identify the location of Fabri choking in the mixing duct. Tests showed that Fabri choking is occurring between 1 inch and 2.5 inches downstream of the nozzle exit. The location of Fabri choking moves farther downstream of the nozzle as pressure ratio increases.

Revue bibliographique. On reprend la decomposition aux valeurs propres de lumley qu'on applique au modele analytique de townsend. Etude experimentale a l'aide de sondes a fil chaud droit et a fil chaud croise. Mesures systematiques des composantes du tenseur des correlations spatiales et spatio-temporelles dans la zone d'affinite. Analyse spectrale des fluctuations de vitesse permettant de distinguer le comportement des trois composantes des fluctuations de vitesse

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxviii, 365 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 269-279).

Etude experimentale de la structure tourbillonnaire dans une zone de melange confinee formee par la rencontre de deux ecoulements plans paralleles debouchant a vitesses differentes dans un canal rectangulaire. Visualisation des deux ecoulements incidents permettant de determiner l'influence de ces derniers sur les grosses structures coherentes. Traitement numerique de sequences d'images

Nitrogen (N) is an essential element to plants for growth, maintenance and reproduction, however most N does not exist in a form that is biologically available to plants. In order to maximise the acquisition and retention of N, plants have evolved a variety of morphological and physiological adaptations and life history strategies, as well as the ability to respond plastically to changes in resource availability in ecological time. Determining the ecophysiological responses of plants to changes in root N availability is crucial to further understanding of the mechanisms underlying competitive interactions between plants, and between plants and other organisms, that ultimately contribute to community structure and ecosystem functioning. Carnivorous plants are ideal systems for investigating ecophysiological responses to N availability as:- (i) they share a unique adaptation for obtaining supplemental N from captured prey, therefore ecological stoichiometry and energetic cost/benefit models may be explored; (ii) the trait of botanical carnivory is widely considered to have independently co-evolved as a response to N-deficient, sunny and wet environments, therefore resource allocation trade-offs between plant investment in N and carbon (C) acquisition may be observed, and (iii) they are extremely sensitive to changes in root N availability in ecological time. In this research, the carnivorous plant Drosera rotundifolia (round-leaved sundew) was used to address several unanswered ecophysiological and evolutionary questions relating to patterns and processes of prey capture and the N nutrition of carnivorous plants. Furthermore, the potential for reducing uncertainty in the calculation of plant reliance on carnivory using a δ15N natural abundance multi-level linear mixing model was explored. A combined approach of in-situ and ex-situ studies was employed, using co-occurring non-carnivorous plants or carnivorous plant species with differing evolutionary lineages or prey capture mechanisms respectively to provide context. Results show that the adaptations of carnivory, high reproductive investment and a relatively short life span enable Drosera rotundifolia to survive and thrive in an extreme, N deficient environment. Phenotypically plastic responses by the plant to light and root N availability provide evidence of resource allocation trade-offs between investment in carnivory for N acquisition and in photosynthesis for C acquisition. Plants invested less heavily in prey capture (measured as the stickiness of leaf mucilage) as N availability increased or light availability decreased. These results show that the energetic costs associated with carnivory are avoided by the plant when less costly sources of N are available for uptake and that the production of carbon-rich mucilage is only made under nutrient-limited and well-lit conditions. Results obtained from the comparison of captured insect prey with background invertebrates of potential prey indicate that Drosera rotundifolia is a dietary generalist, where the quantity of prey captured per plant is positively correlated with leaf stickiness and total leaf area. Plant reliance on prey-derived N decreased with increasing root N availability, providing evidence that carnivory is only of net benefit to the plant in N-deficient and well-lit environments, as the photosynthetic costs of investment in the trait are not exceeded by the energetic gain from prey N uptake in shady or dry habitats. A more accurate and precise method for calculating plant reliance on botanical carnivory is presented which incorporates the insect diet of the plant. This method has wider significance for reducing uncertainty in the calculation of relative source contributions to a mixture for most natural abundance applications using a multi-level linear mixing model. To conclude, results from this research further understanding of the ecophysiological mechanisms underlying plant responses to changes in resource availability and the selective pressures driving the evolution of plant adaptations. These results therefore assist with predicting how plants and plant communities may respond to sustained N deposition inputs and future environmental scenarios.

Thesis (MSc) -- Macquarie University, Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Dept. of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, 2008.
Bibliography: p. 120-124.
Introduction -- Environmental factors affecting the emission of biogenic Volatile organic compounds -- Materials and experimental procedures -- Quantification using sold-phase microextraction in a dynamic system: technique development -- The emission profile of Tristaniopsis laurina -- Study of the effect of elevated atmospheric CO₂ levels on the emission of BVOCS from Australian native plants -- Conclusions and future work.
Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOCs) emitted by plants can affect the climate and play important roles in the chemistry of the troposphere. As ambient atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels are rapidly increasing knowledge of the effect of elevated atmospheric CO₂ on plant BVOC emissions is necessary for the development of global climate models. -- During this study, the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 mixing ratios on BVOC emissions from Corymbia citriodora (Lemon Scented Gum) and Tristaniopsis laurina (Water Gum) was determined for the first time through the combination of Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME), Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionisation Detection (GC-FID), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and an environment chamber. For C. citriodora elevated atmospheric CO₂ led to a decrease in the emission rate of α-pinene, β-pinene, eucalyptol, citronellal and β-caryophyllene, however, elevated CO₂ had no effect on the emission rate of citronellol. The emission profile of T. laurina has been determined for the first time. For T. laurina elevated CO₂ led to a decrease in the emission rate of α-pinene but the emission rates of β-pinene, limonene, eucalyptol and citronellol were unaffected. The results obtained in this work confirm that the effect of elevated atmospheric CO₂ on plant BVOC emissions is species-specific.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
124 leaves ill. (some col.)

In modern gas turbines, with the increase of inlet gas temperature to raise thework output, the importance of accurate aero-thermal analysis has become of vitalimportance. These analysis are required for temperature prediction throughoutthe turbine and to predict the thermal stresses and to estimate the cooling requiredfor each component.In the past 20 years, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods have becomea powerfool tool aero-thermal analysis. Due to reasons including numericallimitation, flow complications caused by blade row interactions and the effect offilm cooling, using simple steady state CFD methods may result in inaccuratepredictions. Even though employing transient simulations can improve the accuracyof the simulations, it will also greatly increase the simulation time and cost.Therefore, new methods are constantly being developed to increase the accuracywhile keeping the computational costs relatively low. Investigating some of thesedeveloped methods is one of the main purposes of this study.A simplification that has long been applied in gas turbine simulations hasbeen the absence of cooling cavities. Another part of this thesis will focus onthe effect of cooling cavities and the importance of including them in the domain.Therefore, all transient and steady state simulations have been examined for twocases; a simplified case and a detailed case. The results are then compared tothe experimental measurements to evaluate the importance of their presence inthe model. The software used to perform all simulations is the commercial codeANSYS CFX 15.The findings suggest that even though including cooling cavities would improvethe results, the simulations should be run in transient. One important finding wasthat when performing transient simulations, especially the Time Transformationmethod, not only is the pitch ratio between every subsequent blade row important,but also the pitch ratio between the stators is highly influential on the accuracyof the results.

Master of Science
Department of Grain Science and Industry
D.L. Wetzel
Chemical imaging enables displaying the distribution of different substances within a field of view based on their fundamental vibrational frequencies. Mid-IR bands are generally strong and feature direct correlation to chemical structure, while near IR spectra consist of overtones and combinations of mid-IR bands. Recently, mid-IR microspectroscopy has enabled determination of the relative substitution of hydroxyl groups with the modifying agent for individual waxy maize starch granules by using synchrotron source. The brightness and non-divergence of the synchrotron source and confocal masking enabled obtaining individual spectra with 5 [mu]m[superscript]2 masking and 1 [mu]m raster scanned steps. Each 1 [mu]m step results from the coaddition of hundreds of scans and lengthy data collection is required to produce data. The recent breakthrough at the Synchrotron Research Center uses a multi-beam synchrotron source combined with a focal plane array microspectrometer. This major improvement in localized detection of the modifying agent within single waxy maize starch granules is the increased efficiency of focal plane array detection and an effective spatial resolution of 0.54 [mu]m. Mixtures of granular solids represent an analytical challenge due to the range of heterogeneity and homogeneity within samples. Near IR imaging provides deeper sample penetration allowing for solid mixture analysis. However, the broad, overlapping bands present in the near IR necessitates statistical data treatment. This requires imaging specimens representative of the individual components to create spectral libraries for classification of each component. Partial least squares analysis then allows characterization and subsequent pixel analysis provides quantitative results. The primary break system for wheat milling was studied as it is key in releasing endosperm to be further ground into fine flour in subsequent processes. The mass balance of endosperm throughout individual unit processes was determined by obtaining flow rates of incoming and outgoing millstreams and calculating endosperm content through pixel identification. The feed milling industry requires the use of a tracer to determine adequate mixing and mix uniformity to limit the time and energy in processing. Near IR imaging allows individual components of a formula feed to serve as a self-tracer, eliminating the need of an inorganic tracer.

The wastewater treatment process is one of the most important processes which contributes to the protection of the environment. This process can also potentially recover necessary and scarce raw materials, such as phosphorus. Research of the wastewater treatment technology is an increasingly relevant topic and more innovative knowledge should be gradually implemented into existing plants. However, the implementation of such technology involves increased investment and often operating costs. This is, why there is a growing interest in improving the energy intensity and hydraulic efficiency of the installed wastewater plant machinery. The optimization of operating parameters in such machinery can also bring significant savings, which can be potentially re-invested into other technologies. This work deals with the issue of proper evaluation of installed machinery for the selection of operating parameters and assessment of their significance. As the challenge, wastewater treatment technology is very sensitive towards the combination of technological equipment and incorrect operational parameters can lead to erroneous evaluation of the efficiency of individual equipment or inappropriate engineering proposals. To eliminate these risks, an analytical procedure for the selection and evaluation of parameters is proposed in this work. This procedure is demonstrated on six types of equipment. To verify the conclusions of the proposed procedure, a model design of the equipment was performed, in which the influence of individual parameters was concisely assessed. By using the data, the proposed procedure could be validated more specifically. In this work, the necessary data for the design was obtained by experimental research and extensive testing. The results confirm the practical applicability of the proposed procedure.

Les mélanges de variétés de céréales connaissent un regain d’intérêt récent, mais les méthodes pour évaluer et sélectionner des variétés sur l’aptitude au mélange ainsi que pour la conception des mélanges restent peu développées. Il a été montré que les performances de génotypes en culture pure pouvaient différer significativement de leurs performances en mélange, rendant la prédiction des performances de mélanges difficile. Mais évaluer tous les mélanges possibles entre génotypes devient techniquement impossible pour de larges panels. Ainsi, des méthodes expérimentales et statistiques sont nécessaires pour identifier les génotypes qui présentent les meilleures aptitudes au mélange, et pour prédire les meilleures combinaisons de génotypes, à partir de l’observation d’un nombre limité de mélanges.Dans une première partie, nous avons d’abord synthétisé les différentes méthodes proposées dans la littérature pour étudier les interactions plante-plante, en distinguant i) celles basées sur les performances des mélanges, permettant d’estimer des Aptitudes Générale et Spécifique au Mélange, ii) celles où les performances de chaque génotype en mélange sont accessibles, permettant d’estimer des effets Producteur et Associé. Nous avons ensuite proposé un cadre statistique basé sur des modèles mixtes pour estimer l’aptitude au mélange dans des dispositifs incomplets. Ces modèles d’Aptitude au Mélange et le modèle Producteur-Associés ont été appliqués à un panel diversifié de génotypes de blé tendre d’hiver observé dans différents dispositifs expérimentaux, révélant des interactions entre plantes de génotypes différents. Puis, les capacités de ces dispositifs et modèles à prédire les performances de mélanges de validation ont été comparées. Nous avons finalement discuté l’application de ces cadres méthodologiques à l’évaluation de l’aptitude au mélange et la possibilité de les intégrer dans des programmes de sélection.Dans une seconde partie, nous avons réalisé une synthèse bibliographique pour proposer des règles d’association afin de mieux assembler les traits reliés aux interactions entre variétés, et concevoir des idéotypes de mélanges qui favorisent les complémentarités inter-variétés. Lors d’ateliers participatifs impliquant des agriculteurs biologiques, ces règles ont ensuite été validées, infirmées, ou complétées, puis utilisées pour la conception d’idéotypes de mélanges qui correspondent aux pratiques et aux environnements des agriculteurs. Les mélanges conçus sur la base de ces règles ont ensuite été évalués à la ferme sur des critères agronomiques et sur les besoins spécifiques des agriculteurs. Les deux approches complémentaires de la thèse révèlent la possibilité de développer des mélanges variétaux localement adaptés
Cereal variety mixtures have recently known a renewed interest but methods for screening and breeding varieties for mixing ability, or designing mixtures remain poorly developed. It has been shown that the performance in pure stand of a genotype can significantly differ from its performance in mixture, thus making mixture performance difficult to predict. But testing all the possible mixtures turns technically impossible when using large panels of genotypes. Therefore experimental and statistical methods are necessary to identify the genotypes with the best mixing ability, as well as try to predict the best combinations, from the observation of a limited number of mixtures.In a first part, we have reviewed different methods proposed in the literature to study these plant-to-plant interactions, contrasting i) the ones based on mixture performances, producing General and Specific Mixing Ability estimates, from ii) the ones where the performance of each genotype in the mixture is observed, allowing to estimate Producer and Associate effects. We have then proposed a statistical framework based on mixed models to estimate Mixing Ability in incomplete designs. These Mixing Ability models and the Producer-Associates model have been applied to a diverse panel of bread winter wheat genotypes observed in different experimental designs, revealing interactions between plants of different genotypes. Then the ability of these designs and models to predict the performance of validation mixtures have been compared. We finally discussed how these methodological frameworks can be applied to screening for mixing ability and the possibility to integrate them in breeding programs.In a second part, we performed a literature survey to propose assembly rules for better combining traits associated to plant interactions, and designing mixture idéotypes that favor the complementarities between varieties. During participatory workshops involving organic farmers, these rules have been validated, invalidated, adapted or implemented, and then used for designing mixture ideotypes that fit farmers’ practices and environments. The designed mixtures based on these rules have been assessed in on-farm trials for agronomic criteria and farmers’ specific requirements. The two complementary approaches of this thesis unleash the potential for developing locally adapted cultivar mixtures

Le but de ce travail est de contrôler le mélange des réactifs dans des cuves de précipitation mécaniquement agitées, qui sont les précipiteurs classiques employés dans l'industrie. Outre la compréhension des interactions entre mélange et précipitation, on cherche à déterminer les géométries de précipiteurs et d'agitateurs ainsi que les conditions de fonctionnement qui conduisent à des cristaux à morphologie et granulométrie contrôlées. En sus de la méthode conductimétrique classique pour la mesure des temps de mélange ou des fluctuations de concentration, une nouvelle technique non intrusive basée sur la visualisation des écoulements par nappe laser et traitement d'images a été élaborée pour étudier les mécanismes du mélange dans des réacteurs de tailles diverses donnant des informations précieuses pour la modélisation des effets de mélange sur la précipitation

This diploma thesis deals with the designs of asphalt mixtures for the wearing asphalt courses, specifically for the SMA 11S with an added 30 % and 50 % RAP (reclaimed asphalt pavement), this material was reclaimed from the wearing asphalt course type SMA. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part is theoretical and it deals with the recycling of asphalt roads and adding RAP to the new asphalt mixures for the roads. The second part is practical. It deals with the design itself. Two types of SMA were designed, first with a 30 % RAP and second with a 50 % RAP. In those mixtures functional tests of asphalt mixtures were made.The results were compared to the asphalt mixture with 0 % of RAP and with the mixture with 30 % of RAP reclaimed from the wearing, binder and base course together. The results are summed up in the conclusion.

Peripheral vascular grafts are used for the treatment of peripheral arterial disease and arteriovenous grafts for vascular access in end stage renal disease. The development of neo-intimal hyperplasia and thrombosis in the distal anastomosis remains the main reason for occlusion in that region. The local haemodynamics produced by a graft in the host vessel is believed to significantly affect endothelial function. Single spiral flow is a normal feature in medium and large sized vessels and it is induced by the anatomical structure and physiological function of the cardiovascular system. Grafts designed to generate a single spiral flow in the distal anastomosis have been introduced in clinical practice and are known as spiral grafts. In this work, spiral peripheral vascular and arteriovenous grafts were compared with conventional grafts using ultrasound and computational methods to identify their haemodynamic differences. Vascular-graft flow phantoms were developed to house the grafts in different surgical configurations. Mimicking components, with appropriate acoustic properties, were chosen to minimise ultrasound beam refraction and distortion. A dual-beam two-dimensional vector Doppler technique was developed to visualise and quantify vortical structures downstream of each graft outflow in the cross-flow direction. Vorticity mapping and measurements of circulation were acquired based on the vector Doppler data. The flow within the vascular-graft models was simulated with computed tomography based image-guided modelling for further understanding of secondary flow motions and comparison with the experimental results. The computational assessments provided a three-dimensional velocity field in the lumen of the models allowing a range of fluid dynamic parameters to be predicted. Single- or double-spiral flow patterns consisting of a dominant and a smaller vortex were detected in the outflow of the spiral grafts. A double- triple- or tetra-spiral flow pattern was found in the outflow of the conventional graft, depending on model configuration and Reynolds number. These multiple-spiral patterns were associated with increased flow stagnation, separation and instability, which are known to be detrimental for endothelial behaviour. Increased in-plane mixing and wall shear stress, which are considered atheroprotective in normal vessels, were found in the outflow of the spiral devices. The results from the experimental approach were in agreement with those from the computational approach. This study applied ultrasound and computational methods to vascular-graft phantoms in order to characterise the flow field induced by spiral and conventional peripheral vascular and arteriovenous grafts. The results suggest that spiral grafts are associated with advanced local haemodynamics that may protect endothelial function and thereby may prevent their outflow anastomosis from neo-intimal hyperplasia and thrombosis. Consequently this work supports the hypothesis that spiral grafts may decrease outflow stenosis and hence improve patency rates in patients.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird erstmals das QQDS-Magnetspektrometer für die höchstauflösende Ionenstrahlanalytik leichter Elemente am Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf umfassend vorgestellt. Zusätzlich werden sowohl alle auf die Analytik Einfluss nehmenden Parameter untersucht als auch Methoden und Modelle vorgestellt, wie deren Einfluss vermieden oder rechnerisch kompensiert werden kann. Die Schwerpunkte dieser Arbeit gliedern sich in fünf Bereiche. Der Erste ist der Aufbau und die Inbetriebnahme des QQDS-Magnetspektrometers, der zugehörige Streukammer mit allen Peripheriegeräten und des eigens für die höchstauflösende elastische Rückstoßanalyse entwickelten Detektors. Sowohl das umgebaute Spektrometer als auch der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit gebaute Detektor wurden speziell an experimentelle Bedingungen für die höchstauflösende Ionenstrahlanalytik leichter Elemente angepasst und erstmalig auf einen routinemäßigen Einsatz hin getestet. Der Detektor besteht aus zwei Komponenten. Zum einen befindet sich am hinteren Ende des Detektors eine Bragg-Ionisationskammer, die zur Teilchenidentifikation genutzt wird. Zum anderen dient ein Proportionalzähler, der eine Hochwiderstandsanode besitzt und direkt hinter dem Eintrittsfenster montiert ist, zur Teilchenpositionsbestimmung im Detektor. Die folgenden zwei Schwerpunkte beinhalten grundlegende Untersuchungen zur Ionen-Festkörper-Wechselwirkung. Durch die Verwendung eines Magnetspektrometers ist die Messung der Ladungszustandsverteilung der herausgestreuten Teilchen direkt nach einem binären Stoß sowohl möglich als auch für die Analyse notwendig. Aus diesem Grund werden zum einen die Ladungszustände gemessen und zum anderen mit existierenden Modellen verglichen. Außerdem wird ein eigens entwickeltes Modell vorgestellt und erstmals im Rahmen dieser Arbeit angewendet, welches den ladungszustandsabhängigen Energieverlust bei der Tiefenprofilierung berücksichtigt. Es wird gezeigt, dass ohne die Anwendung dieses Modells die Tiefenprofile nicht mit den quantitativen Messungen mittels konventioneller Ionenstrahlanalytikmethoden und mit der Dickenmessung mittels Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie übereinstimmen, und damit falsche Werte liefern würden. Der zweite für die Thematik wesentliche Aspekt der Ionen-Festkörper-Wechselwirkung, sind die Probenschäden und -modifikationen, die während einer Schwerionen-bestrahlung auftreten. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass bei den hier verwendeten Energien sowohl elektronisches Sputtern als auch elektronisch verursachtes Grenzflächendurchmischen eintreten. Das elektronische Sputtern kann durch geeignete Strahlparameter für die meisten Proben ausreichend minimiert werden. Dagegen ist der Einfluss der Grenzflächendurchmischung meist signifikant, so dass dieser analysiert und in der Auswertung berücksichtigt werden muss. Schlussfolgernd aus diesen Untersuchungen ergibt sich für die höchstauflösende Ionenstrahlanalytik leichter Elemente am Rossendorfer 5-MV Tandembeschleuniger, dass die geeignetsten Primärionen Chlor mit einer Energie von 20 MeV sind. In Einzelfällen, wie zum Beispiel der Analyse von Bor, muss die Energie jedoch auf 6,5 MeV reduziert werden, um das elektronische Sputtern bei der notwendigen Fluenz unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze zu halten. Der vierte Schwerpunkt ist die Untersuchung von sowohl qualitativen als auch quantitativen Einflüssen bestimmter Probeneigenschaften, wie beispielsweise Oberflächenrauheit, auf die Form des gemessenen Energiespektrums beziehungsweise auf das analysierte Tiefenprofil. Die Kenntnis der Rauheit einer Probe an der Oberfläche und an den Grenzflächen ist für die Analytik unabdingbar. Als Resultat der genannten Betrachtungen werden die Einflüsse von Probeneigenschaften und Ionen-Festkörper-Wechselwirkungen auf die Energie- beziehungsweise Tiefenauflösung des Gesamtsystems beschrieben, berechnet und mit der konventionellen Ionenstrahlanalytik verglichen. Die Möglichkeiten der höchstauflösenden Ionenstrahlanalytik werden zudem mit den von anderen Gruppen veröffentlichten Komplementärmethoden gegenübergestellt. Der fünfte und letzte Schwerpunkt ist die Analytik leichter Elemente in ultradünnen Schichten unter Berücksichtigung aller in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Modelle, wie die Reduzierung des Einflusses von Strahlschäden oder die Quantifizierung der Elemente im dynamischen Ladungszustandsnichtgleichgewicht. Es wird die Tiefenprofilierung von Mehrschichtsystemen, bestehend aus SiO2-Si3N4Ox-SiO2 auf Silizium, von Ultra-Shallow-Junction Bor-Implantationsprofilen und von ultradünnen Oxidschichten, wie zum Beispiel High-k-Materialien, demonstriert
In this thesis the QQDS magnetic spectrometer that is used for high resolution ion beam analysis (IBA) of light elements at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf is presented for the first time. In addition all parameters are investigated that influence the analysis. Methods and models are presented with which the effects can be minimised or calculated. There are five focal points of this thesis. The first point is the construction and commissioning of the QQDS magnetic spectrometer, the corresponding scattering chamber with all the peripherals and the detector, which is specially developed for high resolution elastic recoil detection. Both the reconstructed spectrometer and the detector were adapted to the specific experimental conditions needed for high-resolution Ion beam analysis of light elements and tested for routine practice. The detector consists of two compo-nents. At the back end of the detector a Bragg ionization chamber is mounted, which is used for the particle identification. At the front end, directly behind the entrance window a proportional counter is mounted. This proportional counter includes a high-resistance anode. Thus, the position of the particles is determined in the detector. The following two points concern fundamental studies of ion-solid interaction. By using a magnetic spectrometer the charge state distribution of the particles scattered from the sample after a binary collision is both possible and necessary for the analysis. For this reason the charge states are measured and compared with existing models. In addition, a model is developed that takes into account the charge state dependent energy loss. It is shown that without the application of this model the depth profiles do not correspond with the quantitative measurements by conventional IBA methods and with the thickness obtained by transmission electron microscopy. The second fundamental ion-solid interaction is the damage and the modification of the sample that occurs during heavy ion irradiation. It is shown that the used energies occur both electronic sputtering and electronically induced interface mixing. Electronic sputtering is minimised by using optimised beam parameters. For most samples the effect is below the detection limit for a fluence sufficient for the analysis. However, the influence of interface mixing is so strong that it has to be included in the analysis of the layers of the depth profiles. It is concluded from these studies that at the Rossendorf 5 MV tandem accelerator chlorine ions with an energy of 20 MeV deliver the best results. In some cases, such as the analysis of boron, the energy must be reduced to 6.5 MeV in order to retain the electronic sputtering below the detection limit. The fourth focus is the study of the influence of specific sample properties, such as surface roughness, on the shape of a measured energy spectra and respectively on the analysed depth profile. It is shown that knowledge of the roughness of a sample at the surface and at the interfaces for the analysis is needed. In addition, the contribution parameters limiting the depth resolution are calculated and compared with the conventional ion beam analysis. Finally, a comparison is made between the high-resolution ion beam analysis and complementary methods published by other research groups. The fifth and last focus is the analysis of light elements in ultra thin layers. All models presented in this thesis to reduce the influence of beam damage are taken into account. The dynamic non-equilibrium charge state is also included for the quantification of elements. Depth profiling of multilayer systems is demonstrated for systems consisting of SiO2-Si3N4Ox-SiO2 on silicon, boron implantation profiles for ultra shallow junctions and ultra thin oxide layers, such as used as high-k materials

The axial compressors of power-generation gas turbines have a high stage count, blades with low aspect ratios and relatively large clearances in the rear section. These features tend to promote the development of intense secondary flows that, coupled with the severe diffusion characterizing these machines, make the CFD modelling of axial compressors a great challenge. The focus of this thesis is on the use and tuning of modern CFD methods able to assess a reliable numerical setup to be used by the industry as a base for the design of efficient and high-performing multi-stage axial compressors. The first part of the work includes the details about the development and implementation of a highly conservative non-reflecting mixing plane model in the in-house CFD code TRAF, able to handle both the perfect and the real gas case. Later, the numerical setup for steady-state multi-stage compressor simulations is presented, providing also details about some crucial aspects of the compressor modelling, namely shroud leakages and clearances. The setup has been validated against experimental data on a GT compressor designed by Ansaldo Energia. To determine the influence of mixing plane models on performance prediction, unsteady full-annulus simulations have been performed at two different operating conditions: design point and near-stall. Finally, the last part of the thesis is dedicated to well-known phenomenon of radial mixing in axial compressors. The physical causes of radial mixing are discussed in depth, leading to the conclusion that a state-of-the-art, unsteady calculation of the full compressor is able to provide very strong evidence of radial mixing. A special attention is devoted to the evaluation of what is lost in the compressor modelling due to the assumption of a steady-state picture of the flow. In order to do this, the high-pressure section of a heavy-duty axial compressor of the Ansaldo Energia fleet, characterized by really high clearances, is considered. The results of steady and unsteady RANS simulations are compared with experimental data, showing that only adopting an unsteady approach, the enhanced radial mixing of this peculiar application can be properly captured. On the contrary, the steady-state modelling leads to a strong underestimation of the radial transport phenomenon. A possible explanation for this is provided after examining what occurs across the inter-row interfaces for RANS and URANS solutions: the stream-wise vorticity associated with clearance flows is one of the main drivers of radial mixing and restraining it by pitch-averaging the flow at mixing planes is the reason why the RANS approach is not able to properly predict the radial transport of fluid properties in the rear part of the axial compressor.

碩士
南台科技大學
電機工程系
95
ABSTRACT Due to the evaluation of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) technologies, their performance in both luminance and color saturation are pushed further to the edge. This leads to their applications in Backlight Units (BLUs) designs. However, LEDs are point light sources. How to convert point light sources into a surface light source has become one of the most important issues in the BLU industry. For direct-type LED BLUs, R, G, B color mixing has become a topic of interest because of the problem of non-uniformity of color. The problem is further complicated by incorporating the scattering effect of diffuser plates in direct-type LED BLUs designs. This study is aimed to resolve this problem by a well-performed optical model for diffuser plates programming in ASAP. LEDs are considered by most to be monochromatic light sources. However, a commercial LED exhibits multichromatic characteristic. As known, the hazing effect of a diffuser plate is related to the wavelength of the incident light. Therefore, the wavelength effect as well as other effects, such as the diameters of scatters, the concentration of scatters, the relative refractive indices, and the thickness of a diffuser plate, etc., all play a part in color mixing. In this study, all above effects on LED coloring mixing are investigated thoroughly. The arrangements of LEDs and the distance between a diffuser plate and LEDs all contributing to the non-uniformity of color, in addition to the effects of diffuser plate, are also under investigation. A surface light source with uniform luminance and color is achieved by using a optimal combination of the above parameters.

博士
國立成功大學
航空太空工程學系
79
The transition phenomenon of the plane mixing layer loaded with polydispersed drops was investigated. The objectives are (1) to compare the transition process of the plane mixing layer with and without droplets loading and (2) to investigate the dynamics of the droplet transport in the plane mixing layer with and without acoustic excitation. The size and velocity of the spray droplet were measured simultaneously by the two-component phase Doppler particle analyzer. Experimental works were performed in a mixing layer tunnel with cross sectional area of 15 x 15 cm2. Results show that the seeding number density and seeding uniformity are important in obtaining a correct LDV measurement. It is found that the disturbance generated by the seeding smoke particles becomes significant when the seeding number density is more than 130 #/cc especially in the shear layer region. Results also show that the velocity measured by the LDV technique is biased to the stream with higher number density of the smoke particles. Results demonstrate that both of the flow conditions at the central splitter plate and the transition process of the plane mixing layer flow field are significantly changed due to the spray droplets loading. It is found that the transport process in the boundary layer region is mainly attributed to the smaller droplets, e.g., dp ≦ 30 μm. These droplets have higher lateral velocity and turbulence fluctuation in the initial boundary layer and can transport through the interface between the two streams beyond the trailing edge of the central splitter plate. This, in turn, results in the higher momentum transport to the low speed stream in the mixing layer region. As a result, the transition region, i.e., the region from initial position to the fully development of the plane mixing layer, is shortened from 120 mm under the single-phase flow condition to 40 mm under the two-phase flow condition. Flow visualization shows that the vortex formation and pairing processes are not observed when the spray droplets are loaded in the mixing layer flow. The lateral spreading rate of the mixing layer hence decreases as comparing with the single-phase mixing layer flow. However, the large scale vortex structures are observed when the two-phase mixing layer (low is excited with acoustic waves of the subharmonic frequency and at a pressure level of 80 dB. The momentum thickness and the shear layer width increase under the excitation condition. Analysis on the data indicates that the lateral dispersion is maximum for the 30 μm droplet without acoustic excitation. On the other hand, the lateral dispersions of various sized droplets are enhanced due to the existence of the large vortical structures under acoustic excitation. It is also found that the critical diameter of the maximum dispersion increases from 30 μm droplet in the two-phase mixing layer flow without acoustic excitation to 40 μm droplet under the excitation condition. Furthermore, analysis of the droplet dispersion shows that the maximum dispersion takes place at droplet size corresponding to the Stokes number near one.

碩士
國立成功大學
航空太空工程學系碩博士班
92
The present study is to investigate the phenomena of momentum mixing in a pipe flow downstream of two elbows out-of-plane. Two different upstream conditions were applied to the entrance of the elbows, i.e., fully-developed flow condition and non-fully developed flow condition. During the experiments, distributions of mean flow velocity, turbulent intensity and Reynolds stress were measured at a Reynolds number of . The experimental results for the two cases were studied and compared as below. 　 　　With fully developed pipe flow upstream of elbows entrance, the axial velocity distribution downstream of the elbows is characterized by three secondary flow cells. The large one is situated near the wall (clockwise) and the two smaller ones are near the center. As flow convecting to 15D downstream of the exit of elbows, the cell with highest streamwise rotates about . Decaying rates of turbulence intensities in axial, radial and tangent directions are 42.1﹪, 23﹪and 28.6﹪.The turbulent Reynolds stress, is closely linked with the non-uniform distribution of axial velocity in the radial direction, and is associated with the rotation of secondary cells and make the axial velocity distribution more uniform. 　　With non-fully developed flow upstream of elbows entrance, the axial velocity distribution downstream of the exit of the elbows appears to be more symmetrical. The turbulent intensity and turbulent Reynolds stress show the same effects as with the fully developed upstream of the elbows. 　　 　　In this experiment, axial velocity distribution appears to be uniform at 15D downstream of elbow exit and is insensitive to the velocity distribution upstream of elbows.

Turbulent mixing of confined coaxial jets is a complex dynamic process with many practical applications such as ejectors, jet pumps, industrial burners, jet engine combustion chambers, gaseous nuclear rockets, mixing chambers, afterburners, and turbofan engine mixing chambers. In this latter applications the confinement is also of basic interest because it involves a certain interacting turbulent flow phenomena, the details of which are not yet fully understood quantitatively (Ahmed and Sharma, 2000). There have been studies of different geometric and operating parameters on the turbulent mixing process of confined coaxial jets with different motivations. While a wide range of diameter ratios has been investigated in the past, no work was reported on diameter ratios below 2, which is the case with many low bypass turbofan engines with bypass ratios of 0.3 and less. Only Ahmed and Sharma (2000) reported recently detailed LDV measurements of mean and turbulence components of velocity as well as the total and static pressures over a range of velocity ratios with relevance in the present context. In their work they analyse the influence of velocity ratio on the turbulent mixing process, but there are many other parameters which influence the turbulent mixing process. This research is dedicated to the study of the turbulent mixing of parietal jets without any generated effect of swirl and without the presence of bluff bodies. The major objective was to design mixing control strategies using purely aerodynamic tools. Following a work on axisymmetric geometries, a two-dimensional geometry was adopted to study the influence of geometric and initial parameters to control the flow: confinement, inclination angle and turbulence intensity of the outer flow.
Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT)
Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Center (AeroG)
Associated Laboratory in Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (LAETA)

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird erstmals das QQDS-Magnetspektrometer für die höchstauflösende Ionenstrahlanalytik leichter Elemente am Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf umfassend vorgestellt. Zusätzlich werden sowohl alle auf die Analytik Einfluss nehmenden Parameter untersucht als auch Methoden und Modelle vorgestellt, wie deren Einfluss vermieden oder rechnerisch kompensiert werden kann. Die Schwerpunkte dieser Arbeit gliedern sich in fünf Bereiche. Der Erste ist der Aufbau und die Inbetriebnahme des QQDS-Magnetspektrometers, der zugehörige Streukammer mit allen Peripheriegeräten und des eigens für die höchstauflösende elastische Rückstoßanalyse entwickelten Detektors. Sowohl das umgebaute Spektrometer als auch der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit gebaute Detektor wurden speziell an experimentelle Bedingungen für die höchstauflösende Ionenstrahlanalytik leichter Elemente angepasst und erstmalig auf einen routinemäßigen Einsatz hin getestet. Der Detektor besteht aus zwei Komponenten. Zum einen befindet sich am hinteren Ende des Detektors eine Bragg-Ionisationskammer, die zur Teilchenidentifikation genutzt wird. Zum anderen dient ein Proportionalzähler, der eine Hochwiderstandsanode besitzt und direkt hinter dem Eintrittsfenster montiert ist, zur Teilchenpositionsbestimmung im Detektor. Die folgenden zwei Schwerpunkte beinhalten grundlegende Untersuchungen zur Ionen-Festkörper-Wechselwirkung. Durch die Verwendung eines Magnetspektrometers ist die Messung der Ladungszustandsverteilung der herausgestreuten Teilchen direkt nach einem binären Stoß sowohl möglich als auch für die Analyse notwendig. Aus diesem Grund werden zum einen die Ladungszustände gemessen und zum anderen mit existierenden Modellen verglichen. Außerdem wird ein eigens entwickeltes Modell vorgestellt und erstmals im Rahmen dieser Arbeit angewendet, welches den ladungszustandsabhängigen Energieverlust bei der Tiefenprofilierung berücksichtigt. Es wird gezeigt, dass ohne die Anwendung dieses Modells die Tiefenprofile nicht mit den quantitativen Messungen mittels konventioneller Ionenstrahlanalytikmethoden und mit der Dickenmessung mittels Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie übereinstimmen, und damit falsche Werte liefern würden. Der zweite für die Thematik wesentliche Aspekt der Ionen-Festkörper-Wechselwirkung, sind die Probenschäden und -modifikationen, die während einer Schwerionen-bestrahlung auftreten. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass bei den hier verwendeten Energien sowohl elektronisches Sputtern als auch elektronisch verursachtes Grenzflächendurchmischen eintreten. Das elektronische Sputtern kann durch geeignete Strahlparameter für die meisten Proben ausreichend minimiert werden. Dagegen ist der Einfluss der Grenzflächendurchmischung meist signifikant, so dass dieser analysiert und in der Auswertung berücksichtigt werden muss. Schlussfolgernd aus diesen Untersuchungen ergibt sich für die höchstauflösende Ionenstrahlanalytik leichter Elemente am Rossendorfer 5-MV Tandembeschleuniger, dass die geeignetsten Primärionen Chlor mit einer Energie von 20 MeV sind. In Einzelfällen, wie zum Beispiel der Analyse von Bor, muss die Energie jedoch auf 6,5 MeV reduziert werden, um das elektronische Sputtern bei der notwendigen Fluenz unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze zu halten. Der vierte Schwerpunkt ist die Untersuchung von sowohl qualitativen als auch quantitativen Einflüssen bestimmter Probeneigenschaften, wie beispielsweise Oberflächenrauheit, auf die Form des gemessenen Energiespektrums beziehungsweise auf das analysierte Tiefenprofil. Die Kenntnis der Rauheit einer Probe an der Oberfläche und an den Grenzflächen ist für die Analytik unabdingbar. Als Resultat der genannten Betrachtungen werden die Einflüsse von Probeneigenschaften und Ionen-Festkörper-Wechselwirkungen auf die Energie- beziehungsweise Tiefenauflösung des Gesamtsystems beschrieben, berechnet und mit der konventionellen Ionenstrahlanalytik verglichen. Die Möglichkeiten der höchstauflösenden Ionenstrahlanalytik werden zudem mit den von anderen Gruppen veröffentlichten Komplementärmethoden gegenübergestellt. Der fünfte und letzte Schwerpunkt ist die Analytik leichter Elemente in ultradünnen Schichten unter Berücksichtigung aller in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Modelle, wie die Reduzierung des Einflusses von Strahlschäden oder die Quantifizierung der Elemente im dynamischen Ladungszustandsnichtgleichgewicht. Es wird die Tiefenprofilierung von Mehrschichtsystemen, bestehend aus SiO2-Si3N4Ox-SiO2 auf Silizium, von Ultra-Shallow-Junction Bor-Implantationsprofilen und von ultradünnen Oxidschichten, wie zum Beispiel High-k-Materialien, demonstriert.
In this thesis the QQDS magnetic spectrometer that is used for high resolution ion beam analysis (IBA) of light elements at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf is presented for the first time. In addition all parameters are investigated that influence the analysis. Methods and models are presented with which the effects can be minimised or calculated. There are five focal points of this thesis. The first point is the construction and commissioning of the QQDS magnetic spectrometer, the corresponding scattering chamber with all the peripherals and the detector, which is specially developed for high resolution elastic recoil detection. Both the reconstructed spectrometer and the detector were adapted to the specific experimental conditions needed for high-resolution Ion beam analysis of light elements and tested for routine practice. The detector consists of two compo-nents. At the back end of the detector a Bragg ionization chamber is mounted, which is used for the particle identification. At the front end, directly behind the entrance window a proportional counter is mounted. This proportional counter includes a high-resistance anode. Thus, the position of the particles is determined in the detector. The following two points concern fundamental studies of ion-solid interaction. By using a magnetic spectrometer the charge state distribution of the particles scattered from the sample after a binary collision is both possible and necessary for the analysis. For this reason the charge states are measured and compared with existing models. In addition, a model is developed that takes into account the charge state dependent energy loss. It is shown that without the application of this model the depth profiles do not correspond with the quantitative measurements by conventional IBA methods and with the thickness obtained by transmission electron microscopy. The second fundamental ion-solid interaction is the damage and the modification of the sample that occurs during heavy ion irradiation. It is shown that the used energies occur both electronic sputtering and electronically induced interface mixing. Electronic sputtering is minimised by using optimised beam parameters. For most samples the effect is below the detection limit for a fluence sufficient for the analysis. However, the influence of interface mixing is so strong that it has to be included in the analysis of the layers of the depth profiles. It is concluded from these studies that at the Rossendorf 5 MV tandem accelerator chlorine ions with an energy of 20 MeV deliver the best results. In some cases, such as the analysis of boron, the energy must be reduced to 6.5 MeV in order to retain the electronic sputtering below the detection limit. The fourth focus is the study of the influence of specific sample properties, such as surface roughness, on the shape of a measured energy spectra and respectively on the analysed depth profile. It is shown that knowledge of the roughness of a sample at the surface and at the interfaces for the analysis is needed. In addition, the contribution parameters limiting the depth resolution are calculated and compared with the conventional ion beam analysis. Finally, a comparison is made between the high-resolution ion beam analysis and complementary methods published by other research groups. The fifth and last focus is the analysis of light elements in ultra thin layers. All models presented in this thesis to reduce the influence of beam damage are taken into account. The dynamic non-equilibrium charge state is also included for the quantification of elements. Depth profiling of multilayer systems is demonstrated for systems consisting of SiO2-Si3N4Ox-SiO2 on silicon, boron implantation profiles for ultra shallow junctions and ultra thin oxide layers, such as used as high-k materials.