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Юрій Степанович Фігурний. "COSSACK ARMED ACTIONS IN THE 20-30s OF THE XVIITH CENTURY – LOST CHANCE TO REFORM RZECHPOSPOLITA". Intermarum history policy culture, n.º 5 (1 de enero de 2018): 154–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.111810.
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The article analyses the Cossack armed actions in the 20-30's of the XVIIth century as the lost chance to reform Rzechpospolita and transform it into a powerful state of the three peoples – Polish, Lithuanian and Ukrainian. It has been found out that after the establishment of Rzechpospolita in 1569 and due to the intergovernmental union of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Ukrainian Cossacks considerably strengthened over the 50 years and became a powerful factor of influence in socio-political and interstate relations of that time. It has been established that at the beginning the Cossacks, conscious of their strength and combat ability, tried to peacefully negotiate with the authorities of Rzechpospolita. Nonetheless after the authorities abandoned a constructive dialogue they began recalcitrance actions, which subsequently turned into bloodthirsty uprisings. The conclusions of the paper state that the Cossack armed actions in the 20-30's of the XVIIth century played a decisive role in Ukrainian ethnic, ethno-cultural, state-building and nation-building processes, but they did not contribute to the reform of Rzechpospolita. In the first quarter of the XVIIth century due to P. Sagaidachny the evolutionary development dominated in the national state formation. In the second quarter of the same century revolutionary means of the Ukrainians (Rus’ians, Rusyns) state and nation formation prevailed. Those were armed actions, military confrontation between the Cossacks and the Polish authorities, the Rus’s magnates and their accomplices, including part of the registered Cossacks, as the main stratum of the social life in the Dnieper region in the second quarter of the XVIIth century. We firmly believe that the Ukrainian Cossacks were the main facilitators and the driving force of the state and nation-building in Ukraine, which ultimately caused the rebellion led by Khmelnitsky and the formation of the Ukrainian Cossack-Hetman State (Hetmanate), which in turn became the underlying ground for the Ukrainians in their heroic struggle for preservation of ethnic identity, restoration of their statehood and formation of a political nation from the end of the XVIIth and to the beginning of the XXIst century.
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Buono, Alessandro. "Guerra, élites locali e monarchia nella Lombardia del seicento. Per un'interpretazione in chiave di compromesso d'interessi". SOCIETÀ E STORIA, n.º 123 (junio de 2009): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ss2009-123002.
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- Through the case study of Spanish Lombardy during the Thirty years' war, the Author tries to link the latest results of military history with the politico-institutional framework, with a view to overcome the narrowness of an exclusive military approach. By focussing on the agenda of a commission for the control of the army composed of civil and military authorities from 1638 to 1679 and on the careers of some financiers and military entrepreneurs, the Author suggests the need to abandon the pattern of the militarization of society in order to describe the processes affecting the Milanesado. The military tool appears to be purposefully used to strengthen political and social ties between centre and periphery and also to integrate emerging social, economic and political groups into the Lombard power elite. The interpretation underlying the essay is therefore based on the idea of a «compromise of interests» between centre and periphery of the Spanish imperial system as a way to stabilize the situation of Lombardy.Keywords: Milan, Spanish Monarchy, XVIIth century, power élites, military history, institutional history, Thirty Years' WarParole chiave: Lombardia, Monarchia spagnola, secolo XVII, elites dominanti, storia militare, storia delle istituzioni, Guerra dei Trent'anni
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Omarov, A. I. y R. M. Magomedov. "The Military-Political Aspect in the History of Derbent in the XVIIth Century: Histori-ography of the Problem." Herald of Dagestan State University 36, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2021): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2542-0313-2021-36-1-28-35.
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Deduk, Andrew V., Gennady A. Shebanin y Alexander V. Shekov. "The Churchyard “At the Resurrection by Molodi”". Historical Geography Journal 1, n.º 2 (2022): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.58529/2782-6511-2022-1-2-6-17.
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When describing the Molodi battle, the main reference to where it took place is the mention of the church or the burial ground “of Resurrection by Molodi”. Traditionally, in historiography and literature on local history the place of the fight has been identified by the location of the village of Molodi situated on the right bank of the Rojayka river as a part of Zamitskaya volost of the Moscow uyezd in XVII–XVIII centuries. Although this populated center has been marked as Molodi village in the sources only starting 1646, in the earlier descriptions it is called Golovina hamlet. And the churchyard of the Resurrection “by Molodi” is mentioned in the cadastre of 1627/28–1628/29. Through the chart of 1688 and the military topographical survey from the mid-XIX century, it is possible to find the location of the churchyard on the left bank of the Rojayka river. The church itself was relocated to the right bank of the same river in the early XVIIIth century. The archaeological research of the area on the left bank of the Rojayka river showed the presence of a subsoil burial ground, with the individual finds pointing to the XVIIth–XIXth centuries and the mass material pointing to the XVth–XIXth centuries. Therefore, using the results of the complex research, the article provides the evidence of localization of the “Molodi churchyard”, near where at the Rojayka river the battle between a Russian army led by knyazh Michael Ivanovitch Vorotinsky and the forces of Crimean khan Devlet I Giray took place in 1572.
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Аванесян, Лилия. "«Одзакарпеты» из Гадрута". Bulletin of Armenian Studies, n.º 10.1 (31 de enero de 2024): 110–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.58226/2579-275x-2023.10.(1)-110.
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В фондах Музея истории Армении хранятся безворсовые ковры-карпеты XIX века со стилизованными изображениями Змея – так называемые «Одзакарпеты». Эти шерстяные карпеты вытканы в сложной технике «косой обкрутки нити». В XVII веке подобные безворсовые карпеты начали изготовлять в городах Малой Азии – Себастии и Зиле. Mестом создания экспонатов представленных в Музее истории Армении являются Арцах–Сюник, Нахиджеван, Васпуракан. The History Museum of Armenia keeps lint-free carpets with large stylized images of the Dragon Snake from Artsakh, Syunik, Sebastia. Woolen carpets are woven by master carpet weavers using the complex technique of oblique wrapping. In the XVIIth century, such lint-free carpets began to be made in the cities of Asia Minor Sebastia and Zile. However, the places of origin of these valuable products are Artsakh-Syunik, Nakhijevan, Vaspurakan. The Armenian historian Arshak Alpoyachyan, based on the study of historical documents, testifies that in the middle of the XVIth century, during military campaigns in the Asia Minor, a large number of Armenians were driven away from the eastern provinces of Armenia – from Nakhijevan, Artsakh, Vaspurakan and Yerevan. Among the people driven to the cities of Sebastia, Tokat, Zile and others, there were many artisans and carpet weavers. And the Hungarian art historian Károly Gombos writes that the carpets with images of dragons (vishaps) began to be made in the XIIth–XVIth centuries, and Artsakh was the place of the their origin of “Vishapagorgs” (dragon-carpets).
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BENDA, V. N. "ON THE QUESTION OF THE CREATION AND THE BEGINNING OF THE FUNCTIONING OF THE MILITARY SCHOOL OF RUSSIA AT THE END OF THE XVII - FIRST QUARTER OF THE XVIII CENTURY". History and Modern Perspectives 5, n.º 2 (28 de junio de 2023): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2023-5-2-30-38.
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The history of military educational institutions dates back to the time of Peter the Great and is an important page in the social history of the origin and development of education in Russia. Artillery and engineering military educational institutions and the School of Mathematical and Navigation Sciences were among the first special educational institutions that performed an important state task of training command personnel and specialists in the field of naval, artillery and engineering. The article traces the history of the creation and subsequent development during the first quarter of the XVIII century of individual elements of the national system of military personnel training. The already known individual information and data concerning military educational institutions that functioned in the XVIII century are supplemented and expanded by poorly studied materials and archival sources that have not been introduced into scientific circulation. Attention is focused on certain aspects of the organization of the educational process and daily life in them. The author concludes that despite all the difficulties that the state and military administration had to face when establishing and launching the first military special schools, their further functioning in the first quarter of the XVIII century marked a new stage in the development of domestic military special education and enlightenment. Previously unpublished sources are introduced into scientific circulation.
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Puzanov, Vladimir. "Western Siberia and nomads in the 17th – early 18th centuries". OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2023, n.º 11-2 (1 de noviembre de 2023): 04–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202311statyi43.
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Since the beginning of the 17th century, the nomads Oirats came to the southern borders of Siberia, who often attacked the lands of Russian counties. In the 17th century, the eastern counties of Siberia - Krasnoyarsk, Tomsk, Tarsky - suffered from the raids of nomads. In the first decades of the 17th century, Russian colonization occupied the lands along the Ture River with tributaries Tagil, Nice and Pyshma. In the 1620s, at the request of the population, the government organizes the construction of prisons and other fortifications in the settlements in the south of Siberia. In the 1630s in the south of Siberia, local Cossacks appeared to protect the settlements. In the 1650s, the construction of prisons along the river Iset’ began. In Siberia, military people were the numerically predominant group of the Russian population throughout the 17th century.
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Валентинович Пилипчук, Ярослав. "About military-political history of Vainakh people in Ancient Times and Middle Ages". SCIENTIFIC WORK 65, n.º 04 (21 de abril de 2021): 32–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/65/32-69.
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This paper is dedicated to the reconstruction of ethnic and political history of the Nakhs in the Ancient Times, Middle Ages and Early Modern Times. Several Nakh tribes were known mainly to Georgians and Armenians. Nakhs were the main population of Georgia until the 4th century BC. The formation of the Iberian kingdom (Kartli) was closely connected with the interaction of the Kartvelian peoples with the nakhs of the South Caucasus, which appeared in Georgian sources under the name Durdzuks. The Nakhs were confronted with Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans n the North Caucasus. Therefore, Nakhs were better known in the South Caucasus. The most notable of the Durdzuk cluster was the tribe of the Tsanars. During the VIII-IX centuries Tsanars actively resisted the Arabs. The Tsanar chorebishop was one of the titles of the king of Kakheti and they actively participated in the Kakheti wars with the Abkhaz, Kartli, and Tao-Klardzhet kings. The final Kartvelization of the tsanars dates back to the XI century. Tushins, Pshavs, Khevsurs were kartvelized in the end of the XII century. Only the Batsbians retained the Nakh identity. Ethnonym Dzurzuk from the XIII century ceased to denote the Nakh population of the South Caucasus, which began to be designated by Kistins and Batsbians. Durdzuks from the XIII century these are the nakhs of the North Caucasus. The North Caucasian nakhs were ruled by the Alan kings in the XI-XIII centuries. Mongol invasion in XIII century weakened the power of the Alans over the North Caucasus. The territory of Chechnya united the Nakh state of Simsim in the middle of the XIV century, which at the end of the XIV century attacked by the Chagatays of Timur. Establish Georgian power over the highlanders in the middle of the fourteenth century. And in the 30s. XVII century Georgian kings Giorgi V and Teymuraz tried. Their real power was only over Georgian highlanders (Pshavs, Khevsurs, Tushins) and Batsbians. Kabardinians made a big campaign against the Nakhs in the middle of the XVI century. Temruk Idarov during the campaign of 1563 used the help of Nogays and Russians. Kabardinians entered the Sunzha region and drove the Ingush into the mountains. In the mountains was the possession of the Ingush Lars. The first of the Chechens to contact the Russians were the rulers of Aukh (Okoks of Russian sources). Some part of the Okoks in the XVII century evicted from Aukh on a plane to the area of Terek and Sunzha. The population of the Chechen possession obeyed the princes Turlovs from Gumbet. The people of Nokhch-Mokkh often opposed the Russians in the XVII century. There are some reasons to believe that they depended on the Kumyk rulers of the Andirean beilik. Avars and Kumyks also contributed to the penetration of Islam to the Chechens. Shibutians (Shatoys) and Chantiyans actively contacted Russians. Russian influence until the middle of the XVIII century it was rather nominal and was manifested in the presence of Cossacks and Streltsy on the Terek and Sunzha and in the exchange of embassies with Georgia. Not a single regional state such as the Safavid state or the Crimean Khanate has succeeded in establishing its power in the Central Caucasus. Chechens used vassality from the Russians as a counterweight to the influence of the Crimean Khanate and the Afshar state in the first half of the XVIII century, but this did not interfere with their situational alliances with the Kumyks and Crimean Tatars against the Russians. Chechens actively supported Islamic fanatics. Strengthening Russian power in the North Caucasus in the second half of the XVIII century led to the fact that the Ingush took Russian citizenship. There have been social changes in Chechnya. Societies drove out their princes. In this situation, the Chechens and other peoples of the Caucasus made an attempt to unite Sheikh Mansur. An attempt to unite Chechnya was also undertaken in the XIX century by Beibulat Taimiev. Key words: Vainakhs, Durdzuki, Chechens, Ingushes, Chechen domain, Georgia, Minor Kabarda, free societies
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Semenova, Natalia L. y Sergey V. Lyubichankovskiy. "THE INSTITUTE OF MILITARY GOVERNORSHIP IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE ORENBURG PROVINCE AT THE END OF THE 18TH — FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURIES". Ural Historical Journal 77, n.º 4 (2022): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-157-167.
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At the end of the 18th — first half of the 19th century, the Orenburg province was a vast frontier region in the southeast of the Russian Empire. The border position on the border with the Kazakh steppe, the presence of a defensive line on which irregular troops served, the motley ethno-confessional composition of the population were the differences between this territory and the “internal provinces”. The specifics of the Orenburg province led to the formation of a special regional administration. Its center was the institution of military governorship, which had the features of a special administration. The status of the military governor, as a “chief of the province”, was determined by the law of appointment; the possibility of direct appeal to the emperor; principles of selection for the position; powers for military border management, management of the Separate Orenburg Corps, management of the civilian part of the province. He had the right of administrative initiative, control and supervisory functions in relation to provincial institutions. The government showed interest in the stable functioning of the institute of military governorship. This was reflected in the expansion of the staff of the office, the adaptation of its structure to the functions performed, and the increase in the employees’ salaries. Officials on special assignments were among the most trusted persons of the military governor. They took a real part in the administration of the region. The regional model of governance of the Orenburg province at the end of the 18th — first half of the 19th century solved the problems it faced. It ensured stability and unity of government in the vast border region.
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Khaynazarov, Bakhromjon y Zhuldyz Turekulova. "FROM THE HISTORY OF THE AGREEMENTS BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN AND CHINESE EMPIRES ON THE ISSUE OF EAST TURKESTAN IN THE XIX CENTURY". CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 02, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2021): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-11-08.
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In the 21st century, the scientific study of the history of colonial policy pursued by the great empires on the basis of modern approaches has not lost its relevance. Their policies in different regions have led to political, economic and cultural changes as well as conflicts of interest. In particular, in the XVIII century in Central Asia there was a sharp political process. Not only will there be military conflicts in the region, but the political interests of several major empires will clash in the region. In particular, the growing economic potential of the Russian Empire increased its aspirations for East Turkestan, and on the other hand, after the Manchu dynasty took the Chinese throne, their bold move to the region aggravated the political situation. The short-lived occupation of Mongolia, Tibet, Lobnor, and the present-day Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region by the Qing Empire resulted in the abolition of the centuries-old statehood of the peoples of Central Asia. In this sense, the occupation of East Turkestan by the Manchus was the responsibility of the Russian Empire and the Chinese administration.
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Rabush, Taisiya Vladimirovna. "On the formation of the state borders of Afghanistan in the late XVIII – XIX centuries". Genesis: исторические исследования, n.º 10 (octubre de 2021): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.10.36613.
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The subject of this research is the formation of state borders of Afghanistan throughout the period from the mid XVIII century to the late XIX century. A brief overview is given to this process during the existence of the Durrani Empire, while the main part of research is covers the events of the XIX century, since the reign of the Barakzai Dynasty. The article leans on the works of the experts in history of Afghanistan of the corresponding period, history foreign policy of Afghanistan and its individual aspects, as well as related documents. This topic has not previously become the subject of separate research, which defines the novelty of this publication. The main results are as follows: the author divides the history of formation of the borders of Afghanistan into two stages – since 1747 to the mid XIX century, characterizes by the dynamic policy of Afghan rulers aimed at the expansion of their territories, including through military conquests; the second half of the XIX century, which determines the new borders of Afghanistan primarily by the external political actors and their activity. It is worth noting that the period from the late XVIII century and the entire XIX century marks the formation of state border of Afghanistan that remain to this day.
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Starodubtsev, Mikhail Pavlovich. "The artillery and engineering gentry cadet corps as an important part of the system of military personnel training in Russia". Samara Journal of Science 5, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2016): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20161313.
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In the course of modernization of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the transition to the new image of the officer, military education of the Russian Federation today faces a complex and important task of the scientific study of processes of formation and training of officers, capable of solving problems of the security of the state, and reform of the system of military education that meets the priority tasks of the Russian Armed Forces. These facts lead to the need to turn to the history of the formation of the system of military education and the necessity to examine military education in Russia in second half XVIII century with the aim of summarizing, organizing, recording and use of past experience in contemporary Russia. In the process of training at the artillery and engineering gentry cadet corps pupils were taught to love Russian history, Russian army, the Navy, and developed high moral standards. Cadets were notable for their extensive professional knowledge, broad outlook, patriotism, honor, duty, and comradeship. Until the end of the eighteenth century, the training of future officers in the cadet corps took place on the basis of the revitalization of moral education, free and comprehensive development of personality of a future officer of the Russian army. The author makes use of some archival sources that have not yet been examined.
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AITENOV, ZH K., U. U. UMITKALIEV, S. Z. RAZDYKOV y К. B. BOLATOVA. "CONSTRUCTION OF A MILITARY FORTIFED LINE ON THE TERRITORY OF PAVLODAR REGION IN THE XVIII CENTURY AND THE FORMATION OF RUSSIAN TOPONYMY IN THE REGION". Ethnography of Altai and Adjacent Territories 11 (2023): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37386/2687-0592-2023-11-58-64.
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The settlement of the northeastern region by the non-ethnic Russian population was a long process, which included the systematic advance of the Cossack and peasant population into the Kazakh steppe, which led to the appearance of specifc Slavic toponyms. Toponymic names refect these processes as in a mirror. So already in the frst quarter of the XVIII century. a number of military fortifcations were built in the Irtysh region, which became part of the Irtysh military line. By the middle of the XVIII century, the Russian Empire had built entire lines of military fortifcations that covered the Kazakh Steppe with a huge horseshoe: Guryev - Uralsk - Verkhneuralsk - Troitsk - Zverinogolovskaya - Omsk - Ust-Kamenogorsk, which opened up opportunities for further advancement into the depths of the steppe. This article discusses some problems: geographical names are evidence and chronicle of historical events. They refect and capture the history of the settlement of the territory and the economic activity of people, ancient migrations and interethnic contacts, the areas of ethnic groups, historical milestones of the protection of territories from external enemies, heroic deeds of ancestors who defended their native land, etc.
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Dmitriev, A. V. "CONFLICTS BETWEEN MILITARY PERSONNEL OF THE RUSSIAN REGULAR ARMY UNITS IN SIBERIA IN THE 18TH CENTURY (BASED ON MATERIALS OF JUDICIAL AND INVESTIGATIVE CASES)". Вестник Пермского университета. История, n.º 3 (62) (2023): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2023-3-45-53.
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The paper analyzes conflicts that arose between servicemen in the units of the Russian army in Siberia during the middle and 2nd half of the 18th century. This particular aspect for the historical period under research still remains without any attention both in historical studies and in modern military conflict studies. The author set the goal of finding out, whether people of unprivileged origin, who were serving in the ranks of the regular army, have had some features of moods and behavior. These features, according to Boris Mironov and Pavel Shcherbinin, make it possible to refer such people to the “military estate” as a special group or even an institution in the social structure of the Russian Empire in the 18th century. Archival materials, such as several judicial and investigative cases, containing documents of military court proceedings of crimes (including murders) and the sentences passed on them, were used to solve this problem. In particular, the cases of the murder of a soldier by a dragoon, the murder of an officer by a soldier, as well as insults in a drunken state by an officer to a higher commander are studied. The analysis of these judicial and investigative cases leads to the conclusion that Mironov and Shcherbinin’s point of view can not be confirmed. It is hardly possible to say that the servicemen of the Russian regular army in the 18th century, who did not belong to the nobility by origin, constituted the “military estate” as a special group or even an institution, having their own specific interests, moods and social behavior. Conflicts in the army units stationed in Siberia rather suggest that the same conflicts and antagonisms inevitably arose in the armed forces of the empire as among the civilian population.
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Tkachenko, Dmitry S. "Analytical Materials of the N.I. Evdokimov’s Archive as a Source for Studying the Caucasus Military and Political History of the 18th – 19th Centuries". Herald of an archivist, n.º 3 (2023): 663–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-3-663-674.
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The article analyses documents making up the collection of General Nikolai Ivanovich Evdokimov, a well-known figure of the military and political history of the North Caucasus of the 19th century. The collection is now stored in the fonds of the Russian State Military Historical Archive. The file consists of 17 parts, its volume exceeding 500 sheets. Despite the collection value, we have no general notion of the materials subjects, since the drafted documents inventory was compiled prior to the revolution of 1917 by the staff of the Military Scientific Archive of the General Headquarters. The study is to assess the topics and to analyse the content of the documents in the collection, clarifying the nature of Evdokimov’s military-administrative activities and tracing the wide range of his scientific interests. The materials mostly contain N.I. Evdokimov’s correspondence with his subordinates and administrators involved in the Caucasus governance. The collection contains documents of management and record keeping of military and administrative nature; materials on the general's biography; and the so-called "random papers": draft documents compiled by Evdokimov and extracts on current events in the Caucasus, which interested him. The most informative is part 11, collection of materials compiled both by Evdokimov himself and for him. The research has classified analytical materials of the collection into the following groups: documents describing the history of the Caucasus; documents on the relationship building with the highlanders; military-statistical descriptions of the regions, the Cossacks administration, and the Kuban region development. Of particular value are reviews compiled for Evdokimov on the basis of the 18th century records once stored in the now perished regional Geogrievsky Archive. Clerks’ copies of several known archival documents contain Evdokimov’s notes and comments, giving an opportunity to assess his attitude to the issues concerning the Caucasus policies raised by his contemporaries. The archive gives a clear insight on the nature of problems that worried the General, as well as intellectual military elite of the region, forming a “mental map” of the Caucasus, which was to determine the tone of regional studies for a long time.
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Gazizov, V. V. "KOLA OSTROG AT THE END OF THE XVII CENTURY: CONDITION AND ARMAMENT". Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 5, n.º 4 (2023): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2023-5-4-16-26.
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The article deals with a little-studied period in the history of the Kola Ostrog in the late 17th century. The Kola Ostrog was a typical wooden fortress in the Russian North, able to withstand a long siege, but at the end of the 17th century its military importance declined, which is confirmed by the general condition of the fortress. The author compares the Kola Ostrog with other fortresses of the Russian North, and also examines its fortifications and the dynamics of changes in armaments and ammunition.
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Наталия Владимировна, Звездова. ""UNKNOWN ARTICLE" BY P. P. SAKHAROV ABOUT THE HISTORY OF THE LAW OF THE DON COSSACKS OF THE XVI–XVII CENTURIES". NORTH CAUCASUS LEGAL VESTNIK 1, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2022): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2074-7306-2022-1-4-47-53.
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This communication explores the medieval legal IP-thorium Don Cossacks on materials of clause article the historian P. Sakharov «Military circle on the Don», written in 1917 for enhancing understanding of the findings of a scholar, compares the latest discovery of the early 21st century Explorer.
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Krichevtsev, Mikhail Vladimirovich. "Reforms of the Military Judicial System of Switzerland in 1799-1800: on the Question of French Influence". Genesis: исторические исследования, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2022): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2022.12.39518.
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The proposed article is devoted to the history of two reforms of military justice in Switzerland – 1799 and 1800. It describes a chronologically small but very important stage of the transition to a new military-judicial organization associated with foreign interference in the affairs of the country. The purpose of the study is to present the main changes in the military justice of Switzerland and the degree of influence on them of the French institutions of the late XVIII century. The object of study here is the military-judicial law of the Helvetic Republic, reflected in the laws of July 27, 1799 and November 24, 1800. The subject of the study is the process of reforming military justice in Switzerland at the reception of the norms of French law. When working on the materials of the topic, the comparative historical research method, contextual analysis of legal documents and structural and functional analysis of judicial and legal institutions of the two countries were applied. As a result, the study showed that the reforms created a new system of military justice, which was connected only with the military organization and did not depend on the cantonal affiliation of military personnel. The reform of 1799 differed from the reorganization of 1800 by the greater radicalism and democracy of the institutions created, which corresponded to the political aspirations of various ruling groups that succeeded each other in the Helvetic Republic leadership. Nevertheless, both reforms were oriented towards the assimilation of the French experience of the military judicial system of the era of the Great Revolution. The borrowing of foreign military-judicial law in Helvetia was not limited to the complete copying of foreign norms, Swiss legislators were able to show a certain originality in their adoption. The main difference of the Swiss military judicial organization was the introduction of a three-tier system of military courts and the preservation of the institution of disciplinary councils, which in the French Republic by the end of the XVIII century already ceased to exist.
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Alexander, Losik. "History of Domestic Military Production and Military Industrial Sector, Weaponry Development as well as Military and Special Machinery Development in the 18th–20th Century, as Described by Researchers from Saint Petersburg (Leningrad) in the Latter Half of the 20th Century and during the Post-Soviet Period". TECHNOLOGOS, n.º 4 (2021): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/perm.kipf/2021.4.01.
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In the article it is presented an analytical analysis of research on the problems of the development of domestic military-industrial complex, the history of weapons and military equipment. At the same time, dissertations (candidates’ and doctoral) as well as monographic works of St. Petersburg (Leningrad) scientists have been emphasized specially in this analysis. The purpose of this article is to summarize the results of conducted research and, on this basis, to determine the most promising directions for further research in the designated area of scientific activity. To achieve this goal the following tasks should be solved: clarification of the objective prerequisites of starting the investigation of the regional military-industrial complex of Leningrad-St. Petersburg history; identification of the initiators and leaders of these studies in the post-Soviet period as well as the main centers of conducting these studies; coverage of research topics in various historical specialties and branches of science; showing the different forms of scientific research organization and conduct in the designated area; formulation of the most significant scientific results obtained by St. Petersburg (Leningrad) scientists in the course of their research. As a result of the analytical analysisit has been shown the names of the most prominent researchers of the subject as well as the universities of St. Petersburg, where special attention was paid to the development of the most interesting problems, conditions were created for defending dissertations, primarily by forming dissertation councils on historical scientific specialties and branches of sciences (domestic history, history of science and technology, military history). The quantitative and qualitative results of the studies conducted by scientists of St. Petersburg within the framework of the indicated problems for the period from the beginning of the 1990s to the end of the 2010s have been clarified. The scope of the obtained significant scientific resultsaffecting various aspects of the origin, formation and development of the regional military-industrial complex in Leningrad-St. Petersburg is outlined. It has been made the conclusion about the informal scientific and historical school of St. Petersburg established to solve the problems considered in the article, has been shown the main directions of research conducted within the framework of this scientific school as well as the existing potential of such research in the form of dissertation works being prepared for defense.
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Sokolovsky, I. R. "On “Capital” and “Capitalism” in the Works of Soviet Historians on the History of Siberia of the 17th Century, Published before 1955". Siberian Journal of Philosophy 17, n.º 2 (2019): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2541-7517-2019-17-2-158-173.
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The methodology of history determines what the authors will write in their books. The methodology of history is a subject of social philosophy. However, after analyzing the leading works printed before 1955 on the history of the Urals and Siberia of the 17th century, we came to the conclusion that historians did not mechanically illustrate the conclusions of social philosophy. At the end of the 19th century V. I. Lenin, relying on Karl Marx, drew a concept of the “new period of Russian history”. In the 1930s this scheme has become mandatory for all Russian historians. However, it quickly became clear that not all of its elements could be found in the Siberian history of the 17th century. The reasons may be related to the lack of sufficient autonomy for the merchants, great tax oppression, opportunities to benefit from social status, and military operations. Retaining full loyalty to the official thesis, in their concrete studies, the historians of Siberia have proved to be great empiricists and preferred to point out historical facts even if the facts did not fit into the official concept.
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Кotsur, Halyna. "MILITARY ART OF THE KISH ATAMAN OF ZAPOROZ’KA SICH PETRO KALNYSHEVSKY IN HISTOROGRAPHY OF THE END OF THE ХVІІІ – THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURIES". Journal of Ukrainian History, n.º 39 (2019): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2522-4611.2019.39.11.
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Petro Kalnyshevsky (1691-1803) entered the history of Ukraine as the last kish ataman of the Zaporoz’ka Sich, a talented military leader, a diplomat, an economist and a philanthropist. Personality of P. Kalnyshevsky causes heated debate until this time, despite a significant number of works (over 1650) devoted to the study of the important milestones of his life and activities. Among the masses of various topics associated with P. Kalnyshevsky, which arise periodically, is the military activity and martial art of the Zaporozhian leader, through the prism of the history of Nova Sich and the Russian-Turkish wars of the eighteenth century. The analysis of the status of the study of the figure of the Cossack ataman of the Zaporoz’n Sich P. Kalnyshevsky at the end of the XVIII – early XX centuries has shown unequal interest in this problem and ambiguous attitude towards it. We must pay tribute to the fact that it was the historical researches of the specified period that formed the basis for further objective research on the history of New Sich and the direct activities of P. Kalnyshevsky. The military activities of P. Kalnyshevsky began to be highlighted in the writings of the first historians of the Cossacks and continue to cause a research interest until nowadays. Nevertheless, there are no special studies on the identified issues in Ukrainian historiography. This issue was considered and continues to attract the attention of historians only in the context of studying the history of the Cossacks in general, or the life and activities of P. Kalnyshevsky. The historiographical analysis of the works related to the military activity of the Cossack ataman P. Kalnyshevsky made it possible to identify certain features and stages of the study of this problem. This issue didn’t attract the attention of scientists for a long time, and the available information concerned mainly the military service of the Zaporozhians during the Russo-Turkish wars. Thus, at the time of the XVIII century, we encounter small references that cover the military service of the Sich Cossacks. They are devoid of objectivity and permeated with a negative attitude towards the Cossacks, which shows the undeniable influence of imperial ideology on scientific research. There are observed some changes in the problem that we find out in the works of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Historians of this era sought to deeper and more objective clarification of the issue. They used archival materials in their studies. However, the source base was provided without its critical analysis.
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Apryshchenko, V. Yu y N. A. Lagoshina. "Irish Jacobites in Continental Europe at End of 17th — 18th Centuries". Nauchnyi dialog, n.º 8 (24 de agosto de 2021): 272–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-8-272-289.
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The problem of migration of the Irish military to the European continent in modern times is examined in the article. Particular attention is paid to their role, political attitudes and adaptation in host societies. The relevance of the study is due to insufficient knowledge of the specifics of the Irish military migration of the 18th century and the degree to which Jacobite ideology influenced the political mood of Irish people in Europe. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that the study of the mass migration of the Irish military to Europe in the period between the Treaty of Limerick in 1691 and the end of the War of Austrian Succession in 1748 will complement the Irish military history of modern times. The study of personal correspondence, memoirs and literary works allows a deeper study of the issues of identity, ideology and collective memory of the Irish military, to determine the degree of participation of the Irish in various dynastic wars and conspiracies in Europe in the XVIII century, to restore some details from the life of the Irish Jacobites, conspirators, spies and social net-works migrants. Analysis of various sources has led to a rethinking of the situation of the Irish diaspora in France and Spain. It was found that through an extensive migration network, the Irish Jacobites communicated with the world community of Irish-in-exile, posing a threat to the Hanoverian government.
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Kamenetskii, Ivan. "Ukrainian colonels in exile and in Siberia service in the second half of the 17th century: paradoxes of destiny". OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2024, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2024): 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202401statyi11.
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The article examines the official activities in Ukraine and in Siberian exile of prominent political and military figures: Hetmans Demyan Mnogogreshny, Ivan Samoilovich, colonels Vasily Mnogogreshny, Timofey Tsetsura, Matvey Gintovka, Mikhail Krisa, Ivan Nechai, ataman Ivan Serko and other “disgraced” persons. It is shown that the main reason for their exile to Siberia were political crimes: breaking the oath of allegiance to the Russian Tsar, defection to the Polish king's side, and rivalry between the heads for the hetman's throne. It has been established that after imprisonment and pardon, the former “traitors to the sovereign” and their children were accepted into the Russian service as leaders. Some of them distinguished themselves in battles with the Yenisei Kirghiz, Mongol and Chinese units, and stayed in Siberia forever; others, having returned from exile, continued their military service in European Russia.
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Abdullin, Khalim M. "Previously unpublished plans of the Bulgarian settlement of the 18th–19th centuries". Golden Horde Review 10, n.º 4 (29 de diciembre de 2022): 899–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-4.899-909.
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Research objectives: To analyze two previously overlooked plans of the village of Bolgary in the Spassky district of the Kazan province of the 19th century (copies of plans originally from the 18th century). Descriptions with explanations of the plans are given, visual information from cartographic sources is analyzed, and new details related to the history of the Bulgarian saltpeter plant of the second half of the 18th century are revealed. Research materials: Two cartographic sources of the 19th century from the funds of the State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan, several published cartographic sources of different eras, a comparative analysis of maps and plans. Results and novelty of the research: An analysis of the information in the cartographic sources presented here supports the argument that these plans of the village of Bolgary were drawn up with the aim of dividing the lands of the peasant community of the village of Bolgary. All the currently known plans of the 19th–20th centuries pursued more historical and architectural goals for the purpose of studying the Bulgarian settlement and its monuments. In the foreground, the stone buildings inside the Bulgarian settlement, with the exception of the Large Minaret, the structure between it, and, the Assumption Church (Cathedral Mosque), are localized in nine buildings or their remains. Three more buildings are listed on the territory of a small town, but the most interesting elements are four stone buildings that are drawn outside the ramparts of the settlement, in the southeast. The second plan reveals for the first time that the Bulgarian Saltpeter Plant was run by the artillery team of the Kazan Military Department. The buildings of the Bulgarian Saltpeter Plant occupied an area of one tithe of 636 fathoms or 1.38 hectares. Also in the background, there are ten more “stone ruins”, although some of them are possibly mills.
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Sokolovskii, Ivan R. "About “Capital” and “Capitalism” in the Works of Soviet Historians on the History of the Urals and Siberia of the 17th Century, Published in the 1960s". Siberian Journal of Philosophy 17, n.º 3 (2019): 312–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2541-7517-2019-17-3-312-327.
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The methodology of history determines what the authors will write in their books. The methodology of history is a subject of social philosophy. However, after analyzing the leading works printed before 1955 on the history of the Urals and Siberia of the 17th century we came to the conclusion that historians did not mechanically illustrate the conclusions of social philosophy. At the end of the 19th century V. I. Lenin, relying on Karl Marx, drew a conception of the «new period of Russian history». In the 1930s this scheme has become mandatory for all Russian historians. However, it quickly became clear that not all of its elements could be found in the Siberian history of the 17th century. The reasons may be related to the lack of sufficient autonomy for the merchants, great tax oppression, opportunities to benefit from social status, and military operations. Retaining full loyalty to the official position, in their concrete studies, researchers of Siberian studies turned out to be great empiricists and preferred to point out historical facts even if the facts contradicted official schemes. In addition, in the 1960s there was a change in the key formulations of the scheme, towards recognizing greater complexity and variability of the historical process.
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Poujade, Patrice. "Administrer la frontière. La monarchie espagnole et ses agents dans le Val d'Aran, 1600-1720". Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine 47, n.º 4 (2000): 685–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rhmc.2000.2040.
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Through the example of the representatives of the central power within a border march not fully integrated yet to monarchy in the early XVII th century, this article intends to show to which extent two political and military major crises (1640-1652 : Catalan upheaval ; 1702-1714/1720 : Spanish Succession wars and the Quadruple Alliance wars) play a fundamental part within the process, quite advanced indeed, of bringing closer to the centre and integrating that territory inside the monarchy, through the implication of a reliable local elite to the royal service finding thus in those critical moments the way to affirm their faithfulness. An opening of the Bourbons during the XVIII th century offers the opportunity to raise a few questions about the future of those local actors inside a state that is striving to create a completely faithful administration, independent of the old local oligarchies. Through the Val d'Aran's case, and reaching beyond that simple frame, are unveiled the processes that monarchy used to control and incorporate its periphery.
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Quezada, Sergio y Elda Moreno Acevedo. "Del déficit a la insolvencia. Finanzas y real hacienda en Yucatán, 1760 –1816". Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 21, n.º 2 (2005): 307–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2005.21.2.307.
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A lo largo de la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII la provincia de Yucatán enfrentó un permanente déficit hacendario como resultado de su creciente gasto militar. La sangría de recursos por parte de la Metrópoli y la desarticulación del sistema fiscal colonial, resultado de la guerra de Independencia, llevaron a Yucatán en 1814 a una crisis financiera. Este artículo analiza, desde la perspectiva de las finanzas coloniales, el déficit fiscal y los mecanismos para solventarlo. El estudio se sustenta en la organización de los ramos hacendarios bajo los principios fiscales coloniales. During the second half of the eighteenth-century the province of Yucatan faced a permanent fiscal deficit as a result of the increasing military expenses. The continuos draining from Spain and the disarticulation of the colonial fiscal system as well as the effects of the independence war lead Yucatan into a financial crisis. This article analizes the fiscal deficit and the strategies to solve it from the colonial finances perspective. In order to accomplish this, the organization of the fields of the royal treasury, under the colonial fiscal principles was necessary.
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Nguyen Thi Thu, Huong. "Ho Si Duong – Lord’s grand counsellor – and prominent merits to Dai Viet in 17th century". Journal of Science Social Science 66, n.º 1 (febrero de 2021): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1067.2021-0013.
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In the Le - Trinh period, particularly under the reign of Emperor Le Hy Tong and Lord Trinh Tac, Ho Si Duong was a well-known historical figure. Assuming the position of Tham tụng (参 從), which had equal power to a prime minister (宰相), Ho Si Duong has left eminent marks in a range of fields, comprising military, politics, diplomacy, social-culture, especially in the aspect of “institutional reform”. He is considered a talented mandarin in the political history of Dai Viet (大越) in the seventeenth century. Based on diverse sources, including history written by the imperial court, official regulations, the information inscribed on the stela (translated version), folk material, the article will shed light on Ho Si Duong’s critical marks and influential contributions to his homeland – Nghe An province in particular as well as to the Dai Viet’s history in general.
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Demicheva, Taisiia. "French goose games of the mid 18th century as sources for the study of the anthropology of power (based on the State Hermitage collection) in Modern history". Metamorphoses of history, n.º 27 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.37490/s230861810023856-1.
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In this article we will focus on French board games of the mid-18th century – the Fortification Game and the New Marine Game. The purpose of this study is to analyze the discourse and symbolism of these engravings and consider the ideas that they conveyed. In this study, we are primarily interested not in the mechanics and rules of the game of goose, but in the symbolism and iconography used in XVIII century France. Our goal will be to analyze the discourse of the goose board game of the middle of the 18th century. The sources on which the study is based are kept in the Department of Western European Art of the State Hermitage. When conducting research, our methodology will be based on the principles of a new cultural history, a new political history and a history of mentalities. Considering these sources within the framework of the discourse of the Enlightenment, in conclusion it will be shown that these games carried powerful messages—sometimes hidden, sometimes overt—taking advantage of the printing medium to display endlessly adaptable iconography. Both the Fortification and the New Marine Game contained dedications that were of a military-patriotic nature. They served as a means of training, education, propaganda and promotion of the ideas of the imperial project to maintain the prestige of France on the world stage in the middle of the 18th century.
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Михтуненко, Вікторія. "THE ROLE OF THE GUARD IN THE "PALACE COUP" IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE (1725 – 1762)". КОНСЕНСУС, n.º 1 (2021): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31110/consensus/2021-01/076-085.
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It is difficult to fully understand the period in the history of the Russian Empire called the "palace coups" from Peter I to Paul I, and even to Nicholas II, without considering in detail the political history of the guard. That is why the article describes the era of "palace coups" (1725–1762) in the Russian Empire, their preconditions and reasons. The author notes that the XVIII century is one of the most interesting periods in the history of the Russian state represented by the time of palace coups. This period is characterized by constant struggle in the middle of aristocratic groups and many behind-the-scenes intrigues. As the law was not a priority at that time, political issues were usually decided by the ruling force. The article notes that the frequent change of power in the Russian Empire in the eighteenth century. Was violent, not public. And such a force during the n "palace coup" was represented by a privileged part of the regular army organized by Peter I, namely two Guards regiments - Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky, to them during the reign of Anna Johannovna added two others - infantry Izmailovsky and Horse Guards. The Guard played an active role in all the political changes of the eighteenth century, when questions arose about the succession to the throne. No change of emperors on the throne during the 38-year period took place without her active participation. The article analyzes the evolution of the transformation of a privileged part of the regular Russian army - the Guards, into a powerful political force. The author emphasizes that the military influence of the Guards regiments does not increase due to "loud" victories, but on the contrary, the lack of successful military campaigns leads to a change in the vectors of the Guards. After the Poltava victory and the Prut defeat for many years of the XVIII century, the guard did not take much part in hostilities. Surprisingly, politics became the main sphere of activity of the Guards. Thus, the eighteenth century was a time of political instability in the country, various noble groups tried to realize their interests with the help of weak and limited in power rulers, whom they also elected. That is why the author tries to determine the main consequences of strengthening the political role of the guard in the Russian Empire.
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Nevzorov, Evgeniy. "Soldiers’ children in legislation and law enforcement practice in Russian Empire of 18th–19th centuries". Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, n.º 179 (2019): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-179-131-142.
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We consider historical and legal aspects of social and class status of minor members of “military class”: soldiers’ children, recruit’s children, soldiers’ daughters. These children had special status in legislation and law enforcement practice in Russian Empire in 18th–19th century as they were born in the families of recruits, lower ranks soldiers during their service in Russian army, retired soldiers, soldiers on indefinite leave and service-disabled veterans. On the basis of wide range of archival and published materials we reconstructed the legal regulation and social characteristics of “military offspring” in military forces and civil society. We also reveal recorded in primary archival documents and legal acts social and legal, class and household collisions and trends, which determined life and destiny of “military children”. We clarify statistical uncertainties, which occurred during estimation members of military class – soldiers’ children – in Russian province. We also give detailed historiographic assessment of studying legal status of cantonists and soldiers’ daughters. We conclude about the prospects of studying this scientific problem by domestic historians, as well as the presence of primary archival documents, which are waiting for the introduction into scientific circulation. It is proved that the category of “soldiers’ children” was not only a subject, but was often the object of Russian legislation, this category also made it possible to successfully defend their rights. We reveal features of transformation of the former cantonists into professional soldiers, and also their role in military and social history of the Russian Empire of the considered chronological period.
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Astafiev, Dmitry A. y Elena V. Godovova. "The Source Base for Genealogical Study of Service Class Families of the 17th Century". Herald of an archivist, n.º 3 (2021): 927–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-3-927-938.
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The article analyzes main sources for genealogical study of service families of the 17th century. The subject of the study is sources on history and genealogy of service class families in the 17th century, revealed in specific study of O(A)stafievs, boyar scions of the Chernavsk uezd. The relevance of the study is determined by lack of scientific publications containing analysis of sources on the genealogy of service class people in Russia (and particularly, in “territory of the southern borderland”) of the time. It should be noted that genealogical aspects of formation of the military-service corporation of the Chernavsk uezd is virtually absent in scholarship. Relying on documentary, analytical, systemic, chronological, and biographical methods, the authors have examined unpublished archival sources from the fonds of the Order-in-charge (Razryadny) and Domestic (Pomestny) Prikazes from the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. These are desyatni (books on armament capability, allocation, distribution of allowance), annual budget books, krestoprivodnye knigi (pledge of allegiance books), pistsovye knigi (owner land descriptions), otkaznye knigi (land grants books), petitions, revisions of service class people, etc. Working with these historical sources has allowed the authors to carry out a comprehensive genealogical study and to systematize data on life, family ties, specifics of military service of the service class families representatives in the southern borderlands in the 17th century, in particular, O(A)stafievs, boyar scions of the Chernavsk uezd. As a result of the study, many documents have been introduced into scientific use. The historical and genealogical research carried out by the authors has now been brought up to the 1640s. It has been established that boyar scions Astafyevs were among the first settlers in the uezd who received estates for service from Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov in the mid-17th century. One of unresolved issues in the study is the question of the Astafievs' “exodus” to Chernavsk, in other words, identification of their former place of residence. Service class people moved to different uezds for various reasons (lack of land, the development of new territories, military conflicts, etc.) thus expanding their familial geography. This fact indicates that in the course of studying genealogy of service class families, certain problems may arise associated with absence or fragmentation of sources for individual uezds and difficulties in determining the family ties, especially in the early 17th century.
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Shvetsova, Tatiana, Veronika Shakhova y Svetlana Dulova. "REPRESENTATION OF THE STORY OF THE MEZEN “ROBINSONS” ON THE PAGES OF CHILDREN’S PUBLICATIONS OF THE XIX CENTURY". Children's Readings: Studies in Children's Literature 24 (2023): 168–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/2304-5817-2023-2-24-168-186.
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The article is devoted to the story of Mezen hunters, which was published in children’s magazines of the second half of the 19th century. The historiography of this topic is not too extensive. The research interest was focused on the event of the Mezen “microhistory” for children. The source of the article was published in the journals “Journal for reading students of military schools” (1846), “Snowdrop” (1859, 1862) and “Children’s reading” (1871). The article recreates the mechanism of representation of the plot from the history of the development of Svalbard in the XVIII century in the periodicals of the pre-revolutionary period. Comparative analysis of the texts led to conclusions about the techniques used by writers, adapting 18th century narrative to children. The authors conclude that, firstly, during this period, the story of the Mezens in Svalbard is represented in the form of a recounting of events from the German language; secondly, the central episode of the Robinsonade is restored using an arsenal of visual aids; Third, the plot is presented in the form of an artistic and journalistic essay with a foreword about the history of Arctic exploration and the previous unsuccessful wintering. The results of the work suggest the approbation of the hypothesis and the construction of a variant of the plot about Mezen “robinsons” as it exists in children’s magazines of the XIX century.
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Kuliev, Farman, Elina Bogdanova, Ilya Kolesnikov y Stanislav Osipov. "Formation and development of the system of state administration and state-confessional relations in the Caucasus at the end of the 18th – the middle of the 19th centuries". OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2023, n.º 1-1 (1 de enero de 2023): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202301statyi12.
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The entry of the territories of the Caucasus into the Russian Empire is a long historical process that dates back to the 16th century. Promotion of the Russian Empire in the Caucasus in the late 18th - early 19th centuries - these are not only military methods, but also important administrative decisions, the competent choice of senior officials and maneuvering between the interests of the Russian authorities and the Caucasian nobility. In the process of development and transformation of the management system and socio-economic changes in the Caucasus, the government begins to implement religious reforms in order to accelerate the process of integrating the Caucasus into the Russian Empire.
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García Álvarez, Jacobo y Jean-Yves Puyo. "Los primeros intentos de delimitación moderna de la frontera pirenaica: la Comisión franco-española Caro-Ornano y su legado cartográfico (1784-1792) = The first modern attempts to delimit the Pyrenean border: the Caro-Ornano Franco-Spanish commission and its cartographic legacy (1784-1792)". REVISTA DE HISTORIOGRAFÍA (RevHisto) 30 (28 de mayo de 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/revhisto.2019.4742.
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Resumen: El presente artículo aborda los primeros intentos de delimitación moderna de la frontera pirenaica, acometidos a lo largo del siglo XVIII. En particular, se analizan los trabajos cartográficos de la Comisión de Límites Caro-Ornano (1784-1792), en relación con la cual se creó una brigada de ingenieros militares de ambos países a la que se encargó, principalmente, el levantamiento de un mapa detallado de la totalidad de la frontera hispanofrancesa. Aunque inconcluso, este mapa, levantado mediante métodos trigonométricos modernos, supone una aportación fundamental y singular en la historia de la cartografía pirenaica y peninsular, tanto por su calidad científica y grado de detalle como por la colaboración internacional que su elaboración implicó.Palabras claves: Frontera hispano-francesa, límites, Comisión Caro-Ornano, cartografía, conocimiento geográfico y militar.Abstract: This article examines the first attempts to establish a modern delimitation of the Pyrenean border between Spain and France during the 18th century. Particular attention is paid to the cartographic work of the Caro-Ornano Boundary Commission (1784-1792), whose military engineers were in structed to plot a detailed map of the entire Spanish-French border. Although unfinished, the map was designed using modern trigonometric methods and thus represents an outstanding contribution to the history of cartography, both for its scientific quality and detail and for the international collaboration that it entailed.Key words: Franco-Spanish border, Boundaries, CaroOrnano Commission, cartography, geographical and military knowledge.
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Lebedeva, L. V. y V. V. Stavitsky. "Penza serif line: history of creation and study". Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 29, n.º 3 (24 de octubre de 2023): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2023-29-3-11-16.
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The article is dedicated to the history of the study of the Penza fortress line, which accounts for more than two and a half centuries, but has not yet become the subject of historiographical analysis. There are three main stages can be distinguished in the study. The interest to the fortifications of the saddle line appeared in the last quarter of the XVIII century, when the information about them appeared in the notes of travelers and writers: P.S. Pallas, P.I. Sumarokov. Since the second half of the XIX century archivists and regional ethnographers began to collect archival documents on the Penza fortification line. Their efforts were aimed at localizing the earth ramparts, establishing the time of creation of military settlements, and publishing the texts of ancient acts. Along with documents, they used the data of legends and local legends. The beginning of the second stage refers to the middle of the XX century, when the studies of the Penza fortification line acquired a systematic character. V.I. Lebedev becomes its main researcher. Along with a wide use of the archival data, he turned to the field research, which allowed to fill the gaps in the documents, lost as the result of fires in the archives of the Prikaz Kazan Palace. Great work in search of the ancient acts was carried out by Penza archivists and local historians: G.V. Eremin, S.L. Shishlov and V.M. Sharakin in publication’s preparation: «The Fortress-City of Penza», by order of the Second Secretary of Penza Regional Committee of the CPSU G.V. Myasnikov. As a result of common efforts, the fortifications of the Penza Line were localized on the ground, the exact dates of their construction were established, and the composition of the servicemen was determined. The results of the research were summarized in the two editions of V.I. Lebedev’s monographs of 1986 and 2006. At present the studies of fortifications of serfdom are carried out mainly by archaeological methods, but their results are rather modest.
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Cathala, François. "Emblèmes et devises de la maréchaussée à la Gendarmerie nationale". Revue Historique des Armées 240, n.º 3 (2005): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rharm.2005.5736.
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Crests and mottoes from Marchalsea to the state police force ; The evolution of the crests and mottoes attributed to the Marchalsea of the old regime then to its heiress, the state police force from 1791, indicates the great steps of French History. The members of this police with a military status represent “the arms of the law” which is named under the old Regime the “judges with boots”. This force remains subordinate directly to the Power in place or to its representatives all along History. This is through the evolution of crests and mottoes of this authority that its history is gone over. This one is crossed with the process involved by the traditional heraldry from the XVIth century and which finds expression in a growing simplification of signs of recognition of the prominent characters. This trend is followed by two great steps. The French revolution gives birth to the sign of recognition of a Nation whereas the Empire lays the foundations of the regimental crests such as we know them nowadays.
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Гиззатов, С. М., Н. Н. Отеуов y Ш. Ж. Нартбаев. "THE ROLE OF KHAN SALKAM DZHANGIR IN THE SETTLEMENT OF KAZAKH-DZUNGARIAN MILITARY CONFLICTS IN THE XVII CENTURY". Вестник Адыгейского государственного университета, серия «Регионоведение», n.º 4(309) (21 de junio de 2023): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53598/2410-3691-2022-4-309-15-24.
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Несмотря на ряд исследований XX - начала XXI вв. в области казахской истории, истории Джунгарского и Калмыцкого ханств нового времени (И.Я. Златкин, В.А. Моисеев, С.А. Едилханова, М. Тынышпаев, К.А. Пищулина и др.) казахско-калмыцкие, казахско-джунгарские отношения остаются до сих пор малоизученными. Особенно это касается внешней политики, проводимой казахскими властителями в отношении своих соседей. По крайней мере, до 30-х гг. XVIII в. эти сведения оставались разбросанными в русских, среднеазиатских, китайских и калмыцких источниках. В этой связи документальная информация подаётся в них под соответствующим углом зрения, репрезентуя исключительно косвенные сведения, касающиеся военных, дипломатических фактов этих отношений. Причём далеко не всегда она бывает объективной. Более того, эти сведения даже некоторым образом обладают нарративным содержанием. Такое положение вещей приводит к тому, что в целом ряде современных работ имеющиеся в распоряжении авторов исторические факты подвергаются искажению, неоправданному домысливанию (а не объективной интерпретации) и даже мифологизации, что, естественно, не имеет ничего общего с истинным научным знанием. Вместе с тем такой фактический материал представляет несомненную научно-историческую ценность, поскольку способен расширить и углубить понимание сложных, противоречивых процессов в сегменте центральноазиатской истории. В предлагаемой статье предпринята попытка восполнить посредством систематизации документального материала существующий пробел в исследовании рассматриваемого периода и сопровождавших его событий, связанных с деятельностью казахского хана Джангира. Ключевые слова: хан Джангир, казахи, ойраты, Джунгарское ханство, Эрдани Батур, Орбулакская битва. Despite a number of studies of the 20th – beginning of the 21st century in the field of Kazakh history, the history of the Dzungarian and Kalmyk khanates of modern times (I.Ya. Zlatkin, V.A. Moiseev, S.A. Edilkhanova, M. Tynyshpaev, K.A. Pishchulina and some others) Kazakh-Kalmyk, Kazakh-Dzungarian relations are still insufficiently studied. This is especially true of the specification and details of the foreign policy pursued by the Kazakh rulers in relation to their territorial neighbors. At least, until the 30s of the 18th century this information is scattered across Russian, Central Asian, Chinese and Kalmyk sources. In this regard, documentary information is presented in them from the appropriate angle of view, representing only indirect information concerning the military, diplomatic facts of these relations. It is not always objective. Moreover, this information even has a narrative content in some way. This state of affairs leads to the fact that in a number of modern works, the historical facts available to the authors are distorted, have unjustified speculation (and not objective interpretation) and even mythologization, which, of course, has nothing to do with true scientific knowledge. At the same time, such factual material is of undoubted scientific and historical value, since it is able to expand and deepen the understanding of complex, contradictory processes in the segment of Central Asian history. The proposed article attempts to fill in the existing gap in the study of the period under consideration and the events accompanying it related to the activities of the Kazakh Khan Dzhangir by means of systematization of documentary material.
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Smutok, Ihor. "POSTERITY OF THE STAROSTA OF NOSIVKA, COLONEL HRYHORIY HULYANYTSKY IN PRZEMYŚL LAND (SECOND HALF OF 17TH CENTURY – FIRST HALF OF 18TH CENTURY)". Вісник Львівського університету. Серія історична / Visnyk of the Lviv University. Historical Series, n.º 54 (3 de noviembre de 2022): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/his.2022.54.11613.
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The aim of the study is to study the family history of one of the prominent figures of the Cossack elite, the starosta of Nosivka, the Korsun colonel and the hetman – Hrygoriy Hulyanytsky. He and his family was forced to move to the territory of Przemyśl land in the late 1660s – early 1670s and settled in the village Tershove near Sambir. Hrygoriy married Anna Khmelnytska Pashkevych. Thus he became related to Khmelnytsky. Spouses are buried in the Lavrovsky monastery near town Staryj Sambir. The descendants of Hrygoriy and Anna are represented by three generations who, by the middle of the 18th century, lived on the territory of Przemyśl and Sanok lands. Hrygoriy and Anna had four sons (Ivan, George / Yuri, Olexandr, Hrygoriy) and four daughters (Anna, Anastasia, Marianna, Catherine). Ivan (1676–1703) inherited the title of starosta of Nosivka from his father, lived at the royal court in his youth and served in the army. He married twice. His descendants moved to the Sanok land. They are known by the middle of the 18th century. George / Yuri (1681–1697) served as Crown Cupbearer in Gostyn. He had three sons and a daughter. They also lived in the Sanok land in the first half of the 18th century. Olexandr (1690–1718) remained in Tershove in Przemyśl land. In his youth, he served in the army. His successor was his son Joseph, Royal Cupbearer in Busk (since 1728). Their marriages, economic activities, social intentions show, that they were fully integrated into the local gentry society. The daughters and sons of Hrygoriy intermarried with the local gentry families. Grandchildren from the son of Olexandr, who continued to live in the Przemyśl region, adhered to a similar marriage policy. But the descendants of Ivan / Jan and George / Yuri, once in the Sanok land, intermarried with the local Catholic gentry. Sons and grandchildren of Hrygoriy tried to realize themselves in the public sphere. However, none of them reached the level of their father and grandfather. Their activities did not go beyond the usual models of social practices adopted in the local noble environment. That is, these are attempts to be realized in the military and yard service, sporadic participation in the local noble sejmyk and the receiving of reputable positions in district governments as a marker of a certain social status.
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Kukeev, Dordzhi G. "Review of the article: Levey, Benjamin. “Züünhar dah Chingiyin ayan ba sarnisan Oyiraduudyg Yilid nutagluulan n”[The Qing Military Campaign to Zungharia and the Resettlement of Scattered Oirats in Ili]. Historia Mongolarum (Journal of History). Vol. X. Ulaanbaatar, 2011, pp. 64–112 (in Mongolian). ISSN 224-1804". Письменные памятники Востока 19, n.º 2 (23 de junio de 2022): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55512/wmo96608.
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The XVIII century, being a significant watershed in the more than two thousand-year history of nomads, was marked by the financial incorporation of all nomadic ethnopolitical formations of Eurasia into the sedentary agricultural empires.
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Корнієнко, Олег. "FIGURES OF THE APOSTOL-KYGYCH DYNASTY IN THE HISTORY OF SLOBODA UKRAINE OF THE XVIII CENTURY". КОНСЕНСУС, n.º 2 (2022): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31110/consensus/2022-02/017-036.
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The article is devoted to the study of the history of the Apostol-Kygych dynasty and their role in the life of Slobidska Ukraine of the XVIII century. The ancestor of the dynasty Philip Petrovich Apostol-Kygych, who belonged to the Wallachian nobility, enlisted in the army of Peter I. In 1718 he received Russian citizenship and was awarded estates in the settlements of Pina, Zlodiyivka, and Ugroidy Sumy Sloboda Cossack Regiment. Having received lands with the population living there, he began to pursue an anti-people policy. He ruthlessly exploited not only dependent peasants but also began to seize land plots of registered Cossacks. At the same time, representatives of local authorities were on the side of Philip Apostol-Kygych and other emigrants of Wallachian origin, who were on military service in the Russian Empire and were in a privileged position. This is evidenced by the resolution of the Russian Empress Anna Ioannovna of August 25, 1740, which allowed the Wallachians, Greek Serbs, and other foreigners who entered the civil service to buy land, but with the condition of preventing conflicts with the local population. This document legalized the possibility for such persons as members of the Apostol-Kygych family not only to freely buy land, to shade the local peasant and Cossack population, despite the reservations set out in the above-mentioned resolution. The next Russian Empress Elizabeth Petrovna issued personal decrees of May 21 and July 3, 1742, which forbade the enslavement of immigrants from Ukraine. The latter could only voluntarily become citizens of the Russian landlords. The above-mentioned decrees could not stop the confrontation between the Cossack population of Pina and the family of the Apostol-Kygych. Such conflicts were investigated by the Sumy Regiment Chancellery, which later pleaded not guilty to one of the members of Captain Peter's family. Later, the descendants of the Apostol-Kygych family continued to oppress the local population by indulging the local authorities, which in some cases used troops to suppress peasant-Cossack demonstrations in Sloboda Ukraine.
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Tovsultanov, Rustam Аlhazurovich y Lilia Nadipovna Galimova. "Bey-Bulat Taymiev as an outstanding military and political figure of Chechnya in the first quarter of the XIX century". Samara Journal of Science 5, n.º 4 (15 de diciembre de 2016): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20164207.
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This paper analyzes the political and military situation prevailing in Chechnya at the end of XVIII - the first quarter of the XIX century. The authors note that the crisis of the military-political situation in Chechnya occurred after a number of regions and countries of the Caucasus joined Russia in the early XIX century. The establishment of effective control over the unconquered mountain people converted from a purely border problem into a strategic task for the tsarism. This task was given to General A.P. Yermolov who paid all his attention to the left wing (which included Chechnya) of the Caucasian line and Chechnya became a priority of his policy. A.P. Yermolov immediately began to carry out a rigid policy towards the mountaineers, the aim of frequent punitive expeditions was to intimidate the Chechens. A.P. Yermolovs policy gradually led to the consolidation of different Chechen communities, primarily divided into clans and tribes. This rigid policy of the Caucasian Chechen governor in 1825 raised uprising. Bay-Bulat Taymiev headed this movement. In this connection the paper also explores the uprising of Bay-Bulat Taymiev in 1825-1826, the causes and nature of the movement of mountaineers, analyzes the causes of the defeat and the result of the uprising. The authors assess the role and significance of Bay-Bulat Taymiev in the history of Chechnya.
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Krakovskiy, Konstantin. "The problem of involvement of civil servants in Masonic societies during the Empire (XVIII – early XX century)". Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2020, n.º 4 (11 de diciembre de 2020): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2020-4-37-45.
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The article is devoted to the history of the emergence and activity of secret Masonic lodges in Russia in the XVIII – early XX century and the involvement of civil servants in them – representatives of the political elite and ordinary officials, civil and military bureaucracy, Metropolitan and provincial. The participation of thetop police officials in Masonic lodges and, on the contrary, the involvement of representatives of the first generation of Russian revolutionaries – the Decembrists in Masonic organizationsis shown particularly. The influence of the West (first of all, England and France) in the formation and activity of Masonic lodges is exposed.Data on the number of Masonic lodges in the Russian Empire in different periods of its history are given. The author shows the state’s attitude to the activities of these «nonpublic organizations», the metamorphosis of politics and the reasons for frequent changes in the political course towards Freemasons. The influence of Masonic lodges on political decision-making is analyzed. The phenomenon of a very active introduction of masons into public and state institutions in the era of Russian revolutions at the beginning of the twentieth century is studied, and their wide presence in the first revolutionary government of Russia, which appeared during the February Revolution of 1917.
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Borisenko, A. Yu y Yu S. Khudyakov. "The little known version about conquest of Siberia by Ermak in the works of European of the end 17th–18th centuries in the Russian publications". Archaeology and Ethnography 17, n.º 5 (2018): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2018-17-5-30-36.
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Purpose. It is analyzed in the article the historical data about campaign of the Cossack troop commanded by ataman Yermak into Siberia and about initial period of annexation of Western Siberian lands to the Czardom of Moscovy. They are contained in the works of the European authors, who wrote their essays in the second half of the 17–18th century. It is recognized by many explorers, that major, the most reliable and informative source, where it is described the events of military campaign of the Russian Cossacks’ troop into Siberia, are the Russian «Siberian Chronicles». However, before those storytelling sources were studied and used by Gerhard Friedrich Miller for description of the history of annexation of Siberia to the Czardom of Moscovy, some data about development of that vast region by the Russian Cossacks and service class people had the great interest for the several other European authors, who wrote in their scientific works about campaign of the Cossack troop of ataman Yermak into Siberian lands. Results. It is contained in these works several little-known sometimes quite original not found in other sources’ data and authors’ opinions highlighting in non-traditional way the historical events, that are related to the campaign of the Russian Cossacks’ troop via the Ural Mountains to Western Siberia, as well as the descriptions of won by the Cossacks’ military successes over forces of the Tatars’ Khanate of Sibir. Some of these works contain data about takeover by the Cossacks of cities and strongholds, belonged to the Siberian Tatars, as well as about cases of capture in the course of hostilities of the Tatar leaders and their relatives, who were deported into Moscow thereafter. The several European authors, who wrote their works in that period about the Russian conquest of Northern Asia, were highly astonished at a quite small troop of the Russian Cossacks could subordinate West Siberian lands, populated by the Tatars. It was utilized quite a small military force for joining of the West lands of Western Siberia to the Czardom of Moscovy. A number of the European researchers have noted in their works that leader of the Cossack troop ataman Yermak was robbing for several years at the Volga River region before he departed to conquer the Tatars’ Khanate of Sibir. Therefore, fearing of persecution by the czarist authorities, later he was obliged to leave with his troop to the Northern Ural Region, and then he committed his well-known campaign to Western Siberia out of there. Conclusion. Data about historical events in the works of the European researchers, related to the conquest of the Khanate of Sibir, serve as an important supplement of historical materials that are contained in the Russian «Siberian Chronicles». Data about historical events, that are related to the period of annexation of Siberian lands to the Russian State and contained in the works of the European chroniclers the second half of the 17th – the beginning of the 18th century, can be used in preparation of synthesizing scientific works on history of Northern Asia.
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Ivanyuk, Sergey. "Features of Fortifications of the Tsaritsyn Defense Line in the 20s of the 18th Century". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, n.º 1 (marzo de 2021): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.1.5.
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Introduction. Extending from the walls of the fortress of Tsaritsyn to the Don river, the Tsaritsyn defense line reliably protected this area from the systematic raids of nomads, gave an impetus to the active settlement of the region and its economic development. A number of research papers are devoted to the history of the Tsaritsyn line, but some aspects are still insufficiently studied. This article reveals the features of fortification and military engineering characteristics of the Tsaritsyn defense line defensive structures, its technical condition during the reign of Peter I. Methods and materials. The research is based on both published documents and ones stored in archives, which allow us to understand the principles that formed the fortified Tsaritsyn defense line, which fortifications were part of its complex in the 20s of the 18th century. Methods of the study: the principles of historicism and objectivity, analysis, synthesis, systematic approach. Analysis. The comparison of the evidence of participants in the construction of the Tsaritsyn defense line (1719–1720) and cartographic plans of its fortifications made it possible to determine the main characteristics of military engineering facilities located at it. Additionally, the analysis of cartographic sources, the manuscript division of the Library of the Academy of Sciences and the documents of the Main Office of Artillery and Fortification helped to determine the time frame and the author of the map “of the defensive line between the Volga and the Don” of 1723, which has not previously been used by researchers when working on the issue of fortification of the Tsaritsyn defense line in the first years of its operation. Results. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that since the beginning of commissioning in 1720, the main fortification objects were formed at the Tsaritsyn defense line, which were part of the complex of its defensive structures, which remained the main fortifications during the entire time of its operation until the abolition of service on it.
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Kononchuk, I. Y. y Y. V. Fil. "Historical language personality of the 18th century through the prism of xenolexis (based on A.V. Suvorov’s letters)". Rusin, n.º 66 (2021): 102–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/66/7.
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The article focuses on the linguistic personality of A.V. Suvorov – one of the most important historical figures famous for his military achievements, including his service and warfare in Slavic territories (military service in the Lublin region, participation in hostilities in Poland, the Battle of Brest, etc.), a prominent representative of the Russian cultural elite in the 18th century. The study employs methods of linguopersonology and historical lexicology. It aims to describe a historical language personality, viewed as a reflection of both an individual with a linguistic potential, a type of specific linguistic reflection, and of the era as a whole with its inherent linguistic features and tendencies. Processes in the language at a given time period are also manifested in the language of an individual. The study focuses on the borrowed lexis, reflecting the general instability of the Russian language system of the period, which resulted from the prevailing multilingualism of the Russian nation, a significant increase in foreign words in the Russian language, and a change in linguistic norms. Through the prism of xenolexis, the authors describe Suvorov’s language personality reflected in his letters to note his broad outlook, fluency in native and foreign languages, linguistic intuition, innovative use of units of native and foreign languages.
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Pchelov, Evgeniy V. "The Color Scheme of the Russian Titular Coats of Arms of the 17th – Early 18th Century". Herald of an archivist, n.º 3 (2022): 651–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-3-651-661.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the color scheme of the Russian titular coats of arms of the 17th – early 18th century. Until late 17th century, the color scheme of coats of arms did not matter, since the emblems of the titular objects themselves were depicted on seals, for which they were created. However, by the end of the 17th century, these emblems began to acquire increasingly heraldic appearance. An important stage on this path was creation of the “Titulyarnik” in 1672. In this book, the titular coats of arms were presented in color, but this colorization was not of heraldic nature. Only two coats of arms borrowed from Western European heraldry had a coat of arms coloring. Otherwise, the coats of arms of the “Titulyarnik” looked more like color illustrations than coats of arms in the truest sense of the word. The color of the coats of arms on the golden plate of Alexei Mikhailovich made by master Y. Frobos in 1675 was equally conditional. Here the color scheme of the coats of arms performed functions of symmetry in the overall pictorial composition. On the charters of the turn of the 18th century, titular coats of arms were drawn following the model of the “Titulyarnik.” However, at the turn 1710s, the colorization of the titular coats of arms appeared on the charters (although the previous tradition also persisted for some time). The description of coats of arms in color was first presented in Russian in “The Core of Russian History” written in mid-1710s in Sweden. The authorship of this book remains debatable. The description of the coats of arms from “The Core of Russian History” finds almost exact analogies in the images of coats of arms on charters starting from 1710, and also repeats the coloring from the corrected drawings of I.-G. Korb, published together with descriptions of the titular coats of arms in the German publications in 1708 and 1710. Apparently, the colorization of the titular coats of arms was associated with the provincial and military reforms of Peter the Great. It is significant that azur became the main heraldic color for the shields of the titular coats of arms. Gueles did not occupy a dominant position. In general, the color scheme of the coats of arms of the Peter the Great era may have been influenced by the creation of the color scheme of Russian flags. Later, the color scheme of a number of titular coats of arms changed significantly. Such changes, in particular, were recorded in the “Armorial of banners” (Znamyonnyi Gerbovnik) of 1729. They were associated with closer compliance with the formal rules of Western European heraldry. Thus, the colorization of Russian titular heraldry fell in the context of its gradual transformation from seals and emblems to coats of arms and largely determined this process.
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Kurnikova, Oxana M. "STUDIES OF THE CRIMEAN PENINSULA BY RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS (THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY)". Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, n.º 4 (14) (2020): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-4-201-209.
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The rich historical past of the Crimean peninsula, its natural wealth and resources, its beauty at all times attracted the attention of traveling researchers. In the period from the last quarter of the 15th century up to the end of the 18th century, Western and Eastern researchers, visiting the Crimean peninsula for various purposes, studied its geography, biology, and history. Russian scientists-travelers did not have the opportunity to make research trips across the Crimea until the end of the 18th century due to the fact that for three centuries (from 1475 till 1774) the Crimean peninsula was part of the Ottoman Empire, being one of its most important provinces, both in trade, economic, and military-strategic terms. With the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 1783, started the development of newly acquired territories. The beginning of the study of the lands of the Crimean peninsula by Russian scientists is primarily associated with political and economic changes and transformations in the region. For the development and growth of the economy of the Crimean region, information was needed about the structure of the region, its socio-economic and ethnographic features, as well as about its natural resources. Therefore, by order of the Empress of Russia Catherine II and the instructions of the country’s government, the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts sends its scientists to the Crimea. Among Russian pioneers of the Crimean peninsula research in the late 18th century there were Vasily Zuev (1754–1794), Carl Ludwig Habliz (1752–1821), Theodor Chyorny (1745–1790), and Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811). The expeditions of these outstanding scholars and travellers commenced the Crimean exploration by Russian scientists in various fields of science, thus, the end of the 18th century should be considered the beginning of Russian Crimean studies.
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Dmitriev, Andrei V. "PERSONNEL OF THE OFFICER CORPS IN SIBERIAN DIVISION’S FIELD REGIMENTS AT THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY". Ural Historical Journal 78, n.º 1 (2023): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-158-166.
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The paper attempts to identify the features inherent in the military reforms of Emperor Paul I (1796–1801) on a regional scale, on the territory of Siberia. The personnel composition of the staff and chief officer ranks of the field regiments of the Siberian Division is considered according to the data for 1798–1799. The parameters such as the age and social origin of officers, the time of their military service and combat experience, disciplinary indicators are analyzed. As a result of the research, it was found that not all of Paul I’s innovations were put into practice in the field units of the Russian army stationed in Siberia by the end of the 18th century. In particular, the Russian nobles made up a significant but not dominant group among the officers, and most of them belonged to small-scale or had no serfs at all. The group of hereditary military, persons of non-noble origin, staff and chief officers’ children, was increased. Neither the widespread idea of the predominance of foreigners in command positions during the reign of Paul I, nor the popular thesis about the massive spread of severe disciplinary punishments in the Russian army, could be confirmed. In addition, the reforms resulted in decreasing to a certain extent the combat capability of these units, as evidenced by the significant rejuvenation of the personnel of their officer corps and the obvious lack of experience of participation in hostilities among most officers.
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Chesnokova, Nataliya A. "N. V. Kyuner (1877-1955): ‘Korea in the Second Half of the 18th Century.’ The Unpublished Typescript". Herald of an archivist, n.º 1 (2018): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-1-24-37.
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Nikolai Vasilievich Kyuner (1877-1955) was a Russian Orientalist. Having graduated with merit from the St. Petersburg State University, he was sent to the Far East and spent there two years. Having returned, he was appointed head of the department of historical and geographical sciences at the Eastern Institute (Vladivostok) in 1904. Kyuner was one of the first Orientalists to teach courses in history, geography, and ethnography. His works number over 400. The article studies a typescript of his unpublished study ‘Korea in the second half of the 18th century’ now stored in the Archive of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg). Little known to Russian Koreanists, it nevertheless retains its scientific significance as one of the earliest attempts to study the history of the ‘golden age’ of Korea. The date of the typescript is not known, though analysis of the citations places its completion between 1931 and 1940. The article is to introduce the typescript into scientific use and to verify some facts and terms. N. V. Kuyner’s typescript consists of 8 sections: (1) ‘Introduction. Sources review’; (2) ‘General characteristics of the social development stage of Korea in the second half of the 18th century’; (3) ‘Great impoverishment of the country’; (4) ‘Peasantry’; (5) ‘Cities’; (6) ‘Popular revolts’; (7) ‘Military bureaucratic regime’; (8) ‘The Great Collection of Laws’ (a legal code). There are excerpts from foreign and national publications of the 19th - early 20th century, and there’s also some valuable information on Korean legal codes and encyclopedias of the 18th century, which have not yet been translated into any European languages. The typescript addresses socio-economic situation in Korea in the 18th century; struggles of the court cliques of the 16th-18th centuries and their role in inner and foreign policies of the country; social structure of the society and problems of the peasantry; role of trade in the development of the Middle Korean society; legal proceedings and legislation, etc. One of the first among Russian Koreanistics, N. V. Kyuner examined causes of sasaek (Korean ‘parties’) formation and the following events, linking together unstable situation in the country, national isolation, and execution of Crown Prince Sado (1735-1762).