Artículos de revistas:

1

Samson, Ivan y Marina Krasil'nikova. "The Middle Class in Russia". Sociological Research 51, n.º 5 (septiembre de 2012): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/sor1061-0154510501.

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2

Shankina, Alina Iu. "The Middle Class in Russia". Russian Politics & Law 41, n.º 6 (noviembre de 2003): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/rup1061-194041065.

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3

SHANKINA, ALINA IU. "The Middle Class in Russia". Russian Social Science Review 45, n.º 1 (enero de 2004): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10611428.2003.11065136.

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4

Samson, Ivan y Marina Krasil'nikova. "The Middle Class in Russia". Russian Social Science Review 55, n.º 5 (septiembre de 2014): 42–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10611428.2014.11065560.

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5

Crowley, Stephen. "Russia". East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 29, n.º 3 (agosto de 2015): 698–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325415599202.

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Class structure, class inequality, and class analysis are central to understanding contemporary Russian politics and society. And yet Russians themselves—from social scientists, to political leaders, to everyday Russians—have struggled to come to grips with the concept of class, which became a taboo topic following the collapse of communism. In recent years, that has started to change. Russian social scientists have placed great emphasis on defining the Russian “middle class,” in a search both for a non-Marxist conception of class and for a social group with the potential to lead Russia toward a more liberal future. Yet the middle class concept remains fuzzy, and the political aspirations for the group have been only partially realized. Meanwhile, much of the rest of Russian society retains a more traditional view of class and class conflict, as reflected in various political struggles and even in popular culture, such as Russian film.

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6

Stolyarov, N. S. "About the middle class in Russia". RUDN Journal of Public Administration 4, n.º 3 (2017): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8313-2017-4-3-246-251.

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7

Gontmakher, Evgeny y Cameron Ross. "The Middle Class and Democratisation in Russia". Europe-Asia Studies 67, n.º 2 (7 de febrero de 2015): 269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2014.1001578.

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8

Zarubina, Yuliya y Igor' Zaycev. "MIDDLE CLASS IN RUSSIA: APPROACHES, CRITERIA, TRENDS". Modern Technologies and Scientific and Technological Progress 2024, n.º 1 (22 de abril de 2024): 343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-9896-2024-1-343-344.

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9

Švec, Jan. "The Democratization Potential of the Middle Class in Russia". Central European Journal of International and Security Studies 13, n.º 3 (25 de septiembre de 2019): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51870/cejiss.a130308.

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The paper on the case study of the contemporary regime in Russia questions the classical theory of the positive influence of middle classes on democratization processes. The author introduces arguments for the following three hypotheses. (1) An essential part of the middle class in Russia is dependent on the state, predominantly in the form of employment in the state sector. (2) This dependence is the main reason why the middle class in Russia keeps preserving the status quo. (3) The middle class in contemporary Russia, therefore, does not serve as a support for the democratic transformation of the regime. The author employs a method of statistical data analysis and concludes that the Russian middle class prefers a strong state to individual freedom and expresses deeper support for the state institutions than the lower class. The author offers the explanation based on the strong relations between the middle class and the state in Russia, supported by the data showing that public sector employees are the fastest growing segment of the Russian middle class.

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10

Zavodchikova, Tamara B. y Ekaterina A. Maznaya. "Concept of the middle class and its features in Russia". Vestnik of Samara University. Economics and Management 12, n.º 1 (20 de abril de 2021): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0461-2021-12-1-91-98.

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The presence in society of a formed middle class, which makes up the majority of the country's population, is a guarantee of stability and sustainable development of state. It is the middle class that represents active economic entities that effectively implement the main economic functions and participate in socio-economic relations. The presence and formation of a middle class should be a priority task for the state. In the article, the authors explore various approaches to the concept and criteria of the middle class. The income characteristics of the middle class are analyzed (average per capita, median, modal incomes, income distribution of the population, indicators of income differentiation). The features of the middle class in modern Russia are revealed, among which there is a significant heterogeneity of the middle class, determined by regional specifics, social characteristics and social status. The ambiguity of the definition of the middle class, the lack of its clear criteria, and as a result, its significant heterogeneity in Russia, complicates the analysis and assessment of the middle class in our country, and, as a result, reduces the effectiveness of measures taken aimed at the formation and development of the middle class. It is necessary to understand that the extraordinary dynamism of the development of modern society, the digitalization of all spheres of socio-economic relations, the consequences associated with the fourth industrial revolution will greatly affect the structure of society, the conditions and standard of living of the entire population.

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11

Avraamova, Elena M. "The Formation of a Middle Class in Russia". Sociological Research 41, n.º 6 (noviembre de 2002): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/sor1061-0154410657.

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12

Beliaeva, L. A. "Once More About the Middle Class in Russia". Sociological Research 47, n.º 4 (julio de 2008): 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/sor1061-0154470402.

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13

Anikin, Vasiliy A. "Precarization of the Middle Class of the New Russia: What are the Results of a Study of Heterogeneous Middle Strata?" Sociologicheskaja nauka i social naja praktika 7, n.º 4 (2019): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2019.7.4.6798.

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The paper aims to study the heterogeneity of the middle classes in the new Russia. Drawing from the monitoring survey data collected by the Institute of Sociology of FCTAS RAS, 2015 and 2018, the author employed Bayesian latent class analysis to detect Russian middle class and its main subgroups. In 2015 and 2018 it counted 58% and 61% of the population, respectively. Precarization of the middle is occurring in the lower stratum of the middle class, which comprises up to half of the middle class. The paper aims to study the heterogeneity of the middle classes in the new Russia. Drawing from the monitoring survey data collected by the Institute of Sociology of FCTAS RAS, 2015 and 2018, the author employed Bayesian latent class analysis to detect Russian middle class and its main subgroups. In 2015 and 2018 it counted 58% and 61% of the population, respectively. Precarization of the middle is occurring in the lower stratum of the middle class, which comprises up to half of the middle class.

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14

Rusanov, V. A. "Middle Class in the West and Central in Russia". Izvestia of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Sociology. Politology 14, n.º 4 (2014): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1818-9601-2014-14-4-18-23.

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15

Litvyakova, L. A. "OVERCOMING CONSUMERISM BY THE EMERGING MIDDLE CLASS IN RUSSIA". Herald of Omsk University 26, n.º 4 (2021): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/1812-3996.2021.26(4).62-67.

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16

Lipasova, Aleksandra. "Fatherhood Models in the Middle Class of Contemporary Russia". Russian Sociological Review 15, n.º 4 (2016): 202–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2016-4-202-214.

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17

Barkhatova, Nonna, Peter McMylor y Rosemary Mellor. "Family business in Russia: the path to middle class?" British Journal of Sociology 52, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2001): 249–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071310120044971.

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18

Barkhatova, Peter McMylor, Rosemary, Nonna. "Family business in Russia: the path to middle class?" British Journal of Sociology 52, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2001): 249–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071310122233.

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19

Mikhnovets, Nadezda G. "ARTICLE BY F.I. BUSLAEV “IMAGE OF THE LAST JUDGMENT ACCORDING TO THE RUSSIAN ORIGINAL OF THE 17TH CENTURY” IN THE CONTEXT OF TWO “THUNDERSTORMS” BY A.N. OSTROVSKY". Vestnik of Kostroma State University 29, S (15 de noviembre de 2023): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2023-29-s-43-50.

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In the article, for the first time in the history of studying the drama “Thunderstormˮ and the libretto of the same name by A.N. Ostrovsky, a new source is introduced: the article by F.I. Buslaev “The image of the Last Judgment according to the Russian original of the 17th centuryˮ (1857). It is argued that Buslaev’s article played an important role in the process of creating the drama “Thunderstormˮ by Ostrovsky. It is proved that the original manuscript of the 17th century, published in Buslaev’s article, served as the basis for understanding and recreating in the drama the scale of the changes that took place in Russia in the middle of the 19th century. The special significance of the comparisons carried out by Buslaev between Byzantine, European and ancient Russian images of the Last Judgment is emphasized for the creator of the drama The Thunderstorm, who comprehends the phenomenon of transitional epochs in the centuries-old history of Russia. It is shown that in the problem-thematic structure of the libretto “Thunderstormˮ the event of the Last Judgment appears as a dominant. It is indicated that since the playwright’s acquaintance with Buslaev’s article and work on the drama “Thunderstormˮ, the seventeenth century has been in the center of Ostrovsky’s attention as a historiosophist.

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20

O’Mara, Joanne. "Understanding the Complexity of Social Issues through Process Drama". Talking Points 14, n.º 1 (1 de octubre de 2002): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/tp20022594.

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Middle level teacher Joanne O’Mara uses process drama as a means for her students to explore multiple perspectives. In the teaching vignette she shares here, her class challenges their understanding of deforestation through dramatizing Judith Nichol’s A Poem for the Rainforest.

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21

Roos, Liina-Ly. "Mediating a pluralized ‘we’: Amateur first-person filmmaking in Gabriela Pichler’s Amateurs". Journal of Scandinavian Cinema 12, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2022): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jsca_00061_1.

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This article analyses the incorporation of amateur and first-person filmmaking in Gabriela Pichler’s comedy drama Amatörer (Amateurs) (2018) as a contradiction and alternative to the professional economies of media that tend to reinforce middle-class Swedish Whiteness and silence the experiences of minority populations of divergent races, ethnicities and social class.

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22

Сидоров, Арсений. "Target audience of middle class cars in Russia: preference analysis". Маркетинг и маркетинговые исследования 3 (2020): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36627/2074-5095-2020-3-3-230-237.

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23

ALEKSANDROVA, O. A. "MIDDLE CLASS IN RUSSIA AND GERMANY: THE NATURE OF DIFFERENCES". RUSSIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD, n.º 2 (2017): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rsm/2017.02.05.

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24

Litvyakova, L. A. "Perspective for the becoming of the middle class in Russia". Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University, n.º 2 (2021): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/1994-2796-2021-10205.

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25

Lepekhin, Vladimir A. "Stratification in Present-Day Russia and the New Middle Class". Sociological Research 38, n.º 3 (mayo de 1999): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/sor1061-0154380320.

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26

Anurin, V. F. "Contours of the Middle Class in the Provinces of Russia". Sociological Research 47, n.º 1 (enero de 2008): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/sor1061-0154470103.

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27

Trusova, Anna. "The Dynamics of the Middle Class in Russia in 1990s". Journal of Economic Sociology 2, n.º 5 (2001): 79–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1726-3247-2001-5-79-111.

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28

Nissanov, Zoya. "Income mobility and the middle class in Russia, 1995–2007". Post-Communist Economies 29, n.º 2 (31 de marzo de 2017): 250–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2017.1298271.

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29

Parfenova, Anastasiia. "Understanding the Cultural and Societal Factors Influencing Brand Renaissance". INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem27161.

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This study examines how trade ties and the shift to a market economy affected the growth of the middle class in China and Russia between 1991 and 1998. It highlights the historical background of this time, which was marked by the fall of the Soviet Union and China's slow transition to an economy based on markets. The main goal is to comprehend how trade relations and market economies shaped the development of the middle class in these developing countries. A theoretical framework outlining the distinctive characteristics of transition economies and the societal shifts they entail is included in the research. It offers a thorough examination of the social and economic changes that Russia and China underwent throughout this period, focusing in particular on the differences in their reform strategies. A comparative analysis is also conducted on the emergence of the middle class, the importance of small firms, and the impact of trade links between these countries. In the end, this research clarifies the complex interplay between trade ties, economic reforms, and the growth of the middle class in China and Russia during this pivotal time, with implications for more general policy issues.

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30

Марыганова y E. Maryganova. "The Erosion of the Middle Class – Threat to the Development of the Welfare State". Administration 5, n.º 2 (5 de julio de 2017): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_59537f2d455ad6.76489136.

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The article deals with the problems and consequences of inequality in society and the erosion of the middle class in the developed countries, as well as the particularities of these processes in Russia. The result of the growing inequality in the United States and other leading countries is an aggravation of social problems. It is difficult for a large number of young people to get а high-quality education and, in the long run, paid jobs and their own homes. There has been a deterioration of health, reduction of life expectancy for the poorest sectors of the population, increase in crime and in the number of people in custody. Leading scientists from the West offer solutions to these problems. The article shows that Russian “middle class” has the essential features and is still in the course of its formation. Crisis of 2014 damaged Russian middle class, which performs important functions in the economic and social development of Russia. That class is the main consumer of the produced economic benefits; investor whose savings are channeled to the development of the economy. Representatives of the middle class generate and accumulate human capital needed for the development of an innovative economy. The crucial role of this layer of society is to serve as a social stabilizer. The slowdown of the middle class, and even more, its size reduction can cause serious damage to the economic and social development of Russia.

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31

LANKINA, TOMILA V. y ALEXANDER LIBMAN. "The Two-Pronged Middle Class: The Old Bourgeoisie, New State-Engineered Middle Class, and Democratic Development". American Political Science Review 115, n.º 3 (20 de abril de 2021): 948–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000305542100023x.

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We contribute to research on the democratic role of middle classes. Our paper distinguishes between middle classes emerging autonomously during gradual capitalist development and those fabricated rapidly as part of state-led modernization. To make the case for a conceptual distinction between these groups within one national setting, we employ author-assembled historical district data, survey, and archival materials for pre-Revolutionary Russia and its feudal estates. Our analysis reveals that the bourgeois estate of meshchane covaries with post-communist democratic competitiveness and media freedoms, our proxies of regional democratic variations. We propose two causal pathways explaining the puzzling persistence of social structure despite the Bolsheviks’ leveling ideology and post-communist autocratic consolidation: (a) processes at the juncture of familial channels of human capital transmission and the revolutionaries’ modernization drive and (b) entrepreneurial value transmission outside of state policy. Our findings help refine recent work on political regime orientations of public-sector-dependent societies subjected to authoritarian modernization.

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32

Kevers, Laetitia. "Re-establishing Class Privilege: The Ideological Uses of Middle and Working-Class Female Characters in Downton Abbey". Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, n.º 26/1 (11 de septiembre de 2017): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/0860-5734.26.1.14.

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This paper argues that the British period drama Downton Abbey, which aired between 2010 and 2015 and encountered worldwide success, uses working class and middle-class female characters to promote the aristocracy and conservative ideas, while hiding behind historical accuracy and seemingly progressive patterns of behaviour. Through a close reading of four female characters, I will demonstrate how the series’ author, Julian Fellowes, uses the show to endorse his own political agenda, as a Conservative member of the House of Lords in the British Parliament.

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33

Stozhko, Konstantin y Dmitry Stozhko. "Merchants of the Middle Urals in the Socio-Economic Development of Russia". Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 23, n.º 3 (18 de octubre de 2022): 456–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2488.2022.23(3).456-478.

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The aim of the study is to assess the place and role of the Middle Urals merchant class in the socio-economic and socio-cultural life of Russia. The authors define the features, character and status of the merchant class, reveal the history of its emergence in the Urals, the specifics of its activities at different stages of the country's historical development. The participation of the Middle Urals merchants in world economic relations since the early Middle Ages has been proven by numerous finds of Iranian silver and various monetary instruments (eastern Dirhams, European Dinars, Volga-Bulgar coins, etc.) on the territory of the Urals. The article reveals the structure of the merchant class and the various practices of the Urals merchants, including the organization of trade, transport communications, crafts, large-scale production, insurance, and charitable activities. The authors advance a thesis about the continuity between the merchants of the Middle Urals and those of Novgorod, who originally developed the Northern and Middle Urals. The article studies the development of the Middle Urals “provincial merchant class”, its dynamics and composition in the ХVII–ХIХ centuries. On the example of merchant dynasties of the Middle Ural towns of Yekaterinburg, Irbit, Kungur, Nizhny Tagil, Perm and others, the authors reveal the contribution of merchant dynasties to the development of domestic and foreign trade, specific sectors of urban economy. They also put forward and argue the thesis of the steady development of trading capital in the Middle Urals and its merger with industrial capital on the basis of large industrial enterprises (manufactories, factories, plants).

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34

Saleh, Dr Rahim Ali. "The Effect of Educational Drama on the Collection of Arabic Grammar Middle school students". ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 227, n.º 3 (5 de diciembre de 2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v227i3.771.

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The aim of this research is to find out the effect of the educational drama method in the achievement of middle school students. A sample of 60 students from the second intermediate class was selected. They were divided into two experimental groups with 30 students and 30 female students. The Arabic grammar was taught to the experimental group using the educational drama method. The control group The researcher applied the experiment in the first semester of the academic year 2016-2017 and continued the study Full semester at the end of the experiment conducted researcher achievement test for both groups Uday and the results showed a statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the experimental group and the control group and the experimental group learned style educational drama students

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35

Fishman, L. G. "Precariat in Russia: from “Dangerous Class” to Normalizing Discourse". Journal of Political Theory, Political Philosophy and Sociology of Politics Politeia 107, n.º 4 (23 de diciembre de 2022): 104–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30570/2078-5089-2022-107-4-104-122.

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The article is devoted to the problematique of using the concept of precariat in the Russian scientific literature. Having fixed the lack of consensus about the criteria of the precariat, its social composition and even its very existence as a class, the author suggests one should proceed from the fact that precariat is part of an ideological rather than a scientific discourse, similar to the discourse of the middle class, with which it has a clear continuity. These discourses are functional for the reproduction of the existing social relations. Therefore, the article attempts to study discourse that is used to describe precariat in Russia, and to comprehend for the reproduction of what relations it is functional. The research conducted by the author shows that the Russian interpretation of the precariat differs markedly from the Western one. This applies to both the composition of the precariat and its place in the social structure. The Russian authors draw a picture of a specific Russian precariat, which includes almost half of the society. This precariat bears little resemblance to the Western one, but almost completely coincides with the Russian middle class, as the Russian ruling circles view it. Since the state is able to conduct a dialogue with this kind of precariat, which is a passively suffering and no longer dangerous class that does not undermine the foundations of the system, the discourse about precariat and precarization is turning into the same potentially legitimate kind of normalizing discourse as the one about the middle class.

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36

Gerber, Theodore P. "Stalled Social Mobility in Post-Soviet Russia". Current History 117, n.º 801 (1 de octubre de 2018): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2018.117.801.258.

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37

Begemann, Bernhard. "Are we looking for a “guinea pig”? Difficulties in researching the “middle class” in Russia". Inter, n.º 16 (2018): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/inter.2018.16.1.

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Since the dissolution of Soviet Union, Russian society has undergone historic change. Following the upheaval of the 1990s, the beginning of the 21st century was characterised by economic growth and stabilisation. This period of socioeconomic change has frequently been interpreted as the cradle of an emerging “middle class”, triggering the transition from a socialist to capitalist society. However, while some researchers find a fuzzy share of “middle class” in descriptive criteria, others question the applicability of the analytical category of “middle class” to contemporary Russian society on principle. Drawing from ongoing research in Moscow, this article scrutinises this conventional class ontology by pointing out the ambiguities of the socioeconomic dynamics, based mainly on qualitative ethnographic fieldwork. As a productive lens to reveal social dynamics, the article distinguishes between formalist and substantivist uses of the term “middle class”, thus implying that a new language is needed to reflect this distinction. Illustrating these arguments through two ethnographic examples, it aims to contribute to current anthropological debates about class and post-socialism.

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38

Guzakova, O. y T. Tulina. "Determining the Size of the Middle Class in Russia Based on a Set of Criteria "Level of Education – Professional Status»". Scientific Research and Development. Economics 8, n.º 6 (28 de diciembre de 2020): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-9111-2020-35-41.

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The Middle class of society performs many useful and significant functions in the development of any state. To conduct a balanced socio-economic policy, the state needs to know the social structure of society, including the share of the middle class in the total population, as well as the dynamics of its development. To this end, the paper substantiates the author's criteria for distinguishing the middle class among employees by level of education and professional status. The size of the middle class in Russia is determined for each of the above criteria separately and in their entirety. A comparative analysis of the results obtained is presented, based on which, at the end of the work, directions for increasing the middle class in the country are proposed.

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39

Aasland, Aadne. "Social Distinctions in Contemporary Russia: Waiting for the Middle Class Society?" Nordisk Østforum 35, n.º 2021 (2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/noros.v35.2745.

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40

Maleva, T. M. y A. Ya Burdyak. "Middle Class: the Empirical Measurement of Intergenerational Social Mobility in Russia". Journal of the New Economic Association 32, n.º 4 (2016): 62–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2016-32-4-3.

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41

Litvyakova, Larisa. "THE PLACE AND PROSPECTS OF THE MIDDLE CLASS IN MODERN RUSSIA". HUMANITIES OF THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA 11, n.º 4 (5 de octubre de 2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2227-8656.2021.4.2.

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42

Pierson, Colin M. "Portugal's Geraçao de 70: Drama influenced by a Changing World". Theatre Research International 20, n.º 1 (1995): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300006970.

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The ‘Generation of 1870’ produced some of Portugal's best writers. In the theatre, two plays effectively broke the mould of playwriting and ended an era of overly moralistic and simplistic drama. The two plays could not have been more different: Os Lazaristas was a virulent attack on the Church while Viagem à roda da Parvónia was a satire on the middle class.

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43

D'Alessandro, Michael. "The Drunkard's Directions: Mapping Urban Space in the Antebellum Temperance Drama". New England Quarterly 87, n.º 2 (junio de 2014): 252–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00369.

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William H. Smith's The Drunkard (premiering in 1844) broke attendance records at Moses Kimball's Boston Museum and P. T. Barnum's American Museum in New York. Portraying the ills of intemperance, the melodrama also foregrounded thrilling scenes of local urbanity to inspire middle-class tourists to navigate convoluted and potentially dangerous city streets.

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44

DEREVIANCHENKO, Iurii I. y Amina S. RUDI. "Social professional portrait of the middle class: regional aspect (Case Study: the City of Omsk-Russia)". Espacios 42, n.º 20 (30 de octubre de 2021): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.48082/espacios-a21v42n20p03.

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The study analyzes the regional features of the social-professional characteristics of the middle class and the migration attitudes of the middle-class youth (for example, in the city of Omsk). The empirical basis of the study is the data of a sociological survey conducted at the Department of Sociology of Dostoevsky Omsk State University in 2021.The collected data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). It is concluded that the position of the middle class and factors of migration relations are associated with the social-economic conditions for the development of creative environment in the city.

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45

Čižo, E., V. Menshikov, A. Kokarevica y N. Selivanova-Fyodorova. "Wealth concentration and the ‘patrimonial middle class’ in the contemporary European-American civilization". RUDN Journal of Sociology 22, n.º 4 (30 de diciembre de 2022): 919–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2022-22-4-919-936.

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The study aims at the comparative analysis of the trends in wealth concentration and formation of the ‘patrimonial middle class’ (the term by Piketty) in the countries of the contemporary European-American civilization (EAC). T. Piketty suggests that wealth concentration is increasing again (as in the 18th - 19th centuries), and the formation of the ‘patrimonial middle class’ is the most significant structural change in the long-term wealth distribution. The authors chose five parts of the EAC from West to East: USA, Western Europe, Latvia, Ukraine, and Russia. To measure and compare wealth inequality, the authors used statistical deciles: the top 10 % (including the top 1 %), the middle 40 % and the bottom 50 % of the population. 1995 and 2021 were chosen as time points for the diachronic analysis of the data from the World Inequality Database. The study results show that in different parts of the contemporary EAC, wealth concentration and the formation of the ‘patrimonial middle class’ differ in pace and sometimes in direction: from rapid concentration to deconcentration. Wealth concentration in the hands of the top 1 % of Americans has increased over the past 26 years from 28 % to 35 %, of Russians - from 21 % to 48 %. According to Piketty, such a situation (especially as in Russia) is a harbinger of social revolution. In terms of the wealth concentration level, Latvia and Ukraine represent an intermediate case between Western Europe and the USA/Russia. At the same time, the USA, Western Europe and Russia differ greatly in the cultural-value perspective. The authors question the united EAC in the 21st century and define it as split into an ‘initial core’ (European civilization) and two constantly conflicting ‘peripheries’ (American and Russian civilizations).

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46

Smith, Alison K. "Eating Out in Imperial Russia: Class, Nationality, and Dining before the Great Reforms". Slavic Review 65, n.º 4 (2006): 747–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4148453.

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During the first half of the nineteenth century, arguments over Russian social structure played a central role in discussions of eating establishments. The Russian state controlled these establishments in part through legislation that kept social groups apart; it focused particularly on the extremes of the social hierarchy, showing little interest in the middling groups. In more narrative descriptions of eating establishments, however, the middling groups—or their absence—seemed remarkably important. Foreign observers generally felt that Russia lacked both a middle class and middling eating establishments. Russians in part agreed, but by the middle of the century they were more likely to locate a middle class among one particular group: Moscow's merchants.

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Gavrilyuk, V. V. y T. V. Gavrilyuk. "Class identity of the working-class youth in contemporary Russia". RUDN Journal of Sociology 21, n.º 4 (7 de diciembre de 2021): 839–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-4-839-854.

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The article considers the social self-identification of the Russian working youth and its class identity. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to search for basic indicators of the identity of the working class in the post-industrial era as connected with the fundamental differences between wage labour in the service sectors from the labour of industrial workers. The article presents an overview of contemporary concepts of multiple and fragmented identity, outlines the main vectors of controversy in the debates on identification processes and identity politics in contemporary societies; describes the basic features of the identification of the working class in the post-industrial era - the nature and content of labour; ownership of property and participation in the management of the enterprise. The contemporary working class is defined as a nonhomogeneous entity with internal differentiation determined by such factors as the form of employment, sphere of employment, income level, lifestyle and cultural capital. The empirical part of the research was implemented in the Ural Federal District in 2018 based on the mass and expert surveys. The results of the study prove that there are active processes of class formation in the Russian society; therefore, we need to revive the class approach to the description of the social structure. More than 50% of young people from the traditional industrial working class still identify themselves as members of this social group, while the same applies only to every third worker of routine service; and identification with the middle class loses popularity. The empirical data show the paradoxical nature of the working-class thinking and the instability of its basic orientations. The contradictory assessments and statements of the respondents confirm the vagueness of their class consciousness and the instability of their class identity.

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48

Christa, Vanessa y Suzy S. Azeharie. "Pengungkapan Diri Transgender dalam Drama Korea (Analisis Naratif Itaewon Class)". Koneksi 7, n.º 1 (29 de marzo de 2023): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/kn.v7i1.21317.

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Transgender is a subculture that exists in society. The presence of transgender people in society is something that cannot be denied and is still a controversial issue because of the notion that transgender is behavior that violates the rules of sex classification. This makes transgender people vulnerable to discrimination and violence, making it difficult for transgender groups to express themselves. Currently, transgender issues are often used in the storyline of a television show. One of the television shows that raises the issue of LGBT, especially transgender in its storyline, is a Korean drama entitled Itaewon Class which carries transgender issues. This Korean drama was released in early 2020 and aired through a streaming media service, namely Netflix. This study aims to determine the self-disclosure process of the character Ma Hyeon Yi in the Korean drama Itaewon Class. The theory used in this study is the self-disclosure theory and the silent group theory. The author collects data by making observations, conducting in-depth interviews with sources, documentation and literature studies. The author conducted research using a qualitative approach method and a narrative analysis method according to Tzvetan Torodov which divides the narrative into three parts, beginning, middle and end plot. In the Korean drama Itaewon Class, Ma Hyeon Yi experiences four levels that measure the depth of self-disclosure, namely clichés, facts, opinions, and feelings. In the process of self-disclosure, Ma Hyeon Yi experienced two obstacles and transgender as a silent group was found in one scene. Transgender merupakan salah satu subkultur yang ada di tengah masyarakat. Kehadiran transgender dalam masyarakat merupakan hal yang tidak dapat ditolak dan masih menjadi isu kontroversial karena anggapan bahwa transgender merupakan perilaku yang melanggar aturan klasifikasi jenis kelamin. Hal tersebut menyebabkan transgender rentan menghadapi diskriminasi dan kekerasan, sehingga kelompok transgender sulit melakukan pengungkapan diri. Saat ini, isu transgender sering digunakan dalam alur cerita sebuah tayangan televisi. Salah satu tayangan televisi yang mengangkat isu LGBT khususnya transgender dalam alur ceritanya adalah drama Korea berjudul Itaewon Class yang membawa isu transgender. Drama Korea ini rilis pada awal tahun 2020 dan ditayangkan melalui layanan media streaming yaitu Netflix. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses pengungkapan diri tokoh Ma Hyeon Yi dalam drama Korea Itaewon Class. Teori yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah teori pengungkapan diri dan teori kelompok bungkam. Penulis mengumpulkan data dengan melakukan observasi, melakukan wawancara mendalam dengan narasumber, dokumentasi dan studi kepustakaan. Penulis melakukan penelitian dengan metode pendekatan kualitatif dan metode analisis naratif menurut Tzvetan Torodov yang membagi narasi ke dalam tiga bagian alur awal, tengah dan akhir. Dalam drama Korea Itaewon Class, Ma Hyeon Yi mengalami empat tingkatan yang mengukut kedalaman pengungkapan diri yaitu klise, fakta, opini, dan perasaan. Dalam proses pengungkapan diri, Ma Hyeon Yi mengalami dua kendala dan transgendersebagai kelompok bungkam ditemukan pada satu adegan.

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49

Gorshkov, Mikhail y Natalia Tikhonova. "Particularities of consciousness and behaviour of the urban middle class in Russia". Journal of Political Theory, Political Philosophy and Sociology of Politics Politeia 43, n.º 4 (2006): 104–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30570/2078-5089-2006-43-4-104-132.

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50

Smith, Alison K. "Honored Citizens and the Creation of a Middle Class in Imperial Russia". Slavic Review 76, n.º 2 (2017): 327–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/slr.2017.81.

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In 1832, an imperial manifesto established a new social estate (soslovie) of “honored citizens.” The new status was granted to successful merchants, professionals, and artists, and gave them permanent (and sometimes inherited) privilege. Honored citizens have been largely forgotten or discounted, both by literary authors of the nineteenth century and by historians. They were, however, a conscious effort on the part of the imperial state to create a middle class in the context of an estate-based social structure, an effort that followed several decades of previous experimentation and discussion. Thousands of subjects of the Russian Empire took on the new status, to the point that by 1897 honored citizens outnumbered merchants. They understood themselves as having an honorable place in the social structure, and were understood as a sign of the status of Russian towns. Honored citizen status gave a certain amount of stability to the new middle class, although not every honored citizen prospered. As a social estate, honored citizens were unique, for they were not unified in opportunity, and because they did not have a collective association—they were individuals in the law. They were, as a result, present and important but paradoxical: while defined by estate law, they were closer to individual subjects or even citizens than almost anyone else in imperial society. In addition, their lack of a collective voice muted their radical potential, masking them from contemporary and historical view.

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