Tesis sobre el tema "Microscopie cellulaire"
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Mercier, Luc. "Disséquer la cascade métastatique par des approches innovantes d'imagerie cellulaire". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ091/document.
Texto completoMetastasis can be considered as the end product of a multistep bio-mechano-chemical process where cancer cells disseminate to anatomically distant organs and home and establish themselves in a new tissue microenvironment. Although metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related death, the main cellular mechanisms enabling this process remain to be elucidated. Importantly, the scientific community lacks adapted imaging technologies to accurately dissect, at the highest resolution possible, tumor cell behavior in vivo. Therefore, the main goal of my PhD thesis was to develop an intravital and non-invasive imaging approach to track tumor progression in the living mouse. This approach was included in the development of an intravital Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy protocol allowing to track tumor cells at different scales in their natural environment. It was used to study single invasive tumor cells in the mouse ear and brain and to describe the details of cell protrusions and cell-matrix interactions during invasion and intravasation of cancer cells
Moreaux, Laurent. "Microscopie par génération du second harmonique : applications à l'imagerie cellulaire". Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112113.
Texto completoBy far the most well known form of non-linear microscopy is based on two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), which bas now become a laboratory standard for biological imaging. A lesser known form of this microscopy, however, was used several years prior to the invention of TPEF microscopy, based on the generation of second harmonic light either from surfaces or from endogenous tissue structures. Because of difficulties in signal, second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy has gone by relatively unnoticed until only very recently. This work present a detailed experimental and theoretical analysis of the generation of second-harmonic radiation from biological membranes labeled with exogenous markers. We demonstrate that simultaneous second-harmonic generation and two-photon excited fluorescence can be used to image biological membranes labeled with properly designed chromophore. Moreover, we show that spatial resolutions provided by SHG and TPEF microscopies are commensurate, meaning that the two contrast modes can very often be conveniently derived from the same instrument. Based on phased-array antennas model, we derive expressions for the SHG radiation power, angular distribution and polarization dependence in the cases of ideal or non-ideal molecular alignment in the membrane. We define an SHG cross-section similar to that used in two-photon excited fluorescence to allow direct comparison. Despite their similarities, however, SHG and TPEF are fundamentally different phenomena. The first is coherent whereas the second is not. We demonstrate, moreover, that this basic difference provides a unique window into molecular spatial organization which is inaccessible to fluorescence. At least, we present a screening technique to quantify and ascertain the nature of the second-harmonic generation response of chromophores to a trans-membrane electric field. These results are specifically directed to the optimisation of membrane potential response in SHG microscopy
Colomb, Evelyne. "Etude du cycle cellulaire de l'épithelium mammaire humain par microscopie quantitative". Aix-Marseille 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX22026.
Texto completoValon, Léo. "Contrôle Optogénétique de la Polarité Cellulaire". Thesis, Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSU0008/document.
Texto completoIn this thesis we focus on the mechanisms that establish cell polarization, particularly during cell migration. Despite latest developments that enable visualization of RhoGTPases activity, the underlying principles dictating the cell’s ability to coordinates multiple signaling modules is still unclear. Optogenetic methods have been recognized as promising tools to dissect these intracellular signaling networks by allowing perturbations to be spatially and temporally controlled. We established the quantitative relationship between illumination patterns and the corresponding gradients of induced signaling activity through the characterization of the biophysical properties of CRY2/CIBN. We determined that it is possible to create subcellular gradients of recruited proteins of different shapes of choice up to spatial resolutions of 5μm and temporal ones of ca. 3 minutes.We applied the aforementioned optogenetic approach as a means to perturb the activity of cdc42, Rac1 and RhoA. We characterized the effects of subcellular activation of those RhoGTPases using membrane activity, cell shape changes and cell displacement as reporters of cell polarization and migration. We show that localized activation of RhoGTPases can trigger cellular organization and drive the cell into a migrating state.We also characterized the effects of local activation of RhoA on different cellular effectors as focal adhesion complexes, actin filaments and myosin molecular motors. We measured the dynamics of the newly formed focal adhesion complexes and the acto-myosin complex during retraction events.Altogether, our optogenetic methodology enables simultaneous measurement of the imposed perturbation and the cell response in a straightforward and reproducible way. It provides a quantitative way to control cell polarity and a step forward in the dissection of subcellular signaling networks
Combes, Julien. "Etude de l'adhésion d'ostéoblastes sur substituts apatitiques par microscopie à force atomique". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00445705.
Texto completoCaillat, Ludovic. "Nano-sondes optiques à forte non-linéarite pour l'imagerie cellulaire à haute résolution". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066059.
Texto completoMajor bottleneck in microscopic imaging is the limited lateral resolution due to the diffraction of light. To overcome this limit, here we demonstrate the up-conversion process in the rare earth doped nanoparticles, which may serve as an original fluorescence source mechanism. Rare earth doped nanoparticles, have been reported to serve as efficient bio-labels for cellular and small animal imaging. In this work, we demonstrate that non-linearity of up-conversion allows achieving high lateral resolution in the images using multiphoton microscopy, demonstrating significant improvement in lateral resolution, using low pumping laser power. This new technique may serve as another approach for high-resolution optical imaging
Aimon, Sophie. "Study of a voltage-gated potassium channel in giant unilamellar vesicles". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066196.
Texto completoSchultz, Patrick. "Etudes structurales du minichromosome du virus sv40 et de la chromatine cellulaire : approches en microscopie electronique". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13082.
Texto completoCayron, Julien. "Caractérisation de la réponse cellulaire associée à différents stress chez la bactérie Escherichia coli". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. https://n2t.net/ark:/47881/m6qv3kv7.
Texto completoBacterial growth requires coordination between the main cell cycle processes that are DNA replication and segregation, elongation and cell division. During their life, bacteria are exposed to different endogenous or exogenous stresses (antibiotics, pH, nutrients starvation…) that can disturb the bacteria cell cycle. Those hostile life conditions trigger a cellular response aiming at improving survival in stress conditions. In E. coli, DNA breaks induce the SOS response that inhibits cell division while the bacteria continue to elongate, resulting in the formation of a filamentous cell. Filamentation has long been considered as a symptom of cell death, however recent studies suggest that this phenotype could instead be a transient morphology change improving the survival in hostile environments. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize the filamentation process, especially the restart of the filament division allowing to resume normal bacterial growth. To do so, I developped an approach combining live-cell microscopy in microfluidic chamber, flow cytometry, traditional microbiology technics and bacterial genetics. Association of those techniques constitutes a global approach allowing characterization of the stress effect on bacterial viability, morphology and DNA content, from the single cell to the population level. This experimental framework allowed to describe how filamentous cells quickly divide into viable cells, thus understanding how this transient and reversible cellular differentiation state constitute an efficient stress-survival strategy. Furthermore, the expertise I developed during this ph.D. project allowed me to be involved into the study of drug-resistance acquisition by gene transfer through bacterial DNA conjugation. Besides, I contributed to the characterization of the effects of biocides inducing envelop stress response and to the characterize the impact on E. coli of the production of Acinetobacter baumannii toxins predicted to be involved in contact-dependant growth inhibition
Becker, Martine. "Une structure de membrane en microscopie électronique dans les leucémies aiguës de l'adulte". Bordeaux 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR23016.
Texto completoSivankutty, Siddharth. "Imaging beyond the diffraction limit STED and SAF microscopy". Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112108.
Texto completoUnderstanding cellular processes on membranes has been a key area of biomedical research. Circumventing the diffraction limit in fluorescence microscopy has now become possible by exploiting the molecular transitions of the fluorophore. In this context, this work presents the instrumental development of two complementary techniques for realizing nanometric all-optical resolution and axial sectioning, namely STimulated Emission Depletion (STED) and Supercritical Angle Fluorescence (SAF) microscopy. STED microscopy is an elegant method that has allowed us to break the diffraction barrier with light microscopes and has achieved resolutions of the order of 40 nm (transverse) in biological samples. In this technique, we exploit the molecular transitions of the fluorescent marker to overcome the resolution limit due to diffraction. Resolution enhancement is achieved by efficient depletion of the excited state of the marker in the peripheral spatial regions of the focal volume by using depletion beams in addition to the excitation beam. Despite the major resolution improvement demonstrated, the technique is not well spread out, mainly due to its apparent complexity; and the cost and limited tunability of the commercial system. In this context, the instrumental realization and the imaging performance of a cost-effective home-built STED microscope is presented in this manuscript. While conventional STED microscopes offer improved lateral resolution, an isotropic gain in resolution usually comes at the cost of complex instrumentation. In this regard, we demonstrate SAF microscopy as a powerful tool that achieves an axial sectioning of the order of 150 nm. This is done by exploiting the property of a molecule to emit into the supercritical anglesonly when near the glass-water interface. Axial sectioning is obtained in a simple configuration by detecting solely the supercritical components of radiation. A combination of these imaging techniques offer a powerful tool to study molecular phenomena on the biological membranes
Miserey-Lenkei, Stéphanie. "Récepteur AT1a de l'angiotensine II fluorescent : trafic cellulaire au cours de son activation". Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066169.
Texto completoVivancos, Cécile Morel Gérard. "Mécanisme et conséquences métaboliques de l'internalisation de l'hormone de croissance". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/06/38/06/PDF/theseVC.pdf.
Texto completoGermier, Thomas. "Dynamique de la chromatine et transcription". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30376.
Texto completoChromatin dynamics are affected by biological processes. To understand how physical behaviour of chromatin and biology work together, we need tools to analyse chromatin motion in living cells. Several systems exist to fluorescently label DNA loci and to effectively determine their position within the nucleus, but they have drawbacks in mammalian cells when it comes to studying chromatin motion in the context of biological processes. This is especially true when it comes to mechanisms where DNA needs to be processed in the vicinity of the labeling. To study chromatin dynamics in cellulo, the Bystricky group developed the ANCHOR DNA labelling system. ANCHOR relies on the insertion of a short, non-repetitive sequence (ANCH) in the host genome. This sequence contains binding sites for a protein (OR) which once bound, oligomerize and allow visualization of the tagged locus. ANCHOR is derived from the bacterial chromosome partitioning systems. The tool was successfully implemented in budding yeast (Saad et al. 2014) and more recently in Drosophila (H. Chen, Fujioka, and Gregor 2017; Gomez-Lamarca et al. 2018). One of my thesis projects was to apply the ANCHOR system in human cells. The ANCH3 sequence was inserted randomly and in one copy in the genome of breast cancer cell line MCF7 by Hafida Sellou (M2 student) and Fatima Moutahir (technician). To insert the ANCH3 sequence, MCF7 cells were first modified to insert a FRT site in the genome. Then, a plasmid containing ANCH3 coupled to Cyclin D1 transgene and a FRT site was transfected. Recombination between the two FRT site was promoted by Flipase. The fluorescently-tagged OR3 protein was either stably or transiently expressed to allow imaging of the CCND1 gene (see (Germier et al. 2017, 2018) for details). We wanted to establish a proof of principle for the use of ANCHOR in mammalian cells. MCF7 cells containing a CCND1 transgene, called G7-CCND1 (Germier et al. 2017) were stably transfected with OR3-Santaka and the CCND1 locus was followed using fast- time lapse microscopy over 24 h through one cell division in a single cell. We could effectively follow the transgene locus without much photobleaching. The presence of OR3-Santaka protein on the chromatin locus did not disturb replication and two loci were effectively observed in the two daughter cells (Germier et al. 2018). Using the ANCHOR3 system, we hence developed a powerful tool to study both rapid, short events such as transcription and long-term events taking place over days, such as cell division or differentiation
Asfour, Makdam. "Mesure atraumatique des variations de hauteur cellulaire : élaboration d'une technique de microscopie uniaxiale par conductance ionique". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE19011.
Texto completoDelpech, Floriane. "Dynamique cellulaire des protéines de la réplication chez l'archée halophile Haloferax volcanii". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX087/document.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis project was to improve our understanding of DNA replication in archaea, the third domain of life with bacteria and eukarya. The model organism chosen for these studies is the halophilic archaea Haloferax volcanii, a mesophilic aerobe for which genetics tools allow studying in living cells the localization of proteins fused to the Green Fluorescent protein (GFP). Four proteins involved in DNA replication were fused to the GFP and expressed under the control of their own promoter: (i) the ‘Flap Endonuclease 1’ (FEN1), involved in Okazaki fragments maturation, (ii) the ‘Origin Recognition Complex’ (ORC1), involved in DNA replication origin recognition, (iii) the ‘Proliferating Cellular Nuclear Antigen’ (PCNA), processivity factor of replicative DNA polymerases, and (iv) the ‘Replication Protein A’ (RPA2), single-stranded DNA binding protein essential for DNA replication in H. volcanii. Only the PCNA fusion to the GFP was not successful, suggesting that the GFP hinders essential roles of PCNA in DNA replication. Fen1 and Orc1 were successfully fused to the GFP and expressed in living cells, but specific localization in cells related to growth phase, reflecting different replication dynamics, were not observed. In contrast, we could observed fluorescent foci formed by the fully functional GFP::Rpa2 protein that actively responded to DNA damage in H. volcanii cells. The number of these fluorescent foci per cell was constant during cell growth but it significantly increased in cells exposed to aphidicoline, which inhibits DNA synthesis during replication. When cells were treated with phleomycine, a DNA damaging agent mainly causing double-strand breaks, formation of a massive fluorescent focus coinciding with DNA compaction was observed. Our results suggest that the specific cellular localization of GFP::Rpa2 observed reflects Rpa2 roles in DNA repair and/or DNA replication fork restart
Orré, Thomas. "Mécanismes moléculaires d’activation des intégrines par la kindline-2 lors de l’adhésion cellulaire". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0824/document.
Texto completoFocal adhesions (FAs) are adhesive structures linking the cell to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and constitute molecular platforms for biochemical and mechanical signals controlling cell adhesion, migration, differentiation and survival. Integrin transmembrane receptors are core components of FAs, connecting the ECM to the actin cytoskeleton. During the early 2000s, the intracellular protein talin, which directly binds to the cytoplasmic tail of β-integrins, was considered as the main integrin activator. Nevertheless, it has been shown that kindlin, another intracellular protein that bind to β-integrin, is also a critical integrin activator. In fact, several studies have shown that kindlin and talin play complementary and synergistic roles during integrin activation. The molecular basis of these phenomena remains to determine. Moreover, most studies focusing on the role of kindlin during integrin activation and cell adhesion have been performed with suspended cells and/or with the platelet integrin αIIbβ3. Here we combined PALM microscopy with single protein tracking to decipher the role and behavior of kindlin during key molecular events occurring outside and inside FAs at the plasma membrane and leading to integrin activation, as we have done previously for talin (Rossier et al., 2012). We found that beta1 and beta3-integrins with a point mutation inhibiting binding to kindlin show reduced immobilization inside FAs. We also found that kindlin-2, which is enriched inside FAs, displayed free diffusion at the plasma membrane outside and inside FAs. This constitutes a major difference with talin, which, at the plasma membrane level, is observed almost exclusively in FAs, where it is immobile, which shows that talin is recruited into FAs directly from the cytosol without lateral diffusion along the plasma membrane (Rossier et al. 2012). To determine the molecular basis of kindlin membrane recruitment and diffusion, we used a kindlin variant known to decrease binding to integrins (kindlin-2- QW614/615AA). This mutant displayed increased membrane diffusion, suggesting that kindlin-2 can freely diffuse at the plasma membrane without interacting with integrins. Moreover, the kindlin-2-QW mutant showed decreased immobilization inside FA, showing that part of kindlin immobilization depends on interaction with integrins. This suggests that kindlin can form an immobile complex with integrins inside focal adhesions. Deletion of the kindlin pleckstrin homology (PH) domain strongly reduced the membrane recruitment and diffusion of kindlin. We assessed the functional role of kindlin membrane recruitment and diffusion by re-expressing different kindlin-2 mutants in kindlin-1/kindlin-2 double KO cells. Those experiments demonstrated that kindlin-2 membrane recruitment and diffusion are crucial for integrin activation during cell spreading and favor adhesion formation. This suggests that kindlin uses a different route from talin to reach integrins and trigger their activation, providing a possible molecular basis for their complementarity during integrin activation
Tremblay-Bordeleau, François. "Microscopie de force photonique comme outil d'évaluation de la tension cellulaire au site d'adhésion focale". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24526/24526.pdf.
Texto completoBytebier, Karl. "Etude du comportement mécanique de la paroi cellulaire du bois par Microscopie à Force Atomique". Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00648700.
Texto completoBordeleau, François. "Microscopie de force photonique comme outil d'évaluation de la tension cellulaire au site d'adhésion focale". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19147.
Texto completoGenthial, Rachel. "Caractérisation du réseau lacuno-canaliculaire osseux par microscopie optique". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAY058/document.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on the study of bone lacuno-canalicular network (LCN) using different optical microscopy techniques. The LCN is the porosity network in the bone matrix where the cellular network lie. It is formed of dendritic cells: the osteocytes which are connected to each other. Although it plays a major role in the formation, remodeling and maintenance of biomechanical properties of bone, only little is known about this network as a whole. This can be explain by the difficult characterization of such a dense and complex network with sub-micron resolution and scales up to the entire organ. In this work we have sought to improve the characterization of the LCN using two approaches: the development of a method to analyse the network on large scale using confocal microscopy on one hand, and the assessment of the potential of non linear microscopy technique to study the LCN on the other hand.First, we have developed a protocol from sample preparation to image processing and data analysis to optimize confocal imaging of bone tissue in order to obtain a quantitative large scale analysis of the network. Preliminary results show a wide variation of network parameters at all scales revealing its complexity. This analysis was then used in order to assess changes in the LCN across an entire mice femur.Secondly, we study the potential of the non-linear optical microscopies especially the third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy for imaging and the study of the LCN. Initially, we demonstrated the ability to visualise the LCN without fluorescent labelling using THG microscopy. From this proof of concept we explained the origin of the different ThG microscopy contrasts observed in bone tissue: a signal from the porosities allowing to visualize the network and a structured background signal generated at the interfaces between collagen fibrils. We also assess the possibilities of combinations between different non-linear signals, mainly THG and SHG (second harmonic generation) that can simultaneously image the network and the collagen matrix respectively. A correlation between the network structure and collagen organization has been established using the visualization of these two signals over large scales. Finally quantitative parameters of the LCN were obtained from THG images and applied to study the effects of microgravity on the cellular network structure
Gueu, Pascaline. "Imagerie de la dynamique de fluorescence (FLIM, FCS) par excitation à deux photons pour des études en milieu cellulaire et au sein de biofilms monobactériens". Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112268.
Texto completoThe imaging of the biphotonic fluorescence emission dynamics is a technological development especially attractive in biophotonic. In particular, the FLIM and FCS techniques make cell imaging possible with a real-time follow-up of the occurring biological phenomena. Furthermore, their combination to a multiphotonic excitation increases their performance in terms of spatial resolution, penetration depth and harmlessness to biological systems. FLIM with two-photon excitation was used for the in-vitro and ex-vivo study of the 2-styrylquinoline Fz41 VIH-1 anti-integrase. The reaction dynamic study in solution of this component enabled us to check its specific recognition of the integrase. These data were compared with measurements performed in HeLa cells transduced with a lentiviral vector. By using the fluorescence lifetime as a contrast factor, the Fz41 intracellular activity could be described. The FCS was used to study the diffusion-reaction of c2 bacteriophages in biofilms (microbial community in an organic matrix) sensitive or not to this biological entity. The experimental results enabled us to conclude that the viral particle diffusion into biofilms is controlled by the exopolymeric matrix. In this study, for the first time, with the FCS technique, it was possible to visualise in situ the interaction of bacterophages with the bacteria whose membrane contained the specific recognition site
Chabot, Vincent. "Plates-formes de microscopie et fluorescence par résonance de plasmons de surface appliquées à l'imagerie cellulaire". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6632.
Texto completoDe, Dorlodot Bertrand. "Réfractométrie des liquides in situ, locale et résolue temporellement pour l'imagerie cellulaire en microscopie holographique numérique". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66754.
Texto completoQuantitative phase microscopy, in particular digital holographic microscopy, is a promising imaging technique for the study of living cells, notably the emerging field of human induced pluripotent stem cells, because of its great sensitivity and resolution, its strict non-invasiveness and its complementarity with fluorescence imaging. This technique allows for the retrieval of the quantitative phase signal (QPS) produced by cells, which is very rich but also complicated to interpret. In particular, the QPS depends on the refractive index (RI) of the medium surrounding the cells in an imaging chamber; therefore, this RI needs to be well monitored in order to correctly and precisely analyse the QPS. In this master’s thesis, the design, development and characterization of a method to measure this extracellular RI directly inside the imaging chamber using the QPS measured by a DHM are described. First, the DHM capability to measure precisely and accurately a RI is demonstrated. Then, its use for liquid refractometry in an imaging chamber is analysed, using a grooved coverslip with well characterized grooves in place of one of the coverslip closing the imaging chamber. An average accuracy on RI measurement of 0.0003 is demonstrated, which is similar to the one of a typical commercial liquid refractometer. Finally, a proof of concept using these grooved coverslips in a biological experiment involving cell imaging under the DHM is completed. The results are thoroughly analysed and discussed, and the relevance of these grooved coverslip for liquid refractometry in a biological context is demonstrated.
Schultz, Patrick. "Etudes structurales du minichromosome du virus SV40 et de la chromatine cellulaire approches en microscopie électronique /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37609778d.
Texto completoSocol, Marius. "La synchronisation électrochimique de l'étalement cellulaire sur des surfaces solides". Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENY012.
Texto completoCell synchronization is important for the analysis of molecular events involved in cell spreading and motility. Electrostatic interactions between cells and surfaces were investigated in order to synchronize the fIrst step in cell adhesion. LimE-GFP marked Dictyostelium discoideum cells were used for fluorescent tracking of actin polymerization events. Oscillating LimE fluorescent peaks were observed for individual cells in standard phosphate buffer during spreading. At low ionic concentration (phosphate sucrose buffer 0. 17 mM), cells levitate over the conductive surfaces (Indium Tin Oxide, ITO) due to electrostatic repulsion. An electrochemical device was designed in order to apply an J overpotential pulse (+2. 5 V/Ag,AgCI) during 0. 1 s to the ITO surface. Ln these conditions, protons are produced by wate oxidation, which reduce the ITO negative surface charge and thus, attracting the levitating cells simultaneously. Consequently, these irreversible contacts with the surface triggered the onset of cell spreading. For 37 from 47 studied cells (80%), successive fluorescent peaks appear, more or less regularly spaced in time, showing an oscillating actin polymerization activity. Remarkably, no maxima appeared before 7 s after the pulse application. Moreover, 29 cells frOID 37 (79%) had the fIrst peak within 4 seconds interval, between 7. 5 sand 11. 5 s after the pulse. Therefore, we obtained synchronization of the spreading of a cell population for the fIrst time thanks to an electrochemical method
Galimberti, Massimo. "Migration des lymphocytes : méthodes expérimentales pour l'évaluation des effets de la gravité". Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066054.
Texto completoBUTEAU, LOZANO HELENE. "Etude fonctionnelle et localisation cellulaire du recepteur de la prolactine (doctorat : biochimie et biologie moleculaire)". Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA11T010.
Texto completoIordan, Andreea Luminita. "Propriérés rhéologiques de matériaux biologiques : des suspensions cellulaires aux tissus". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10278.
Texto completoWe characterize the rheological properties of cell suspensions and tissues. The suspension concentration is varied over a wide range. CHO cell suspensions are used. In particular, we are able to characterize the flow properties of cells as well as their viscoelastic properties. The concentration-dependent yield stress and elastic plateau modulus are explained in the context of fractal aggregates under shear. These effects are related to intrinsic microscopic parameters. Then a model tissue is constructed, by including the same cells in a collagen matrix. To characterize the structural changes, confocal microscopy is used. A new important feature is observed, which is the breakdown of the collagen network, due to the presence of cells. Indeed, cells elongate within the gel and can remodel it, in a concentration dependent manner: adhesion of cells is easier when collagen concentration increases, but space is reduced. These two mechanisms compete and can explain the behaviours observed
Cardoso, dos Santos Marcelina. "Etude de l’adhésion de vésicules géantes et de cellules vivantes par nanoscopie de fluorescence". Thesis, Troyes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TROY0012/document.
Texto completoThe aim of my thesis was to characterize the adhesion of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles and living cells. In order to obtain a quantitative information about the state of the adhesion, I developed two fluorescence nanoscopy techniques based on microscopy TIRF (Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence). This technique consist of creating an evanescent wave in the vicinity of an interface. I developed the experimental setup, which allows an accurate control of characteristics of the evanescent wave (penetration depth, polarization state, etc.). The vesicles adhesion was studied by nTIRF (normalized TIRF). TIRF images are normalized by epi-fluorescence images. I was able to characterize the nonspecific adhesion (electrostatic interaction) and specific adhesion (biotin-streptavidin interaction) of vesicles on different functionalized surfaces. To quantify the adhesion of cells, I used the VA-TIRF approach (variable angle TIRF). The latter is to record a series of images at different angles of incidence in the evanescent regime. This allowed us to map the distances between the ventral membrane of a cell and the surface for different adhesion behaviors initiated on various substrates: chemical or protein. These two techniques permit to measure the membrane surface-distance with the nanometer precision ≈20nm, which is particularly suitable for the study of the adhesion process
Brau, Frédéric. "La microscopie de bioluminescence sur cellules en culture : mesure de l'ATP libre intracellulaire". Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO1T080.
Texto completoRadecki, Guillaume. "Imagerie cellulaire par résonance magnétique rehaussée au manganèse (CelMEMRI)". Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112212/document.
Texto completoScience has evolved since the 19th century. New tools have appeared such as optical microscopy which gives us the vision of cells and electronic microscopy which leads us into their hearts. The magnetic resonance imaging appeared in the seventies. Evolving over time, the MRI has taken us farther and farther into the secret depths of our brains. The possibility of observing the neuronal activity thanks to the functional imaging is a major evolution. This thesis will show the possibility we have to observe the activity of a single neuron without modification of its network thanks to the manganese enhanced magnetic resonance imaging technique. The study was done on the Aplysia at very high field magnet (17T). These animals are marine gastropod mollusks with a peculiarity: their neurons are of important size and can reach 1 mm in diameter. Their neurons are grouped into several ganglia. My study concerns the buccal ganglion which is the most studied ganglia in the research in electrophysiology. Before making any acquisitions, I had to conceive several microscopic coils adapted to the size of the ganglions. By reducing the size of the coils, the signal of the noise ratio increases. Then, a double coil allowing the simultaneous acquisition of two samples was built. This antenna required the construction of pre-amplifiers operating at 730 MHz. The first series of experiments helped observe the evolution of the neuronal activity according to different stimuli linked to the eating habits of the Aplysia in vivo. Thanks to the technique implemented, I shall show that, using MRI, it is possible to distinguish the activity of each neuron with respect to a stimulus. Afterwards, to continue this work, a second series of experiments was made in vitro. I studied the behavior of neurons when perfused with neural stimulators: dopamine and serotonin, both naturally present in the Aplysia. Generally, all neurons were activated but when observing them individually, I noticed some differences. Studies in electrophysiology will allow us to get a better understanding and a confirmation of the results of this study. The MEMRI technique can be used in the future to study various disorders such as compulsive behaviors, which are present in the Aplysia, and probably have the same origins as in humans, given that many fundamental processes (such as memory studied by Eric Kandel who he demonstrated that human and Aplysia memories works with the same mechanism) are similar between the two species
Ribaut, Clotilde. "Elaboration d'un biocapteur cellulaire impédancemétrique pour la mesure des changements physiologiques affectant la cellule parasitée". Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/534/.
Texto completoThe aim of the present work is to study physiological changes affecting parasitized cells and in particular the oxidative stress originating from the infection using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Impedancemetric studies carried out with in one hand red blood cells parasitized by Plasmodium falciparum (malaria agent) and in the other hand macrophages infected by Leishmania amazonensis responsible of leishmaniasis allow differentiation between healthy and infected state of the host cell. In the case of infected macrophages, this innovative technology allows the detection of species characteristic of the oxidative stress which has been highlighted elsewhere by other techniques such as electronic paramagnetic resonance and confocal microscopy
Makarchuk, Stanislaw. "Measurement of cell adhesion forces by holographic microscopy". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAE034/document.
Texto completoMechanical forces, generated by the cell plays crucial role in cell adhesion - common process for different cell lines. ln order to measure the force map during cellular adhesion, we use Traction Force Microscopy (TFM), where cell adheres to the soft substrate in 20 plane, and the forces are calculated from measured displacement field inside the substrate underneath the cell. We built the microscope, where instead of using fluorescent markers, we use spherical polystyrene beads in order to measure the displacement field. Positions of the markers are obtained by analyzing the interference pattern caused by the beads in bright-field light. With this technique, we reach nanometer accuracy of the microsphere position determination, that, respectively, influence accuracy of the calculated force field. With the microscope first measurements were performed with cancer cell line SW 480
Socol, Marius. "La synchronisation électrochimique de l'étalement cellulaire sur des surfaces solides". Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00506773.
Texto completoBeaudouin, Joël. "Dynamique structurale et moléculaire des protéines nucléaires révélée par microscopie de fluorescence". Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077008.
Texto completoProag, Amsha. "Sensibilité de cellules vivantes aux propriétés mécaniques et géométriques de leur environnement". Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077056.
Texto completoAnimal tissues constitute highly organized biological Systems, where the cellular and rmulticellular levels are in constant interrelation. Not only do cells regulate their behaviour via biochemical signalling: they also transmit mechanical stimuli, through the cytoskeleton and adhesion complexes, which leads to the formation of a tridimensional collective organization where cells and tissues constrain each other. To investigate the mechanical and geometrical aspects of intercellular interactions, we cultivated epithelial tissues on artificial micro-environments. We manufactured polyacrylamide and polydimethylsiloxane microstructured substrates with precise stiffness and geometry, which we grew MDCK epithelia on. We also modulated the adhesive properties of these substrates in order to confine a single cell and simulate the topological constraints of the tissue on an individual cell. After staining the internal components which govern cell architecture, we were able to obtain 3D images using confocal microscopy and to quantify the morphology of the cells. The measured volume distributions of cells and nuclei differed according to their localization within the tissue, as well as to the geometry and stiffness of the environment. Modifying these experimental parameters made it possible to observe the effect of external constraints on cell morphology. Finally, we found that the tissue profile depended on the topography of the substrate, and we suggested a mode! which correlates both organizational levels
Winckler, Pascale. "Spectroscopie de corrélation de fluorescence : fluidité membranaire et détection de molécule unique en solution concentrée". Troyes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TROY0009.
Texto completoFluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a single molecule technique very well suited for in vivo studies. We have used FCS to explore plasma membrane microfluidity of living cells. Measurements were conducted at the single cell level, which enabled us to get a detailed over-view of the typical plasma membrane microviscosity distribution of each cell line studied (LR73, MCF7, KB3. 1, MESSA and MDCKII). A Monte Carlo simulation based on a 2D diffusion model enables us to link the asymetric fluidity distribution profile with the plasma membrane micro-organization. This result was used to determine the membrane organisation related to the surexpression of the P-glycoprotein (Pgp), a protein implicated in multidrug resistance. We also compare the membrane structuration of various cancer cell lines, each comes in two versions, a sensitive one and a resistant one to a chemotherapeutic drug: the Doxorubicin. Secondly, we propose a new excitation scheme based on a nonradiative energy transfert. This approach allow us to reduce the illumination depth of the microscope at the nanometric scale. We demonstrate its potential through two applications: FCS in micromolar solutions and fluorescence imaging on cells adhesion areas
Aknoun, Sherazade. "Analyse quantitative d’images de phase obtenues par interféromètrie à décalage quadri-latéral. Applications en biologie". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4358/document.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis, dedicated to the study and quantitative analysis of phase images obtained thanks to quadri-wave lateral shearing interferometry, is to caracterize a metrological tool and its three proposed different applications.This work has been done in collaboration between Institut Fresnel (Marseille, France) and Phasics company (Palaiseau, France) and continues that of Pierre Bon who has been in charge the application this technique to microscopy. This interferometric technique, developped by Phasics, for optical metrology and lasers characterization, allows to record complex eletromagnetic field maps thanks to a wave front measurement. By using it in the microscope image plane, one can obtain inetnsity and optical path difference images of a semi-transparent biological sample. this technique is now considered as a new quantitative phase contrast technique.The first part of this manuscript will be a state of the art of quantitative microscopy techniques. The issues of quantification and its meanings in the framework of different fluorescent and phase based techniques will be discussed.A description of the technique that is used and its comparison with similar phase techniques will be done.The measurement, under the projective approximation, is studied leading to different variables. We show different applications concerning isotropic elements in a first part and anisotropic elements in the second one.We show how this measurement is trnasposed to the third dimensions allowing three dimensional imaging and complete reconstruction of refractive index maps of biological samples
Gillant, Flavie. "Pince optique et microscopie à contraste de phase pour l'étude de la mécanique cellulaire : développement, modélisation et calibration en réflexion". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLO016/document.
Texto completoThis manuscript details the development of an optical tweezer setup to study the mechanical properties of endothelial cells, involved in the development of atherosclerosis. The goal is to determine the viscoelastic properties of the cells, and to follow the propagation of the mechanical constraint inside the cell. This mechanical constraint is applied via a bead attached to the cell membrane and subjected to an optical trap.The setup built combines optical trapping with phase contrast microscopy, to apply a force while imaging the cells with the same microscope objective. The originality of the optical tweezer setup relies on the detection of the signal backscattered by the trapped bead, in a plane conjugate to the back focal plane of the objective, in order to measure the relative position of the bead with respect to the center of the trap.An important part of this work was dedicated to the understanding of the detected signal presenting an interference pattern with rings, explained by a simple model. This model provides an explanation for the position measurement artifacts arising from the superposition of the phase ring and the interference pattern. To solve the problem, the phase ring was moved in a conjugate plane involved only in the imaging path of the sample.The interference pattern has the main advantage of giving access to the precise height of the trapped bead, usually difficult to measure. This information is necessary to calibrate the optical trap stiffness at the height of the cells, either by the power spectrum analysis of the Brownian motion of the trapped bead, or by its response to a step motion of the trap. These two calibration methods, along with the application of the equipartition theorem and Bayesian inference analysis, were implemented and their results compared, showing a good agreement. The complete calibration of the setup makes it a ready-to-use tool to exert local forces controlled in direction and amplitude on cells
Dumat, Blaise. "Sondes fluorescentes vinyl-triphénylamines optimisées pour la microscopie biphotonique : Etude des intéractions non covalentes avec l'ADN et la HSA et application à l'imagerie cellulaire". Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112319/document.
Texto completoSignificant advances were made in the field of in vivo fluorescence imaging thanks to the recent development of biphotonic microscopy and super-resolution techniques, rendering intravital imaging and biological tissues analysis possible. Those techniques however require the use of new probes with optimized optical and biological properties.Several series of cationic dyes for DNA staining were developed based on the vinyl-triphenylamine (TP) scaffold. Those new switchable yellow or red fluorophores bind in the minor-groove of DNA and display high two-photon absorption cross-sections. Two anionic derivatives were also designed for staining HSA.In fixed or apoptotic cells, the cationic dyes stain nuclear DNA with a high brightness and contrast. They are non-cytotoxic, photostable and cell permeant. The molecule with the most optimized properties, TP-2Bzim, has one of the highest two-photon brightness to date (383 GM in DNA), allowing sensible detection in biphotonic microscopy at low concentration and excitation power. In live cells, the dyes are localized in the mitochondria, but it appears that upon constant mono- or bi-photonic excitation they trigger cell apoptosis within a few minutes and are released in the nucleus. Since the phenomenon can be imaged by fluorescence microscopy, the TP dyes could thus be used as photosensitizers for theranostics.A synthetic pathway was also developed to functionalize the TP-2Bzim. It was then coupled by “click-chemistry” to short oligonucleotides or PNA sequences for fluorescence in situ hybridization, and to folic acid and spermidine for cancer cells targeting
Babić, Ana. "Etude en temps réel de la conjugaison chez Escherichia coli par la microscopie à fluorescence". Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066232.
Texto completoChambaud, Clément. "Compréhension des mécanismes précoces dans l'établissement de la relation porte greffe-greffon chez Arabidopsis". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0395.
Texto completoGrafting consists of the cutting and joining of two plants together to form one unique chimeric organism; it is done to combine biological traits of the two plants such as resistance to soil borne pathogens and high fruit quality in one plant. To survive, grafted plants, where all physical cell communications between aerial and root parts are interrupted by cutting, have to interact together to establish new exchange pathways. Nowadays, considerable efforts have been done to understand the developmental mechanisms underlying graft union formation in terms of hormone signaling, gene expression and histology however ultrastructural data are still lacking.Because of the difficulty of reliably targeting the graft interface under the electron microscope very few ultrastructural data of the graft interface are available; however such precise data is essential to understand the establishment of scion/rootstock communications.In this context, the aim of my thesis was to characterize the ultrastructural developments occurring during graft union formation to provide insights into the cellular mechanisms involved. First, a correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) approach was implemented on grafted hypocotyls of Arabidopsis thaliana and in vitro grafts of grapevine. Although quality obtained on the grapevine model still needs to be improved, the fluorescence and ultrastructure preservation obtained for A. thaliana allowed me to reveal four potential pathways of communication between the scion and rootstock: exosomes, plasmodesmata, phloem and xylem. The ultrastructural characterization of de novo plasmodesmata formed at the graft interface, by electron tomography, showed that more than 30 % of the attempts to form symplastic connection failed and resulted in the formation, both at scion or rootstock side of the cell wall, of hemi-plasmodesmata that do no span the cell wall. Moreover, the observations of events of secondary plasmodesmata biogenesis seem to indicate that plasmodesmata can be formed successfully between cells where there is a synchronous thinning of the cell wall. Finally, for the first time cytoplasmic exchanges were shown to happen at the graft interface and confirm that grafting combined with our CLEM approach could be a way to induce and study transplastomic events. They could play a role in wound healing or vascular reconnection. Additionally, biological tools have been developed to follow, in the future, the permeability of plasmodesmata at the graft interface of A. thaliana. The integration of ultrastructural and dynamic studies on different mutants will allow us to decipher the functional establishment of the cell-to-cell connectivity during the graft union formation
Wozniak, Zdzislaw Michal. "Expression des organisateurs nucléolaires évaluée par analyse d'images microscopiques et microscopie confocale à balayage laser en pathologie cellulaire". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE19008.
Texto completoPusset, David. "Approches microscopiques et développement d'une méthode de microcartographie pour la localisation du neptunium-237 à l'échelle cellulaire : mise en évidence de processus apoptotiques in vivo". Besançon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BESA2025.
Texto completoNowadays, the tissue distribution and the biokinetics of elimination of neptunium-237 are quite well known. On the other hand, data concerning its intracellular distribution are rare and varied, and they don't allow to explain the difficult décorporation of this radionuclide. The aim of this research is to determine the cellular sites of concentration of this very long half-life radioelement, and its toxic effects on the living. Concerning the neptunium localisation, two approaches have been developed. The first one is an histological study based on the implementation of electron and ion microscopy techniques. These studies have confirmed the concentration of neptunium in the nuclei of the cells in the kidneys and the liver. The second approach is based on the cartography of the neutron-induced fission fragments of neptunium nuclei, in some thin organ sections. This process consists in inducing the fission of a part of the neptunium nuclei present in an organ section, and in recording the position of the nuclei that have fissionned, by using a solid state nuclear tracks detector associated with a micrometric location device. In this work, the feasibility of this technology, and its validation in the detection of neptunium-237 nuclei have been realised. Finally, the toxicity of neptunium have been proved by observing a significant density of apoptotic lesions in liver kidneys or bone marrow tissue. A correlation between the tissue distribution of neptunium and the appearance of the lesions, have been studied, and the problem in determining which kind of toxicity is predominantly exhibited by neptunium, is raised
Pelloux, Sophie. "Induction de la cardioprotection par le diazoxide : études en temps réel sur un modèle cellulaire". Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10040.
Texto completoGibeaux, Romain. "Microtubules et mouvements nucléaires : Saccharomyces cerevisiae et de la croissance filamenteuse chez Ashbya gossypii". Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S040.
Texto completoLa migration nucléaire est essentielle pour la croissance et le développement des eucaryotes et nombre de ces mouvements dépendent des microtubules (MTs). Nous avons étudié ces mouvements grâce aux systèmes modèles de la caryogamie chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae et la croissance filamenteuse chez Ashbya gossypii. Afin d'analyser leurs principes, nous avons utilisé la tomographie électronique pour examiner l'organisation des MTs avec d'importants détails structuraux, et combiné cette approche avec la génétique, l'imagerie optique et la modélisation mathématique. Nous avons d'abord exploré la congression nucléaire lors de l'accouplement de cellules de S. Cerevisiae. La tomographie a permis de révéler l'organisation des MTs cytoplasmiques. Combinant la génétique et l'imagerie optique nous avons élucidé le rôle de la kinésine Kar3 dans la génération de forces et le rôle de sa localisation au SPB (Spindle pole body). Nous avons démontré que Kar3 permet la migration des SPBs le long des MTs pour promouvoir la congression nucléaire. D'autre part, nous avons abordé la question du positionnement nucléaire lors de la croissance filamenteuse chez A. Gossypii. La tomographie a permis d'analyser l'organisation des MTs aux SPBs, leur orientation et leur association avec le cortex cellulaire. Une nouvelle compréhension de l'oscillation nucléaire et du dépassement de noyaux a été apportée. En outre, comme un facteur limitant potentiel pour le déplacement nucléaire, nous avons analysé l'organisation des organites dans les filaments. Ces systèmes modèles nous ont permis d'identifier des éléments communs et les propriétés de base des mouvements nucléaires pouvant être étendus aux mammifères
Sune, Albert. "Diffusion transverse de phospholipides dans la membrane plasmique de cellules sanguines : étude par résonance paramagnétique et microscopie électronique". Montpellier 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON13513.
Texto completoCottet‐Rousselle, Cécile. "Mesure par microscopie confocale du métabolisme mitochondrial et du niveau énergétique cellulaire au cours d’épisodes de carences en substrats et/ou en oxygène". Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EPHE3096/document.
Texto completoMitochondria form an information hub at the center of the cellular metabolism because of its physiological role consisting in the porduction of ATP from the degradation of porducts stemming from our food through the OXPHOS process. However, changes in the functionnig of the mitochondria can be responsible for numerous diseases. Among the different foms of metabolic stress leading to mitchondrial dysfunctions, ischemia-reperfusion can be found in numerous pathological situations. This work aims at developing a methodological approach based on confocal microscopy and image analysis to dissect –at cell level- the consequences of metabolic stress induced by episodes of deprivation in substrata associated or not with hypoxia or anoxia. Having developed the program of image analysis based on the « tophat » method, two approaches were designed to vizualize and quantify the mitochondrial function. The first one, combining TMRM labelling with NADH fluorescence made it possible to highlight some differences in the response to the stress caused by ischemia-reperfusion at the level of the respiratory chain or concerning the PTP opening in the four cellular types that were tested : HMEC-1, INS1, RT112 or pirmary heaptocyes. The second approach consisted in testing the use of biosensors designed to follow the variations of ATP concentration (ATeam) or the activation of AMPK (AMPKAR). The experimental conditions established in this work did not allow us to validate their use
Racine, Victor. "Quantification des dynamiques cellulaires par analyse de données de vidéo-microscopie 3D+t". Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066480.
Texto completoThis thesis presents several approaches aiming to analyze fluorescence microscopy images in the field of cell biology. It is essentially focused on techniques for localization and tracking of multimolecular complexes in multidimensional data (2D, 2D+t, 3D and 3D+t). The first part of this work is dedicated to the extraction and characterization of fluorescent biological structures using wavelet based segmentation. Various biological studies performed in collaboration with various research groups are detailed, such as a study about morphometric analysis of organelles of cell constrained by micro patterns or the localization of the mid1p protein in yeasts. In a second part, a tracking algorithm of labeled molecular structures is presented. It is based on the linking over time of segmented objects by minimizing the association costs by a simulated annealing technique. This method is particularly well adapted in a lot of biological situations, because it allows modeling of many events like birth, death, fusion and fission. A single molecule (mono-disperse DNA 166kbp) dynamics analysis has been made using this tracking technique in order to extract the variations of the molecular diffusion coefficient. The third part describes a set of analyzes with the goal to study the spatial and temporal localization of transport intermediates involved in the membrane trafficking tagged by chimerical GFP-Rab6A and GFP-Rab6A’ proteins. Several complementary approaches are used to extract quantitative information and to describe the underneath biological processes