Tesis sobre el tema "Microscopie à balayage à force"
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Lavigne, Claude. "Etude et réalisation d'un nouvel ensemble microscopique à effet tunnel et microscope à force atomique". Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ECAP0334.
Texto completoHaenssler, Olaf Christian. "Multimodal sensing and imaging technology by integrated scanning electron, force, and near-field microwave microscopy and its application to submicrometer studies". Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1I006.
Texto completoVarious disciplines of micro- and nanotechnology requires combinatorial tools for the investigation, manipulation and transport of materials in the submicrometer range. The coupling of multiple sensing and imaging techniques allows for obtaining complementary and often unique datasets of samples under test. By means of an integrated microscopy technique with different modalities, it is possible to gain multiple information about nanoscale samples by recording at the same time. The expansion with nanorobotics and an open-source software framework, leads to a technology approach for semiconductor research and material science. This work shows the potential of such a multimodal technology approach by focusing on a demonstrator setup. It operates under high-vacuum conditions inside the chamber of a Scanning Electron Microscope and serves as a technology platform by fusing various microscopy modalities, techniques and processes. An Atomic Force Microscope based on a compact, optical interferometer performs imaging of surface topography, and a Scanning Microwave Microscope records electromagnetic properties in the microwave frequency domain, both operating inside an SEM. A software framework controls the instrument. The setup allows for observing with SEM, while imaging and characterizing with interacting evanescent microwaves and intermolecular forces simultaneously. In addition, a multimodal test standard is introduced and subsequently confirms the functionality of the demonstrator. Within this context, the work also includes an electrical analysis of micro-scale MOS capacitors, including an approximation for use in the calibration
Pascal, Hubert y Jean-Michel Martin. "Modification des surfaces par frottement : apport des techniques de microscopie à force atomique et à balayage électronique". Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ECDL0042.
Texto completoThe atomic force (AFM) and lateral force microscope (LFM) allow respectively to achieve, in the real space, topographic images and lateral images of various materials. The resolution is uncommon and reach the atomic scale. This study has two main purposes. The first is to locale the AFM in comparison with others techniques of surfaces observation. The second is to use at room temperature a LFM as a micro-tribometer with in order to investigate the friction and wear phenomenas at nano-scale. First, from wear macroscopic tracks made by classic tribologic test on a ceramic (the polycristalline silicon carbide) and on a sputtered film (the molybdenum disulphide), we show that AFM confirms and completes the observations achieved by optical or electronic beam microscopy. The restored contrast by a technique allow to alleviate the artefacts and the doubt of each others. To understand the origin of the very weak coefficient of friction (0. 001) of MoS2 deposits, the investigations has been continued at atomic scale. They confirm certain hypothesis built up from thin films observations (TEM, HRTEM. . . ) concerning the role of the crystalline structure in superlubricity of MoS2. Second, the literature having revealed that the information is dependent on the apparatus (tip, lever,. . . ) and the physics of contact, we model the LFM mechanical structure to understand and to reduce the apparatus influence on the measurements, in order to focus them on the physics distortion. The contact study exhibits role of the surface morphology in lateral force measurements. This force is made of one interfacial component induced by friction and a local one linked to topography. This distinction is the starting point of two suggested calibration procedure in lateral force. After, we are interested in the friction component influence on the image resolution. For that, we modify the surface physicochemistry of pure silica and cobalt metallic deposit by working in liquid environment (water, oil, alcohol. . . ). A friction consequence is a very weak wear at nano-scale. To investigate the wear process at this scale, we adapt to LFM a triboscopic method
WANG, ZHONGHUAI. "Developpement d'un microscope a force atomique multifonctionnel associe a un microscope electronique a balayage". Reims, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997REIMS005.
Texto completoFriedt, Jean-Michel. "Etude et réalisation d'un micro-nano manipulateur avec retour de force : contribution à son intégration dans une plate-forme multicapteurs". Besançon, 2000. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00509641.
Texto completoDeumié-Raviol, Carole. "Ellipsométrie sur champ diffus et analyse multi-échelle de la microstructure des multicouches optiques : diffusion lumineuse, microscopie à force atomique, microscopie à effet tunnel optique". Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30087.
Texto completoRastei, Mircea-Vasile. "Assembly of controlled-size Co nanoparticles on surfaces and their local characterisation by means of field-dependent magnetic force microscopy and scanning tunnelling spectroscopy". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STR13139.
Texto completoTison, Yann. "Chimie d'insertion et de substitution dans les disulfures de métaux de transition : études expérimentales (spectroscopie photoélectronique à rayonnement X, microscopies à champ proche) et théoriques". Chimie Physique, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PAUU3025.
Texto completoIn this work, the study of model structure aims to contribute to a better understanding of insertion and substitution in solid-state chemistry. Our approach is based on the analysis of data provided by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy, with the help of electronic structure calculations. The first part of this document is devoted to the inserted compounds M1/4TiS2 (M = Fe, Co, Ni). We show that their electronic structure strongly depends on the nature of the inserted species. These different behaviours are due to different guest-host interactions, according to the nature of the inserted metal. In the second part, we present the study of the solid solutions TixTa1-xS2 (0RxR1). The obtained results lead us to propose: - A random dispersion of the minor metal for the low-substituted compounds (xR0. 2 or xS0. 8); - An organization in domains of TiS2 and TaS2 for the intermediate compositions
Crouzier, Loïc. "Développement d'une nouvelle approche hybride combinant AFM et MEB pour la métrologie dimensionnelle des nanoparticules". Thesis, Poitiers, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020POIT2260.
Texto completoIn order to take advantages of remarkable properties of the nanomaterials related to their size but also assess their potential risks, industrial actors need to rely on robust measurement methods that provide all the required dimensional information. However, there is no instrument capable of measuring a nanoparticle in all three dimensions of space with controlled uncertainty. The aim of this work is to combine diameter measurements by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with height measurements by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The use of silica particles, supposedly spherical, allows to validate this hybrid approach combining AFM and SEM. First, the uncertainty budget associated with the measurement of nanoparticles by SEM was established. We have demonstrated that the main contribution to the uncertainty budget is the size of the electron beam, which is difficult to measure. Two methods, based on Monte Carlo modelling, have been developed to evaluate the influence of this parameter on the SEM measurement. The first is based on the comparison between experimental and simulated signals. The second is based on the segmentation of the SEM images using a remarkable point, not influenced by the dimensions of the electron beam. These two methods have shown that the error related to the beam size is largely overestimated using conventional image segmentation tools. From these results, a direct comparison of AFM and SEM measurements was performed on the same particles. A systematic discrepancy was observed between the two techniques for the smallest particles related to their non-sphericity. The use of a third technique, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confirms these observations. Finally, the hybrid approach has been implemented for measuring the three characteristic dimensions of the complex-shaped nano-objects with very non-spherical morphology
Braga, Delfin. "Etude des phénomènes de charge des matériaux isolants sous faisceau d'électrons de basse énergie (200 eV-30 keV)". Paris 11, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004341.
Texto completoCharging phenomena of insulating materials were studied thanks to a scanning electron microscope which allows the injection of few electrons doses in a large domain of energies and the measurements of the secondary electron emission and the induced current created in the sample holder by the charges generated in the sample. The results shown that the secondary electron emission yield is a very sensitive parameter to characterise the charging state of an insulator and they allowed to class these materials in two groups relatively to their ability to relax the generated charges: the "trapping insulators", presenting high resistivities, in which the charges are trapped in a stable way during several months and the "conductive insulators", presenting lower resistivities than the "trapping" ones, in which the charges relaxation occurs more or less rapidly depending on the density and the mobility of intrinsic charges of the material. The fundamental parameter controlling the charging kinetic is the current density J0. For "trapping insulators", different regimes (self-regulated, ageing, degradation) function of J0 and the domain of energy considered were observed. The study of "conductive insulators" revealed that a permanent current exist in these materials which is characterised by a steady state yield [sigma]∞ which fix the maximum value of J0 withstanding by a "conductive" without charge accumulation beneath its surface. These results allowed to define what kind of materials should be used from an electrical angle to reduce indeed to cancel the deviation of electrons due to spacers in field emission displays, and also to introduce a new characterisation process of the internal field created by thermal poling in glasses samples. We also developed a new exploration way of spatial and time evolution of trapped charges in "trapping insulators" thanks to an electrostatic force microscope. Firsts results show the very high stability of trapped charges in these materials
Pawlak, Rémy. "Auto-assemblage et polymérisation 2D de molécules organiques en surface". Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX30033.
Texto completoThis work deals with the investigation under ultra high vacuum of organic monolayers either resulting from the self-assembly or from the polymerization of individual molecular building blocks (hexahydroxy triphenylene-HHTP and diboronic acid-BDBA) at the surface of a metal and an insulator. By means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we have shown that HHTP molecules condense on Ag(111) into distinct supramolecular phases depending on the substrate temperature. A robust network can be obtained by partial dehydrogenation of the peripheral alcohol groups of HHTP, hence yielding Hbonds between the newly formed quinone groups and the alcohol groups remaining intact. STM studies of BDBA on Ag(111) revealed an organic network resulted from the creation of covalent bonds between BDBA molecules, by a two-dimensional polymerization confined on surface. On the same surface, another kind of surface covalent organic framework (SCOF) was also evidenced by copolymerization between HHTP and BDBA molecules. The SCOF's exhibits a well-extended bi-dimensional character with an exceptional thermal stability. Finally, the study by non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) of BDBA on KCl(001) has shown a bi-dimensional and well-extended phase stabilized by intermolecular H-bonds. The latter example evidences the influence of the chemical nature of the substrate to initiate the 2D-polymerization process on surface. Our results suggest that the use of chemical reactions at surfaces opens up a new approach for the development of robust and original molecular architectures
Grimont, Laure. "Microscope à effet tunnel photonique PSTM utilisant les sondes semi-conductrices à force atomique". Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20197.
Texto completoGourmala, Ouassila. "Optimisation de la croissance de GaN de bonne qualité par HVPE et ELO-HVPE". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CLF22032.
Texto completoNarchi, Paul. "Investigation of crystalline silicon solar cells at the nano-scale using scanning probe microscopy techniques". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX085/document.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on the investigation of crystalline silicon solar cells at the nano-scale using scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques. In particular, we chose to investigate electrical properties at the nano-scale using two SPM techniques: Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) and Conducting Probe Atomic Force Microscopy (CP-AFM).First, we highlight the strengths and weaknesses of both these techniques compared to electron microscopy techniques, which can also help investigate electrical properties at the nano-scale. This comprehensive comparison enables to identify measurements where KPFM and CP-AFM are particularly adequate. These measurements are divided in two categories: material investigation and devices investigation.Then, we focus on materials investigation at the nano-scale using SPM techniques. We first present doping measurements at the nano-scale using an advanced CP-AFM technique called Resiscope. We prove that this technique could detect doping changes in the range 1015 and 1020 atoms.cm-3 with a nano-scale resolution and a high signal/noise ratio. Then, we highlight decay time measurements on passivated crystalline silicon wafers using KPFM. Measurements are performed on the unpassivated cross-section. We show that, even though the cross-section is not passivated, decay times measurements obtained with KPFM are in good agreement with lifetimes measured by microwave photoconductivity decay.Subsequently, we focus on device measurements. Using KPFM, we investigate two different crystalline silicon solar cell architectures: epitaxial silicon (epi-Si) solar cells and interdigitated back contact (IBC) heterojunction solar cells. In particular, we focus on measurements on devices under operating conditions. We first study the influence of the applied electrical bias. We study the sensitivity of surface potential to electrical bias and we show that diode and resistance effects can be detected at the nano-scale. KPFM measurements are compared to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements in the same conditions since SEM is also sensitive to surface potential. We show that KPFM measurements on the cross-section of epi-Si solar cells can help detect electric field changes with electrical bias. Besides, if the electrical bias is frequency modulated, we show that lifetime measurements can be performed on the cross-section of epi-Si solar cells and can help detect limiting interfaces and layers. Then, we study the influence of illumination on KPFM and CP-AFM measurements. We perform photovoltage and photocurrent measurements on the cross-section of epi-Si solar under different values of illumination intensity and illumination wavelength. We show a good sensitivity of KPFM measurements to illumination. However, we show that measurements for different wavelengths at a given open circuit voltage, are not correlated with the internal quantum efficiency, as we could have expected.Finally, we summarize our work in a table showing the impact of strengths and weaknesses of the techniques for the different measurements highlighted. From this table, we imagine an “ideal” microscopy setup to investigate crystalline silicon solar cells in a reliable, versatile and accurate way. We propose investigations of interest that could be carried out using this “ideal” setup
Venegas, de la Cerda Miguel Angel Gauthier Sébastien. "Etudes expérimentales de surfaces et de films minces isolants par microscopie à sonde locale sous ultra vide". Toulouse : Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/308.
Texto completoFriedt, Jean-Michel. "Etude et réalisation d'un micro-nano manipulateur avec retour de force : contribution à son intégration dans une plateforme multicapteurs". Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00509641.
Texto completoBOURHETTAR, ABDERRAHIM. "Etude et realisation d'un microscope a effet tunnel associe a un microscope electronique a balayage et analyse quantitative de la fraction volumique des precipites dans les superalliages a base de nickel par microscopie a force atomique". Reims, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REIMS021.
Texto completoMorán, Meza José Antonio. "Propriétés structurelles et électroniques du graphène sur SiC(0001) étudiées par microscopie combinée STM/AFM". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00961600.
Texto completoVenegas, de la Cerda Miguel Angel. "Etudes expérimentales de surfaces et de films minces isolants par microscopie à sonde locale sous ultra vide". Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/308/.
Texto completoIn this research work we carried out experimental studies of insulating surfaces and insulating thin films surfaces by scanning probe microscopy techniques under ultra vacuum at room temperature. In particular we used Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Atomic Force Microscopy in the non contact mode (NC-AFM). We present experimental results on two systems: the insulating surface KBr (001) and the thin insulating alumina film formed by oxidation of the (110) surface of a NiAl crystal. Initially, we modified the STM/AFM head by changing the optical device of the detection of the cantilever oscillations system. This crucial improvement enabled us to carry out a series of experiments on the (001) cleaved surface of the ionic crystal KBr at the atomic level. We have evidence obtained from atomic resolution images, that shows a change in contrast when the tip passes through a step edge. Where we could observe a systematic and reversible change in the contrasts of the image. These observations were interpreted in terms of the atomic displacements of the last extremity tip apex, involving the change of last ion sign. This change of ion determines the type of image observed at atomic resolution. This assumption was confirmed by analyzing the experimental curves giving the force between the tip and the surface according to the tip to surface distance. This study was followed of some attempts to images organic molecules on this insulating surface. The Pd/Al10O13/NiAl (110) system was explored by STM and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), where the oxide layer is formed by exposing the NiAl(110) surface to an oxygen atmosphere, while keeping the sample temperature at (~280°C) under ultra-high vacuum. The atomic resolution images obtained enabled us to go down into the atomic structure of the insulating alumina layer, with stoichiometry Al10O13. In addition, it could be possible to atomically resolve a unit cell of one type of defects formed. We also carried out electrical measurements in order to characterize its electric properties on a nanometer scale. .
Vitard, Julien. "Manipulation submicronique interactive sous différents environnements de microscopie". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812749.
Texto completoVézian, Stéphane. "Application de la microscopie à sonde locale à l'étude de la surface de GaN(0001)". Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NICE5445.
Texto completoBrockaert, Hélène. "Caractérisation de l'anisotropie élastique de l'os à l'échelle microscopique". Compiègne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010COMP1882.
Texto completoBone is a complex and heterogeneous material because its multiscale structure gives anisotropic properties. Today, these microscopic mechanical properties are not well known. They are studied mainly through nanoindentation. Nevertheless, this measurement technique does not measure the local anisotropy. This study aims to know if it is possible to obtain information on the anisotropy of the material by analyzing the residual imprint. For this purpose, nanoindentation tests were performed on the bone and PMMA with a conical tip. Initially, the 2D shape of imprints obtained by scanning electron microscopy is analyzed and the same is performed for the 3D shape obtained by atomic force microscopy. Finally, a 3D finite element model was developed with Abaqus. This model represents a portion of the sample and simulates the nanoindentation test. It allows experimental and numerical imprints comparison. A sensitivity study on the material properties and tip geometry shows the influence of these parameters on the residual imprint shape and on the loading / unloading curve. This highlights the improvements to the model in order to identify the mechanical properties by inverse methods
Matei, Constantin Ionut. "Recherche des assemblages moléculaires actifs en biolubrification en vue du diagnostic et de la thérapeutique précoce de pathologies articulaires". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00932693.
Texto completoHabib, Lamice. "Étude des propriétés membranaires des vésicules lipidiques incorporant des triterpènes oxygénés bioactifs d'origine végétale : application à la cucurbitacine E et à l'érythrodiol". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10022/document.
Texto completoCucurbitacin E and erythrodiol are natural oxygenated triterpenes having respectively, a tetra and pentacyclic skeleton. They are known for their numerous biological properties. In this thesis, we studied their interaction with the membranes of lipid vesicles to better understand their pharmacodynamics. We have prepared liposomes in the absence and presence of cucurbitacin E and erythrodiol using the reverse phase evaporation technique followed by extrusion, the hydration of lipid film and the ethanol injection techniques. The physicochemical characteristics of lipid vesicles incorporating or not the triterpenic molecules were investigated by appropriate techniques. The determination of cucurbitacin E and erythrodiol in the vesicles by high performance liquid chromatography showed high incorporation efficiencies of both triterpenes. Size measurements obtained by dynamic light scattering showed that liposomes incorporating triterpenes were smaller than empty liposomes. The images obtained by transmission electron microscopy confirmed the formation of spherical vesicles. Measurements of vesicles dimensions by atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated that liposomes incorporating cucurbitacin E were higher and more resistant to the force exerted by the AFM tip than the blank liposomes. Liposomes incorporating erythrodiol were more fragile and tend to break up into lipid bilayers on the mica surface. Results obtained by differential scanning calorimetry suggested that cucurbitacin E is localized at the polar-apolar interface of the liposomal membrane while erythrodiol is inserted between the acyl chains of the phospholipids leading to the formation of heterogeneous lipid domains. The release kinetics of the sulforhodamin B encapsulated into the aqueous phase and measured by fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the liposomal membrane becomes in the presence of cucurbitacin E, more permeable to this probe. The overall results suggest that cucurbitacin E and erythrodiol affect differently
Aubert, Sébastien. "Etude de guides d'ondes intégrés sur verre par microscopie optique en champ proche utilisant des sondes diffusantes sans ouverture". Troyes, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TROY0008.
Texto completoThe light propagation in waveguides cannot be directly observed using far field optics. Optical near-field microscopy allows this observation using tapered optical fiber probes. These probes are called aperture probes. In this thesis, we present for the first time the use of metallic of silicon atomic force microscope probes for the same application. These probes are called apertureless probes. An apertureless scanning near-field optical microscope has been developed from a commercial atomic force microscope and used in order to study ion exchange optical integrated devices. After we show how this set-up can detect an evanescent field using the tapping mode and a lock-in, the image formation process is analyzed in detail. It points out an interference effect between the field scattered by the probe and the field scattered by defects closed to the probe. This microscope then leads to the mapping of propagating field, the measurement of mode profiles at the component output and the determination of progatating constants. We show the experimental set-up, results for a straight waveguide, the imaging of a Y junction imbalance and we present a heterodyne interferometric detection to improve performances
Liu, Peng. "Etude du transport électronique dans les nanodispositifs semiconducteurs par microscopie à grille locale". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00635475.
Texto completoRoche, Roland. "Plateforme multifonctionnelle de microscopies à sonde locale sous illumination". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4045/document.
Texto completoTo address the increasing demand on nanomaterials investigation, we developed a cross-characterization platform combining scanning probe microscopies (AFM 1, KPFM 2, SNOM 3, ...) and inverted optical microscopy. The inverted optical microscope, allowing both illumination and imaging, is augmented with near field microscopies such as cited above.The heart of our setup is the sample. Optically semi-transparent samples will best benefit the range of implemented complementary technics, among these samples, nanostructured organic photovoltaic thin (100nm) films. However, the flexible platform is thought to be adaptable to other samples and thus sample-holders used for other characterization techniques existing in the Institute, such as scanning or transmission electron or projection microscopies. The platform is also designed to simplify future extension to other experimental technics.Beyond the platform itself, the manuscript shows the important effort devoted to develop, and take benefit of, a Kelvin probe microscopy under illumination.Results obtained on organic photovoltaic materials demonstrate the possibilities of our original setup and prove its performance to be at state of the art
Senzier, Julien. "Spectroscopie locale de nanostructures supraconductrices par microscopie combinée AFM-STM à très basse température". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00166234.
Texto completoLa sonde du microscope est basée sur un diapason en quartz qui permet une détection entièrement électrique des interactions pointe-surface en mode AFM et qui hors résonance propose la rigidité nécessaire à la stabilité de la jonction tunnel en mode STM. Le diapason est bien adapté à un environnement cryogénique, dissipant une énergie inférieure à 1 nW. Notre microscope atteint en mode AFM la résolution atomique selon l'axe vertical et autorise en mode STM des jonctions tunnels de consigne Rtunnel < 10 MOhms
Nous avons développé un procédé de nanofabrication pour mettre au point des fils supraconducteurs de niobium (Nb) ayant pour section 10 x 300 nm2. Ce procédé permet d'obtenir une surface de Nb avec une rugosité subnanométrique.
Nous décrivons également la fabrication des pointes que nous collons sur les diapasons pour en faire des sondes.
Les LDOS mesurées à T=100 mK sur les fils de Nb sont comparées à la théorie BCS prenant en compte une énergie relative au processus inélastique, appelée paramètre de Dynes. Nos mesures sont en très bon accord avec ce modèle, en prenant en compte une température électronique effective supérieure à la température du cryostat. Enfin nous mesurons la LDOS sur un fil de Nb polarisé en courant qui démontrent la faisabilité des mesures de supraconductivité hors-équilibre par STM.
Čustović, Irma. "De l’auto-assemblage supramoléculaire à la synthèse sur surface : études par microscopie à champ proche". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCD044.
Texto completoAbstract : This thesis deals with investigation, by means of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy in ultra-high vacuum and Atomic Force Microscopy at ambient conditions, of supramolecular networks based on molecular self-assembly on different kinds of surfaces, such as: Au(111), Si(111)-B and HOPG, as well as investigation of on-surface synthesis of covalently bonded nanostructures. The first chapter presents state-of-the art of noncovalent molecule-molecule interactions that govern supramolecular self-assembling and methods to obtain covalently bonded self-asselblies on surfaces. The second chapter presents theoretical concepts and experimental setups, procedures for preparing clean surfaces, probes and molecular deposition in ultra-high vacuum system and ambient conditions, respecitvely.The third chapter is dedicated to results obtained by STM in UHV system and comparing investigation of supramolecular self-assembling of dipolar LdipCC molecules on Au(111) and Si(111)-B surfaces. Due to suitbale balance between contemplating choice of underlaying substrate and molecule-molecule interactions, LdipCC molecules self-assembled into extended and periodical supramolecular networks on both surfaces. On Au(111) surface, LdipCC molecules formed extended, porous supramolecular network which is govern by molecule-molecule interactions while on n Si(111)-B surface, LdipCC molecules self-assembled into homogenious, extended parallel alingment of molecular dipoles due to significant role of molecule-surface interactions. The fourth chapter is dedicated to the results obtained in ambient conditions which are monitored by AFM Peak Force Tapping mode. Two alkylated molecules, one bearing ethylene moieties and another possesing epoxied moiety, self-assembled into two-dimensional networks on HOPG surface. Ethylene based supramolecular network was exposed the thermal procedure while epoxy based supramolecular network was exposed to UV-light exposure. The proposed mechanisms based on analysis of topography and adhesion AFM images suggest that thermally induced on-surface cycloaddition reaction and UV-light initiated polymerization occurred on HOPG surface. In such a way, two-dimensional self-assembled networks on HOPG surface were converted into covalently bonded supramolecular self-assemblies
Abrahamians, Khanghah Jean-Ochin. "Quartz probes for embedded micro-robotics and imaging". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066130/document.
Texto completoAs self-sensing and self-exciting tools, quartz probes present many advantages over the heretofore dominant silicon cantilevers for mechanical micro-sensing applications. One of these advantages is that they can be embedded and calibrated without the need for a laser deflection setup. The more compact and self-sufficient tools can therefore be readily integrated and controlled with Scanning Electron Microscopy, which is favoured at the smaller scales of micro-robotic research. More generally, the development and use of quartz probes is bolstered by the fact that they can be fabricated from widely commercialized quartz components and customised through the addition of a microtip. The quartz probes found in the literature are however largely based on components with limited oscillation frequencies, and could benefit from higher operating speeds. In this context, we address the frequency improvement and embedded control of AFM probes with regard to their use in targeted micro-robotics and imaging. The properties of quartz probes are first covered towards the evaluation and use of higher frequency components; we next demonstrate that faster scanning can be achieved with quartz probes made from thickness shear resonators, making them suitable for fast applications which do not require high sensitivity. Lastly, we integrate a tuning fork probe inside a SEM, and establish through it a proof of concept for the non-destructive stiffness mapping of fragile micro-membranes
Ghaymouni, Jaouad. "Etude et caractérisation de nanoparticules". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0075.
Texto completoThis work describes how to create and characterize metallic nanoparticles. Two major steps are required to obtain such nanoparticles. The first one consists in the making of thin layers using a sputtering method. To evaluate the efficiency of this method, we have carefully analyzed how various parameters may affect the deposit. The set of parameters includes the distance between the target and the substrate, the current and the time of deposit. We have shown that these parameters are crucial regarding the morphology of the layer, its porosity as well as its optical and electrical properties. The second step consists in the preparation of the nanoparticles solution using a new method using ultrasounds. By characterizing the solutions, we have carefully checked the properties of the nanoparticles and the efficiency of the method. The tools and the methods we have used are based on imagery (MEB, TEM, AFM), optical and spectroscopic characterization and dynamic light scattering. First results are also presented concerning targeted therapy. The aim is to use the nanoparticles we have made to destroy tumor cells. An experimental setup has been used to evaluate the capabilities of the nanoparticles to increase their temperature under magnetic field activity using a field of 15 mT at high frequencies (200 kHz)
Fuchs, Franz. "Systèmes modèles donneur accepteur pour le photovoltaïque organique étudiés par microscopie à sonde locale". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENY036/document.
Texto completoDuring this thesis, model donor-acceptor (DA) systems for organic photovoltaics have been studied by non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). To enhance the understanding of the optoelectronic processes on the nanoscale, DA systems with better defined structural and electronic properties than the one of most bulk heterojunction blends (BHJ), have been studied.With DA phase-separations of below 10nm in organic photovoltaic systems, the highest possible resolution has to be achieved by KPFM to investigate optoelectronic processes. It has been shown that nc-AFM/KPFM measurements in the regime of short range (SR) forces can increase imaging resolution. In preparation of such investigations, the influence of the interaction regime on the topographic measurement via KPFM has been studied for a self-assembly of P3DDT on HOPG. It is demonstrated that imaging in the SR-regime not only increases the lateral resolution, but also assures a correct topographic height values.In a next step, DA blends of FG1:[70]PCMB have been studied by KPFM. For these BHJs, the structure and the scale of the DA phase-separation can be tuned via the liquid crystal behavior of the donor FG1. The in dark potential contrasts are consistent with surface and bulk morphology. The relationship between the surface photovoltage (SPV) and the tip-sample interaction regime has been analyzed. An optimal resolution for SPV imaging is obtained when measuring next to the onset of dissipation.Finally, a new generation of DA dyad with donor and acceptor moieties has been studied. Its self-assembly on HOPG has been determined via a comparative study by scanning tunneling microscopy and nc-AFM plus molecular mechanics and dynamics simulations. By KPFM the charge carrier generation and collection has been analyzed down to the level of a single molecular layer. A clear relationship between the dyads' molecular assembly and their photovoltaic properties can be established
Anjum, Taseer. "Nanomechanics : mechanical response analysis of semiconductor GaAs nanowires by using finite element method and x-ray diffraction techniques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0173.
Texto completoDuring the last two decades, tremendous advances have been made in the miniaturization of opto-electronic devices and sensor-based nano-electromechanical systems by the integration of quasi one-dimensional nanowires. The present work focuses on the mechanical response analysis of semiconductor gallium arsenide (GaAs) nanowires grown on silicon substrate via molecular beam epitaxy. The mechanical behavior of the nanowires is characterized via in-situ bending tests in a scanning electron microscope and in combination with x-ray diffraction. The aim of this work is to identify the anelastic strain relaxation of the nanowires which was observed as a direct consequence of cantilever bending tests and buckling tests on free standing Be-doped GaAs nanowires. The anelastic strain is derived by using a digital image correlation algorithm. The agreement between FEM simulations and measured data conclusively relate the anelastic relaxation in the investigated nanowires to the Gorsky effect, i.e. the coupling between point defects diffusion and stress gradient. Be doped GaAs nanowires are further examined in the lateral three-point bending configuration by employing the Scanning Force Microscope for in situ Nanofocused X-ray diffraction (SFINX) and x-ray diffraction at beamline P23 at PETRA III. The bending of the nanowires was induced by the lateral movement of the tip of SFINX . The nanowires demonstrate elastic deformation, plastic deformation, and time-dependent anelastic relaxation. The anelastic relaxation yields a diffusion coefficient of 2.71 x 10 puissance -13 cm puissance 2 and is consistent with a Gorsky effect
Colaço, Élodie. "Design and characterization of biomimetic biomineralized nanomaterials". Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2529.
Texto completoThe design of a composite based on collagen and hydroxyapatite crystals attractes a great interest in materials science and biomedical research particularly for bone tissue applications. The objective is to synthesize, at the nanoscale, a biomaterial from these two components in a controlled conditions in order to modulate its physicochemical, structural and mechanical properties. This thesis project highlights the role of collagen in the mineralization mechanism with the aim of developing a biomimetic biomineralized nanomaterial. To this end, several strategies have been suggested: (i) assembly of collagen with preformed hydroxyapatite crystals, (ii) mineralization of hydroxyapatite by enzymatic catalysis (iii) elaboration of mineralized enzyme-based multilayers by the "layer-by-layer" strategy to form a nanofilm or nanotube in the presence of collagen or not. The characterization of the various mineralized nanostructured materials obtained is performed by several physicochemical techniques including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman), turbiscan, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D) and light scattering measurement (DLS)
Botton, Julien. "Nanolithographie par sonde locale catalytique : une approche bottom-up pour la nanostructuration de surfaces organominérales". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4389.
Texto completoIn regard to the constant quest for miniaturization, the field of nanosciences has known a tremendous expansion over the last decade. More precisely, lithographic technologies - key processes for the semi-conductor industry – allow to access to functional nanomaterials. Despite recent technological developments, the synthesis of nanostructures with a sub-100 nm resolution remains a major challenge for the scientific community.Due to the growing interest in the design of new nanolithographic methods, our group has focused its efforts on the development of a chemical approach, named catalytic scanning probe lithography (cSPL). Unifying the robustness of organometallic catalysis and the flexibility offered by scanning probe microscopy, our strategy allows the nanostructuration of organomineral surfaces in a soft controlled manner by the formation of covalent bonds. This innovative approach represents the first example of the immobilization of an homogeneous catalyst on the edge of an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip, in order to spatially control a chemical reaction: the localized epoxidation reaction of terminal alkenes. Those epoxides were then used as anchoring sites, in the nanostructuration of silicon wafers with a broad range of nucleophiles. Moreover, the different physico-chemical parameters influencing the reaction were optimized, allowing us to reach lateral resolutions down to 40 nm and opening new perspectives in the field of 3D-nanostructuration of organic materials
Ben, abdalah Abir. "Influence du vieillissement sur l'effet mémoire des polymères / Modélisation du mécanisme de mémoire de forme". Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAE046.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis is to characterize the Shape Memory Effect (SME) of the (40% PCL/60% SBS) blend and to study the influence of the molecular weight and the physicochemical properties on this SME. Firstly, experimental characterization is performed in order to evaluate the physicochemical, morphological and mechanical properties of the used materials. The (PCL/SBS) blend exhibits a Total SME (TSME) as it recovers 100% of its original shape after one shape memory cycle. The energy stored in the structure acts as the driving force that can be responsible for this SME. Therefore, an original method using a witness is used to establish the stress-strain evolution during recovery. Secondly, to change the molecular weight of PCL in the blend, enzymatic hydrolytic degradation using an Amano Lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens is carried out. The influence of hydrolysis on the pure PCL properties is evaluated. Then, sampling is carried out and (PCL/SBS) blends with different PCL molecular weights are obtained. Subsequently, these blends are submitted to experimental and shape memory tests to study the relationship between the molecular weight and the SME. The results show that the decrease in the molecular weight causes morphological and structural changes: the increase in stiffness and the embrittlement of the mixture, the decrease in compatibility, the increase in heterogeneity and the loss of thermo-dynamical balance of phases. These changes in the molecular weight and in the properties of blends influence its recovery capacity. The blend with the TSME is transformed to a polymer with partial SME. Finally, a bi-parabolic model is used to predict the viscoelastic behavior of the (40% PCL / 60% SBS) blend before and after its enzymatic hydrolytic aging
Botton, Julien. "Nanolithographie par sonde locale catalytique : une approche bottom-up pour la nanostructuration de surfaces organominérales". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4389.
Texto completoIn regard to the constant quest for miniaturization, the field of nanosciences has known a tremendous expansion over the last decade. More precisely, lithographic technologies - key processes for the semi-conductor industry – allow to access to functional nanomaterials. Despite recent technological developments, the synthesis of nanostructures with a sub-100 nm resolution remains a major challenge for the scientific community.Due to the growing interest in the design of new nanolithographic methods, our group has focused its efforts on the development of a chemical approach, named catalytic scanning probe lithography (cSPL). Unifying the robustness of organometallic catalysis and the flexibility offered by scanning probe microscopy, our strategy allows the nanostructuration of organomineral surfaces in a soft controlled manner by the formation of covalent bonds. This innovative approach represents the first example of the immobilization of an homogeneous catalyst on the edge of an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip, in order to spatially control a chemical reaction: the localized epoxidation reaction of terminal alkenes. Those epoxides were then used as anchoring sites, in the nanostructuration of silicon wafers with a broad range of nucleophiles. Moreover, the different physico-chemical parameters influencing the reaction were optimized, allowing us to reach lateral resolutions down to 40 nm and opening new perspectives in the field of 3D-nanostructuration of organic materials
Ponomareva, Svetlana. "Développement et caractérisation avancée de matériaux magnétiques durs de haute performance". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY035/document.
Texto completoNowadays in medicine and biotechnology a wide range of applications involves magnetic micro/nano-object manipulation including remote control of magnetic beads, trapping of drug vectors, magnetic separation of labelled cells and so on. Handling and positioning magnetic particles and elements functionalized with these particles has greatly benefited from advances in microfabrication. Indeed reduction in size of the magnet while maintaining its field strength increases the field gradient. In this context, arrays made of permanent micromagnets are good candidates for magnetic handling devices. They are autonomous, suitable for integration into complex systems and their magnetic action is restricted to the region of interest.In this thesis we have elaborated an original approach based on AFM and MFM for quantitative study of the magnetic force and associated force gradients induced by TMP micromagnet array on an individual magnetic micro/nano-object. For this purpose, we have fabricated smart MFM probes where a single magnetic (sub)micronic sphere was fixed at the tip apex of a non-magnetic probe thanks to a dual beam FIB/SEM machine equipped with a micromanipulator.Scanning Force Microscopy conducted with such probes, the so-called Magnetic Particle Scanning Force Microscopy (MPSFM) was employed for 3D mapping of TMP micromagnets. This procedure involves two main aspects: (i) the quantification of magnetic interaction between micromagnet array and attached microsphere according to the distance between them and (ii) the complementary information about micromagnet array structure. The main advantage of MPSFM is the use of a probe with known magnetization and magnetic volume that in combination with modelling allows interpreting the results ably.We conducted MPSFM on TMP sample with two types of microparticle probes: with superparamagnetic and NdFeB microspheres. The measurements carried out with superparamagnetic microsphere probes reveal attractive forces (up to few tens of nN) while MFM maps obtained with NdFeB microsphere probes reveal attractive and repulsive forces (up to one hundred of nN) for which the nature of interaction is defined by superposition of microsphere and micromagnet array magnetizations. The derived force and its gradient from MFM measurements are in agreement with experiments on microparticle trapping confirming that the strongest magnetic interaction is observed above the TMP sample interfaces, between the areas with opposite magnetization. Thanks to 3D MFM maps, we demonstrated that intensity of magnetic signal decays fast with the distance and depends on micromagnet array and microsphere properties.Besides the magnetic interaction quantification, we obtained new information relevant to TMP sample structure: we observed and quantified the local magnetic roughness and associated fluctuations, in particular in zones of reversed magnetization. The variation of detected signal can reach the same order of magnitude as the signal above the micromagnet interfaces. These results complete the experiments on particle trapping explaining why magnetic microparticles are captured not only above the interfaces, but also inside the zones of reversed magnetization.Quantitative measurements of the force acting on a single (sub)microsphere associated to the modelling approach improve the understanding of processes involved in handling of magnetic objects in microfluidic devices. This could be employed to optimize the parameters of sorting devices and to define the quantity of magnetic nanoparticles required for labelling of biological cells according to their size. More generally these experimental and modelling approaches of magnetic interaction can meet a high interest in all sorts of applications where a well-known and controlled non-contact interaction is required at micro and nano-scale
Mbongo, Djimbi Duval. "Déposition des molécules de ferrocène sur une surface de Cu(111) et modifications des états d'interfaces à la suite d'une déposition d'atomes métalliques : étude par dynamique moléculaire par premiers principes". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAE049.
Texto completoFirst-principles simulations studies, in particular Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) and free energy molecular dynamics (FEMD), combined with low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy reveal a non dissociative physisorption of ferrocene molecules on a Cu(111) surface, giving rise to ordered molecular layers. At the interface, a 2D-like electronic band is found, which shows an identical dispersion as the Cu(111) Shockley surface-state band. Subsequent deposition of Cu atoms forms charged organometallic compounds that localize interface-state electrons
De, Nardi Christophe. "Techniques d'analyse de défaillance de circuits intégrés appliquées au descrambling et à la lecture de données sur des composants mémoires non volatiles". Toulouse, INSA, 2009. http://eprint.insa-toulouse.fr/archive/00000307/.
Texto completoProtection of data stored on integrated circuit memories is a major preoccupation of our society. Today, these circuits are everywhere, from electronics for the general public (SIM charts, USB flash memories), to satellites, bank cards and numerical passports. This thesis strives to answer the following question: “Is it possible to physically read the information stored in a non volatile memory (NVM)?”. Contrary to software attacks, physical approaches (hardware) destroy components. To reach the information contained in the core of a memory, this progressive destruction must be controlled. We have developed a four stage method adapted to each NVM family: 1) technological analysis, 2) address descrambling, 3) sample preparation to make data accessible and 4) data reading. The difficulty and complexity of this work can be better understood if we start with the desired result. For example, the data (0 or 1) of flash memory cell corresponds to the presence/absence of a charge of several hundred electrons stored on the floating gate of a transistor. Detecting the correct value requires a technique with strong topographic and potential resolution, which is as non invasive as possible to avoid erasing the electrons which are by nature, highly mobile. For current memory technologies (node ≥90nm), we show that passive voltage contrast (PVC) or electric modes of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) are adapted to these constraints. With this approach, stage n°3 of sample preparation is the key step to expose storage location of programmed charges without losing them. The method described in this thesis is based on a functional and physical characterization of memories coupled with an understanding of component preparation and analysis techniques. The experience gained over the past three years shows the importance of choosing the right reading technique and adjusting parameters according to the type of memory to be analyzed. For future technologies (node ≤65nm) or silicon on insulator (SOI), our method should remain applicable
Seret, Anthony. "Influence de la mise en forme sur les cinétiques de précipitation durcissante dans les superalliages base nickel Inconel® 625 et AD730™". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEM030.
Texto completoNickel-based superalloys possess exceptional mechanical properties and corrosion resistance at high temperature. These mechanical properties result partly from the hardening precipitation of Ni3Nb γ″ or Ni3(Al, Ti) γ′ phases. The objective of this PhD is to better understand how forming operations of industrial parts may influence this precipitation. Two superalloys have been studied in this PhD : Inconel® 625 alloy formed a room temperature and reinforced by the γ″ phase, and AD730™ alloy hot forged and reinforced by the γ′ phase. Thermal treatments, mechanical and thermomechanical tests have been performedin order to, on the one hand, reproduce the plastic strain levels and/or the grain structure obtained at the end of industrial forming operations, and on the other hand to trigger the precipitation or the evolution of already existing precipitates. The microstructures have then been quantitatively characterizedby scanning electron microscopy regarding the grains structure, the dislocationsorganization and the precipitation state.In the Inconel® 625 alloy, the nucleation of γ″ precipitates during a thermal treatment at 650 °C is not influenced by a strain applied before, supporting the relevancy of the 650 °C temperature to bring an homogeneous hardening to industrial parts. In the AD730™ alloy, the γ′ precipitation during a cooling after a hot compression takes place sooner in unrecrystallized grains than in recrystallized grains, by elastic relaxation when nucleating. Concomitantly, the recrystallization front dissolves these γ′ precipitates present in unrecrystallized grains to avoid any incoherent γ/γ′ interface. Then γ′ precipitates reprecipitate on the recrystallization front with a coherent γ/γ′ interface in recrystallized grains, and can afterwards subdivide to reduce the global elastic energy. This PhD includes the development of specific tools : reduction of the measurement noise of EBSD maps for a more accurate assessmentof geometrically necessary dislocations densities, image analysis and precipitation model
Dupre, de baubigny Julien. "Etude de nanoménisques par AFM et MEB : hydrodynamique de la couche visqueuse, élasticité de l'interface et dynamique de la ligne de contact". Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAT0032/document.
Texto completoThe recent development of nanofluidic raises many issues about laws and characteristic lengths governing hydrodynamics and wetting at the nanometer scale. To address this issue, we used advanced microscopy techniques to probe the liquid/air interface with unconventional tips. The oscillating frequency modulation mode (FM-AFM) of the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) gives independent access to the force applied by the liquid during an approach-withdrawal ramp, and to the conservative and dissipative components of the tip-meniscus interaction. Additional experiments conducted by electron microscopy (SEM) helped visualizing the shape of nanomeniscus to measure the resulting capillary force.The viscous layer set in motion by the oscillation of the tip is studied first. The friction coefficient and the added mass are measured by AFM-FM as a function of the viscosity of the liquid and of the excitation frequency. A model based on a classical description reflects quantitatively all experimental results enabling an evaluation of the velocity field caused by the nanoprobe.The developed methods also served to study the properties of the liquid interface. Nanomeniscus profile is modeled and validated through SEM observations. The stiffness measured experimentally by FM-AFM and described theoretically shows a logarithmic dependence with the lateral extension of the meniscus.Preliminary results are also obtained with carbon tips on which the contact line slides, giving access to the energy dissipation in the nanomeniscus and at the contact line, as well as to the anchoring of single defaults, an open issue of wetting physics.This study demonstrates that FM-AFM and SEM are relevant tools to probe quantitatively the properties of liquids at the nanoscale, opening the way for systematic studies on wetting at the nanoscale
Chane, Tune Jérôme. "La microscopie électrochimique à balayage : développement et applications". Grenoble INPG, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPG0086.
Texto completoTo obtain a powerful microscope to study the local electrochemical reactivity of various materials, the Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Physico-chimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces decided to make its own Scanning Electrochemical Microscope (SECM). This local probe technique had been developed in the middle of the years 1980 with the scientific and technical advances in Scanning Tunneling Microscopy devices and ultra-microélectrodes. The work presents the development of a scanning electrochemical microscope which did not exist in France at that time. Initially, we devise a process to built ultra-microélectrodes. In the second time, an opened configuration of the microscope was found and developed. Then, t experiments were carried out to in image surface chemical reactivities in order to show the apparatus' capacities. Then, the microscope was used to characterise more or less boron-doped diamond electrodes and to carry out experiments of micropatterning (copper deposit and gallium arsenide's etching). Lastly, it allowed study the interface of diamond electrodes with biological molecules
Herold, Philippe. "Le principe du microscope électronique à balayage". Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P193.
Texto completoBoughanmi, Nabil. "Acquisition adaptative des images en microscopie électronique à balayage". Toulouse, INPT, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPT044H.
Texto completoZhang, Wei. "Nouvelles stratégies de synthèse des nanocarbones fluorés". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00725236.
Texto completoZhang, Wei. "Nouvelles stratégies de synthèse des nanocarbones fluorés". Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CLF21960.
Texto completoPankajakshan, Praveen. "Déconvolution Aveugle en Imagerie de Microscopie Confocale À Balayage Laser". Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00474264.
Texto completoLe, Floch Hervé. "Acquisition des images en microscopie electronique a balayage in situ". Toulouse 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU30026.
Texto completoLe, Floch Hervé. "Acquisition des images en microscopie électronique à balayage "in situ"". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37599106k.
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