Artículos de revistas: "Microplastics quantification"

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Li, Daoji, Guyu Peng y Lixin Zhu. "Progress and prospects of marine microplastic research in China". Anthropocene Coasts 2, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2019): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/anc-2018-0014.

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Research on microplastics in China is progressing rapidly. Within recent years, more than 30 research institutes have conducted research on marine microplastic in estuaries, coasts, open sea, and Polar regions. Microplastics have been detected in freshwater systems (lakes, rivers, and wastewater treatment plants) and coastal and marine environments. This paper reviews the research progress of microplastics in China, providing information on topics including the methodology, quantification of microplastics in various habitats, eco-toxicological effect, biodegradation, management, and control of plastic waste and microplastics. This paper discusses the sampling and analysis of microplastic in different media, followed by spatial and temporal distribution of microplastics in marginal seas and coastal and freshwater systems. After summarizing the recent advances on toxicology research and risk assessment of microplastics, this paper provides suggestions for future study to provide baseline information for better risk assessment and improved understanding of the lifecycle of microplastics in the environment.

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Massarelli, Carmine, Claudia Campanale y Vito Felice Uricchio. "A Handy Open-Source Application Based on Computer Vision and Machine Learning Algorithms to Count and Classify Microplastics". Water 13, n.º 15 (31 de julio de 2021): 2104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152104.

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Microplastics have recently been discovered as remarkable contaminants of all environmental matrices. Their quantification and characterisation require lengthy and laborious analytical procedures that make this aspect of microplastics research a critical issue. In light of this, in this work, we developed a Computer Vision and Machine-Learning-based system able to count and classify microplastics quickly and automatically in four morphology and size categories, avoiding manual steps. Firstly, an early machine learning algorithm was created to count and classify microplastics. Secondly, a supervised (k-nearest neighbours) and an unsupervised classification were developed to determine microplastic quantities and properties and discover hidden information. The machine learning algorithm showed promising results regarding the counting process and classification in sizes; it needs further improvements in visual class classification. Similarly, the supervised classification demonstrated satisfactory results with accuracy always greater than 0.9. On the other hand, the unsupervised classification discovered the probable underestimation of some microplastic shape categories due to the sampling methodology used, resulting in a useful tool for bringing out non-detectable information by traditional research approaches adopted in microplastic studies. In conclusion, the proposed application offers a reliable automated approach for microplastic quantification based on counts of particles captured in a picture, size distribution, and morphology, with considerable prospects in method standardisation.

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Woo, Hyunjeong, Kangmin Seo, Yonghyun Choi, Jiwon Kim, Masayoshi Tanaka, Keunheon Lee y Jonghoon Choi. "Methods of Analyzing Microsized Plastics in the Environment". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 22 (11 de noviembre de 2021): 10640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112210640.

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Microplastics are found in various environments with the increasing use of plastics worldwide. Several methods have been developed for the sampling, extraction, purification, identification, and quantification of microplastics in complex environmental matrices. This study intends to summarize recent research trends on the subject. Large microplastic particles can be sorted manually and identified through chemical analysis; however, sample preparation for small microplastic analysis is usually more difficult. Microplastics are identified by evaluating the physical and chemical properties of plastic particles separated through extraction and washing steps from a mixture of inorganic and organic particles. This identification has a high risk of producing false-positive and false-negative results in the analysis of small microplastics. Currently, a combination of physical (e.g., microscopy), chemical (e.g., spectroscopy), and thermal analyses is widely used. We aim to summarize the best strategies for microplastic analysis by comparing the strengths and limitations of each identification method.

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Wander, L., L. Lommel, K. Meyer, U. Braun y A. Paul. "Development of a low-cost method for quantifying microplastics in soils and compost using near-infrared spectroscopy". Measurement Science and Technology 33, n.º 7 (12 de abril de 2022): 075801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ac5e5f.

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Abstract Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a promising candidate for low-cost, nondestructive, and high-throughput mass quantification of microplastics in environmental samples. Widespread application of the technique is currently hampered mainly by the low sensitivity of NIR spectroscopy compared to thermoanalytical approaches commonly used for this type of analysis. This study shows how the application of NIR spectroscopy for mass quantification of microplastics can be extended to smaller analyte levels by combining it with a simple and rapid microplastic enrichment protocol. For this purpose, the widely used flotation of microplastics in a NaCl solution, accelerated by centrifugation, was chosen which allowed to remove up to 99% of the matrix at recovery rates of 83%–104%. The spectroscopic measurements took place directly on the stainless-steel filters used to collect the extracted particles to reduce sample handling to a minimum. Partial least squares regression models were used to identify and quantify the extracted microplastics in the mass range of 1–10 mg. The simple and fast extraction procedure was systematically optimized to meet the requirements for the quantification of microplastics from common polyethylene-, polypropylene-, and polystyrene-based packaging materials with a particle size <1 mm found in compost or soils with high natural organic matter content (>10% determined by loss on ignition). Microplastics could be detected in model samples at a mass fraction of 1 mg g−1. The detectable microplastic mass fraction is about an order of magnitude lower compared to previous studies using NIR spectroscopy without additional enrichment. To emphasize the cost-effectiveness of the method, it was implemented using some of the cheapest and most compact NIR spectrometers available.

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Tesán Onrubia, Javier A., Kahina Djaoudi, Franco Borgogno, Susanna Canuto, Bernard Angeletti, Giovanni Besio, Marco Capello et al. "Quantification of Microplastics in North-Western Mediterranean Harbors: Seasonality and Biofilm-Related Metallic Contaminants". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, n.º 3 (19 de marzo de 2021): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9030337.

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The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most impacted basins in terms of microplastics pollution. Land-based activities are the major sources of plastic litter to the ocean, with harbors probably representing significant hotspots. In the framework of the SPlasH! project (Stop alle Plastiche in H2O, Interreg Marittimo project), microplastics were sampled in three north-western Mediterranean harbors during summer and winter. In this study, the areal concentrations of microplastics ranged from 5576 to 379,965 items·km−2. A decreasing gradient was observed from the inner to the outer zones of the studied harbors, pointing out these enclosed systems as hotspots regarding microplastic pollution. During summer, the areal concentrations of microplastics were higher than in winter, which could be explained by an enhancement of port activities leading to MPs production. The investigation of microplastics size classes distribution in the surface waters revealed that microplastics within the size range between 300 µm and 500 µm were the least represented. In this study, we assessed trace metal (Pb, Fe, Cu, V, Cd and As) bioaccumulation by the biofilm which developed on the surface of microplastics. The results highlighted that concentrations within the biofilm were higher than those in the surrounding waters. This result strongly suggested trace metal bioaccumulation on microplastics through biofilm formation. When trace metal concentrations were normalized over the corresponding surface of microplastics and macroplastics, higher values were obtained for microplastics, evidencing their enhanced capacities to bioaccumulate contaminants when compared to macroplastics.

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Bilugan, Quennie Morales, Jomel Saraza Limbago y Redel L. Gutierrez. "Detection and quantification of microplastics from cultured green mussel Perna viridis in Bacoor Bay, Cavite, Philippines". Sustinere: Journal of Environment and Sustainability 5, n.º 2 (31 de agosto de 2021): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/sustinere.jes.v5i2.166.

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Microplastic contamination in the aquatic environment is a worldwide problem endangering aquatic organisms and human health. However, few reports were published in the Philippines especially in different edible fishery products. Hence, an investigation to report its prevalence in edible fishery products, especially in a fishery-dependent country, is necessary. This study was conducted to detect, characterize, and quantify microplastics from cultured Green mussel Perna viridis in Bacoor Bay, Cavite, Philippines. Samples (n=63) were collected from the inner, middle, and outer parts of Bacoor Bay. Isolation and characterization were conducted using wet peroxide oxidation-assisted density separation and stereomicroscopy, respectively. Results show a low concentration of microplastics from P. viridis cultured in Bacoor Bay. The highest microplastic count was observed from the inner bay (0.41 particle/gwet weight) followed by the middle bay (0.40 particle/gwet weight), then the outer bay (0.27 particle/gwet weight). The majority of microplastics in all sites were fibers (61%), color red (29%), and were dominated with > 10 to 50 µm length. This study revealed that microplastic is prevalent in Bacoor bay. Further study on confirming the microplastic polymers from P. viridis cultured in Bacoor bay is recommended.

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Umar, Muhammad, Cecilie Singdahl-Larsen y Sissel Brit Ranneklev. "Microplastics Removal from a Plastic Recycling Industrial Wastewater Using Sand Filtration". Water 15, n.º 5 (26 de febrero de 2023): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15050896.

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The removal of microplastic from wastewater collected from a plastic recycling facility was investigated, using a laboratory scale sand-filter. Wastewater samples were collected before and after the onsite sand-filter, for characterization for different polymer types, sizes, and shapes. A considerable difference in the characteristics and concentrations of microplastics was observed before and after onsite sand-filtration, demonstrating differences in the source of microplastics and/or potential contamination of the sand-filter operated at the facility. The distribution of different polymers showed polyethylene and polypropylene to be the main microplastics present in the wastewater samples. In the next stage, the samples were passed through a laboratory scale sand-filter column, to investigate the removal of microplastics. The laboratory scale sand-filter showed high efficiency (up to 100%) in removing microplastics of all polymer types, shapes, and sizes, demonstrating the effectiveness of this well-developed, and widely adopted, method for the removal of microplastics from wastewater. As the green shift and circular economy will result in more plastics being recycled, this study demonstrates the need for quantification of microplastic in effluents from plastic recycling facilities. This is important for devising appropriate microplastic removal strategies, and meeting potential discharge regulations that may come into effect in the future.

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Choi, Sola, Miyeon Kwon, Myung-Ja Park y Juhea Kim. "Analysis of Microplastics Released from Plain Woven Classified by Yarn Types during Washing and Drying". Polymers 13, n.º 17 (3 de septiembre de 2021): 2988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172988.

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Microplastics reach the aquatic environment through wastewater. Larger debris is removed in sewage treatment plants, but filters are not explicitly designed to retain sewage sludge’s microplastic or terrestrial soils. Therefore, the effective quantification of filtration system to mitigate microplastics is needed. To mitigate microplastics, various devices have been designed, and the removal efficiency of devices was compared. However, this study focused on identifying different fabrics that shed fewer microplastics. Therefore, in this study, fabric-specific analyses of microplastics of three different fabrics during washing and drying processes were studied. Also, the change in the generation of microplastics for each washing process of standard washing was investigated. The amount of microplastics released according to the washing process was analyzed, and the collected microplastics’ weight, length, and diameter were measured and recorded. According to the different types of yarn, the amount of microplastic fibers produced during washing and drying varied. As the washing processes proceed, the amount of microplastics gradually decreased. The minimum length (>40 µm) of micro-plastics generated were in plain-woven fabric. These results will be helpful to mitigate microplastics in the production of textiles and in selecting built-in filters, and focusing on the strict control of other parameters will be useful for the development of textile-based filters, such as washing bags.

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Mahidin, Asri Gani, Saiful, Muhammad Irham, Wulan Windari y Erdiwansyah. "An overview of the potential risks, sources, and analytical methods for microplastics in soil". AIMS Environmental Science 9, n.º 2 (2022): 169–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/environsci.2022013.

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<abstract> <p>Contaminants from microplastics in the soil can pose a huge and potential risk to global ecological systems. Microplastic contaminants have become an issue since the source and potential risks have gained a point of great concern. This problem is due to the lack of a comprehensive and systematic analysis system for microplastics. Thus, a comprehensive review of microplastic knowledge is carried out to detect its potential risks, occurrences, sources, and characteristics. The study results show that microplastics have been found everywhere, as shown in the global matrix. However, with the advancement of increasingly sophisticated technology, the microplastics found in the soil can be reduced. The difficulties of analytical systems inherent in particles in even complex matrices can be overcome with technology. Research on the distribution and emergence of microplastics is still very slow in several countries, including Indonesia, the United States, and Africa. The composition and characteristics of microplastics in soil and the environment shows their consistency still indicates a change in source. Microplastics in the soil have extensive and diverse sources, leading to high accumulation. This study also discusses the potential risks and effects of microplastics on soil ecosystems. The interaction and combination of contaminants from adsorbed microplastics can lead to soil fertility and migration systems in the food chain. The impact of microplastics on soil depends on chemical components, natural factors, and morphology. Thus, regional quantification and estimation of emissions from microplastics have a huge gap. In addition, the concentration of microplastics and the masking of microplastics to store carbon in the soil can be influenced by natural factors and require various efforts.</p> </abstract>

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Hernández Fernández, Joaquín, Heidis Cano, Yoleima Guerra, Esneyder Puello Polo, John Fredy Ríos-Rojas, Ricardo Vivas-Reyes y Juan Oviedo. "Identification and Quantification of Microplastics in Effluents of Wastewater Treatment Plant by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)". Sustainability 14, n.º 9 (20 de abril de 2022): 4920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14094920.

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In this research, the presence of microplastics was detected through a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of three wastewater treatment plants. One of these plants applied only a preliminary treatment stage while the others applied up to a secondary treatment stage to evaluate their effectiveness. The results showed the presence of polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which were classified as fragments, fibers or granules. During the evaluation of the plants, it was determined that the preliminary treatment did not remove more than 58% of the microplastics, while the plants applying up to a secondary treatment with activated sludge achieved microplastic removal effectiveness between 90% and 96.9%.

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Pérez-Reverón, Raquel, Sergio J. Álvarez-Méndez, Rebecca Magdalena Kropp, Adolfo Perdomo-González, Javier Hernández-Borges y Francisco J. Díaz-Peña. "Microplastics in Agricultural Systems: Analytical Methodologies and Effects on Soil Quality and Crop Yield". Agriculture 12, n.º 8 (5 de agosto de 2022): 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081162.

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Around one million metric ton of plastics is produced worldwide daily. Plastic contamination is aggravated when the particles reach sizes between 5 mm and 1 μm, giving rise to microplastics, which are omnipresent in the environment, especially in agroecosystems. To appreciate the magnitude of this problem, this review analyzes 177 scientific works to focus on the occurrence and effects of microplastics in agricultural soils. Firstly, the sources, behavior and fate of microplastics in agroecosystems are evaluated. Then, in the absence of a standard methodology for the study of microplastics in farmland soils, the procedures which have been employed for microplastic separation (density and floatation in 73% of the discussed works), identification and quantification (stereomicroscopy, 77%; infrared analysis, 62%) are addressed to provide a practical work guideline. Finally, we highlight the interaction between microplastics and soil microbiota, fauna and vegetation (negative effects reported in 83% of cases), including crop production (decrease in growth parameters in 63% of the reports). From this review, it can be inferred that microplastics may disrupt the biophysical environment of farmland soil, potentially leading to economic losses and to their entrance into the trophic food chain, affecting human feeding and health.

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Sholokhova, Anastasiia, Gintaras Denafas, Justinas Ceponkus y Rita Kriukiene. "Microplastics Release from Conventional Plastics during Real Open Windrow Composting". Sustainability 15, n.º 1 (31 de diciembre de 2022): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010758.

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The recycling of bio-waste plays an important role in a circular economy as it transforms bio-waste into a valuable resource (organic fertilizer). However, even separately collected bio-waste can contain some plastic waste, which is usually separated after composting and not before it. Primary studies have confirmed the degradation of plastic during composting, but the release of microplastics from them has not been studied. This article presents a quantification and comparison of the release of microplastics from commonly used plastics during green waste composting. Microplastics were identified by Nile red staining and examination under a fluorescent microscope. Plastic degradation was assessed by weight loss calculation, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. On average, 17 to 52 microplastics’ are released from 5-by-5 cm pieces of conventional plastics during composting. The control polylactic acid sample showed the smallest amount of released microplastics: four particles on average. The number of released microplastics depended on the polymer type and thickness of the samples. The results of the current article can be further used for the prediction of microplastic generation and setting a limit on the plastic content in bio-waste

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Corti, Andrea, Virginia Vinciguerra, Valentina Iannilli, Loris Pietrelli, Antonella Manariti, Sabrina Bianchi, Antonella Petri, Mario Cifelli, Valentina Domenici y Valter Castelvetro. "Thorough Multianalytical Characterization and Quantification of Micro- and Nanoplastics from Bracciano Lake’s Sediments". Sustainability 12, n.º 3 (24 de enero de 2020): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030878.

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Lake basins can behave as accumulators of microplastics released in wastewaters as such or resulting from degradation of larger items before and/or during their journey toward the marine environment as a final sink. A novel multianalytical approach was adopted for the detection and quantification of microplastics with size < 2 mm in the sediments of the volcanic lake of Bracciano, Italy. Simple analytical techniques such as solvent extraction/fractionation (for polyolefins and polystyrene) or depolymerization (for polyethylene terephthalate, PET), along with chromatographic detection (SEC and HPLC), allowed quantitative and qualitative determination of the main synthetic polymer contaminants. In particular, PET microplastic concentrations of 0.8–36 ppm were found, with variability related to the sampling site (exposure to incoming winds and wave action). Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transformed InfraRed (ATR-FTIR spectroscopic investigations supported the identification and chemical characterization of plastic fragments and polymer extracts. The average molecular weight of solvent extractable polymers was evaluated from 2D 1H-NMR diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) experiments. The proposed, easily accessible multianalytical approach can be considered as a useful tool for improving our knowledge on the nature and the concentration of microplastics in sediments, giving insights on the impact of human activities on the health status of aquatic ecosystems.

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Wyer, Holly, Darrin Polhemus, Shelly Moore, Stephen B. Weisberg, Scott Coffin y Chelsea M. Rochman. "Steps Scientists Can Take to Inform Aquatic Microplastics Management: A Perspective Informed by the California Experience". Applied Spectroscopy 74, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2020): 971–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702820946033.

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Recent evidence suggests that microplastic particles are pervasive and potentially of great risk to both animal and human health. The California legislature has responded to this information by enacting two new bills that require quantification of microplastics in various media and development of new management strategies to address microplastic pollution. However, there are several scientific gaps that impede the development and implementation of necessary management strategies to address microplastic pollution. In this paper, we use the California experience as a case study to provide perspective on those science gaps, the current barriers to science affecting management, and the actions scientists can take to best ensure their efforts are of greatest value to policymakers and the management community.

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Zhang, Jixiong, Kuangda Tian, Chunli Lei y Shungeng Min. "Identification and quantification of microplastics in table sea salts using micro-NIR imaging methods". Analytical Methods 10, n.º 24 (2018): 2881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ay00125a.

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Leonard, Jamie, Hatice Ceylan Koydemir, Vera S. Koutnik, Derek Tseng, Aydogan Ozcan y Sanjay K. Mohanty. "Smartphone-enabled rapid quantification of microplastics". Journal of Hazardous Materials Letters 3 (noviembre de 2022): 100052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hazl.2022.100052.

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Cowger, Win, Andy M. Booth, Bonnie M. Hamilton, Clara Thaysen, Sebastian Primpke, Keenan Munno, Amy L. Lusher et al. "Reporting Guidelines to Increase the Reproducibility and Comparability of Research on Microplastics". Applied Spectroscopy 74, n.º 9 (12 de junio de 2020): 1066–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702820930292.

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The ubiquitous pollution of the environment with microplastics, a diverse suite of contaminants, is of growing concern for science and currently receives considerable public, political, and academic attention. The potential impact of microplastics in the environment has prompted a great deal of research in recent years. Many diverse methods have been developed to answer different questions about microplastic pollution, from sources, transport, and fate in the environment, and about effects on humans and wildlife. These methods are often insufficiently described, making studies neither comparable nor reproducible. The proliferation of new microplastic investigations and cross-study syntheses to answer larger scale questions are hampered. This diverse group of 23 researchers think these issues can begin to be overcome through the adoption of a set of reporting guidelines. This collaboration was created using an open science framework that we detail for future use. Here, we suggest harmonized reporting guidelines for microplastic studies in environmental and laboratory settings through all steps of a typical study, including best practices for reporting materials, quality assurance/quality control, data, field sampling, sample preparation, microplastic identification, microplastic categorization, microplastic quantification, and considerations for toxicology studies. We developed three easy to use documents, a detailed document, a checklist, and a mind map, that can be used to reference the reporting guidelines quickly. We intend that these reporting guidelines support the annotation, dissemination, interpretation, reviewing, and synthesis of microplastic research. Through open access licensing (CC BY 4.0), these documents aim to increase the validity, reproducibility, and comparability of studies in this field for the benefit of the global community.

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Primus, A. y S. Azman. "Quantification and Characterisation of Microplastics in Fish and Surface Water at Melayu River, Johor". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1229, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1229/1/012014.

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Abstract Microplastics are plastic particles (< 5 mm) found in the environment that can be ingested by animals and transferred up in the trophic level. The study was conducted through sample collection, digestion of gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of fish, density separation using NaCl, filtration, microscopy, and ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy. The amount of ingested microplastics by Melayu River fish samples was: Gray Eel-Catfish (3.92 ± 4.17 particles/individual) > Sagor Catfish (2.00 ± 1.41 particles/individual) > Spotted Sicklefish (2.00 ± 0.00 particles/individual). The trend of microplastics by month in water samples was Mar-20 (2.89 ± 1.36 particles/L) > Feb-20 (1.33 ± 1.00 particle/L) and Jan-20 (1.00 ± 0.87 particle/L). Microplastics were mostly in the class size 0 µm – 0.50 µm. In the fish samples, fibres were found to be dominant. In water samples, films were dominant. Ingestion of microplastics by colour was ranked as blue > black > red > yellow in fish samples whereas microplastics’ colour in water samples was ranked as blue > red > black > translucent > green. Therefore, it is concluded that the abundance of blue microplastics in fish samples was due to the common blue plastics used by the locals. The identified microplastics were of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethene (PE) origins.

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Cunsolo, Serena, John Williams, Michelle Hale, Daniel S. Read y Fay Couceiro. "Optimising sample preparation for FTIR-based microplastic analysis in wastewater and sludge samples: multiple digestions". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 413, n.º 14 (23 de abril de 2021): 3789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03331-6.

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AbstractThe lack of standardised methodologies in microplastic research has been addressed in recent years as it hampers the comparison of results across studies. The quantification of microplastics in the environment is key to the assessment of the potential eco-toxicological impacts that this new category of emerging pollutants could have on terrestrial and aquatic species. Therefore, the need for protocols that are robust, simple and reliable together with their standardisation are of crucial importance. This study has focused on removal of organic matter with Fenton reagent from wastewater and sludge samples. This step of analysis was optimised by implementing a multi-digestion treatment on these samples that have high concentration of complex mixtures of organic matter, which interfere with microplastic enumeration. Moreover, this study targeted the detection of microplastics in the sub-hundred-micron size range due to the potential higher risks associated with smaller-sized particles and the limited data available from previous wastewater research. To show the validity of the method, triplicate samples of raw sewage, final effluent and sludge were independently spiked with two different sizes and types of microplastic polymers. Due to the various analytical stages required for the isolation of microplastics, time is a limiting factor in sample processing. The sequential digestion with Fenton reagent represents an inexpensive and time-efficient procedure for wastewater research providing effective degradation of organic material. These advantages over other currently available methods mean the method is suitable for analysis of large numbers of samples allowing robust monitoring data sets to be generated.

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Philipp, Carolin, Bianca Unger, Elke K. Fischer, Joseph G. Schnitzler y Ursula Siebert. "Handle with Care—Microplastic Particles in Intestine Samples of Seals from German Waters". Sustainability 12, n.º 24 (13 de diciembre de 2020): 10424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410424.

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The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) aims to reduce the marine debris burden in the marine environment by 2020. This requires an assessment of the actual situation, which includes the occurrence as well as the caused impacts. Information on both is scarce when it comes to top predators like marine mammals and the burden of microplastic. This is hampered by the limited access to free ranging marine mammals for collecting samples, as well as sample handling. The present study investigated gastrointestinal tracts and faecal samples of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) regularly occurring in the German North Sea and Baltic Sea with the aim of gaining information on the occurrence of microplastics. In total, 255 particles ≥100 µm (70 fibres, 185 fragments) were found in exemplary ten intestine and nine faecal samples. The findings ranged from zero fibres and six fragments, up to 35 fibres and 55 fragments per sample. Additionally, this study established a protocol for sample handling, microplastic isolation (≥100 µm) and quantification of gastrointestinal tracts and faecal samples of marine mammals with a low share of contamination. This approach helps to quantify the presence of microplastics in free-ranging marine mammals and is therefore applicable to assess the real burden of microplastic presence in the marine environment.

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Pandey, Bhamini, Jigyasa Pathak, Poonam Singh, Ravinder Kumar, Amit Kumar, Sandeep Kaushik y Tarun Kumar Thakur. "Microplastics in the Ecosystem: An Overview on Detection, Removal, Toxicity Assessment, and Control Release". Water 15, n.º 1 (23 de diciembre de 2022): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010051.

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In recent decades, the accumulation and fragmentation of plastics on the surface of the planet have caused several long-term climatic and health risks. Plastic materials, specifically microplastics (MPs; sizes < 5 mm), have gained significant interest in the global scientific fraternity due to their bioaccumulation, non-biodegradability, and ecotoxicological effects on living organisms. This study explains how microplastics are generated, transported, and disposed of in the environment based on their sources and physicochemical properties. Additionally, the study also examines the impact of COVID-19 on global plastic waste production. The physical and chemical techniques such as SEM-EDX, PLM, FTIR, Raman, TG-DSC, and GC-MS that are employed for the quantification and identification of MPs are discussed. This paper provides insight into conventional and advanced methods applied for microplastic removal from aquatic systems. The finding of this review helps to gain a deeper understanding of research on the toxicity of microplastics on humans, aquatic organisms, and soil ecosystems. Further, the efforts and measures that have been enforced globally to combat MP waste have been highlighted and need to be explored to reduce its potential risk in the future.

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Zhang, Yan, Dan Zhang y Zhenchang Zhang. "A Critical Review on Artificial Intelligence—Based Microplastics Imaging Technology: Recent Advances, Hot-Spots and Challenges". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, n.º 2 (9 de enero de 2023): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021150.

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Due to the rapid artificial intelligence technology progress and innovation in various fields, this research aims to use science mapping tools to comprehensively and objectively analyze recent advances, hot-spots, and challenges in artificial intelligence-based microplastic-imaging field from the Web of Science (2019–2022). By text mining and visualization in the scientific literature we emphasized some opportunities to bring forward further explication and analysis by (i) exploring efficient and low-cost automatic quantification methods in the appearance properties of microplastics, such as shape, size, volume, and topology, (ii) investigating microplastics water-soluble synthetic polymers and interaction with other soil and water ecology environments via artificial intelligence technologies, (iii) advancing efficient artificial intelligence algorithms and models, even including intelligent robot technology, (iv) seeking to create and share robust data sets, such as spectral libraries and toxicity database and co-operation mechanism, (v) optimizing the existing deep learning models based on the readily available data set to balance the related algorithm performance and interpretability, (vi) facilitating Unmanned Aerial Vehicle technology coupled with artificial intelligence technologies and data sets in the mass quantities of microplastics. Our major findings were that the research of artificial intelligence methods to revolutionize environmental science was progressing toward multiple cross-cutting areas, dramatically increasing aspects of the ecology of plastisphere, microplastics toxicity, rapid identification, and volume assessment of microplastics. The above findings can not only determine the characteristics and track of scientific development, but also help to find suitable research opportunities to carry out more in-depth research with many problems remaining.

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Primpke, S., P. A. Dias y G. Gerdts. "Automated identification and quantification of microfibres and microplastics". Analytical Methods 11, n.º 16 (2019): 2138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ay00126c.

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Nkosi, Simphiwe Dineo, Soraya Phumzile Malinga y Nonhlangabezo Mabuba. "Microplastics and Heavy Metals Removal from Fresh Water and Wastewater Systems Using a Membrane". Separations 9, n.º 7 (30 de junio de 2022): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9070166.

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Water pollution, resulting from the degradation of plastics into microplastics, exposes humans and other living organisms to contaminated drinking water. Microplastics are capable of adsorbing toxic heavy metals which are carcinogenic and may affect the reproductive functions of living organisms. Hence, this study focuses on the characterization and quantification of microplastics in water to raise the awareness and propose a method of dealing with this emerging pollutant in various aqueous environments. The microplastics were separated from water using polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and PVDF modified with carbon nano-onions (CNOs). The PVDF exhibited the highest concentration of microplastics in the wastewater influent (140 ± 1.85 MP/L) compared to the effluent (8.8 ± 2.10 MP/L), tap water (6.5 ± 5.77 MP/L), and lake water (10 ± 2.65 MP/L). The stereo microscope displayed red, blue, and black colored plastics. The morphological properties were determined using SEM. ATR-FTIR, equipped with Spectrum 10 Spectroscopy Software was used to establish the presence of high-density polyethylene (50%), poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate) (16.6%), nylon 12 (16.6%), and cellulose (16.6%) in the influent. The quantification of heavy metals extracted from the microplastics indicated that the concentrations of As (1.759 to 8.699 mg/L), Cu (83.176 mg/L) and Zn (0.610 mg/L) were above the acceptable limits. Our work is beneficial for the development of a microplastics monitoring protocol for various municipalities. Water treatment plants may also include the treatment of microplastics in the influent and monitor the effluent before the water is released back into the environment.

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Prosenc, Franja, Pia Leban, Urška Šunta y Mojca Bavcon Kralj. "Extraction and Identification of a Wide Range of Microplastic Polymers in Soil and Compost". Polymers 13, n.º 23 (23 de noviembre de 2021): 4069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13234069.

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Microplastic pollution is globally widespread; however, the presence of microplastics in soil systems is poorly understood, due to the complexity of soils and a lack of standardised extraction methods. Two commonly used extraction methods were optimised and compared for the extraction of low-density (polyethylene (PE)) and high-density microplastics (polyethylene (PET)), olive-oil-based extraction, and density separation with zinc chloride (ZnCl2). Comparable recoveries in a low-organic-matter matrix (soil; most >98%) were observed, but in a high-organic-matter matrix (compost), density separation yielded higher recoveries (98 ± 4% vs. 80 ± 11%). Density separation was further tested for the extraction of five microplastic polymers spiked at different concentrations. Recoveries were >93% for both soil and compost, with no differences between matrices and individual polymers. Reduction in levels of organic matter in compost was tested before and after extraction, as well as combined. Double oxidation (Fenton’s reagent and 1 M NaOH) exhibited the highest reduction in organic matter. Extracted microplastic polymers were further identified via headspace solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME–GC–MS). This method has shown the potential for descriptive quantification of microplastic polymers. A linear relationship between the number of particles and the signal response was demonstrated for PET, polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and PE (R2 > 0.98 in alluvial soil, and R2 > 0.80 in compost). The extraction and identification methods were demonstrated on an environmental sample of municipal biowaste compost, with the recovery of 36 ± 9 microplastic particles per 10 g of compost, and the detection of PS and PP.

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Facchetti, Samantha V., Rita La Spina, Francesco Fumagalli, Nicoletta Riccardi, Douglas Gilliland y Jessica Ponti. "Detection of Metal-Doped Fluorescent PVC Microplastics in Freshwater Mussels". Nanomaterials 10, n.º 12 (27 de noviembre de 2020): 2363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10122363.

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The large-scale production of plastic and the resulting release of waste is leading to a huge accumulation of micro-sized particles in the environment that could have an impact on not only aquatic organisms but also on humans. Despite the extensive literature on the subject, there is still an insufficient harmonization of methodologies for the collection and analysis of microplastics (MPs) in complex matrices; especially for high density polymers; such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which tend to sink and accumulate in sediments, becoming available to benthonic organisms. In this article, mussels have been chosen as model for microplastic accumulation due to their extensive filtering activity and their wide distribution in both fresh and salt water basins. To facilitate the identification and quantification of microplastics taken up by mussels, novel fluorescent and metal-doped PVC microplastics (PVC-Platinum octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) MPs in the size range of 100 µm) have been synthesized and characterized. For the analysis of the mussels following exposure, an enzymatic protocol using amylase, lipase, papain, and SDS for organic material digestion and a sucrose-ZnCl2 density gradient for the selective separation of ingested microplastics has been developed. The final identification of MPs was performed by fluorescence microscopy. This work can greatly benefit the scientific community by providing a means to study the behavior of PVC MPs, which represent an example of a very relevant yet poorly studied high density polymeric contaminant commonly found in complex environmental matrices.

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27

Thomas, Daniela, Berit Schütze, Wiebke Mareile Heinze y Zacharias Steinmetz. "Sample Preparation Techniques for the Analysis of Microplastics in Soil—A Review". Sustainability 12, n.º 21 (31 de octubre de 2020): 9074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219074.

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Although most plastic pollution originates on land, current research largely remains focused on aquatic ecosystems. Studies pioneering terrestrial microplastic research have adapted analytical methods from aquatic research without acknowledging the complex nature of soil. Meanwhile, novel methods have been developed and further refined. However, methodical inconsistencies still challenge a comprehensive understanding of microplastic occurrence and fate in and on soil. This review aims to disentangle the variety of state-of-the-art sample preparation techniques for heterogeneous solid matrices to identify and discuss best-practice methods for soil-focused microplastic analyses. We show that soil sampling, homogenization, and aggregate dispersion are often neglected or incompletely documented. Microplastic preconcentration is typically performed by separating inorganic soil constituents with high-density salt solutions. Not yet standardized but currently most used separation setups involve overflowing beakers to retrieve supernatant plastics, although closed-design separation funnels probably reduce the risk of contamination. Fenton reagent may be particularly useful to digest soil organic matter if suspected to interfere with subsequent microplastic quantification. A promising new approach is extraction of target polymers with organic solvents. However, insufficiently characterized soils still impede an informed decision on optimal sample preparation. Further research and method development thus requires thorough validation and quality control with well-characterized matrices to enable robust routine analyses for terrestrial microplastics.

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Prata, Joana C., Maria J. Manana, João P. da Costa, Armando C. Duarte y Teresa Rocha-Santos. "What Is the Minimum Volume of Sample to Find Small Microplastics: Laboratory Experiments and Sampling of Aveiro Lagoon and Vouga River, Portugal". Water 12, n.º 4 (24 de abril de 2020): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041219.

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Small microplastics (<1 mm) comprise a great fraction of microplastics (<5 mm) found in the environment and are often overlooked due to the constrains of transporting and filtering large volumes of water in grab samplings. The objective of this work was to determine the minimum volume for reliable quantification of small microplastics in the environment. Different volumes (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5 L) of laboratory spikes (fresh and saltwater) and environmental samples were filtered. Sampling volumes of 0.5 L or 1 L are a good compromise between drawbacks, such as effort, time, organic and mineral matter, potential contamination, and reliability of results, evaluated by interquartile range, accuracy, coefficient of variation, and recovery rates. Moreover, the observation of Nile Red-stained environmental samples under 470 nm produced six-times higher concentrations than samples under 254 nm, namely, 18 microplastics L−1 and 3 microplastics L−1 for the Aveiro Lagoon and 1 microplastics L−1 and 0 microplastics L−1 for the Vouga River, Portugal. This work also raises concerns about the underreporting of environmental concentrations of microplastics.

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Parać, Marija, Vlado Cuculić, Nuša Cukrov, Sunčana Geček, Marin Lovrić y Neven Cukrov. "Microplastic Distribution through the Salinity Gradient in a Stratified Estuary". Water 14, n.º 20 (15 de octubre de 2022): 3255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14203255.

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Despite the extensive and rapidly growing literature on microplastics in oceans and coastal seas, little information exists on microplastic distribution through the salinity gradient. This study is the first one to evaluate microplastic distribution through the salinity gradient of a highly stratified estuary. A total of 910 microplastic particles were collected from 12 different sampling events in the Krka River estuary, Croatia. The number of detected particles ranged from 389 in the surface layer to 63 in the deepest marine layer. The highest plastic abundance was found in the surface layer (3.68 particles/m3) and the lowest in the marine layer (0.13 particles/m3). The measured values of the cross-sectional area indicated an ellipsoidal cross-sectional shape of the particles. It was also found that the majority of microplastic particles belonged to the small microplastic class (<1 mm). The Nile Red (NR) staining method was used to visualize fluorescent microplastic particles, while quantification was performed using ImageJ/Fiji software. The strong salinity stratification in the studied estuary did not alter the usual distribution of microplastic particles in the water column, and there was no significant accumulation on the halocline.

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Colson, Beckett C. y Anna P. M. Michel. "Flow-Through Quantification of Microplastics Using Impedance Spectroscopy". ACS Sensors 6, n.º 1 (9 de enero de 2021): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.0c02223.

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Faure, Florian, Colin Demars, Olivier Wieser, Manuel Kunz y Luiz Felippe de Alencastro. "Plastic pollution in Swiss surface waters: nature and concentrations, interaction with pollutants". Environmental Chemistry 12, n.º 5 (2015): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en14218.

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Environmental contextPlastic, and particularly microplastic, pollution is a growing environmental concern worldwide. Research regarding marine environments has led to a substantial increase in knowledge, yet little is known as regards the situation in freshwater environments. Although the occurrence of microplastics was demonstrated in Lake Geneva in 2012, the present research aims at confirming this pollution and expanding the data set for other lakes and environments of Switzerland. AbstractMarine microplastic (<5mm) water pollution has met growing public and scientific interest in the last few years. The situation in freshwater environments remains largely unknown, although it appears that they play an important role as part of the origin of marine pollution. Apart from the physical impacts on biota, chemical effects are to be expected as well, especially with smaller particles. This study aims at assessing plastic abundance in Lakes Geneva, Constance, Neuchâtel, Maggiore, Zurich and Brienz, and identifying the nature of the particles, potential ingestion by birds and fishes, and the associated pollutants. Lake surface transects and a few rivers were sampled using a floating manta net, and beach sediments were analysed. Plastics were sorted by type (fragments, pellets, cosmetic beads, lines, fibres, films, foams) and composition (polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, etc.); fish and water birds were dissected to assess their potential exposure, and analyses were conducted on the hydrophobic micropollutants adsorbed to the microplastics as well as some potentially toxic additives they contained. Evidence of this pollution is shown for all lakes, microplastics of all types and diverse composition having been found in all samples. Birds and fish are prone to microplastic ingestion, and all the tested chemicals (both adsorbed micropollutants and contained additives) were found above the detection limit, and often the quantification limit. The sources and their respective contribution need to be confirmed and quantified, and the ecotoxicological effects need further investigation. Other questions remain open, including the transport and fate of plastic particles in the environment.

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Piccardo, Manuela, Gabriele Salvatore Priami, Serena Anselmi, Stanislao Bevilacqua y Monia Renzi. "Intra-Laboratory Calibration Exercise for Quantification of Microplastic Particles in Fine-Grained Sediment Samples: Special Focus on the Influence of User Experience". Microplastics 1, n.º 3 (15 de agosto de 2022): 440–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microplastics1030032.

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An intra-laboratory calibration to quantify microplastic in fine-grained marine sediments was performed with two objectives: (a) to determine the recovery rate of self-produced microplastics characterized by a size ranging from 220 µm to 5 mm and differing in color (pink, orange, gray, yellow, silver), shape (fragments, filaments, spheres, films), and chemical composition (polystyrene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polypropylene, poly(methyl methacrylate)) artificially introduced into real samples; and (b) to analyze whether operator experience can be a key factor in the quality of the results. To answer this question, the same protocol was assigned to an experienced and an inexperienced operator. The results of this comparison are detailed in terms of root mean square and percent error. Possible strategies to increase the recovery rate are presented, and an ad hoc category, namely “glitter”, was created to adjust the results with respect to this unique type of microplastic usually ignored and excluded from the analysis.

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O’Brien, Stacey, Elvis Dartey Okoffo, Cassandra Rauert, Jake W. O’Brien, Francisca Ribeiro, Stephen D. Burrows, Tania Toapanta, Xianyu Wang y Kevin V. Thomas. "Quantification of selected microplastics in Australian urban road dust". Journal of Hazardous Materials 416 (agosto de 2021): 125811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125811.

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34

Fred-Ahmadu, Omowunmi H., Nsikak U. Benson y Olusegun O. Ayejuyo. "A Review of Analytical Methods Used in Microplastics Quantification". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 665, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2021): 012064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/665/1/012064.

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35

Maheswaran, Baskaran, Natchimuthu Karmegam, Mysoon Al-Ansari, Ramasamy Subbaiya, Latifah Al-Humaid, Joseph Sebastin Raj y Muthusamy Govarthanan. "Assessment, characterization, and quantification of microplastics from river sediments". Chemosphere 298 (julio de 2022): 134268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134268.

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36

Rios Mendoza, Lorena M. y Mary Balcer. "Microplastics in freshwater environments: A review of quantification assessment". TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 113 (abril de 2019): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.020.

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37

Shim, Won Joon, Young Kyoung Song, Sang Hee Hong y Mi Jang. "Identification and quantification of microplastics using Nile Red staining". Marine Pollution Bulletin 113, n.º 1-2 (diciembre de 2016): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.049.

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38

Bitter, Hajo y Susanne Lackner. "First quantification of semi-crystalline microplastics in industrial wastewaters". Chemosphere 258 (noviembre de 2020): 127388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127388.

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39

Nerheim, Magnus S. y Amy L. Lusher. "Investigating microsized anthropogenic particles in Norwegian fjords using opportunistic nondisruptive sampling". Anthropocene Coasts 3, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2020): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/anc-2020-0002.

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Norwegian fjord systems provide a host of ecosystem services and are important for recreational and industrial use. The biodiversity of Norwegian fjords has been—and still is—extensively studied since they are important for fishing and aquaculture industries. However, threats from plastic and microplastic pollution within the fjord systems are largely undocumented. Monitoring efforts of microplastic in Norway are limited to coastal biota monitoring, offshore sediments, and some investigations within Oslofjord. Here, we quantify anthropogenic microparticles in Norwegian fjord subsurface waters, including an analysis of distribution effects. Fifty-two samples were collected during repeated transits from Bergen to Masfjorden covering 250 km. Anthropogenic particles were identified in 89% of samples, with an average abundance within the fjord estimated to be 1.9 particles m−3. This report shows the ubiquitous nature of anthropogenic particles in the subsurface waters of a Norwegian Fjord system. Additionally, methods were validated for opportunistic nondisruptive sampling on-board vessels where microplastics are seldom monitored, including research vessels, commercial freight and transport, and recreational vessels. Further development and implementation of these methods in terms of sampling, chemical characterisation, and long-term monitoring will allow for microplastic quantification and can be easily adapted for worldwide implementation.

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40

Campanale, Claudia, Ilaria Savino, Iulian Pojar, Carmine Massarelli y Vito Felice Uricchio. "A Practical Overview of Methodologies for Sampling and Analysis of Microplastics in Riverine Environments". Sustainability 12, n.º 17 (20 de agosto de 2020): 6755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176755.

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Microplastics have recently been stated as being remarkable contaminants of all environmental matrices. The lack of consistent and standardised methods and protocols used to evaluate and quantify microplastics present in riverine systems made a comparison among different studies a critical issue. Based on literature research and the practical expertise of the authors, this work presents a complete collection and analysis of procedures concerning the monitoring of microplastics in riverine environments, focusing on their sampling and analytical protocols to identify, quantify, and characterise them. Further details regarding the advantages and disadvantages of each analytical technique described, such as general recommendations and suggestions, are provided to give practical support for analytical procedures. In particular, microplastics studies consist firstly of their sampling from the aquatic compartment (aqueous and solid phase). Based on the goal of the research, specific devices can be used to collect particles from different matrices. It follows their quantification after extraction from the environmental matrix, adopting different protocols to isolate microplastics from a large amount of organic matter present in a riverine system. In the end, additional qualitative analyses (e.g., RAMAN and FTIR spectroscopy, GC-MS) are required to identify the chemical composition of particles for a better image regarding the abundance of polymer types, their origin, or other information related to manufacturing processes.

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41

Zobkov, M. y E. Esiukova. "Microplastics in Baltic bottom sediments: Quantification procedures and first results". Marine Pollution Bulletin 114, n.º 2 (enero de 2017): 724–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.060.

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42

Mauel, Anika, Björn Pötzschner, Nora Meides, Renée Siegel, Peter Strohriegl y Jürgen Senker. "Quantification of photooxidative defects in weathered microplastics using ¹³C multiCP NMR spectroscopy". RSC Advances 12, n.º 18 (2022): 10875–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra00470d.

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We demonstrate an efficient strategy to characterise weathering-induced photooxidative defects in microplastics. The central 13C cross polarisation NMR spectra offer high resolution and are quantitative when combined with multiple excitation.

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43

Giaganini, Giulia, Mario Cifelli, Denise Biagini, Silvia Ghimenti, Andrea Corti, Valter Castelvetro, Valentina Domenici y Tommaso Lomonaco. "Multi-Analytical Approach to Characterize the Degradation of Different Types of Microplastics: Identification and Quantification of Released Organic Compounds". Molecules 28, n.º 3 (1 de febrero de 2023): 1382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031382.

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Microplastics and nanoplastics represent one of the major environmental issues nowadays due to their ubiquitous presence on Earth, and their high potential danger for living systems, ecosystems, and human life. The formation of both microplastics and nanoplastics strongly depends on both the type of pristine materials and the degradation processes related to biological and/or abiotic conditions. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of two of the most relevant abiotic parameters, namely temperature and light, taken under direct control by using a Solar box, on five types of reference polymers: high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). A multi-analytical approach was adopted to investigate in detail the first steps of plastics degradation. Samples of plastic materials at different degradation times were analyzed by means of 1H NMR spectroscopy and thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) technique. Several minor molecular species released during degradation were consistently identified by both techniques thus providing a comprehensive view of the various degradation products of these five types of microplastics.

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44

Sánchez-Nieva, Julio, José Antonio Perales, Juan Maria González-Leal y Elisa Rojo-Nieto. "A new analytical technique for the extraction and quantification of microplastics in marine sediments focused on easy implementation and repeatability". Analytical Methods 9, n.º 45 (2017): 6371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ay01800b.

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45

Velimirovic, Milica, Kristof Tirez, Sandra Verstraelen, Evelien Frijns, Sylvie Remy, Gudrun Koppen, Anna Rotander, Eduardo Bolea-Fernandez y Frank Vanhaecke. "Mass spectrometry as a powerful analytical tool for the characterization of indoor airborne microplastics and nanoplastics". Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 36, n.º 4 (2021): 695–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ja00036e.

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In this review we discuss the novel developments in mass spectrometry-based analytical methods for size determination, chemical identification, and quantification of the microplastic and nanoplastic in indoor air and dust.

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46

Soltani, Neda Sharifi, Mark Patrick Taylor y Scott Paton Wilson. "Quantification and exposure assessment of microplastics in Australian indoor house dust". Environmental Pollution 283 (agosto de 2021): 117064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117064.

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47

Malafaia, Guilherme, Thiarlem Marinho da Luz, Amanda Pereira da Costa Araújo, Mohamed Ahmed Ibrahim Ahmed, Teresa Rocha-Santos y Damià Barceló. "Novel methodology for identification and quantification of microplastics in biological samples". Environmental Pollution 292 (enero de 2022): 118466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118466.

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48

Monira, Sirajum, Rajeev Roychand, Muhammed A. Bhuiyan, Faisal I. Hai y Biplob Kumar Pramanik. "Identification, classification and quantification of microplastics in road dust and stormwater". Chemosphere 299 (julio de 2022): 134389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134389.

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49

Alvarez-Zeferino, Juan Carlos, Sara Ojeda-Benítez, Arely Areanely Cruz-Salas, Carolina Martínez-Salvador y Alethia Vázquez Morillas. "Dataset of quantification and classification of microplastics in Mexican sandy beaches". Data in Brief 33 (diciembre de 2020): 106473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.106473.

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Bretas Alvim, C., J. A. Mendoza-Roca y A. Bes-Piá. "Wastewater treatment plant as microplastics release source – Quantification and identification techniques". Journal of Environmental Management 255 (febrero de 2020): 109739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109739.

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