Tesis sobre el tema "Microclima indoor"

Il lavoro di tesi, presentato in questo elaborato, è parte integrante di un progetto di natura multidisciplinare, ed interdisciplinare, riguardante la Biblioteca Classense di Ravenna che ha coinvolto il personale della biblioteca, docenti, ricercatori e studenti della Scuola di Scienze e di Beni Culturali dell’Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna. L’obiettivo principe che ha motivato, giustificato e guidato la stesura di questo lavoro è stato il bisogno di ottenere informazioni, per effettuare la caratterizzazione microclimatica del caveau della Biblioteca Classense al fine di valutarne l’idoneità della sua destinazione d’uso e la presenza di eventuali sorgenti di rischio per i beni in esso contenuti. L’indagine ambientale è stata svolta attraverso due fasi successive: l’analisi microclimatica (avvenuta contestualmente alla valutazione del radon indoor) e l’applicazione della metodologia di analisi del rischio NICHE (New rIsk assessment methodology for Cultural HEritage protection). Sulla base delle informazioni in precedenza ricavate, è stato possibile realizzare la seconda fase, ovvero applicare la metodologia di analisi del rischio NICHE al caso studio in esame. Va ricordato che il fine principale di questa analisi del rischio relativa è stato quello di evidenziare se le caratteristiche microclimatiche e di qualità dell’aria rientrassero nei valori suggeriti dalle norme di riferimento (le norme UNI) e dalla letteratura. Sulla base dei risultati ottenuti dall'applicazione dell’analisi del rischio, si evince che non vi siano particolari rischi né per i beni librari presenti nell'ambiente in questione né per il personale che ne usufruisce. Come evidenziato nei grafici riportati e discussi, non vi sono particolari criticità, con riferimento al periodo in cui è stato effettuato il monitoraggio. Lo scenario di rischio per le variabili considerate nell'analisi del rischio risulta “accettabile".

La conservazione preventiva degli edifici storici e dei beni custoditi al loro interno rappresenta una sfida ad oggi condivisa a livello internazionale. Tale conservazione dipende da numerose variabili, tra le quali il microclima indoor gioca un ruolo decisivo. Il fine di questa tesi è verificare come lo studio del microclima indoor, supportato dalla simulazione virtuale e dalla conoscenza storica delle evoluzioni dell’edificio stesso (legate a modifiche impiantistiche; architettoniche; d’uso; ecc., nel corso degli anni), costituiscano una base conoscitiva fondamentale, da cui architetti e restauratori possono partire per definire strategie specifiche, volte alla conservazione preventiva del Patrimonio. Per fare questo, l’autore presenta le indagini svolte per tre casi-studio: la Sala 33 della Reggia di Venaria Reale, in provincia di Torino, Italia; la Biblioteca Generale Storica dell’Università di Salamanca, in Spagna; il Portico della Gloria, nartece della Cattedrale di Santiago de Compostela, in Spagna. La metodologia definita e adottata per l’analisi e l’interpretazione dei dati di ciascun caso-studio ha previsto la comprensione e la messa in relazione tra: scelte costruttive; vicende evolutive delle singole architetture; fattori che ne determinano il microclima, letti (o ipotizzati) nelle relative modifiche diacroniche; degrado delle architetture e dei beni che sono custoditi in esse. Infine, uno degli esiti più innovativi della ricerca è stata la definizione di due indici di rischio: sono stati infatti definiti due nuovi indici (Heritage Microclimate Risk -HMR- e Predicted Risk of Damage -PRD-) legati al microclima degli edifici che ospitano beni e manufatti che costituiscono il patrimonio storico artistico e culturale. Tali indici sono stati definiti tenendo conto di tutte le variabili da cui il microclima dipende e dei fattori che ne determinano l’evolversi nel tempo e nello spazio.
The conservation and safeguarding of historic buildings, and of everything that is housed within them, represents a challenge whose value is currently shared at a world level, and it depends on several variables, with the microclimate playing a decisive role among them. This thesis is aimed to illustrate how the study of the indoor microclimate, supported by the virtual simulation and by the knowledge of the historical evolutions of the building (managerial, usage and architectonical changes over the years), represents a preventive practice which allows to evaluate and predict the interactions between objects and environment. To do that the author presents three case-studies: room 33 in the Palace of Venaria Reale, in Turin, Italy; the Historical Library of the University of Salamanca, in Spain; the Portico of Glory, in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, in Spain. Moreover, for at least two decades, scientific literature in the field of preventive conservation, has been reporting experiences on individual case-studies relative to the study of indoor microclimate and criteria for the conservation of Cultural Heritage, in this regard, standards have also been enacted. Nevertheless, in the author view, the research involves stand-alone case-studies that are not comparable among one another, in particular about the risk assessment of the place where the assets are located and/or the damage that these assets may undergo as a result of the microclimate of their environment. For this reason, this contribution intends to present two risk indices related to the indoor microclimate: Heritage Microclimate Risk index, which defines the level of risk to which an indoor room is exposed, compared to maximum and minimum values defined according to standards or based on the historical microclimate; and Predicted Risk of Damage (PRD) index, which evaluate the risk of damage to which a specific material/object is exposed.

Il presente lavoro nasce dall’esigenza maturata, oramai da diversi decenni, di conoscere l’ambiente che circonda i beni culturali, in virtù della loro intrinseca natura non rinnovabile. La ricerca si compone di due parti: l’analisi microclimatica e lo sviluppo di una metodologia innovativa di analisi relativa del rischio, che vede come bersagli i beni culturali, con particolare riferimento a quelli librari. In particolare, sulla base dei dati di temperatura, umidità relativa, concentrazioni di NO2 e O3, misurati in alcune sale della Biblioteca Classense di Ravenna, nel periodo dal 21 luglio al 7 agosto 2014, è stato possibile caratterizzare diversi ambienti confinati, tra loro eterogenei, e confrontare le dinamiche che s’instaurano tra l’ambiente indoor e quello outdoor, mediante, ad esempio, il calcolo del cosiddetto rapporto Indoor/Outdoor (I/O) e la stima del tasso di ventilazione. È stata poi proposta una metodologia di analisi del rischio che valuta i suddetti parametri microclimatici, come fattori di rischio. Attraverso tale metodologia, che identifica gli eventuali stati anomali nel sistema, è possibile giungere ad una definizione delle priorità per quegli aspetti esaminati che potrebbero discostarsi dalle condizioni di benessere, provocando un’accelerazione dei processi di degrado dei beni librari. Tale metodologia, infine, è stata applicata alle sale oggetto dell’analisi microclimatica, allo scopo di identificare eventuali fattori di rischio microclimatici.

The diploma thesis is focused on the description of the properties of humid air, its evaporation and its chemical composition. Calculation of the amount of evaporated water from the water surface or condensate evaporation during the drying process using domestic appliances, for rooms with permanent humidity and wet operation. In the theoretical part I will deal specifically with the methods of calculation of the evaporation and the properties of the inner microclimate depending on the external conditions with its influence on the building structures and the persons who will be present in such a microclimate. A solution of the air-conditioning unit is taken from the bachelor's thesis and three other variants of air-conditioning units are designed, which are compared in the framework of the optimal and economical solution for operation in the pool environment. The experimental part is focused on specific examples of calculation and measurement. The measurement deals with year-round moisture measurements in damp rooms in family buildings, specifically in bathrooms. Another part of the experimental measurement will be the determination of the amount of evaporated water from a domestic appliance designed to dry the laundry in a condensing manner. And the main, fundamental measurement is the amount of evaporated water on a particular model of the pool hall.

The diploma thesis deals with the behavior of technical systems of the student dormitory in Brno. The temperature and humidity climate was measured and evaluated in the building. The measurement is then compared with the computer simulation created in DesignBuilder. The geometric model of the building was created in Revit, which supports BIM technology. Based on the evaluation of the experiment, the optimization of the technical systems in the building was proposed.

The work deals with indoor air quality and ventilation control based on indoor air quality. Based on the analysis of the concentration of CO2, heat and moisture gains can suggest the optimal way to reduce excessive ventilation

This diploma thesis deals with the assessment of the influence of the green interior wall to the microclimate of the room. The experimental part of the thesis assesses the thermal-humidity microclimate, the microbial microclimate and the concentration of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air. In the project part, a variant solution for the ventilation of an office building was prepared. In the first variant, mechanical cooling was used to cover the heat load, while the second variant used passive cooling and direct adiabatic cooling with a green wall.

One of the main priorities of our society is to constantly increase the quality of life. Part of the new trends and technology is to optimize all factors affecting each individual in buildings at home, and in the work environment. Modern technology increasingly find inspiration in traditional materials and principles of architectural design. We can greatly affect the microclimate of buildings by suitable selection of material surfaces, ventilation systems and selection of structures that can affect the natural electromagnetic field of the Earth during the architectural design of buildings. And particular choice of the place where the building is located. In this thesis I focus on Ionic microclimate, which may be an indicator of a healthy environment and has a major impact on humans health and psychological well-being. I would like to contribute to the healthy and harmonious living and designing buildings in consideraion of sustainable development by my thesis.

This thesis examines the impacts of possible climate change on selected buildings. For simulations in program BSim the author uses climatic data of SRES scenarios, specifically models B1, A1B and A2. It also includes a research on global warming, design and optimization of the measurement and control system at the production hall and a part of the energy audit for the office building.

This diploma thesis solves the problems of hydrothermal processes in walls of wooden houses and associated issues. A chosen were two apartment buildings, where they underwent exmerimental measurement of indor air, in order to determine the boundary conditions commonly boundary building evelope. Was followed by hygrothermal analysis of four commonly used constructions of wooden buildings in the Czech Republic, using various numerical methods. The quantity of information obtained from various numerical methods were analyzed individually. The final part of the thesis is devoted to experimental measurements of diffusion properties of materials. Namely foil vapor barrier, in terms of its influence on the perforation vapor diffusion resistance factor. Information obtained from the experiments were applied to re numerical analysis for walls with a foil vapor barrier. Followed by comparing both cases, in terms of changes hygrothermal behavior of structures with influence of perforation of the vapor barrier.

The present PhD. thesis deals with the systems of building services (namely heating, ventilating and air conditioning, shading) which provide required indoor microclimate inside the immovable heritage. The work thus combines the exclusively technical field of building services (BS) and the general principles of heritage conservation. The aim of my PhD. thesis is the analysis of immovable heritage conservation processes, focusing on the current state of research and BS systems documentation. Furthermore the work concerns the possibilities of temporary measurements of indoor climate parameters inside the immovable heritage, and aims to develop a computer model (in BSim software) for the simulation of various working conditions in the selected buildings. For the stated aims were selected three representative historic houses: historical assembly hall at the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology; the Palm Greenhouse at Lednice Chateau in Moravia; and Villa Tugendhat in Brno. These buildings had been surveyed for several years, and in this PhD. thesis I present their analysis, evaluation, and conclusions. The aims of this PhD. thesis broadly correspond to the transnational objectives. The present research is, for example, in accordance with the international document ICOMOS Charter (Zimbabwe, 2013) which is concerned with the analysis, conservation, and restoration of architectural heritage. The research of immovable heritage is also supported by European Union, e.g. by the Seventh Framework Programme of EU.

Il rapporto fra bene architettonico e contesto, inteso come l’ambiente in cui l’edificio si trova e le sollecitazioni a cui esso è sottoposto, coinvolge molti aspetti legati alla contemporaneità, che influiscono in varia misura sulla sua conservazione. Di fatto, le crescenti sollecitazioni antropiche e naturali, pongono problemi urgenti legati alla tutela del patrimonio culturale. Basti pensare agli effetti del cambiamento climatico, alle trasformazioni turistiche e al conseguente turismo di massa, alle esigenze legate all’uso e all’introduzione di nuovi impianti con le relative implicazioni connesse all’efficientamento energetico. Nel caso di edifici storici a destinazione museale la complessità aumenta poiché al contempo è necessario bilanciare le istanze conservative dell’edificio stesso, delle opere d’arte ospitate al suo interno e le esigenze di comfort degli utenti. Per questo è necessario ripensare a strategie, prima di tutto di conoscenza, che siano in grado di valutare la complessità dei fattori coinvolti. Attraverso l’applicazione al caso studio del Museo di San Marco a Firenze, ex-convento domenicano del XV secolo, la tesi propone una metodologia integrata e interdisciplinare che, attraverso diversi livelli di indagine interconnessi, mira alla comprensione del rapporto fra edificio storico e ambiente, anche nella sua evoluzione nel tempo, con l’obiettivo ultimo di progettare efficaci strategie di conservazione a lungo termine. Il metodo si basa sull’integrazione del tradizionale e consolidato progetto della conoscenza proprio del restauro architettonico, di indagini diagnostiche e misure sperimentali, di procedure analitiche e simulazioni di fluidodinamica computazionale.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
能源與冷凍空調工程系
107
Pedestrian bridges are designed to separate pedestrians from vehicles on the road to improve traffic and pedestrian safety. However, the presence of pedestrian bridges may deteriorate the microclimates in street canyons. The development of high-density urban street canyons toward dense high-rise buildings causes the decline of ventilation rate, heat island effect and pollutant accumulation resulting from the breezeless state in the downtown area. Based on the local microclimate and urban conditions, this study applies the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation technology to explore the influences of pedestrian bridge design between buildings on the air ventilation, thermal comfort and pollution dispersion of the indoor and outdoor spaces of the bridge and street canyons. The results show that the impact of pedestrian bridge structures on the local microclimate environment is insignificant for low and medium-rise buildings. Change the width (3m, 6m, 9m), interior height (3m, 4m, no cap) and barrier’s height (1.25m, 2m, 2.75m) of pedestrian bridge to analyze the velocity, temperature and pollution distributed over the internal passage space of pedestrian bridge. In addition, this paper explores the air ventilation, thermal comfort results and pollution removal rate in terms of the air exchange rate per hour (ACH), physiological equivalent temperature (PET) and purging flow rate (PFR) performance to maximize the comfort of pedestrians. The results show that the reduction of bridge’s width reduces the path of airflow, and flow resistance is lower, the velocity is relatively higher. Therefore, the bridge with narrow width (Case1 of pedestrian bridge’s width is 3m) shows the best ACH result, but the bridge’s width variation has no obvious influences on the temperature inside the bridge with effect of solar radiation and convection of heat transfer. No top cap (Case5) and higher barrier’s height (Case7 of barrier’s height is 2.75m) cause PET thermal sensitivity to be hot (38°C~42°C), except for them, the other Case’s PET results are warm (34°C~38 °C). Change the configuration of the pedestrian bridge on blocking the pollution is not significant, the wider pedestrian bridge (Case3 of pedestrian bridge’s width is 9m) has the best PFR value.

La conservazione preventiva consiste in tutte quelle attività che consentono di mitigare il degrado dei Beni Culturali. Tra queste attività, lo studio delle condizioni ambientali è fondamentale per valutare il processo di degrado così come per gestire e tutelare il patrimonio culturale. L’invecchiamento di un oggetto e l’alterazione delle sue proprietà chimico-fisiche e strutturali sono processi innescati e regolati in modo diretto e indiretto dal microclima e dalle sue fluttuazioni. Qualsiasi allontanamento dalle condizioni ambientali, in particolar modo dall’umidità relativa (UR), che ha favorito la conservazione del manufatto fino a oggi (clima storico), potrebbe essere deleterio alla sua futura tutela. Per questo motivo, l’interesse dei conservatori scientifici è rivolto a trovare metodologie di studio che consentano di rallentare, prevedere e prevenire il degrado. La combinazione di misure sperimentali e simulazione dinamica del clima interno risulta efficace (a) a diagnosticare le cause che determinano il microclima e (B) a prevedere il suo comportamento in caso di modifiche delle condizioni a contorno. Tuttavia, l’efficacia della simulazione dinamica degli edifici dipende fortemente dall’accuratezza del modello di edificio, che dovrebbe esser in grado di derivare le fluttuazioni a medio e lungo termine, in particolar modo quelle di UR, che è complessa da simulare a causa della sua dipendenza da molti fattori. Di conseguenza, l’uso della simulazione dinamica può essere efficace solo quando l’umidità relativa è misurata, analizzata e modellata accuratamente. Questa tesi affronta un argomento molto importante nel campo della conservazione preventiva, fornendo una strategia per il controllo e la gestione del microclima all’interno di edifici storici che ospitano collezioni permanenti. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, la ricerca si è focalizzata sull’uso combinato di studi sperimentali e di simulazione dinamica. Particolare attenzione è stata indirizzata alla modellazione dell’umidità così come ai fenomeni di degrado meccanico indotti dall’umidità nei materiali igroscopici. Esistevano quattro ragioni per condurre questa ricercar: (1) fornire una valutazione oggettiva circa la qualità delle misure microclimatiche; (2) sviluppare una funzione di danno specifica per il degrado meccanico; (3) estendere le caratteristiche di una software commerciale di simulazione dinamica degli edifici con un modello monodimensionale di trasferimento simultaneo di calore e vapore attraverso le pareti; (4) facilitare il settaggio dei parametri necessari alla costruzione del modello di edificio a partire dai dati orari di temperatura e umidità relativa. I punti (3) e (4) erano necessaria per usare la simulazione dinamica come uno strumento diagnostico. Il punto (2) era necessario per estendere l’uso della simulazione anche a strumento prognostico. La metodologia proposta da questa ricerca consiste di tre fasi: (i) monitoraggio microclimatico e sua caratterizzazione per la valutazione del rischio di degrado basata un modello dose-risposta; (ii) creazione del modello di edificio e sua taratura; (iii) uso dei modelli tarati di edificio e di degrado per prevedere l’evoluzione del microclima dopo una nuova strategia di controllo microclimatico. Gli obiettivi specifici precedentemente elencati sono stati raggiunti usando differenti casi studio, mentre l’intera metodologia è stata applicata con successo al Museo Archeologico di Priverno che potrebbe essere definito come caso studio pilota. La combinazione di misure microclimatiche insieme alla simulazione dinamica si è dimostrata uno strumento potente and flessibile per la valutazione di una soluzione di controllo microclimatico in edifici storici. L’approccio proposto risulta essere completamente non invasivo, non distruttivo e con costo-zero in termini di materiali (se si esclude il costo del monitoraggio microclimatico). Infatti, le qualità conservative degli spazi da esposizione dopo la modifica del microclima sono direttamente valutate nell’ambiente di simulazione. In questo modo, i risultati possono sostenere vantaggiosamente i processi decisionali riguardanti il controllo e la gestione dell’ambiente espositivo.
The preventive conservation consists in all activities that allow to mitigate the degradation of cultural heritage. Among these activities, the study of environmental conditions is crucial to assess the degradation process as well as to manage and preserve the cultural heritage. The ageing of an object and the alteration of chemical-physical properties are activated and controlled, directly and indirectly, by the microclimate and its fluctuations. Any departure from the microclimate, especially the relative humidity (RH), that has promoted the conservation of an object (historical climate) might be harmful to its future preservation. For this reason, conservation scientists focus on methodologies able to reduce, predict and prevent the degradation. Combining experimental and modelling approaches in studies of indoor climate proves to be effective (a) to diagnose key factors that determine the microclimate and (b) to predict its dynamic behaviour if boundary conditions change. However, the efficacy of the building dynamic simulation strongly depends on the accuracy of the building model, that should derive both short- and long-term fluctuations of the indoor climate variables, especially those concerning RH, which is, besides, complex to simulate due to its dependence on many factors. Consequently, the use of dynamic simulation can be effective only when the relative humidity is accurately measured, analysed and modelled. This thesis addresses a very important timely topic in the preventive conservation providing a strategy in the control and management of the indoor climate within historic buildings which house permanent collections. To achieve this purpose, the research focused on combining experimental and dynamic simulation studies. Particular attention was paid to moisture modelling as well as to the moisture-induced damage in hygroscopic materials. There were four main reasons to have prompted this research: (1) providing an objective assessment about the quality of indoor climate measurements; (2) developing a damage function specific for mechanical degradation; (3) extending the features of a commercial building dynamic simulation software with a one-dimensional heat and moisture transfer model; (4) easing the set-up of the building model using hourly climate variables instead of energy data. The issues (3) and (4) were needed for using the dynamic simulation as a diagnostic tool. The issue (2) was needed for extending the use of simulation from a diagnostic tool to a predictive tool. The methodology proposed by this research consists of three steps: (i) microclimate monitoring and its characterization for conservation risk assessment based on dose-response model; (ii) creation of a building model and its calibration; (iii) use of calibrated building and dose-response models to predict the microclimate evolution after a new strategy of microclimate control. The specific purposes were achieved using different case studies and the whole strategy (i.e. the general purpose) was successfully exploited in the case of “Archaeological Museum of Priverno”, which might be defined as the pilot case study. The combination of indoor climate measurements jointly with the dynamic simulation has demonstrated to be a powerful tool to assess a climate control solution within historic buildings. The proposed approach results to be completely non-invasive, non-destructive and with zero-costs in terms materials. Indeed, the conservative quality of the exhibition spaces after modification of the indoor climate is directly assessed in the simulation environment. In this way, outcomes can support advantageously decision-making for a better control and management of the exhibition environment.

Hospitals and healthcare facilities are very specific times of microenvironments, which requiring monitoring air quality. People who use healthcare facilities are due to a weakened immune system very sensitive to air quality. Acceptable indoor air quality in healthcare facilities may have adverse effects on job performance at the personnel and their errors may have very serious consequences. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the main components of the inner microclimate (temperature and relative air humidity) and concentrations of carbon dioxide in the environment of selected healthcare facilities in the Czech Republic and to compare the results with the related legislation. The measurements were carried out in two hospitals and nine private medical offices from December 2011 to March 2013. The results showed that the values of microclimate factors and the concentration of carbon dioxide in the environment of patient rooms were different in cold and warm part of the year. In the patient rooms the levels of relative humidity diverged from the legal requirements mostly in winter - while those of temperature in summer. The concentration of carbon dioxide was affected by the occupancy rate and the size of the rooms. Air quality in the operating theater was primarily characterized by very low relative...

Hyperspectral imaging has become one of the most popular technologies in plant phenotyping because it can efficiently and accurately predict numerous plant physiological features such as plant biomass, leaf moisture content, and chlorophyll content. Various hyperspectral imaging systems have been deployed in both greenhouse and field phenotyping activities. However, the hyperspectral imaging quality is severely affected by the continuously changing environmental conditions such as cloud cover, temperature and wind speed that induce noise in plant spectral data. Eliminating these environmental effects to improve imaging quality is critically important. In this thesis, two approaches were taken to address the imaging noise issue in greenhouse and field separately. First, a computational simulation model was built to simulate the greenhouse microclimate changes (such as the temperature and radiation distributions) through a 24-hour cycle in a research greenhouse. The simulated results were used to optimize the movement of an automated conveyor in the greenhouse: the plants were shuffled with the conveyor system with optimized frequency and distance to provide uniform growing conditions such as temperature and lighting intensity for each individual plant. The results showed the variance of the plants’ phenotyping feature measurements decreased significantly (i.e., by up to 83% in plant canopy size) in this conveyor greenhouse. Secondly, the environmental effects (i.e., sun radiation) on aerial hyperspectral images in field plant phenotyping were investigated and modeled. An artificial neural network (ANN) method was proposed to model the relationship between the image variation and environmental changes. Before the 2019 field test, a gantry system was designed and constructed to repeatedly collect time-series hyperspectral images with 2.5 minutes intervals of the corn plants under varying environmental conditions, which included sun radiation, solar zenith angle, diurnal time, humidity, temperature and wind speed. Over 8,000 hyperspectral images of corn (Zea mays L.) were collected with synchronized environmental data throughout the 2019 growing season. The models trained with the proposed ANN method were able to accurately predict the variations in imaging results (i.e., 82.3% for NDVI) caused by the changing environments. Thus, the ANN method can be used by remote sensing professionals to adjust or correct raw imaging data for changing environments to improve plant characterization.