Literatura académica sobre el tema "Metric system, 1898"

In 1950 on Mount Zlatý kůň (‘Golden Horse’) in modern-day Czech Republic a system of caves was discovered. During many years of research in this area, human and animal osteological remains have been excavated, among which the most interesting ones were nine fragments of a female skull, now dated to ca. 43,000 yrs BP which are one of the earliest known anatomically modern humans in Eurasia. The aim of this research was to use purely digital techniques to: (1) to reconstruct the skull based on the 3D data of preserved fragments, (2) to approximate the probable appearance of the female it belonged to, and (3) to analyze the calculated shape of the reconstructed mandible and volume of the neurocranium in the context of similarities and differences with other representatives of the genus Homo. Computer techniques used in this research constitute a new, original approach to the problem of 3D analyses and may be useful primarily in bioarchaeological sciences, where metric analyses of the most valuable bone artifacts are often severely limited due to the incompleteness of the material available for research. The digital techniques presented here may also contribute significantly to the field of surgery, with the possibility of being adapted for applications in cranial prosthetics and post-traumatic reconstructive surgery.

Battery systems bring technical and economic advantages to electrical distribution systems (EDSs), as they conveniently store the surplus of cheap renewable generation for use at a more convenient time and contribute to peak shaving. Due to the high cost of batteries, technical and economic studies are needed to evaluate their correct allocation within the EDS. To contribute to this analysis, this paper proposes a stochastic mathematical model for the optimal battery allocation (OBA), which can be guided by the optimization of two different economic metrics: net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR). The effects of the OBA in the EDS are evaluated considering the stochastic variation of photovoltaic generation and load. Tests with the 33-node IEEE test system indicate that OBA results in voltage profile improvement (~1% at peak time), peak reduction (31.17%), increased photovoltaic hosting capacity (18.8%), and cost reduction (3.06%). Furthermore, it was found that the IRR metric leads to a different solution compared to the traditional NPV optimization due to its inherent consideration of the relation between cash flow and investment. Thus, both NPV and IRR-based allocation alternatives can be used by the decision maker to improve economic and technical operation of the EDS.

During the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire experienced an increased integration into the world economy, primarily through the development of bilateral trade with European markets. This study examines the determinants of bilateral trade of the Ottoman Empire with its trading partners between 1878 and 1913 using a panel regression framework. The results indicate that the GDP of trading partners, distance, common borders, and the adoption of the metric system significantly affected bilateral trade. In contrast, the GDP of the Ottoman Empire, trade agreements, railways, and commercial ports had no statistically significant effects on the mentioned trade relations.

The paper presents a method for evaluating the industrial systems with built-in artificial intelligence (AI) robustness to adversarial attacks. The influence of adversarial attacks on the systems performance has been studied. The scheme and the scenarios to implement attacks on industrial systems with built-in AI were presented. A comprehensive set of metrics used to study the robustness of ML models has been proposed, including test data set quality metrics (MDQ), ML model quality metrics (MMQ), and model robustness to adversarial attacks metrics (MSQ). The method is based on the use of this metrics set and includes the following steps: generating a set of test data containing clean samples; assessing the quality of a test data set using MMQ metrics; identification of relevant adversarial attacks methods; generating adversarial examples and a test data set, containing the adversarial samples, to evaluate the robustness of the ML model; assessing the quality of the generated adversarial test data set using MDQ indicators; evaluating the quality of a ML model using MMQ indicators; evaluating model robustness using MSQ scores.

The aim of the study is to increase the efficiency of the incident management process in an enterprise information system. The article analyzes the work on improving the incident management process. The expediency of applying a number of key metrics is substantiated, which makes it possible to assess the degree to which the process indicators achieved their target values, that is, assess the quality of the incident management: the speed of solving the incident, the degree of satisfaction of service users and the availability of channels for processing user requests. A comparative analysis of the existing model of the incidents’ management process and the proposed model is performed. The proposed model, which includes an additional support line, can significantly improve key indicators of incident handling and resolution process. The scientific novelty of the developed proposals lies in the integrated use of a combination of process, technological and service metrics, which provides the construction of a more effective model of incident management.Materials and methods. The theoretical basis of the study is the analysis of recommendations for the use of metrics in accordance with: the management methodology of the COBIT information technology, recommendations for building an incident management process based on the ITIL library of information technology infrastructure, as well as the results of scientific research by Russian and foreign scientists and publications of leading organizations in the field of management incidents in enterprise information systems. The analysis of incident management process metrics is carried out. The mathematical methods of quantitative measurement of key metrics are used. The analysis of statistical data received by the technical support service for incident management processes was carried out.Results. The use of key metrics is justified, with the help of which the task of promptly responding to incidents, their subsequent processing and resolution is solved in conditions of ensuring guaranteed access to channels for processing calls. A three-tier incidents’ management model was developed, which made it possible to more effectively solve the problem of managing their processing based on the integrated use of key metrics.Conclusion. The study revealed the shortcomings of the existing model of the incident management process. The analysis of metrics used in existing models of the incident management process is carried out. The choice of a set of relevant metrics is substantiated, the complex application of which allowed us to develop a more effective incident management model that meets both the requirements of service consumers and the requirements for the operation of an information system. The developed model provides improved quality of incident processing (speed, completeness, reliability).A distinctive feature of the developed model is the use of objective quantitative characteristics obtained on the basis of relevant metrics of the incident management process, which made it possible to substantiate proposals for improving the existing incident management model in the enterprise information system.

The vulnerabilities using return-oriented programming pose threats to the functioning of information systems. There are many protection systems to counteract them. They are based on various principles of functioning. At the same time, there are no generally accepted approaches to assess the security of applied solutions. The paper proposes security metrics that allow obtaining objective data on the efficiency of protection against RoP vulnerabilities. Proposed security metrics show ability to perform attack by gain control over control flow graph.

This study evaluated computer vision-based models, including Histogram Analysis, Logistic Regression, Sift-SVM, and Deep learning models, in an autonomous testing system developed for smartphone camera modules. System performance was assessed in a practical factory setting with workers operating the system, and metrics such as processing time, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and defect rate were evaluated. Based on the results, the Sift-SVM model demonstrated the greatest potential for enhancing the reliability of the system with a processing time of 0.01578 seconds, a sensitivity of 99.811%, and a reduction in the failure rate to 1888 PPM. The study findings suggest that Sift-SVM has the potential to be practically applied in the industry, thus improving the speed and accuracy of automatic defect detection in manufacturing and reducing the defect rate.

Abstract Remote sensing excels in estimating regional evapotranspiration (ET). However, most remote sensing energy balance models require researchers to subjectively extract the characteristic parameters of the dry and wet limits of the underlying surfaces. The regional ET accuracy is affected by wrong determined ideal pixels. This study used Landsat images and the METRIC model to evaluate the effects of different dry and wet pixel combinations on the ET in the typical steppe areas. The ET spatiotemporal changes of the different land cover types were discussed. The results show that the surface temperature and leaf area index could determine the dry and wet limits recognition schemes in grassland areas. The water vapor flux data of an eddy covariance system verified that the relative error between the ETd,METRIC and ETd,GES of eight DOYs (day of the year) was 18.8% on average. The ETMETRIC values of the crop growth season and the ETIMS of eight silage maize irrigation monitoring stations were found to have a relative error of 11.1% on average. The spatial distribution of the ET of the different land cover types in the study area was as follows: ETwater > ETarable land > ETforest land > ETunutilized land > ETgrassland > ETurban land.

Water tanks are very important components of lifeline. They are vital component in municipal water system, firefighting systems and in many industrial facilities for storage of water. The water tanks get heavily damaged or collapsed during earthquake due to the fluid-structure interactions; hence the seismic be-havior of tanks has the characteristics of complex phenomena. Water storage tanks ought to stay practical within the post-earthquake amount to confirm potable water system to earthquake affected regions. The para-metric study suggests that the elevated circular tanks performs better than elevated rectangular tanks. In the present study, a dynamic analysis of elevated RCC water tanks design for the zone III and zone V as per Indi-an Standard: 1893-2002 (Part-2) and analyzed manually as well as using the software considering all the earthquake forces. Objective of this paper is to understand the dynamic behavior of elevated water tanks un-der earthquake loading.