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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Métatranscriptomiques"
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Tesis sobre el tema "Métatranscriptomiques"
Marandat, Gregory. "Développement et mise en œuvre d'approches métatranscriptomiques pour le suivi microbiologique de digesteurs anaérobies". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0005.
Texto completoAnaerobic digestion bioreactors appear nowadays environmentally attractive because they allow treating and valorizing organic waste, by production of added value biogas, fertilizers, heat and electricity. Such bioprocesses employ natural abilities of complex microbial communities to convert complex organic matter into simpler molecules. Anaerobic digestion microbiomes represent the "microbial engine" of reactors, which ultimately sustain its performance. Solving dysfunctions or start phase issues is difficult especially without a microbiological monitoring. Classical microbiological and molecular tools show limitations dealing with complex communities, but recently the arrival of next-generation DNA sequencers and bioinformatics open locks.New culture-independent molecular tools, based on RNA sequencing of complex microbial communities, also called metatranscriptomic approaches, were developed and implemented, in order to monitor the microbial consortia of anaerobic digesters. Six types of reactors were analyzed. They treated different substrates (solid waste, activated sludge and paper mill effluent), which spanned from lab to industrial scale. A meta-analysis of thirty-three metatranscriptomic datasets permitted to highlight specific and core groups of taxa present in bioreactors, as well as numerous genetic functions related to Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulfur metabolisms.The results obtained from this work show the power of metatranscriptomics, to analyze complex environmental samples. Metatranscriptomics appears as an unavoidable tool for microbial community engineering, interestingly enabling an interrogation of the "universal knowledge" (biological databases), and giving a holistic picture about the structure and function of complex microbial communities. Some limits however still remain in relation to the incompleteness of databases, technical and bioinformatics issues, biological interpretations, as well as in the integration of this new knowledge in an inclusive picture
Hardy, Julie. "Etude du métatranscriptome de la digestion anaérobie du développement bioinformatique à l'étude expérimentale en conditions inhibitrices". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0382.
Texto completoAnaerobic digestion (AD) is a degradation process of organic matter in absence of oxygen that leads to energetic recovery of organic residues in the form of methane-rich biogas. The optimisation of these processes requires a better understanding of the functioning of complex communities and their functional response to disturbances. One of the main objectives of this PhD was the construction and validation of a bioinformatics pipeline dedicated to the comparative analysis of métatranscriptomes from anaerobic digesters subjected to perturbations.Meta-omics approaches based on high-throughput sequencing produce large amounts of data, challenging their processing. An efficient pipeline to analyse the functions of active microbial communities was developed during this thesis. The pipeline is designed to control sequence quality, remove rRNA, perform functional annotation of reads against functional databases and handle differential gene expression analysis. Its efficiency was validated by analysing data from (i) synthetic communities, (ii) a previous metatranscriptomic study and (iii) 7 triplicate samples from a continuous experimental methaniser (CSTR) in which we simulated several stress events
Mustafa, Tarfa. "Vers une comparaison métatranscriptomique entre deux sols alpins sous couvert nival contrasté". Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENS020/document.
Texto completoThe distribution of snow across the landscape in the Alps is one of the most important variables controlling the structure and function of mountain ecosystems. Changes in snow depth and duration can cause major changes in soil and climatic conditions, as well as the composition of plant communities and especially on the major biogeochemical cycles and consequently the structure and functioning of the ecosystem. We used the approach métatranscriptomique to try to understand the functional diversity and real activity expressed in Alpine soils by micro-organisms in response to different environmental constraints. Transcriptomics, and by extension, the métatranscriptomique, can be seen as full quantitative analysis of all genes expressed by one or more agencies or by the entire ecosystem. Using this approach involves first extracting RNA in good quality and good yield, then the conversion of RNA into cDNA by targeting mRNA fractions. The ability to assess metatranscriptome complex microbial communities under different environmental conditions is in itself a significant advance in our ability to link the structure and functions of communities with the genotypes of DNA (the sequence) and phenotype correspondence. In this study, we present the first use of the approach métatranscriptomique on the activities of eukaryotic microbial communities of alpine soil in two very contrasting locations called LSM (Lately snowmelt) and ESM (early snowmelt) which are characterized by contrasting climatic gradients and differences in vegetation associated. We present an analysis of sequences and annotation procedures using publicly available software and scripts using python programs and Obitools. We have also developed a pipeline of bioinformatics analysis adapted to correct extraction of information of the functional and taxonomic databases
Ugarte, Ari. "Combining machine learning and evolution for the annotation of metagenomics data". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066732/document.
Texto completoMetagenomics is used to study microbial communities by the analyze of DNA extracted directly from environmental samples. It allows to establish a catalog very extended of genes present in the microbial communities. This catalog must be compared against the genes already referenced in the databases in order to find similar sequences and thus determine their function. In the course of this thesis, we have developed MetaCLADE, a new methodology that improves the detection of protein domains already referenced for metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequences. For the development of MetaCLADE, we modified an annotation system of protein domains that has been developed within the Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology clade called (closer sequences for Annotations Directed by Evolution) [17]. In general, the methods for the annotation of protein domains characterize protein domains with probabilistic models. These probabilistic models, called sequence consensus models (SCMs) are built from the alignment of homolog sequences belonging to different phylogenetic clades and they represent the consensus at each position of the alignment. However, when the sequences that form the homolog set are very divergent, the signals of the SCMs become too weak to be identified and therefore the annotation fails. In order to solve this problem of annotation of very divergent domains, we used an approach based on the observation that many of the functional and structural constraints in a protein are not broadly conserved among all species, but they can be found locally in the clades. The approach is therefore to expand the catalog of probabilistic models by creating new models that focus on the specific characteristics of each clade. MetaCLADE, a tool designed with the objective of annotate with precision sequences coming from metagenomics and metatranscriptomics studies uses this library in order to find matches between the models and a database of metagenomic or metatranscriptomic sequences. Then, it uses a pre-computed step for the filtering of the sequences which determine the probability that a prediction is a true hit. This pre-calculated step is a learning process that takes into account the fragmentation of metagenomic sequences to classify them. We have shown that the approach multi source in combination with a strategy of meta-learning taking into account the fragmentation outperforms current methods
Defois, Clemence. "Etude de l'impact de contaminats chimiques alimentaires sur le microbiote intestinal humain". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAS007/document.
Texto completoExposure to environmental pollutants has been associated with various life-threatening disorders, including dysregulation of the immune and reproductive systems, metabolic diseases and various cancers. Growing evidences indicate that the gut microbiota, which plays major roles in host metabolic and immune functions, interacts with xenobiotics including persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and foodborne chemicals. The toxicological relevance of the gut microbiota-pollutant interplay is of great concern for the host since the chemicals may disrupt the gut microbiota functions leading to a potential impairment of the host homeostasis. During this PhD thesis, we demonstrated that in vitro acute exposure of the human gut microbiota with benzo[a]pyrene (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) led to an impairment of the gut microbiota functions with a specific shift of the microbial volatolome and metatranscriptome. However, in our experimental conditions, no impact on the microbial structure was observed. Since humans are exposed to a wide range of environmental chemicals we investigated the impact of various POPs and foodborne chemicals on the human gut microbiota. We identified microbial volatiles and gene families that shifted after this exposure leading to an imbalance of the microbial activity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the interaction between the pollutants and the gut microbiota lead to a significant release of pro-inflammatory IL-8 cytokine by the intestinal epithelial cells which may contribute to the establishment of a low-grade inflammatory state in the gut. All together, these data support the emerging concept that food pollutants could alter the gut microbiota activities
Ugarte, Ari. "Combining machine learning and evolution for the annotation of metagenomics data". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066732.pdf.
Texto completoMetagenomics is used to study microbial communities by the analyze of DNA extracted directly from environmental samples. It allows to establish a catalog very extended of genes present in the microbial communities. This catalog must be compared against the genes already referenced in the databases in order to find similar sequences and thus determine their function. In the course of this thesis, we have developed MetaCLADE, a new methodology that improves the detection of protein domains already referenced for metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequences. For the development of MetaCLADE, we modified an annotation system of protein domains that has been developed within the Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology clade called (closer sequences for Annotations Directed by Evolution) [17]. In general, the methods for the annotation of protein domains characterize protein domains with probabilistic models. These probabilistic models, called sequence consensus models (SCMs) are built from the alignment of homolog sequences belonging to different phylogenetic clades and they represent the consensus at each position of the alignment. However, when the sequences that form the homolog set are very divergent, the signals of the SCMs become too weak to be identified and therefore the annotation fails. In order to solve this problem of annotation of very divergent domains, we used an approach based on the observation that many of the functional and structural constraints in a protein are not broadly conserved among all species, but they can be found locally in the clades. The approach is therefore to expand the catalog of probabilistic models by creating new models that focus on the specific characteristics of each clade. MetaCLADE, a tool designed with the objective of annotate with precision sequences coming from metagenomics and metatranscriptomics studies uses this library in order to find matches between the models and a database of metagenomic or metatranscriptomic sequences. Then, it uses a pre-computed step for the filtering of the sequences which determine the probability that a prediction is a true hit. This pre-calculated step is a learning process that takes into account the fragmentation of metagenomic sequences to classify them. We have shown that the approach multi source in combination with a strategy of meta-learning taking into account the fragmentation outperforms current methods
Metegnier, Gabriel. "From gene expression to genetic adaptation : insights into the spatio-temporal dynamics of Alexandrium minutum cryptic species complex". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS200/document.
Texto completoNatural populations face environmental changes. In this context, different responses were evolutionnary selected. Among them are phenotypic plasticity and genetic adaptation. Studying the links between these two types of response is a way to understand population dynamics and to predict how they may respond to a changing environment. In the present Ph.D thesis, I focused on studying these links at several scales (intra- and interspecific), in the cryptic species complex of the microalga Alexandrium minutum, both in vitro and in situ. With respect to phenotypic plasticity, these two closely related species show profound differences, highlighting the links between genetic and ecological divergence. At the intraspecific level, it appears that, when facing abiotic factors variations, populations adjust the expression levels of certain genes (notably involved in motility related functions and intercellular interactions under low-salinity and cold environments). On the other hand, populations show genetic differentiation at both small spatial scale, over time, and when the community changes. To conclude, there is a direct interaction between genetic divergence and changes in gene expression. In addition to asking many questions about the response capabilities of populations, these results highlight how phenotypic plasticity and genetic changes are linked and interact. They offer new perspectives on the mechanisms underlying population responses to their environment
Guerin, Nina. "Acclimatation du pico-eucaryote photosynthétique Pelagomonas calceolata aux changements environnementaux". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. https://www.biblio.univ-evry.fr/theses/2023/interne/2023UPASL138.pdf.
Texto completoPhotosynthetic picoeukaryotes (PPE) are abundant in all oceans and represent a significant proportion of biomass and primary production. Climate models predict an extension of oligotrophic areas in the following decades, which could greatly increase the abundance and ecological impact of PPEs. Among them, the microalga Pelagomonas calceolata (Stramenopiles/Pelagophyceae) is widely distributed in the oceans (Worden et al., 2012) but its role in the carbon cycle and its impact on the trophic chain remain poorly characterised (Dupont et al., 2015). In situ and in vitro analyses suggest that P. calceolata can adapt to environmental variations thanks to a significant capacity to modulate gene expression (Carradec et al., 2018; Dimier et al., 2009). The aim of this thesis is to understand how P. calceolata adapts to environmental variations in the many environments it lives in. In the first chapter, the P. calceolata genome is assembled, annotated and compared with those of other PPEs. Thanks to metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data from the Tara Oceans expedition, the biogeography and transcriptomic activity of P. calceolata under different environmental conditions has provided a better understanding of the present and future distribution of this alga, and the genes involved in its ecological success (Guérin et al 2022). In the second chapter, we focused on the acclimatisation habilites of P. calceolata to changing nitrogen quantities and sources. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in P. calceolata as a function of nitrate concentration in Tara Oceans samples were compared with those identified during growth experiments under controlled conditions. P. calceolata was grown in media depleted in nitrate or in which nitrate was replaced by ammonium, urea or cyanate. The comparison of DEGs obtained in the laboratory with those obtained from environmental data provides a better understanding of the metabolism of this microalga in the face of nitrate shortage, and of the mechanisms put in place in the environment to cope with variability in nitrate availability, in particular through its ability to use organic nitrogen sources. In the third chapter, we aimed to better understand how depth affects the physiology of P. calceolata. P. calceolata is found in water samples from the surface down to a depth of at least 200m. We found that sampling depth had a strong impact on the expression of P. calceolata genes involved in photorespiration and carbon concentration mechanisms. During this PhD thesis, the characterisation of the adaptive capacities of P. calceolata led to a better understanding of how transcriptomic regulation enables it to be cosmopolitan, and shows that this microalga can be used as a model organism thanks to the possibility of studying it simultaneously in the laboratory and in environmental multi-omics data
Ziller, Antoine. "Origine(s) et Fonction(s) de Gènes de Résistance aux Métaux Issus de Métatranscriptomes Eucaryotes de Sols". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1056/document.
Texto completoSoil is essential to human societies, especially for food production. Its functioning relies on interaction networks sensitive to environmental alterations. Eukaryotic microorganisms are an important component of the soil ecosystem where they are involved in essential processes such as the regulation of prokaryotic populations. However, they remain poorly studied compared to bacteria, especially concerning their roles in biogeochemical cycles other than the carbon one such as metal cycles. In response to soil metal contamination, some of these eukaryotic microorganisms develop cellular "resistance" mechanisms. In this context, the host laboratory has previously isolated, directly from soils, eukaryotic genes able to confer Cd resistance. These genes form a family coding for cysteine-rich proteins whose cysteine positions are conserved within this sequences. My thesis project aimed at characterizing the function and taxonomic origin of this gene family. First, the purification of five of these proteins produced in Escherichia coli and their biochemical characterizations by spectrometric methods demonstrated that this gene family constitutes a new family of metallothioneins capable of chelating in vitro Zn, Cu and Cd. Some of these proteins are also able to confer Zn resistance when expressed in a sensitive yeast strain. In a second step, quantitative PCR methods for measuring expression levels of these genes in soil microcosms were developed. This will allow to evaluate the level of expression of these genes as a function of an increasing supply of exogenous metal. In a third step, we tried to obtain the genomic regions flanking these environmental genes in order to be able to associate the organisms from which they originate to a taxonomic group and to analyze the promoter regions of these genes using targeted capture
Kleinjan, Hetty. "The influence of bacteria on the adaptation to changing environments in Ectocarpus : a systems biology approach". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS267.
Texto completoEctocarpus subulatus depends on its associated bacteria for growth in fresh water, which stresses the significance of the “holobiont” during abiotic stress. The aim of my thesis is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon. Targeted co-culture experiments require cultivable organisms. Therefore, I have cultivated and characterized 388 Ectocarpus-associated bacteria, which belong to 33 different genera. None of the cultivated bacteria tested had a beneficial effect on algal growth in fresh water. For functional studies, I continued to work with mild antibiotic-treated holobionts that differed in their response to fresh water. The metatranscriptome and metabolome of these holobionts were analyzed during acclimation. In-depth analysis is ongoing, but first indications point towards a change in the microbiome regarding nitrogen assimilation and virulence. In parallel and complementary to the above, potentially beneficial algal-bacterial cross-talk was predicted in silico using metabolic network analysis on a subset of cultivated bacteria, and the predictions were experimentally verified using co-culture experiments. Together, these results contribute to a better understanding of how the Ectocarpus holobiont responds during abiotic stress and especially how bacteria are involved in this process
Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Métatranscriptomiques"
GUYOMAR, Cervin y Claire LEMAITRE. "Métagénomique et métatranscriptomique". En Des séquences aux graphes, 151–86. ISTE Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51926/iste.9066.ch5.
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