Tesis sobre el tema "Mesures en mer"
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Tephany, Yann. "La lutte contre les activités illicites en mer". Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT2013.
Texto completoMaritime security threats have always been a critical concern for States. The age-old figure of the pirate sailing the Seven Seas to plunder merchant ships is a striking illustration of this. Nowadays, this matter still attracts the attention of the international community. Contemporary maritime security threats now includes a wide range of illegal acts, such as piracy in the high seas, armed robbery in territorial waters, maritime terrorism, illicit traffic of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, smuggling and trafficking of persons, illegal fishing and intentional and unlawful damage to the marine environment. UNCLOS reaches a compromise between national interests of States in one hand, and the interest of the international community in the other. This Convention establishes a legal framework in which it upholds the principle of freedom of navigation in various articles, and also provides States' law enforcement powers against criminals operating on vessels flying foreign flags. However, UNCLOS is not, per se, a crime control treaty. For that reason, several multilateral treaties called “suppression convention” have been concluded, with the purpose of suppressing transnational crime. These treaties include the obligation to criminalize several activities that could be committed at sea, and serve to complement the international framework for fight illegal activities at sea.States and international organizations strengthen and enforce these international rules. They develop new instruments and procedures to tackle maritime security threats. International courts also play an important role, for instance in terms of obliging States to take due account of the fundamental rights of persons arrested for being involved in illicit maritime activities. All these developments demonstrate that States have enough legal tools to fight illegal activities at sea, although there is a lack of effective cooperation
Spilmont, Nicolas. "Métabolisme benthique intertidal en milieu marin et estuarien : mesures in situ de la production et de la respiration, variabilité spatio-temporelle et bilans". Littoral, 2004. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-01118224.
Texto completoIn situ intertidal benthic metabolism (primary production and respiration) was mesured during emersed conditions on four according to a gradient from exposed to sheltered conditions corresponding to the typical sediments encountered along the French coasts of the English Channel. A closed-chamber was used to measure CO2 concentration via an infrared gas analyser. For each studied area (sandy beach of Wimereux, Bay of Somme, Bay of Seine and Bay du Mont Saint-Michel), temporal and spatial variability was assessed at different scales, and the factors controlling metabolic processes were then determinated. At both day and month scales, biological processes were mainly controlled by light (primary production) and temperature (primary production and respiration). At the seasonnal scale, local conditions (e. G. Deposit/erosion cycle) may disrupt the system. In Wimereux, exposed conditions result in high instability where processes are difficult to predict. Within each site, the clear distinction of biosedimentary structures impacts on both chlorophylle a and primary production, but not on respiration. However at a larger spatial scale (inter-sites) this biosedimentary variability can not explain the observed discrepancies in metabolism measurements. Annual primary production budgets calculations show that production largely depends on seasonal changes in day length. On this seasonal trend are superimposed strong fornightly fluctuations expected from the superimposition of the tidal and day/night cycles. Finally, a spatialized budget was calculated for the Bay of Somme for three periods of the year when the benthic compartment of the bay appeared to be net heterotrophic
Hu, Ziyuan. "Structures tourbillonnaires à l'ouest du golfe du Lion : modélisation numérique et mesures en mer". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22012.
Texto completoIn the western part of the Gulf of Lion, Millot (1979, 1982) had postulated the presence of mesoscale anticyclonic eddies. As already well studied in the open ocean, such structures could also play, in the coastal zone, an important role on the circulation and biogeochemistry, as well as on the coastal-offshore exchanges of energy and mass. The objectives of this PhD thesis is to characterize the anticyclonic eddies present in the western part of the Gulf of Lion and to understand their generation processes, using in a combined way numerical modelling and in situ measurements. The numerical model SYMPHONIE is used to simulate realistically the circulation of the Gulf of Lion, in order to help us understand the dynamics of such structures. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out, varying the model spatial resolution and the horizontal viscosity, to choose the best model configuration. A wavelet technique is applied on model outputs to identify eddies and estimate their characteristics (duration, size...). The numerical results have been used to set up the sampling strategy of the LATEX cruises and help us interpret in situ data. The analysis of the measurements collected during Latex08 (September 1-6 , 2008) confirmed the presence of an anticyclonic eddy in the western part of the Gulf of Lion and showed that its features agree with the ones of the simulated eddy. These in situ data, combined with the modeling results, allow us to better understand the eddies' dynamics. Thanks to a long period simulation (2001-2008) with the appropriate model configuration, we studied the repetitiveness and variability of the eddies, as well as their generation processes. Modeling results showed that during the 8 years of simulation, coastal anticyclonic eddies are present regularly, from May to October, in the western part of the Gulf of Lion with a life duration varying from several days to more than two months. The eddies with a life duration longer than 15 days need two conditions to be generated: a persistent and strong northwest wind and a strong stratification. Annual and interannual differences between the eddies present in the 8 years of simulation can be explained by varying the intensity of each of the two conditions
Touré, Barham. "L'insécurité en mer et le droit : mutations, prévention et sanction". Lille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIL20012.
Texto completoRangama, Yvan. "Variabilité spatio-temporelle des flux air-mer de CO2 dans l'océan sud : apport des mesures satellitaires". Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066573.
Texto completoHamad, Najwa. "La circulation de surface dans le bassin oriental de la Méditerranée d'après les observations satellitaires infrarouge". Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX22029.
Texto completoBringer, Alexandra. "Description statistique de la surface océanique et mesures conjointes micro-ondes : une analyse cohérente". Phd thesis, Toulon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00794381.
Texto completoOllivier, Annabelle. "Nouvelle approche pour l'extraction de paramètres géophysiques des mesures en altimétrie radar". Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00204475.
Texto completoCes paramètres sont estimés à partir des échos radar qui possèdent une forme caractéristique de la surface sur laquelle ils se réfléchissent.
La précision, la résolution et la qualité d'estimation de ces paramètres (hauteur de mer, hauteur des vagues, vitesse du vent...) sont des préoccupations permanentes pour l'exploitation et l'interprétation des mesures altimétriques.
Nous proposons dans cette thèse de réduire le niveau de bruit des mesures avant l'étape d'estimation c'est-à-dire sur les échos altimétriques.
Pour cela, nous exploitons leur corrélation spatiale en travaillant sur des matrices formées d'échos consécutifs.
Cette approche matricielle constitue une nouveauté dans le traitement du signal altimétrique. Son principal atout est de définir des sous-espaces vectoriels permettant de séparer l'information utile du bruit qui altère le signal.
Elle permet de définir des échos très peu bruités sans perdre l'information géophysique et avec une résolution maximale.
Nous établissons un traitement optimal au sens des moindres carrés s'appuyant sur des simulations et appliqué sur les données réelles de plusieurs altimètres.
Grâce aux échos débruités obtenus, les paramètres géophysiques sont extraits avec une précision accrue.
En réduisant le bruit haute fréquence, nous mettons en évidence une variabilité spatiale à plus fine échelle, jusqu'à présent noyée dans le bruit de mesure.
Cette méthode simple et efficace permet d'affiner la précision et la résolution des hauteurs de mer et des vagues estimées le long des traces des satellites.
En affinant la précision et la résolution des mesures le long des traces, on participe à la nouvelle orientation opérationnelle de l'altimétrie, tournée vers des utilisateurs et vers des études de plus en plus locales.
Rangama, Yvan. "variabilite spatio-temporelle des flux air-mer de CO2 dans l'ocean sud : apport des mesures satellitaires". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007529.
Texto completoDugenne, Mathilde. "Dynamique du phytoplancton en mer Méditerranée : approches par mesures à haute fréquence, modélisation, et statistiques bayésiennes". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0121/document.
Texto completoThe conversion of atmospheric carbon into organic matter by photosynthesis is important for all marine ecosystems. Two approaches are presented to measure phytoplankton productivity from the temporal evolution of cells' size. They traduce the incremental assimilation of inorganic carbon during cells' lifespan, before its reallocation to the next generation of cells produced by division. In the sea, the carbon flux depends on phytoplankton communities and their inherent sensitivity. The short time/spatial scale monitoring of phytoplankton in disturbed ecosystems is essential to foresee the Global change. Climate and inhabiting populations will especially reacts to Global change in the Mediterranean Sea. In the Mediterranean and in the global Ocean, observations programs are fundamental for climatic scenario used to predict the effect of environmental changes on the buffering capacity of CO$_{2}$ emissions induced by phytoplankton productivity
Dugenne, Mathilde. "Dynamique du phytoplancton en mer Méditerranée : approches par mesures à haute fréquence, modélisation, et statistiques bayésiennes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0121.
Texto completoThe conversion of atmospheric carbon into organic matter by photosynthesis is important for all marine ecosystems. Two approaches are presented to measure phytoplankton productivity from the temporal evolution of cells' size. They traduce the incremental assimilation of inorganic carbon during cells' lifespan, before its reallocation to the next generation of cells produced by division. In the sea, the carbon flux depends on phytoplankton communities and their inherent sensitivity. The short time/spatial scale monitoring of phytoplankton in disturbed ecosystems is essential to foresee the Global change. Climate and inhabiting populations will especially reacts to Global change in the Mediterranean Sea. In the Mediterranean and in the global Ocean, observations programs are fundamental for climatic scenario used to predict the effect of environmental changes on the buffering capacity of CO₂ emissions induced by phytoplankton productivity
Lagdami, Khanssa. "Les enjeux de la sécurité et de la sûreté maritimes en mer Méditerranée". Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NANT4016.
Texto completoThe Mediterranean sea, semi-enclosed sea representing 1 % of the globe, is a compulsory sea road between Europe and Asia. It concentrates 25 % of world seaborne trade, including a third of oil supplies and a fifth container traffic passing through it annually. Every day a thousand ships transit at sea or stop at ports in full swing. Maritime activity is intense and inherent to this crossroads in a permanent movement. All the more so as that this sea is affected by a strong sinistrality (maritime accidents, oil dumping). Moreover, other dangers are strongly present, especially illegal immigration, drugs traffic, and the threat of terrorism. This fragility is amplified by a lack of uniformity in the application of the international regulations and by the particular status of the Mediterranean towards of the Law of the sea. Indeed, the delimitation of the EEZ in the Mediterranean is difficult. This situation favors the creation of lawless areas, and is the cause of several disputes in this sea. Through this thesis, we propose in a first step, a global view of the vulnerability of the Mediterranean and the various international and regional rules applying this and in a second step analyzes the actions to be taken by States (especially those in the south) to achieve efficiency in the application of international standards of maritime safety and security
Gourrion, Jérôme. "Analyses statistiques de mesures altimétriques et état de mer : étude et modélisation de l’impact de la croissance des vagues". Brest, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BRES2031.
Texto completoBoutin, Jacqueline. "Flux air-mer de CO2 et salinité à la surface de l'océan par télédétection et mesures autonomes CARIOCA". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00470532.
Texto completoPruchon-Zhen, Sylvie. "Radioactivite en mer mediterranee. Sources et mesures dans l'environnement marin (sediments, moules) - application au delta du grand-rhone". Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066440.
Texto completoPhilipps, Sabine. "Restitution de la salinité de surface à partir des mesures simulées SMOS". Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30276.
Texto completoThe sea surface salinity (SSS) is an important parameter of the ocean circulation. Unfortunately, the spatio-temporal sampling of in-situ measurements is still to low. The satellite mission SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) was chosen by ESA as a Second Earth Explorer Opportunity Mission with launch scheduled in 2007. The SSS will be retrieved from the brightness temperatures measured by the interferometer radiometer. The goal of this work was to estimate, using a simulator (developed by Ph. Waldteufel), the precision of the SSS measured by SMOS. The characteristics of the instrument and the ocean were taken into account and state of the art available direct models and inversion methods were used. It showed the importance of the quality of the auxiliary data used in the SSS retrieval and brought out their impact on the error reduction from SSS averaging at the expense of the time-space resolution
Francou, Jean Paul. "Les mesures maritimes et les opérations navales dans la seconde moitié du vingtième siècle". Lyon 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO33004.
Texto completoAnalysis of nowadays conditions of legislation in maritime measures and contemporary rules of naval operations. Study of maritime measures and naval operations during peace, war and in operations related with international organisations activities
Gnoan, Ambroise Kablan Amon. "La sécurité maritime dans les États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre". Lille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL20007.
Texto completoMaritime transport, compelling factor of economic development, may also lead to important navigation and the pollution of the maritime environment secutity risks. Such risks can be caused by the significant increase of vessels under standard in developing countries are more likely to hold. Among them there are Western and Central African States. They have legislation for maritime transport, but the texts are modeled on those dating from the colonial era. They are the therefore either inadequate or insufficient to ensure maritime safety. In addition, rare are the IMO conventions that they have ratified. Furthermore, faced with the phenomenon of globalisation, taken separately, West abd Central African States regulations are less effective. Aware of this situation, these States have created the Maritime Organization of Africa West and Central concerned to provide a flat form of cooperation in the field of maritime transport and multimodal transport system to establish a regional maritime transport integration policy States. But these efforts are mainly concentred on the economic aspect of the maritime sector ; maritime safety and pollution prevention have been neglected even though they are issues of vital importance to the International Maritime Organization. This must go through a harmonisation of the rules, in the sub region and the ratification of the IMO conventions
Adjaout, Abdelhamid. "Validation des mesures de gravité en mer : détermination du géoïde gravimétrique au large du Japon et détection du courant Kuroshio". Observatoire de Paris (1667-....), 1994. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01958570.
Texto completoAmmar, Adel. "Restitution de la salinité de surface de l'océan à partir des mesures SMOS : une approche neuronale?" Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/475/.
Texto completoUsing neural networks to retrieve the sea surface salinity from the observed Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) brightness temperatures (TBs) is an empirical approach that offers the possibility of being independent from any theoretical emissivity model. We prove that this approach is applicable to all pixels over ocean, by designing a set of neural networks with different inputs. Besides, we demonstrate that a judicious distribution of the geophysical parameters in the learning database allows to markedly reduce the systematic regional biases of the retrieved SSS, which are due to the high noise on the TBs. An equalization of the distribution of the geophysical parameters, followed by a new technique for boosting the learning process, makes the regional biases almost disappear for latitudes between 40°S and 40°N, while the global standard deviation remains between 0. 6 psu (at the center of the swath) and 1 psu (at the edges)
Zongo, Sylvie Brizard. "Fluctuations multi-échelles et extrêmes dans les séries temporelles biogéochimiques à moyen et long terme en milieu marin côtier". Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10135/document.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on the study of biogeochemical time series in order to characterize the dynamics of their fluctuations on a wide range of scales, and in particular their extremes. The databases analyzed here are mainly provided by the MAREL and SOMLIT programmes. The MAREL program is a network of automatic measuring devices monitoring coastal marine environments implemented by Ifremer. The SOMLIT is a French national program operated by INSU. The measurements are made once every two weeks on the fixed stations. In order to analyze these time series, methods have been borrowed from the fields of numerical analysis and turbulence. The study was conducted in three parts. In the first part, we consider the high frequency time series. The Fourier spectral analysis reveals the influence of physical forcing on the distribution of the parameters. The second part of the study compares SOMLIT and MAREL results recorded from sites near Boulogne-sur-mer. The comparison of the two measuring systems (manual and automatic) showed that while they are complementary, the automatic MAREL system is more informative. The probability density functions (pdfs) of some ratios reveal extreme values in their dynamics. These pdfs reveal in all cases a hyperbolic behavior in the tail probability of the ratios. In the third part, we consider the influence of extremes events of the Seine flow on the distribution of some biogeochemical parameters. This section is also concerned with the analysis of data at high frequency in order to estimate of water masses state in the English Channel within the context of the Water Framework Directive (WFD)
Teinturier, Samuel. "Dynamique et stabilité de tourbillons océaniques en interaction avec la cote ou la topographie". Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2008. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00430962.
Texto completoMartin, Adrien. "Analyse des mesures radiométriques en bande-L au-dessus de l'océan : Campagnes CAROLS". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00850877.
Texto completoBringer, Alexandra. "Description statistique de la surface océanique et mesures conjointes micro-ondes : une analyse cohérente". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUL0009.
Texto completoMore and more micro-wave data are available from spatial and airborne measurements over sea surface. An accurate backscattering model which is capable of taking the multi-scale aspect of the sea surface into account, is required to model correctly the data as well as a precise sea spectrum. Several unified backscattering models have been developed in recent years under Gaussian statistics. However, these models are not able to give a correct modelization of the backscattered signal when different data sets are studied together. One of the objectives of this study is to improve the modelization of the backscattered signal to get better agreement with the data.The first step of this study is to include non Gaussian statistics into backscattering model as it is well known they have a significant impact on the normalized radar cross section (NRCS). Then, a non Gaussian version of the Weighted Curvature Approximation was developed taking the kurtosis of slopes into account. This work was based only upon vertical polarization.It is then shown that the corrections allow a better agreement with the data but they are not sufficient to get a good estimation of the NRCS for all incidences and electromagnetic frequencies. This induces the hypothesis of a modification of the short wave sea spectrum.Then, a new parametrisation of the omnidirectional sea spectrum is suggested to get a better agreement with the multiband data sets and is based on the spectrum developed by Elfouhaily et al. The new omnidirectional short wave sea spectrum is quite alike the Elfouhaily’s spectrum with some noticeable differences for the decimetric scales
Dhomps, Anne-Lise. "Améliorations des méthodes de combinaison des données Argo et altimétrie pour le suivi des variations à long terme de l'océan". Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1299/.
Texto completoThe objective of this thesis is to analyze the oceanic variability in temperature and salinity over the period 1993-2008. For that purpose, it is necessary to use the maximum of observations available, namely in situ data of temperature and salinity, but also satellite data of sea surface temperature and sea height. To reach our objective, several steps are necessary: create a solid and coherent database, compare datasets to have a better physical understanding of the contents of every type of data then develop methods of combination to assemble the datasets. The cross-comparison of the altimetric and Argo datasets allows at first to verify the quality of the Argo dataset. In 2006, Guinehut and al published a paper on the comparison of SLA (Sea Level Anomaly) and DHA (Dynamic Height Anomaly). Today, the Argo dataset allows improving the comparisons. We explain why and we detail the differences between both studies. We also study the impact of the removal of the seasonal cycle and the influence of the vertical structure of the ocean in the barotrope / barocline distribution of the oceanic circulation. We end on the analysis of the SLA-DHA signal in term of seasonal and inter-annual circulation at 1000 meters deep. Armor3d Field, combination of satellite fields and in situ profiles exist for several years. The recent dataset supplied by Argo profilers allows improving considerably the parameters of the combination, to cover a better geographical zone and to have deeper fields. We show that both types of measures are needed, even to study the large scale variability of the ocean. Finally, we use our Armor3d fields to study the oceanic variability of the last 16 years
Touratier, Franck. "Modelisation ecologique en region spetentrionale de la mer du nord application a la campagne de mesures du fladen ground 1976 (flex'76)". Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066417.
Texto completoHafez, Tamer. "Propriétés géotechniques des terrains du tunnel sous la Manche : Interprétation des mesures de déformations du revêtement avec calculs comparatifs". Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ECAP0564.
Texto completoPouvreau, Nicolas. "Trois cents ans de mesures marégraphiques en France : outils, méthodes et tendances des composantes du niveau de la mer au port de Brest". Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00353660.
Texto completoCette évolution aura un impact sur les populations côtières et sera à l'origine de risques naturels accrus.
Ainsi les composantes du niveau marin font l'objet de nombreux travaux scientifiques d'autant qu'ils font partie des meilleurs indicateurs pour évaluer le réchauffement climatique. Les études montrent qu'il faut disposer de séries temporelles de mesures supérieures à 60 ans pour estimer des tendances fiables sur les composantes du niveau marin. L'observation et la reconstitution des fluctuations de ce niveau sur les derniers siècles s'inscrivent au coeur des grands programmes de recherche sur le réchauffement planétaire.
Ces estimations masquent une grande variabilité d'une région à une autre. Qu'en est-il pour la côte atlantique française ? Le niveau moyen de la mer a-t-il évolué ? Quand ? De combien ? Autant de questions auxquelles nous allons tenter de répondre dans la partie II avec la série marégraphique de Brest, observatoire exceptionnel où des mesures systématiques du niveau de la mer sont réalisées depuis 1679 !
Mais avant cela, il était nécessaire de rechercher toutes les données anciennes de marégraphie potentiellement encore en archives, et dont la validation devait se révéler difficile. La partie I traite alors de l'évolution des méthodes d'observation du niveau marin en France, préalable indispensable au ciblage de nos recherches de mesures anciennes, d'une part, et donnée fondamentale pour compléter les séries d'observations contemporaines par les mesures anciennes retrouvées, d'autre part.
Otsa'a, Nguema Daenis. "Sécurité et sûreté maritimes dans le golfe de Guinée : Diagnostic et évaluation des politiques pour un apport conceptuel et pratique de la sécurisation maritime régionale". Nantes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NANT3004.
Texto completoOne limited to the simple role of communication channel used to search for new unknown lands with the use of resources, maritime spaces and their related activities have gradually evolved into a controversial topic today. The issues have also presented threats and risks of vulnerability, associated with binomial “safety-security”, in a field where economies and populations have a strong maritime emphasis. This paradoxical maritime trend has not been overlooked by the coastal State of the Gulf of Guinea (the Ivory Coast to Angola), which were already involved at the beginning of the negotiations which led to what was called, the “Yalta sea” (in reference to the Montego Bay Convention of December 10, 1982). Today, they are trying to find solutions to the phenomenon of maritime insecurity through more community responses rather than individual ones. As part of global geography of strategic regions, they cannot and must not remain on the sidelines of the acceleration of security and logistics, which require different levels of communal sharing of control and prevention methods. But, while it is no longer time for the prevarication of communal sharing efforts, it is time for the assessment of policies used up to now, which have, to some degree, shown to be limited. In fact, regional maritime insecurity is not potentially or spatially manifested in the same way, according to the States or regions considered. Yet, despite a disparate consideration of the regional maritime issues, maritime security challenges to be addressed are virtually the same and should guide an in depth study of conceptualization and practical security. This disparity of ideological, structural, material, and technical realities of the manifestation of threat and risk is not adequately addressed in regional cooperation, which by its excessive ambitions and homogenization of the maritime context, hardly takes into account the necessity of an evolutive multi-scalar dimension, based on local and national realities. Within the disciplinary field of geopolitics and maritime geostrategies, and more specifically, the issues of maritime security, this study, which considers national and regional factors of maritime vulnerability through the “Safety-Security” binomial, offers a contribution to the question, “why provide security”, but also “how to provide security”, across four strategies: the diagnosis of maritime vulnerability, the evaluation of responses of States to address it, the spatial heterogeneity of this vulnerability, and to propose multiscalar reforms in light of maritime security regionalism
Neri, Kiara. "L'emploi de la force en mer". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30076.
Texto completoContemporary international law is facing a great challenge: ensuring both the security and theliberty of the oceans while unlawful or hazardous activities at sea are constantly increasing.The study takes its place within this challenge and tries to shed light on the issue of the use offorce at sea in order to combat these activities. It lies within the framework of thedevelopment and the enforcement of police powers on the maritime zones and attempts to putforward the ambivalence of the international police relating to the sea. The ambivalence ischaracterized by a couple of juxtapositions, both between the object of the use of force at sea(private unlawful activities or States’ unlawful acts) and between the actors in charge of thestruggle for the safety of the oceans. It results in two distinct but closely linked dialectics. Thefirst, international police at sea and international police of the sea, relies on the actors of theunlawful acts and determines the relevant body of rules. The second, decentralized andcentralized use of force, emphasizes the increasing need for a global and shared managementof the breaches of the legal order of the sea
Supply, Alexandre. "Étude des dessalures à la surface d'un océan stratifié à partir d'observations satellitaires et de mesures in-situ". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS390.
Texto completoMy thesis relates to the “Study of freshening over the surface of a stratified ocean from satellite observations and in-situ measurements”, in two major regions considering the water cycle and illustrating the high variability of the sea surface salinity (SSS): regions of high precipitations and the Arctic Ocean. My work first focused on the relationship between freshening and heavy precipitation. This study determined the relationship between the SSS anomaly and the instantaneous rainfall rate (RR). I then showed, via autocorrelation spectra composites, that rainfall history played a negligible role in most wind conditions, compared to instantaneous rainfall rate. These results demonstrated an unexpected behavior compared to in-situ observations and highlighted the determining aspect of the spatial scales considered. They motivated an in-depth study of the salinity heterogeneity effect within a pixel, on satellite measurement and from in-situ measurements. After studying the low salinity signals associated with tropical rains, I focused on the low salinity signals observed at the surface of the Arctic Ocean, much of which comes from river plumes. I was able to derive arctic salinity fields that performed better than reanalysis, in areas of high variability and in areas close to sea ice. These new SSS product open the field to new studies, both at seasonal and inter-annual scales
André, Jean-Michel. "Teledetection spatiale de la couleur de la mer : algorithmique d'inversion des mesures du coastal zone color scanner. application a l'etude de la mediterranee occidentale". Paris 6, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066375.
Texto completoDevenon, Jean-Luc. "Utilisation de mesures de courants côtiers superficiels par radar HF pour valider et optimiser les modèles numériques de circulation littorale en mer à marée". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066463.
Texto completoDevenon, Jean-Luc. "Utilisation de mesures de courants côtiers superficiels par radar HF pour valider et optimiser les modèles numériques de circulation littorale en mer à marée". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37597147p.
Texto completoBécu, Laurianne Guilaine Brogniez Gérard Parol Frédéric. "Modélisation des propriétés optiques et radiatives des cirrus dans l'infrarouge validation à l'aide des mesures effectuées lors de l'expéience FRENCH/DIRAC 2001 /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl-grisemine/pdf/extheses/50376-2003-213-214.pdf.
Texto completoBruch, William. "Étude expérimentale et numérique de la génération et du transport des aérosols marins à l'interface air-mer pour des vents forts, et conséquences sur les propriétés de la couche limite atmosphérique marine". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOUL0002.
Texto completoSea spray droplets are aqueous phase aerosols generated from the water surface. In the open ocean, they are generated as a result of wind-forced wave breaking and surface-tearing mechanisms. To this day, knowledge of sea spray particles larger than 20 µm radius is sparse. The present thesis aims to improve knowledge of the sea spray generation flux, as well as transport and impacts on the properties of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL). To this end, the effects of wind–wave interactions on the surface sea spray generation flux are investigated during the MATE2019 experiment, conducted at the large wave–wind facility in Luminy (Marseille, France). Scaling analysis shows that the sea spray generation is best correlated with the wave-slope variance for thelarger spume droplets generated by surface tearing. For the smaller jet droplets generated by bubble bursting, the highest correlation is found with a nondimensional number combining the wave-slope variance, the wave age, and a windsea Reynolds number. This resulted in the formulation of two wave-state-dependent sea spray generation functions, each valid for wind speeds 12–20 m s-1 and radii 3–35 µm. Upscaled to the field, the laboratory-derived generation functions are parameterized in the MACMod and MESO-NH numerical models, and validated using field data collected during the thesis in the Bay of Biscay for this purpose. Best model performance is found with the laboratory generation functions. Such results are encouraging for the study of sea spray impacts on the properties of the MABL
Blanpain, Olivier. "Dynamique sédimentaire multiclasse : de l'étude des processus à la modélisation en Manche". Rouen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ROUES036.
Texto completoThe purpose of this work is the implementation of a sediment transport model in the English Channel. The design of such a model requires the identification of the physical processes, their modelling and their in-situ validation. Because of the sedimentary particularities of the study area, modelling of the mechanical behaviour of a non uniform mixture of sediments and particularly of the fine grains within a coarse matrix is required. This study focused on the characterization of the relevant processes by acquisition of experimental and in-situ data. Data acquired in hydro-sedimentary conditions comparable to those found in the English Channel are scarce. A new instrument and image processing technique were specifically conceived and implemented in-situ to observe and measure, with a high temporal resolution, the dynamics of a strongly heterogeneous mixture of particles in a grain-size scale. The data collected compared well with several existing formulations. One of these formulations was chosen to be adapted. The transfer dynamics of fine grains in coarse sediments and their depth of penetration were acquired from stratigraphic samples. The sediment transport model deals with multisize grains and multi sedimentary layers, it is forced by swell and currents, and accounts for beadload and suspended load transports. It was applied to realistic scenarios for the English Channel
Bécu, Laurianne Guilaine. "Modélisation des propriétés optiques et radiatives des cirrus dans l'infrarouge : validation à l'aide des mesures effectuées lors de l'expéience FRENCH/DIRAC 2001". Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-213-214.pdf.
Texto completoBordedebat, Catherine. "Le monde maritime : aide médicale et coordination des systèmes opérationnels". Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR2M077.
Texto completoRessel, Magnus. "Zwischen Sklavenkassen und Türkenpässen". Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010560.
Texto completoDinnat, Emmanuel. "De la determination de la salinite de surface des oceans a partir de mesures radiometriques hyperfrequences en bande L". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003277.
Texto completoSoriot, Clément. "Caractérisation de la banquise Arctique à partir d'observations micro-ondes multi-satellites". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS451.
Texto completoSea ice plays a major role in ocean circulation as well as in the climate and weather system. In the context of global warming, the extent of the Arctic sea ice has been decreasing steadily over the last 40 years and monitoring of the Arctic is essential. Microwave instruments on board satellites allow the study of this region of the Earth under all weather conditions, and regardless of the day/night cycle. Particularly suited over polar regions with high cloud cover and a six-month polar night, microwave satellite provide key observations for estimating geophysical parameters of the sea ice. Nevertheless, the understanding of the physics underlying the observed microwave signatures is still partial. This thesis aims at improving our understanding of the microwave signals of the sea ice and is part of the preparation of two upcoming Earth observation missions led by the European Space Agency: the Copernicus Imager Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) and the Copernicus Polar Ice and Snow Topography ALtimeter (CRISTAL). In a first part, the covariabilities of passive microwave signals, highlighted by an unsupervised classification technique, will be analyzed and interpreted jointly with active microwave signals, using a microwave radiative transfer model. The results showed that it is possible to identify specific behaviors of sea ice concentration and thickness, and snow structure. The importance of metamorphism within the snowpack for the interpretation of passive microwave signals was highlighted. In a second part, an algorithm for estimating sea ice thickness from passive microwave observations was developed using an artificial intelligence technique. The results were compared to in situ sea ice thickness measurements and also showed good performance compared to other satellite-based sea ice thickness products. By applying the algorithm to a long collection of intercalibrated satellite data, a time series of Arctic sea ice thickness was constructed between 1992 and 2020, making it the longest to date. A final section deals with microwave altimetry techniques for measuring geophysical parameters of the sea ice. The sensitivity of microwave altimetry waveforms to the thickness of the snow cover of the Arctic sea ice is analyzed
Gourcuff, Claire. "Étude de la variabilité de la circulation du gyre subpolaire de l’Atlantique Nord à partir des données Ovide et des mesures satellitaires". Brest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BRES2042.
Texto completoThe cyclonic circulation of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre, between 50°N and 63°N, plays a key role in the climate variability. The Ovide program contributes to the observation of the circulation in this region. A section is repeated every two years in summer since 2002 between Greenland and Portugal following a path close the Fourex 1997 section. To get transport estimates across the sections, a geostrophic box inverse model is used, constrained with direct current measurements. Our new estimates of Fourex transports show the need to use constraints temporally associated with the section to get transports estimates representative of the circulation at the section realisation dates. It is also shown that altimetry velocities can be used instead of ADCP measurements to get transports across sections with the inverse model, provided that the a priori errors is correctly evaluated. Analysis of circulation across Ovide 2006 section display significantly weaker transports compared to 1997, 2002 and 2004, for aIl the main currents as well as for the Meridional Overturning Cell and the heat transport. Altimetry is used to interpret surface variability along the Ovide section from 1992 to 2007. An index is defined, which seems to indicate that northward surface transport was especially low during the whole year 2006 and turn back to less extreme values in the following years. Variability in freshwater fluxes across Fourex 1997, Ovide 2002, 2004 and 2006 sections is revealed in the last chapter, together with the EGCC position. This coastal current transport represents 15% of the total freshwater transport across the section
Tsitsagi, Giorgi. "Le régime de navigation et la protection de l'environnement dans la mer Noire". Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020070.
Texto completoThe geography of the Black Sea never was the most suitable to apply unconditionally the principle of free navigation. During centuries, it was, and still remains, under specific rules due to the particular strategic geopolitical importance of this region. So the navigation regime in this region is the adaptation of the principle of free navigation to it s specifics, which explains the almost permanent reviewing of the established regime. Among several international agreements, only the Convention of Montreux appeared to be most sustainable, but even in this case the geography of the region seems to weaken it nowadays. The Thesis reveals this frailty and shows that navigation on the Black Sea encounters the same problem. Consequently it shows the need to fill the juridical gap coming from the lack of rules of security and of environment protection in the Convention of Montreux, as in the regime of navigation of the Black Sea. The comparative study of the internal law of each of the waterfronts States and of the texts with regional focus points out as well the measures taken by the concerned States, but also the problem of adaptation of the regime of navigation in this region according to the current requirements of international law of the sea, especially concerning the security of navigation and the protection of marine environment
Roukos, Joelle. "Caractérisation des composés organiques volatils dans une zone urbaine multi-influencée : développement de méthodes chromatographiques, de capteurs et campagnes de mesures". Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10018/document.
Texto completoOnly few studies were dedicated to Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds (OVOC) in ambient air because of the analytical difficulties encountered during the measurements of these compounds caused by the presence of water in the sample. Consequently, there is a lack of knowledge of OVOC concentration, sources and sinks. In order to characterize the VOC (especially OVOC) in the urban industrialized area of Dunkerque two methods have been developed: passive sampling (information about spatial distribution) automated monitoring analyzer (information about temporal evolution). Two preliminary measurement campaigns have been carried out in the studied zone and have led to the identification of VOC present on the studied zone and to examine the BTEX origins. Concerning the online analyzer, a chromatographic method for the measurement of 14 OVOC and 4 nitriles was developed and validated. Reduction of humidity before the preconcentration step allowed the use of a polar column specific for oxygenated compounds. Measurement in two urban sites: Dunkerque and Douai highlighted the urban and industrial origins for some compounds. As for the passive sampling, the measurement of 2 oxygenated compounds (ethanol acetone) and BTEX was developed for 8 hours exposure time. The metrological characteristics have been evaluated: sampling rate, detection limits and environmental factors on the sampling rate. A measurement campaign has been established during a sea breeze event. Mapping of VOC and ozone have shown the hot spot of VOC pollution in the industrial area and a local ozone formation
Moreau, Martin. "Comportement d'une hydrolienne carénée à double axe vertical dans une diversité de conditions d'écoulement en mer et en bassin d'essais". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILN028.
Texto completoLimiting human-caused global warming requires, among other adaptations, a substantial reduction of fossil fuel use and a widespread electrification based on low greenhouse gas emission production systems. In this context, harnessing the tidal current energy and other marine renewable energy sources has gained interest for the last decade, which lead to the first offshore tests for several tidal energy converter concepts. Among them, the first 1 megawatt ducted twin vertical axis tidal turbine prototype, developed by HydroQuest, was tested off the northern coast of Brittany, France, from 2019 to 2021. In the prospect of the next turbine generations, the company wants to improve its experimental and numerical design tools to gain confidence in its capacity to predict the full-scale performance and loads from the experiments at reduced-scale. That can only be done by comparing the results obtained at sea to those obtained in the laboratories to assess the potential scale effects. Therefore, we first analyse the measurements at sea to characterise the behaviour of the prototype. Then, we study the response of a 1/20 scale model of that prototype tested in the Ifremer wave and current flume tank in Boulogne-sur-mer, France. We consider many flow conditions, increasing the complexity from idealised towards more realistic conditions. Beyond the comparison between reduced- and full-scale results, the analyses presented in that thesis also aim at better understanding the influence of each of the tidal current flow characteristics on the ducted turbine. In more details, from power performance, loads and wake measurements, we study the effects of the incident flow shear, of the relative flow direction, of the turbulence generated by bathymetry obstacles and of surface waves on the model response. The results show that the average power performance is rather insensitive to the incident flow conditions whereas the power and load fluctuations can be strongly affected. Finally, we discuss the scale effects on the results by comparing the power performance, the loads and the wake results in the tank with those obtained on the prototype at sea. The results allow to refine the evaluation of the correction needed at reduced-scale to predict the power performance at full-scale, mainly due to Reynolds number difference. Even if the loads and the wake results seem less affected by the viscous effects, a detailed comparison with the full-scale results would require improvements on the measurements at sea to better quantify the potential scale effects. Those improvements may be implemented in the coming years with the launch of the next generation of twin vertical axis tidal turbines
Zettam, Amin. "Transfert des nitrates du bassin versant de la Tafna (Nord-Ouest de l'Algérie) vers la mer Méditerranée - approche couplant mesures, modélisation et changement d'échelle vers les grands bassins versants Nord africains". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/20542/1/ZETTAM.pdf.
Texto completoDrouzy, Marion. "Etude de l'impact terrigène naturel et anthropique sur un système lagonaire tropical grâce à une approche de modélisation 3D hydro-sédimentaire liée à un réseau de mesures". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0455.
Texto completoThis thesis presents the adaptation of a hydrodynamic model to the lagoon of New Caledonia, potentially impacted by nickel activity. Hydrodynamic modeling is a tool for estimating and managing spatiotemporal risks for downstream areas. The MARS3D model has been implemented to study the dispersion of a dissolved material (tracer) from rivers. The tracking of this tracer, under the influence of different physical forcings, made it possible to apprehend the fate of dissolved pollutants potential from the mining industry. A residence time characteristic of hydrodynamics, calculated using the model and called the local e-Flushing time (eFTs), has been proposed to determine the zones with the longest residence times, and therefore the prediction of stagnant areas of possible pollutants in the water column, depending on wind and tidal conditions. This indicator is a predictive information tool, easily and quickly exploitable in an approach to estimate pollution risks. The last phase of the thesis work was the implementation of the coupling between the existing hydrodynamic module and the sedimentary module. An important test phase of the various parameterization options was necessary to reproduce the sedimentary characteristics measured in situ. Several pieces of information remain missing, which makes it difficult to use the module for forecasting purposes. However, the influence of terrigenous inputs on the entire modeled domain has been highlighted, raising the potential pollution risks via fixation of contaminants on deposited particles
Ben, Mustapha Zied. "Télédétection des groupes phytoplanctoniques via l'utilisation conjointe de mesures satellites, in situ et d'une méthode de classification automatique". Thesis, Littoral, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DUNK0405/document.
Texto completoRemote sensing of ocean color is a powerful tool for monitoring phytoplankton in the ocean with a high spatial and temporal resolution. Several methods were developed in the past years for detecting phytoplankton functional types from satellite observations. In this thesis, we present an automatic classification method, based on a neural network clustering algorithm, in order to classify the anomalies of water leaving radiances spectra (Ra), introduced in the PHYSAT method by Alvain et al. (2005) and analyze their variability at the global scale. The use of an unsupervised classification aims at improving the characterization of the spectral variability of Ra in terms of shape and amplitude as well as the expansion of its potential use to larger in situ datasets for global phytoplankton remote sensing. The Self-Organizing Map Algorithm (SOM) aggregates similar spectra into a reduced set of pertinent groups, allowing the characterization of the Ra variability, which is known to be linked with the phytoplankton community composition. Based on the same sample of Ra spectra, a comparison between the previous version of PHYSAT and the new one using SOM shows that is now possible to take into consideration all the types of spectra. This was not possible with the previous approach, based on thresholds, defined in order to avoid overlaps between the spectral signatures of each phytoplankton group. The SOM-based method is relevant for characterizing a wide variety of Ra spectra through its ability to handle large amounts of data, in addition to its statistical reliability compared to the previous PHYSAT. The former approach might have introduced potential biases and thus, its extension to larger databases was very restricted. In a second step, some new Ra spectra have been related to phytoplankton groups using collocated field pigments inventories from a large in situ database. Phytoplankton groups were identified based on biomarker pigments ratios thresholds taken from the literature. SOM was then applied to the global daily SeaWiFS imagery archive between 1997 and 2010. Global distributions of major phytoplankton groups were analyzed and validated against in situ data. Thanks to its ability to capture a wide range of spectra and to manage a larger in situ pigment dataset, the neural network tool allows to classify a much higher number of pixels (2 times more) than the previous PHYSAT method for the five phytoplankton groups taken into account in this study (Synechococcus-Like-Cyanobacteria, diatoms, Prochloroccus, Nanoeucaryots and Phaeocystis-like). In addition, different Ra spectral signatures have been associated to diatoms. These signatures are located in various environments where the inherent optical properties affecting the Ra spectra are likely to be significantly different. Local phenomena such as diatoms blooms in the upwelling regions or during climatic events(i.e. La Nina) are more clearly visible with the new method. The PHYSAT-SOM method provides several perspectives concerning the use of the ocean color remote sensing data for phytoplankton group identification, such as, the potential application of the method in Case 2 waters, using an appropriate nLw signal normalization approach. A preliminary case study in the English Channel and North Sea waters is presented in the last chapter of the thesis, showing the possibility of a future use of PHYSAT-SOM in these optically complex waters
Szekely, Tanguy. "Dynamique et variabilité du front d'Ouessant, approche observationnelle". Thesis, Brest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BRES0107.
Texto completoThe understanding of the dynamics and variability the Iroise sea current in a key issue for the naval security on the western part of the English Channel. The Ushant tidal front is a central element of the Iroise sea, which separates the coastal homogeneous waters from the seasonally homogenized waters located offshore. This thesis is based on numerous measurements made during the FROMVAR 2009, 2010 and 2011 cruises, and studies the dynamics and the variability of the Ushant front.First, the temperature and salinity measurements collected during the FROMVAR cruises are analyzed in order to observe the water masses surrounding the Ushant front. Observations covering the whole continental shelf are studied first, using data collected during the FROMVAR 2010 and 2011 cruises. A second study focused on the water masses which makes the Ushant front in the Iroise sea.Then, the surface currents observed by HF radars are analyzed in order to study the dynamics related to the low frequency residual currents in the Iroise sea. The influence of the wave induced Stokes drift on surface currents is first studied in order to avoid the influence of wave on the observed currents.The dynamics of the observed surface currents is then discussed thanks to the comparison of winter and summer measurements, for various tidal ranges. The vertical shear measured by an ADCP close to the front is finally compared to the vertical shear corresponding to the geostrophic adjustment of the front.Last, kinetic energy dissipation rate measurements collected during the FROMVAR 2009 cruise are exposed to study the fortnightly variability of turbulent mixing. A study of the variability of modeled currents during the fortnightly cycle is then performed in order to discuss the influence of ageostrophic cross-front currents on the fortnightly displacement of the bottom front