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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Mesospheric inversion layer"

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Publicado: 25 de mayo de 2024

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1

Fadnavis, S. y G. Beig. "Mesospheric temperature inversions over the Indian tropical region". Annales Geophysicae 22, n.º 10 (3 de noviembre de 2004): 3375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3375-2004.

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Abstract. To study the mesospheric temperature inversion, daily temperature profiles obtained from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) aboard the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS) during the period 1991-2001 over the Indian tropical region (0-30° N, 60-100° E) have been analyzed for the altitude range 34-86km. The frequency of occurrence of inversion is found to be 67% over this period, which shows a strong semiannual cycle, with a maximum occurring one month after equinoxes (May and November). Amplitude of inversion is found to be as high as 40K. Variation of monthly mean peak and bottom heights along with amplitude of inversions also show the semiannual cycle. The inversion layer is detected most frequently in the altitude range of 70-85km, with peak height ranging from 80 to 83km and that of the bottom height from 72 to 74km. A comparison of frequency of temperature inversion with that obtained from Rayleigh lidar observations over Gadanki (13.5° N, 60-100° E) is found to be reasonable. The seasonal variation of amplitude and frequency of occurrence of temperature inversion indicates a good correlation with seasonal variation of average ozone concentration over the altitude range of the inversion layer.

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2

Le Du, Thurian, Philippe Keckhut, Alain Hauchecorne y Pierre Simoneau. "Observation of Gravity Wave Vertical Propagation through a Mesospheric Inversion Layer". Atmosphere 13, n.º 7 (22 de junio de 2022): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071003.

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The impact of a mesospheric temperature inversion on the vertical propagation of gravity waves has been investigated using OH airglow images and ground-based Rayleigh lidar measurements carried out in December 2017 at the Haute-Provence Observatory (OHP, France, 44N). These measurements provide complementary information that allows the vertical propagation of gravity waves to be followed. An intense mesospheric inversion layer (MIL) observed near 60 km of altitude with the lidar disappeared in the middle of the night, offering a unique opportunity to evaluate its impact on gravity wave (GW) propagation observed above the inversion with airglow cameras. With these two instruments, a wave with a 150 min period was observed and was also identified in meteorological analyses. The gravity waves’ potential energy vertical profile clearly shows the GW energy lost below the inversion altitude and a large increase of gravity wave energy above the inversion in OH airglow images with waves exhibiting higher frequency. MILs are known to cause instabilities at its top part, and this is probably the reason for the enhanced gravity waves observed above.

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3

Collins, R. L., G. A. Lehmacher, M. F. Larsen y K. Mizutani. "Estimates of vertical eddy diffusivity in the upper mesosphere in the presence of a mesospheric inversion layer". Annales Geophysicae 29, n.º 11 (15 de noviembre de 2011): 2019–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-2019-2011.

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Abstract. Rayleigh and resonance lidar observations were made during the Turbopause experiment at Poker Flat Research Range, Chatanika Alaska (65° N, 147° W) over a 10 h period on the night of 17–18 February 2009. The lidar observations revealed the presence of a strong mesospheric inversion layer (MIL) at 74 km that formed during the observations and was present for over 6 h. The MIL had a maximum temperature of 251 K, amplitude of 27 ± 7 K, a depth of 3.0 km, and overlying lapse rate of 9.4 ± 0.3 K km−1. The MIL was located at the lower edge of the mesospheric sodium layer. During this coincidence the lower edge of the sodium layer was lowered by 2 km to 74 km and the bottomside scale height of the sodium increased from 1 km to 15 km. The structure of the MIL and sodium are analyzed in terms of vertical diffusive transport. The analysis yields a lower bound for the eddy diffusion coefficient of 430 m2 s−1 and the energy dissipation rate of 2.2 mW kg−1 at 76–77 km. This value of the eddy diffusion coefficient, determined from naturally occurring variations in mesospheric temperatures and the sodium layer, is significantly larger than those reported for mean winter values in the Arctic but similar to individual values reported in regions of convective instability by other techniques.

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4

Hozumi, Yuta, Akinori Saito, Takeshi Sakanoi, Atsushi Yamazaki y Keisuke Hosokawa. "Mesospheric bores at southern midlatitudes observed by ISS-IMAP/VISI: a first report of an undulating wave front". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, n.º 22 (19 de noviembre de 2018): 16399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16399-2018.

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Abstract. Large-scale spatial structures of mesospheric bores were observed by the Visible and near-Infrared Spectral Imager (VISI) of the ISS-IMAP mission (Ionosphere, Mesosphere, upper Atmosphere and Plasmasphere mapping mission from the International Space Station) in the mesospheric O2 airglow at 762 nm wavelength. Two mesospheric bore events in southern midlatitudes are reported in this paper: one event at 48–54∘ S, 10–20∘ E on 9 July 2015 and the other event at 35–43∘ S, 24∘ W–1∘ E on 7 May 2013. For the first event, the temporal evolution of the mesospheric bore was investigated from the difference of two observations in consecutive passes. The estimated eastward speed of the bore is 100 m s−1. The number of trailing waves increased with a rate of 3.5 waves h−1. Anticlockwise rotation with a speed of 20∘ h−1 was also recognized. These parameters are similar to those reported by previous studies based on ground-based measurements, and the similarity supports the validity of VISI observation for mesospheric bores. For the second event, VISI captured a mesospheric bore with a large-scale and undulating wave front. The horizontal extent of the wave front was 2200 km. The long wave front undulated with a wavelength of 1000 km. The undulating wave front is a new feature of mesospheric bores revealed by the wide field of view of VISI. We suggest that nonuniform bore propagating speed due to inhomogeneous background ducting structure might be a cause of the undulation of the wave front. Temperature measurements from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) onboard the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite indicated that bores of both events were ducted in a temperature inversion layer.

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5

Siva Kumar, V., Y. Bhavani Kumar, K. Raghunath, P. B. Rao, M. Krishnaiah, K. Mizutani, T. Aoki, M. Yasui y T. Itabe. "Lidar measurements of mesospheric temperature inversion at a low latitude". Annales Geophysicae 19, n.º 8 (31 de agosto de 2001): 1039–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-19-1039-2001.

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Abstract. The Rayleigh lidar data collected on 119 nights from March 1998 to February 2000 were used to study the statistical characteristics of the low latitude mesospheric temperature inversion observed over Gadanki (13.5° N, 79.2° E), India. The occurrence frequency of the inversion showed semiannual variation with maxima in the equinoxes and minima in the summer and winter, which was quite different from that reported for the mid-latitudes. The peak of the inversion layer was found to be confined to the height range of 73 to 79 km with the maximum occurrence centered around 76 km, with a weak seasonal dependence that fits well to an annual cycle with a maximum in June and a minimum in December. The magnitude of the temperature deviation associated with the inversion was found to be as high as 32 K, with the most probable value occurring at about 20 K. Its seasonal dependence seems to follow an annual cycle with a maximum in April and a minimum in October. The observed characteristics of the inversion layer are compared with that of the mid-latitudes and discussed in light of the current understanding of the source mechanisms.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (pressure, density and temperature). Meterology and atmospheric dynamics (climatology)

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6

Ramesh, K., S. Sridharan, K. Raghunath, S. Vijaya Bhaskara Rao y Y. Bhavani Kumar. "Planetary wave-gravity wave interactions during mesospheric inversion layer events". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 118, n.º 7 (julio de 2013): 4503–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50379.

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7

Ramesh, K., S. Sridharan y K. Raghunath. "Rayleigh lidar observation of tropical mesospheric inversion layer: a comparison between dynamics and chemistry". EPJ Web of Conferences 176 (2018): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817603003.

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The Rayleigh lidar at National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E), India operates at 532 nm green laser with ~600 mJ/pulse since 2007. The vertical temperature profiles are derived above ~30 km by assuming the atmosphere is in hydrostatic equilibrium and obeys ideal gas law. A large mesospheric inversion layer (MIL) is observed at ~77.4-84.6 km on the night of 22 March 2007 over Gadanki. Although dynamics and chemistry play vital role, both the mechanisms are compared for the occurrence of the MIL in the present study.

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8

QIAO Shuai, PAN Weilin, BAN Chao, CHEN Lei y YU Ting. "Characterization of Mesospheric Inversion Layer with Rayleigh Lidar Data over Golmud". Chinese Journal of Space Science 39, n.º 1 (2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.11728/cjss2019.01.084.

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9

Duck, Thomas J., Dwight P. Sipler, Joseph E. Salah y John W. Meriwether. "Rayleigh lidar observations of a mesospheric inversion layer during night and day". Geophysical Research Letters 28, n.º 18 (15 de septiembre de 2001): 3597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001gl013409.

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10

McDade, Ian C. y Edward J. Llewellyn. "Satellite airglow limb tomography: Methods for recovering structured emission rates in the mesospheric airglow layer". Canadian Journal of Physics 71, n.º 11-12 (1 de noviembre de 1993): 552–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p93-084.

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In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using satellite airglow limb tomography to study spatial structures in the airglow emissions of the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. We describe inversion procedures for converting satellite airglow limb observations into two-dimensional distributions of volume emission rates. The performance of the inversion procedures is assessed using simulated limb observations and we demonstrate the potential of this tomographic technique for studying the horizontal and vertical characteristics of wave-driven disturbances in the 80–100 km region.

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11

Szewczyk, A., B. Strelnikov, M. Rapp, I. Strelnikova, G. Baumgarten, N. Kaifler, T. Dunker y U. P. Hoppe. "Simultaneous observations of a Mesospheric Inversion Layer and turbulence during the ECOMA-2010 rocket campaign". Annales Geophysicae 31, n.º 5 (3 de mayo de 2013): 775–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-775-2013.

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Abstract. From 19 November to 19 December 2010 the fourth and final ECOMA rocket campaign was conducted at Andøya Rocket Range (69° N, 16° E) in northern Norway. We present and discuss measurement results obtained during the last rocket launch labelled ECOMA09 when simultaneous and true common volume in situ measurements of temperature and turbulence supported by ground-based lidar observations reveal two Mesospheric Inversion Layers (MIL) at heights between 71 and 73 km and between 86 and 89 km. Strong turbulence was measured in the region of the upper inversion layer, with the turbulent energy dissipation rates maximising at 2 W kg−1. This upper MIL was observed by the ALOMAR Weber Na lidar over the period of several hours. The spatial extension of this MIL as observed by the MLS instrument onboard AURA satellite was found to be more than two thousand kilometres. Our analysis suggests that both observed MILs could possibly have been produced by neutral air turbulence.

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12

Fritts, David C., Brian Laughman, Ling Wang, Thomas S. Lund y Richard L. Collins. "Gravity Wave Dynamics in a Mesospheric Inversion Layer: 1. Reflection, Trapping, and Instability Dynamics". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 123, n.º 2 (17 de enero de 2018): 626–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017jd027440.

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13

Fritts, David C., Ling Wang, Brian Laughman, Thomas S. Lund y Richard L. Collins. "Gravity Wave Dynamics in a Mesospheric Inversion Layer: 2. Instabilities, Turbulence, Fluxes, and Mixing". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 123, n.º 2 (17 de enero de 2018): 649–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017jd027442.

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14

Wing, Robin, Milena Martic, Colin Triplett, Alain Hauchecorne, Jacques Porteneuve, Philippe Keckhut, Yann Courcoux, Laurent Yung, Patrick Retailleau y Dorothee Cocuron. "Gravity Wave Breaking Associated with Mesospheric Inversion Layers as Measured by the Ship-Borne BEM Monge Lidar and ICON-MIGHTI". Atmosphere 12, n.º 11 (22 de octubre de 2021): 1386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111386.

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During a recent 2020 campaign, the Rayleigh lidar aboard the Bâtiment d’Essais et de Mesures (BEM) Monge conducted high-resolution temperature measurements of the upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (MLT). These measurements were used to conduct the first validation of ICON-MIGHTI temperatures by Rayleigh lidar. A double Mesospheric Inversion Layer (MIL) as well as shorter-period gravity waves was observed. Zonal and meridional wind speeds were obtained from locally launched radiosondes and the newly launched ICON satellite as well as from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF-ERA5) reanalysis. These three datasets allowed us to see the evolution of the winds in response to the forcing from the MIL and gravity waves. The wavelet analysis of a case study suggests that the wave energy was dissipated in small, intense, transient instabilities about a given wavenumber in addition to via a broad spectrum of breaking waves. This article will also detail the recent hardware advances of the Monge lidar that have allowed for the measurement of MILs and gravity waves at a resolution of 5 min with an effective vertical resolution of 926 m.

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15

Hur, H., T. Y. Huang, Z. Zhao, P. Karunanayaka y T. F. Tuan. "A theoretical model analysis of the sudden narrow temperature-layer formation observed in the ALOHA-93 Campaign". Canadian Journal of Physics 80, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2002): 1543–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p02-056.

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The behavior of temperature and wind profiles observed on 21 October 1993 in the ALOHA-93 Campaign is theoretically and numerically analyzed. A sudden temperature rise took place in a very narrow vertical region (34 km) at about 87 km. Simultaneously observed radar wind profiles and mesospheric airglow wave structures that show a horizontal phase speed of 35 m/s and a period of about half an hour strongly suggest that a critical level may occur in the proximity of that altitude and that the energy dissipation due to the interaction of the gravity wave with the critical level causes the temperature rise. The numerical model used is a solution to the gravity wave mean-flow interaction in the critical layer, including a simple cooling mechanism and a wave-energy dissipation simulated by the "optical model" technique. The solutions for the temperature variations so obtained show good agreement with the observed temperature profiles at different times, providing a quantitative explanation for the temperature inversion layer as a phenomenon of gravity wave critical layer interaction. PACS Nos.: 91.10V, 94.10D

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16

Chane Ming, Fabrice, Alain Hauchecorne, Christophe Bellisario, Pierre Simoneau, Philippe Keckhut, Samuel Trémoulu, Constantino Listowski et al. "Case Study of a Mesospheric Temperature Inversion over Maïdo Observatory through a Multi-Instrumental Observation". Remote Sensing 15, n.º 8 (12 de abril de 2023): 2045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15082045.

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The dynamic vertical coupling in the middle and lower thermosphere (MLT) is documented over the Maïdo observatory at La Réunion island (21°S, 55°E). The investigation uses data obtained in the framework of the Atmospheric dynamics Research InfraStructure in Europe (ARISE) project. In particular, Rayleigh lidar and nightglow measurements combined with other observations and modeling provide information on a mesospheric inversion layer (MIL) and the related gravity waves (GWs) on 9 and 10 October 2017. A Rossby wave breaking (RWB) produced instabilities in the sheared background wind and a strong tropospheric activity of GWs on 9–11 October above La Réunion. The MIL was observed on the night of 9 October when a large amount of tropospheric GWs propagated upward into the middle atmosphere and disappeared on 11 October when the stratospheric zonal wind filtering became a significant blocking. Among other results, dominant mesospheric GW modes with vertical wavelengths of about 4–6 km and 10–13 km can be traced down to the troposphere and up to the mesopause. Dominant GWs with a wavelength of ~2–3 km and 6 km also propagated upward and eastward from the tropospheric source into the stratosphere on 9–11 October. Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) temperature and OH profiles indicate that GW activity in the middle atmosphere affects the upper atmosphere with waves breaking at heights below the MIL and in the mesopause. Several techniques are illustrated on nightglow images to access GW activity and spectral characteristics at the mesopause for high and low frequency GWs on the nights of 9–10 October. In conclusion, intense tropospheric activity of GWs induced by RWB events can be linked with MILs at the subtropical barrier in the South-West Indian Ocean during austral winter.

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17

Ramesh, K., S. Sridharan y S. Vijaya Bhaskara Rao. "Dominance of chemical heating over dynamics in causing a few large mesospheric inversion layer events during January-February 2011". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 118, n.º 10 (octubre de 2013): 6751–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50601.

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18

Jayaraman, A., M. Venkat Ratnam, A. K. Patra, T. Narayana Rao, S. Sridharan, M. Rajeevan, H. Gadhavi, A. P. Kesarkar, P. Srinivasulu y K. Raghunath. "Study of Atmospheric Forcing and Responses (SAFAR) campaign: overview". Annales Geophysicae 28, n.º 1 (18 de enero de 2010): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-89-2010.

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Abstract. Study of Atmospheric Forcing and Responses (SAFAR) is a five year (2009–2014) research programme specifically to address the responses of the earth's atmosphere to both natural and anthropogenic forcings using a host of collocated instruments operational at the National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki (13.5° N, 79.2° E), India from a unified viewpoint of studying the vertical coupling between the forcings and responses from surface layer to the ionosphere. As a prelude to the main program a pilot campaign was conducted at Gadanki during May–November 2008 using collocated observations from the MST radar, Rayleigh lidar, GPS balloonsonde, and instruments measuring aerosol, radiation and precipitation, and supporting satellite data. We show the importance of the large radiative heating caused by absorption of solar radiation by soot particles in the lower atmosphere, the observed high vertical winds in the convective updrafts extending up to tropopause, and the difficulty in simulating the same with existing models, the upward traveling waves in the middle atmosphere coupling the lower atmosphere with the upper atmosphere, their manifestation in the mesospheric temperature structure and inversion layers, the mesopause height extending up to 100 km, and the electro-dynamical coupling between mesosphere and the ionosphere which causes irregularities in the ionospheric F-region. The purpose of this communication is not only to share the knowledge that we gained from the SAFAR pilot campaign, but also to inform the international atmospheric science community about the SAFAR program as well as to extend our invitation to join in our journey.

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19

Ramesh, K. y S. Sridharan. "Large mesospheric inversion layer due to breaking of small-scale gravity waves: Evidence from Rayleigh lidar observations over Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E)". Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 89 (noviembre de 2012): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2012.08.011.

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20

Sridharan, S., S. Sathishkumar y S. Gurubaran. "Influence of gravity waves and tides on mesospheric temperature inversion layers: simultaneous Rayleigh lidar and MF radar observations". Annales Geophysicae 26, n.º 12 (25 de noviembre de 2008): 3731–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-3731-2008.

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Abstract. Three nights of simultaneous Rayleigh lidar temperature measurements over Gadanki (13.5° N, 79.2° E) and medium frequency (MF) radar wind measurements over Tirunelveli (8.7° N, 77.8° E) have been analyzed to illustrate the possible effects due to tidal-gravity wave interactions on upper mesospheric inversion layers. The occurrence of tidal gravity wave interaction is investigated using MF radar wind measurements in the altitude region 86–90 km. Of the three nights, it is found that tidal gravity wave interaction occurred in two nights. In the third night, diurnal tidal amplitude is found to be significantly larger. As suggested in Sica et al. (2007), mesospheric temperature inversion seems to be a signature of wave saturation in the mesosphere, since the temperature inversion occurs at heights, when the lapse rate is less than half the dry adiabatic lapse rate.

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21

Ross, Snizhana, Arttu Arjas, Ilkka I. Virtanen, Mikko J. Sillanpää, Lassi Roininen y Andreas Hauptmann. "Hierarchical deconvolution for incoherent scatter radar data". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, n.º 12 (28 de junio de 2022): 3843–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3843-2022.

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Abstract. We propose a novel method for deconvolving incoherent scatter radar data to recover accurate reconstructions of backscattered powers. The problem is modelled as a hierarchical noise-perturbed deconvolution problem, where the lower hierarchy consists of an adaptive length-scale function that allows for a non-stationary prior and as such enables adaptive recovery of smooth and narrow layers in the profiles. The estimation is done in a Bayesian statistical inversion framework as a two-step procedure, where hyperparameters are first estimated by optimisation and followed by an analytical closed-form solution of the deconvolved signal. The proposed optimisation-based method is compared to a fully probabilistic approach using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques enabling additional uncertainty quantification. In this paper we examine the potential of the hierarchical deconvolution approach using two different prior models for the length-scale function. We apply the developed methodology to compute the backscattered powers of measured polar mesospheric winter echoes, as well as summer echoes, from the EISCAT VHF radar in Tromsø, Norway. Computational accuracy and performance are tested using a simulated signal corresponding to a typical background ionosphere and a sporadic E layer with known ground truth. The results suggest that the proposed hierarchical deconvolution approach can recover accurate and clean reconstructions of profiles, and the potential to be successfully applied to similar problems.

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22

Ramesh, K., S. Sridharan y K. Raghunath. "Comprehensive Study on Tropical (10°N-15°N) Mesospheric Inversion Layers Using Lidar and Satellite (Timed-Saber) Observations". EPJ Web of Conferences 237 (2020): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023704001.

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One of the interesting and poorly understood features of mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region is the phenomenon of Mesospheric Inversion Layers (MILs). The poor understanding of MILs is due to limited access of their occurrence height region, however the lidars are more efficient tools which provide stratosphere and mesosphere nocturnal temperatures with high temporal and vertical resolutions. The state-of-the-art lidar system comprising Mie, Rayleigh lidars installed at National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E), India has provided an excellent opportunity to undertake this study. The Nd:YAG laser source with lower power (11W) has been replaced by the one with higher power (30W) in January 2007. As the laser power has been increased, the molecular back scatter signal is also increased and consequently the top height level of the temperature retrieval has been increased to ~90-95 km. In the present study, the role of dominant causative mechanisms for the occurrence of MILs has been discussed using mainly the lidar and satellite (TIMED-SABER) observations over Gadanki region.

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23

Meriwether, John W. y Chester S. Gardner. "A review of the mesosphere inversion layer phenomenon". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 105, n.º D10 (1 de mayo de 2000): 12405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900163.

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24

Oberheide, J., H. L. Liu, O. A. Gusev y D. Offermann. "Mesospheric surf zone and temperature inversion layers in early November 1994". Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 68, n.º 15 (octubre de 2006): 1752–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2005.11.013.

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25

Meriwether, John W. y Martin G. Mlynczak. "Is chemical heating a major cause of the mesosphere inversion layer?" Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 100, n.º D1 (20 de enero de 1995): 1379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94jd01736.

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26

Bègue, Nelson, Nkanyiso Mbatha, Hassan Bencherif, René Tato Loua, Venkataraman Sivakumar y Thierry Leblanc. "Statistical analysis of the mesospheric inversion layers over two symmetrical tropical sites: Réunion (20.8° S, 55.5° E) and Mauna Loa (19.5° N, 155.6° W)". Annales Geophysicae 35, n.º 6 (2 de noviembre de 2017): 1177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1177-2017.

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Abstract. In this investigation a statistical analysis of the characteristics of mesospheric inversion layers (MILs) over tropical regions is presented. This study involves the analysis of 16 years of lidar observations recorded at Réunion (20.8° S, 55.5° E) and 21 years of lidar observations recorded at Mauna Loa (19.5° N, 155.6° W) together with SABER observations at these two locations. MILs appear in 10 and 9.3 % of the observed temperature profiles recorded by Rayleigh lidar at Réunion and Mauna Loa, respectively. The parameters defining MILs show a semi-annual cycle over the two selected sites with maxima occurring near the equinoxes and minima occurring during the solstices. Over both sites, the maximum mean amplitude is observed in April and October, and this corresponds to a value greater than 35 K. According to lidar observations, the maximum and minimum mean of the base height ranged from 79 to 80.5 km and from 76 to 77.5 km, respectively. The MILs at Réunion appear on average ∼ 1 km thinner and ∼ 1 km lower, with an amplitude of ∼ 2 K higher than Mauna Loa. Generally, the statistical results for these two tropical locations as presented in this investigation are in fairly good agreement with previous studies. When compared to lidar measurements, on average SABER observations show MILs with greater amplitude, thickness and base altitudes of 4 K, 0.75 and 1.1 km, respectively. Taking into account the temperature error by SABER in the mesosphere, it can therefore be concluded that the measurements obtained from lidar and SABER observations are in significant agreement. The frequency spectrum analysis based on the lidar profiles and the 60-day averaged profile from SABER confirms the presence of the semi-annual oscillation where the magnitude maximum is found to coincide with the height range of the temperature inversion zone. This connection between increases in the semi-annual component close to the inversion zone is in agreement with most previously reported studies over tropics based on satellite observations. Results presented in this study confirm through the use of the ground-based Rayleigh lidar at Réunion and Mauna Loa that the semi-annual oscillation contributes to the formation of MILs over the tropical region.

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27

Hauchecorne, A. y A. Maillard. "The mechanism of formation of inversion layers in the mesosphere". Advances in Space Research 12, n.º 10 (octubre de 1992): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(92)90470-i.

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28

Gan, Quan, Shao Dong Zhang y Fan Yi. "TIMED/SABER observations of lower mesospheric inversion layers at low and middle latitudes". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 117, n.º D7 (12 de abril de 2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017455.

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29

Fechine, J., C. M. Wrasse, H. Takahashi, M. G. Mlynczak y J. M. Russell. "Lower-mesospheric inversion layers over brazilian equatorial region using TIMED/SABER temperature profiles". Advances in Space Research 41, n.º 9 (enero de 2008): 1447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2007.04.070.

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30

France, J. A., V. L. Harvey, C. E. Randall, R. L. Collins, A. K. Smith, E. D. Peck y X. Fang. "A climatology of planetary wave-driven mesospheric inversion layers in the extratropical winter". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 120, n.º 2 (19 de enero de 2015): 399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jd022244.

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31

Meriwether, J. W., X. Gao, V. B. Wickwar, T. Wilkerson, K. Beissner, S. Collins y M. E. Hagan. "Observed coupling of the mesosphere inversion layer to the thermal tidal structure". Geophysical Research Letters 25, n.º 9 (1 de mayo de 1998): 1479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98gl00756.

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32

CHEN Linxiang, YANG Guotao, WANG Jihong, CHENG Xuewu y YUE Chuan. "Measurements of Lower Mesosphere Inversion Layers with Rayleigh Lidar over Beijing". Chinese Journal of Space Science 37, n.º 1 (2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.11728/cjss2017.01.075.

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33

Cutler, Laura J., Richard L. Collins, Kohei Mizutani y Toshikazu Itabe. "Rayleigh lidar observations of mesospheric inversion layers at Poker Flat, Alaska (65 °N, 147°W)". Geophysical Research Letters 28, n.º 8 (15 de abril de 2001): 1467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000gl012535.

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34

Ramesh, K., S. Sridharan, K. Raghunath y S. Vijaya Bhaskara Rao. "A chemical perspective of day and night tropical (10°N–15°N) mesospheric inversion layers". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 122, n.º 3 (marzo de 2017): 3650–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016ja023721.

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35

Irving, Brita K., Richard L. Collins, Ruth S. Lieberman, Brentha Thurairajah y Kohei Mizutani. "Mesospheric Inversion Layers at Chatanika, Alaska (65°N, 147°W): Rayleigh lidar observations and analysis". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119, n.º 19 (14 de octubre de 2014): 11,235–11,249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jd021838.

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36

Meriwether, J. W., X. Gao, V. B. Wickwar, T. Wilkerson, K. Beissner, S. Collins y M. E. Hagan. "Correction to “Observed coupling of the mesosphere inversion layer to the thermal tidal structure”". Geophysical Research Letters 25, n.º 12 (15 de junio de 1998): 2127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98gl01696.

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37

von Clarmann, Thomas y Udo Grabowski. "Direct inversion of circulation and mixing from tracer measurements – Part 1: Method". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, n.º 22 (23 de noviembre de 2016): 14563–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14563-2016.

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Abstract. From a series of zonal mean global stratospheric tracer measurements sampled in altitude vs. latitude, circulation and mixing patterns are inferred by the inverse solution of the continuity equation. As a first step, the continuity equation is written as a tendency equation, which is numerically integrated over time to predict a later atmospheric state, i.e., mixing ratio and air density. The integration is formally performed by the multiplication of the initially measured atmospheric state vector by a linear prediction operator. Further, the derivative of the predicted atmospheric state with respect to the wind vector components and mixing coefficients is used to find the most likely wind vector components and mixing coefficients which minimize the residual between the predicted atmospheric state and the later measurement of the atmospheric state. Unless multiple tracers are used, this inversion problem is under-determined, and dispersive behavior of the prediction further destabilizes the inversion. Both these problems are addressed by regularization. For this purpose, a first-order smoothness constraint has been chosen. The usefulness of this method is demonstrated by application to various tracer measurements recorded with the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS). This method aims at a diagnosis of the Brewer–Dobson circulation without involving the concept of the mean age of stratospheric air, and related problems like the stratospheric tape recorder, or intrusions of mesospheric air into the stratosphere.

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38

Whiteway, James A., Allan I. Carswell y William E. Ward. "Mesospheric temperature inversions with overlying nearly adiabatic lapse rate: An Indication of a well-mixed turbulent layer". Geophysical Research Letters 22, n.º 10 (15 de mayo de 1995): 1201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95gl01109.

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39

States, Robert J. y Chester S. Gardner. "Influence of the diurnal tide and thermospheric heat sources on the formation of mesospheric temperature inversion layers". Geophysical Research Letters 25, n.º 9 (1 de mayo de 1998): 1483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98gl00850.

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40

Yuan, Tao, P. D. Pautet, Y. Zhao, X. Cai, N. R. Criddle, M. J. Taylor y W. R. Pendleton. "Coordinated investigation of midlatitude upper mesospheric temperature inversion layers and the associated gravity wave forcing by Na lidar and Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper in Logan, Utah". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119, n.º 7 (7 de abril de 2014): 3756–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013jd020586.

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41

Nygrén, T., M. J. Taylor, M. S. Lehtinen y M. Markkanen. "Application of tomographic inversion in studying airglow in the mesopause region". Annales Geophysicae 16, n.º 10 (31 de octubre de 1998): 1180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-1180-9.

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Abstract. It is pointed out that observations of periodic nightglow structures give excellent information on atmospheric gravity waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The periods, the horizontal wavelengths and the phase speeds of the waves can be determined from airglow images and, using several cameras, the approximate altitude of the luminous layer can also be determined by triangulation. In this paper the possibility of applying tomographic methods for reconstructing the airglow structures is investigated using numerical simulations. A ground-based chain of cameras is assumed, two-dimensional airglow models in the vertical plane above the chain are constructed, and simulated data are calculated by integrating the models along a great number of rays with different elevation angles for each camera. After addition of random noise, these data are then inverted to obtain reconstructions of the models. A tomographic analysis package originally designed for satellite radiotomography is used in the inversion. The package is based on a formulation of stochastic inversion which allows the input of a priori information to the solver in terms of regularization variances. The reconstruction is carried out in two stages. In the first inversion, constant regularization variances are used within a wide altitude range. The results are used in determining the approximate altitude range of the airglow structures. Then, in the second inversion, constant non-zero regularization variances are used inside this region and zero variances outside it. With this method reliable reconstructions of the models are obtained. The number of cameras as well as their separations are varied in order to find out the limitations of the method.Key words. Tomography · Airglow · Mesopause · Gravity waves

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42

Hocke, Klemens, Martin Lainer, Leonie Bernet y Niklaus Kämpfer. "Mesospheric Inversion Layers at Mid-Latitudes and Coincident Changes of Ozone, Water Vapour and Horizontal Wind in the Middle Atmosphere". Atmosphere 9, n.º 5 (3 de mayo de 2018): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9050171.

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43

Liu, Tongxin, Guobin Yang, Zhengyu Zhao, Yi Liu, Chen Zhou, Chunhua Jiang, Binbin Ni, Yaogai Hu y Peng Zhu. "Design of Multifunctional Mesosphere-Ionosphere Sounding System and Preliminary Results". Sensors 20, n.º 9 (7 de mayo de 2020): 2664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092664.

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This paper describes a novel sounding system for which the functions of the medium frequency (MF) radar and the ionosonde are integrated on the same hardware platform and antenna structure, namely the middle atmosphere-ionosphere (MAI) system. Unlike the common MF radar, MAI system adopts the pseudo-random (PRN) phase-coded modulation technology, which breaks the limitation of the traditional monopulse mode. Through the pulse compression, only a small peak power is needed to achieve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) requirement. The excellent anti-jamming performance is also very suitable for the ionospheric sounding. One transmitting and six receiving modes are adopted for the MF sounding. While neglecting the structure of the T/R switches, the coupling interference between the transmitter and the receiver may also be avoided. Moreover, by employing a miniaturized antenna array composed of progressive-wave antennas for the MF receiving and ionospheric sounding, the MAI system takes account of the requirements of the inversion algorithms of MF radar and the large bandwidth need for the ionospheric sounding concurrently. Such an antenna structure can also greatly simplify the system structure and minimize the difficulty of deployment. The experiments verified the availability of the system scheme and its engineering application significance. Through further analysis of the sounding data, the wind field of the mesosphere, the electron density of D layer and electron density profile from layers E to F were obtained at the identical location. The capability of MAI system can play an important role in studying the interaction and coupling mechanism between the mesosphere and ionosphere.

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44

Hurd, L., M. F. Larsen y A. Z. Liu. "Overturning instability in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere: analysis of instability conditions in lidar data". Annales Geophysicae 27, n.º 7 (24 de julio de 2009): 2937–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-2937-2009.

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Abstract. Resonant sodium lidar measurements from the transition region between the mesosphere and lower thermosphere have revealed frequently-occurring overturning events characterized by vertical scales of ~3–6 km and timescales of several hours. Larsen et al. (2004) proposed that a convective roll instability, similar to that found in the planetary boundary layer, is the likely mechanism responsible for the events. This type of instability requires an inflection point in the background winds near the center of the vortex roll with a low static stability region capped by an inversion. The earlier paper argued that the conditions required to support the instability are common in the altitude range where the features are found. In this paper, we use data from the University of Illinois sodium lidar that was located at the Starfire Optical Range near Albuquerque, New Mexico, and from the Maui/MALT Lidar Facility in Hawaii and present several cases that are used to examine the behavior of the inflection point in detail as a function of time during the evolution of the overturning event. In addition, we examine the background static stability conditions using the temperature data from the lidar.

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45

Gisinger, Sonja, Andreas Dörnbrack, Vivien Matthias, James D. Doyle, Stephen D. Eckermann, Benedikt Ehard, Lars Hoffmann, Bernd Kaifler, Christopher G. Kruse y Markus Rapp. "Atmospheric Conditions during the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE)". Monthly Weather Review 145, n.º 10 (octubre de 2017): 4249–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-16-0435.1.

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This paper describes the results of a comprehensive analysis of the atmospheric conditions during the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE) campaign in austral winter 2014. Different datasets and diagnostics are combined to characterize the background atmosphere from the troposphere to the upper mesosphere. How weather regimes and the atmospheric state compare to climatological conditions is reported upon and how they relate to the airborne and ground-based gravity wave observations is also explored. Key results of this study are the dominance of tropospheric blocking situations and low-level southwesterly flows over New Zealand during June–August 2014. A varying tropopause inversion layer was found to be connected to varying vertical energy fluxes and is, therefore, an important feature with respect to wave reflection. The subtropical jet was frequently diverted south from its climatological position at 30°S and was most often involved in strong forcing events of mountain waves at the Southern Alps. The polar front jet was typically responsible for moderate and weak tropospheric forcing of mountain waves. The stratospheric planetary wave activity amplified in July leading to a displacement of the Antarctic polar vortex. This reduced the stratospheric wind minimum by about 10 m s−1 above New Zealand making breaking of large-amplitude gravity waves more likely. Satellite observations in the upper stratosphere revealed that orographic gravity wave variances for 2014 were largest in May–July (i.e., the period of the DEEPWAVE field phase).

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46

Lednyts'kyy, O., C. von Savigny, K. U. Eichmann y M. G. Mlynczak. "Atomic oxygen retrievals in the MLT region from SCIAMACHY nightglow limb measurements". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, n.º 3 (4 de marzo de 2015): 1021–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1021-2015.

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Abstract. Vertical distributions of atomic oxygen concentration ([O]) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region were retrieved from sun-synchronous SCIAMACHY/Envisat (SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY on board the Environmental Satellite) limb measurements of the oxygen 557.7 nm green line emission in the terrestrial nightglow. A band pass filter was applied to eliminate contributions from other emissions, the impact of measurement noise and auroral activity. Vertical volume emission rate profiles were retrieved from integrated limb-emission rate profiles under the assumption that each atmospheric layer is horizontally homogeneous and absorption and scattering can be neglected. The radiative transfer problem was solved using regularized total least squares minimization in the inversion procedure. Atomic oxygen concentration profiles were retrieved from data collected for altitudes in the range 85–105 km with approximately 4 km vertical resolution during the time period from August 2002 to April 2012 at approximately 22:00 local time. The retrieval of [O] profiles was based on the generally accepted two-step Barth transfer scheme including consideration of quenching processes and the use of different available sources of temperature and atmospheric density profiles. A sensitivity analysis was performed for the retrieved [O] profiles to estimate maximum uncertainties assuming independent contributions of uncertainty components. Errors in photochemical model parameters depending on temperature uncertainties and random errors of model parameters contribute less than 50% to the overall [O] retrieval error. The retrieved [O] profiles were compared with reference [O] profiles provided by SABER/TIMED (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry instrument on board the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite) or by the NRLMSISE-00 (Naval Research Laboratory Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter radar Extended model, year: 2000) and SD-WACCM4 (Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with Specified Dynamics, version 4). A comparison of the retrieved [O] profiles with the reference [O] profiles led to the conclusion that the photochemical model taking into account quenching of O(1S) by O2, O(3P), and N2 and the SABER/TIMED model as a source of temperature and density profiles are the most appropriate choices for our case. The retrieved [O] profile time series exhibits characteristic seasonal variations in agreement with satellite observations based on analysis of OH Meinel band emissions and atmospheric models. A pronounced 11-year solar cycle variation can also be identified in the retrieved atomic oxygen concentration time series.

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47

Hysell, David L., Miguel Larsen y Michael Sulzer. "Observational evidence for new instabilities in the midlatitude <i>E</i> and <i>F</i> region". Annales Geophysicae 34, n.º 11 (3 de noviembre de 2016): 927–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-927-2016.

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Abstract. Radar observations of the E- and F-region ionosphere from the Arecibo Observatory made during moderately disturbed conditions are presented. The observations indicate the presence of patchy sporadic E (Es) layers, medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs), and depletion plumes associated with spread F conditions. New analysis techniques are applied to the dataset to infer the vector plasma drifts in the F region as well as vector neutral wind and temperature profiles in the E region. Instability mechanisms in both regions are evaluated. The mesosphere–lower-thermosphere (MLT) region is found to meet the conditions for neutral dynamic instability in the vicinity of the patchy Es layers even though the wind shear was relatively modest. An inversion in the MLT temperature profile contributed significantly to instability in the vicinity of one patchy layer. Of particular interest is the evidence for the conditions required for neutral convective instability in the lower-thermosphere region (which is usually associated with highly stable conditions) due to the rapid increase in temperature with altitude. A localized F-region plasma density enhancement associated with a sudden ascent up the magnetic field is shown to create the conditions necessary for convective plasma instability leading to the depletion plume and spread F. The growth time for the instability is short compared to the one described by [Perkins(1973)]. This instability does not offer a simple analytic solution but is clearly present in numerical simulations. The instability mode has not been described previously but appears to be more viable than the various mechanisms that have been suggested previously as an explanation for the occurrence of midlatitude spread F.

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48

Fadnavis, S., Devendraa Siingh y R. P. Singh. "Mesospheric inversion layer and sprites". Journal of Geophysical Research 114, n.º D23 (9 de diciembre de 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009jd011913.

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49

Fadnavis, S., Devendraa Siingh, G. Beig y R. P. Singh. "Seasonal variation of the mesospheric inversion layer, thunderstorms, and mesospheric ozone over India". Journal of Geophysical Research 112, n.º D15 (10 de agosto de 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006jd008379.

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50

Huang, Tai-Yin. "Further investigations of a mesospheric inversion layer observed in the ALOHA-93 Campaign". Journal of Geophysical Research 107, n.º D19 (2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001jd001186.

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