Tesis sobre el tema "Méso et sous-Méso échelle"
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Perraud, Emilie. "Vers une amélioration du schéma statistique de nuages de méso-échelle dans les modèles AROME et Méso-NH". Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1081/.
Texto completoA good representation of clouds is essential for the quality of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models such as AROME (Delta x=2,5km) and Méso-NH. With mesoscale resolutions, boundary-layer clouds such as shallow cumulus and stratocumulus are still linked with subgrid processes and it is necessary to improve their representation. The parameterization of the condensation/evaporation processes consists in a saturation adjustment in order to restore the thermodynamic equilibrium between the phases of water. Resolved clouds are commonly treated with an "all or nothing" scheme considering that a model gridbox is totally clear or cloudy. Subgrid cloud schemes currently assume a statistical description of the horizontal subgrid variability of humidity and temperature variables. A comprehensive statistical analysis of cloud fine scale data, obtained from LES simulations for non-precipitating warm boundary-layer clouds, was carried out. For mesoscale resolutions, it shows that the use of a double Gaussian distribution, associated to a single variable depicting the local distance to the saturation inside the model gridbox, provides a good estimation of the cloud fields and of the cloud base and cloud top heights. For sparse cumulus cases, a conditional sampling method shows that the dry main mode, linked to the cloud environment, would be connected to an eddy diffusivity scheme. A convective mass flux scheme could be used to characterize the cloudy second mode, associated to shallow thermals
Lauvaux, Thomas. "Inversion à méso échelle des sources et puits de carbone". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008VERS0007.
Texto completoLes méthodes d'inversion à grande échelle ont permis d'estimer la variabilité spatiale des sources et puits de carbone continentaux mais les incertitudes associées restent importantes. En e_et, les concentrations atmosphériques intègrent la variabilité des _ux de surface, mais les modèles de transport à basse résolution utilisés dans les inversions ne peuvent reproduire correctement la complexité da la dynamique atmosphérique locale des sites de mesure. Cependant, ces estimations sont plus représentatives de la grande hétérogénéité spatiale des écosystèmes que les mesures directes des _ux. Les méthodes inverses et directes qui visent toutes les deux à estimer le bilan des échanges de carbone entre la surface et l'atmosphère s'appliquent donc à des échelles di_érentes et sont ainsi di_cilement comparables. Au cours de cette thèse, un système d'inversion à méso échelle a été développé pour corrigerles _ux de carbone à une résolution de 8km. Le modèle de transport à haute résolution (MésoNH) a permis de simuler la variabilité des concentrations atmosphériques avec une meilleure précision, ce qui a permis de limiter les incertitudes sur les _ux inversés. L'intégralité des données est issue de la campagne régionale intensive CERES de mai et juin 2005, lors de laquelle plusieurs tours instrumentées ont mesurées les concentrations et les _ux de CO2 dans le Sud Ouest de la France. Des mesures aéroportées ont permis également d'observer les concentrations en altitude ainsi que les _ux de CO2 aggrégées sur de larges bandes à la surface. Dans un premier temps, la capacité du système à corriger les _ux de CO2 a été estimé par l'intermédiaire de pseudo-données. La majeure partie de la variabilité des concentrations a été attribuée aux _ux régionaux dans une zone qui s'étend, selon les conditions météorologiques, jusqu'à 300km autour des sites de mesure. Dans un second temps, un ensemble de simulations a permis de dé_nir les structures spatiale et temporelle des erreurs de transport. Dans un dernier temps, les _ux corrigés par l'inversion à 8km de résolution ont été comparés à des mesures directes de _ux. Le système d'inversion a été ainsi validé dans le temps et l'espace et a montré une amélioration de l'estimation des _ux de CO2 issues d'un modèle de végétation en diminuant signi_cativement les erreurs initiales par rapport aux observations indépendantes de _ux de CO2
Chiriaco, Marjolaine. "Les cirrus : observation par télédétection et modélisation à méso-échelle". Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066576.
Texto completoChomette, Olivier. "Modélisation et analyse méso-échelle du cycle de l'aérosol désertique : aspects radiatifs et dynamiques". Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-347.pdf.
Texto completoAlhammoud, Bahjat. "Circulation générale océanique et variabilité à méso-échelle en Méditerranée Orientale : approche numérique". Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001798.
Texto completoDesprès, Agnès. "Les fronts de méso-échelle dans la mer d'Irminger : origine dynamique et variabilité". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066162.
Texto completoQuentel, Elise. "Imagerie de la structure thermohaline dans le Golfe de Cadix: Traitement des données sismiques et d'océanographie physique de la Veine d'Eau Méditerranéenne". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00495963.
Texto completoStéfanon, Marc. "Canicules et sécheresses en Méditerranée : contributions des processus couplés surface-atmosphère à méso-échelle". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00747124.
Texto completoStéfanon, Marc Alexandre. "Canicules et sécheresses en Méditerranée : contributions des processus couplés surface-atmosphère à méso-échelle". Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2012. https://pastel.hal.science/docs/00/74/71/24/PDF/TheseStefanon.pdf.
Texto completoIn a context defined as that of global warming, with fears that one summer out of two could be very similar to the 2003 European heat wave, the significant role played by droughts and land-atmosphere coupling in the enhanced and persistent high temperatures during heat-wave events has been highlighted by various studies. I have developed an original classification based on the spatial structures of the heat waves ocurring in the Euro-Mediterranean area. Classification are generally designed to classify numerous events, so we have had to adapt to classifying rare events, by introducing three criteria grounded on temperature and the spatio-temporal extension of the phenomena to be described. The classification has enabled us to sort out six different categories of heat wave. In course of the investigation, I then proceeded to focus on one of the categories, id est on Westen Europe heat wave. I carried out numerical sensitivity tests in order to analyse how the hydric deficit of soils contributes to amplifying heat waves and was able to bring out different behaviours. In the continental plains, the atmospheric boundary layer temperatures are largely controlled by local dry convection processes. In the mountainous and coastal areas, mesoscale circulations such as slope winds and sea breezes contribute to mitigating heat waves by allowing fresh and moist air to advect and precipitations to form. The effect of vegetation on heat waves was also examined. To do so, I have developed modelling tools which couple atmospheric dynamics with vegetative dynamics and thus present an innovative view on heatwave and drought conditioning processes in Western Europe. This modelling development is part of a larger project that aims at developing a model for regional climatic system and which has been undertaken at the Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) as part of the MORCE-MED project. This question has so far been little addressed in the scientific literature. I have shown that the inclusion of an interactive vegetation into modelling enable to simulate the modifications of the phenological cycle that control plant growth and development as well as evapotranspiration. Used to analyse the heat waves of June and August 2003, I have been able to demonstrate that the interaction of vegetation had a mitigating effect on the June 2003 heat wave, while it had a reversed effect in August, id est that of reinforcing. Lastly, we have measured the effects of land cover change that would allow to mitigate the consequences of heat waves on humans. In a preliminary study, I replaced anthropized surfaces (mainly agricultural land) by forests and meadows. There again, the effects noted were more contrasted than expected and presented a mitigation of the heat in June and an increase in the temperatures in August, with a high spatial variability on a mesoscale
Quentel, Élise. "Imagerie de la structure thermohaline dans le Golfe de Cadix : traitement des données sismiques et d’océanographie physique de la Veine d’Eau méditerranéenne". Brest, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00495963.
Texto completoThe discovery by Holbrook et al. (2003) that the water column could be imaged by die marine seismic reflexion has led to die foundation of the European GO (Geophysical Oceanography) project. This project aims to improve our comprehension of die oceanic structures, with particular application to the Gulf of Cadiz. It has a complex thermohaline structure. 0w work must be replaced in this project. In reprocessing the historical marine seismics and hydrology data, we began to rehabilitate the large database of this area. Thus, we evidenced that the seismic data can image die oceanographic structures with a horizontal resolution of 10m. The hydrologic data which have a vertical resolution around 1 m can calibrate the seismic data in temperature and salinity. To relate our two databases, we searched a precise definition of the seismic signal. It is the reflexion coefficient convoluted with the source wavelet of the acquisition system. The main factor influencing the seismic signal is temperature via the sound speed gradient. Marine seismic and hydrological data acquired simultanously in the Gulf of Cadiz (GO cruise - April 2007) have been analyzed to determine the characteristics of acoustic reflectors in the water column. Seismic data show strong reflectors near the surface, above Mediterranean Water (MW) undercurrents, above a meddy, and in a submesoscale MW structure. Wavelet analysis of seismic data are associated with thermo-haline layering, lateral intrusions and fine-scale structures. Marine seismic data allow systematic detection and monitoring of eddies that hydrological sections identify only occasionally
Mallil, Katia. "Circulation générale et processus de sous-méso échelle dans le bassin Algéro-Provençal de la Méditerranée à partir de données in situ". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS113.
Texto completoData from the SOMBA-GE2014 oceanographic cruise, allowed us to highlight the presence of Algerian gyres via current measurements. The temperature and salinity sections obtained across the basin allowed the visualization of the influence of the Algerian gyres on the hydrological distribution. Indeed, young intermediate Levantine waters extend from Saridinian LIW vein towards the interior of the Algerian basin, in the form of patches. LIW and WIW core climatologies covering the period 1960 to 2017 in the Algerian-Provençal basin were produced using the Mediterranean database of temperature and salinity profiles and new detection methods. A westward transport of LIW from the southern vein of Sardinia to the interior of the Algerian basin following the periphery of the Algerian gyres is highlighted by this climatology and confirmed by the cross-correlation of the cooling signal observed during the 1980s. The estimation of trends of LIW and WIW characteristics help to document their evolution. The acceleration of warming observed throughout the basin from 2010 is alarming. Glider observations have supported our conclusions regarding the effectiveness of mesoscale and submesoscale structures for the transport of water masses into the interior of the Algerian basin. Indeed, we observed WIW, LIW, and WMDW parcels within the Algerian Basin with more pronounced characteristics than adjacent waters
Merien, Davy. "Variabilité biooptique à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles dans l'Atlantique nord-est : interprétations biogéochimiques". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004148.
Texto completoHéreil, Philippe. "Développement et tests d'un modèle non hydrostatique pour les écoulements atmosphériques de méso-échelle sur relief". Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30322.
Texto completoPietri, Alice. "Variabilité méso et subméso-échelle de l’upwelling du Pérou à partir d’observations glider et de modélisation haute résolution". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066154.
Texto completoThe aim of this PhD thesis is to study meso and submesoscale variability in the Peru upwelling system, one of the four major Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS). These regions are characterized by horizontal temperature and density gradients between the coastal area and the open sea and by an enhanced biological activity. This work is based on "glider" observations along a repeat section in an upwelling cell offshore Pisco (14◦S). This in situ data gave the opportunity to describe the hydrological and alongshore velocity vertical structure in this EBUS. The acquired data allowed to estimate alongshore velocities and to study their vertical structure and variability. The surface current and the undercurrent have thus been described in detail. In addition, a deep equatorward intermittent cur- rent was evidenced in April 2010. Its dynamic and origin were studied with two eddy-resolving high-resolution models. It has been shown that this current is probably associated with a coastally trapped wave propagating from the equatorial region to the pole. This signal was also reproduced with a simple linear model and related to a third baroclinic mode of coastal-trapped wave. Hydrological data was also used to highlight the presence of submesoscale features in subsurface near the upwelling front. Different processes able to act on the distribution of thermohaline properties were studied to estimate their impact on the region. Dynamical diagnostics have shown that frontgenesis, wind driven symmetric instability and mesoscale stirring are taking place in the upwelling frontal region and could explain the observed submesoscale variability. Joint action of these three processes is likely responsible for the formation of the observed thermohaline intrusions. Variability of the upwelling front at several spatial and temporal scales was studied and the importance of meso and submeso scale dynamics highlighted in this complex system. Crucial processes have been described in order to improve the comprehension of the Peru-Chile upwelling system
Fernández, Ibáñez Camila. "Cycle de l'azote et production primaire dans l'Atlantique Nord-Est : suivi saisonnier et influence de la méso échelle". Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX22096.
Texto completoSpiga, Aymeric. "Dynamique méso-échelle de l'atmosphère martienne : développement d'un modèle météorologique et analyse des observations OMEGA / Mars Express". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00347021.
Texto completoVan, Der Velde Oscar Arnoud. "Morphologie de sprites et conditions de productions de sprites et de jets dans les systèmes orageux de méso-échelle". Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1191/.
Texto completoThis dissertation is devoted to the description of the conditions of production of transient luminous phenomena (sprites, jets, elves) in the mesosphere, which occur in response to energetic lightning discharges in thunderstorms underneath. During EuroSprite observation campaigns, a few hundred images of sprites have been obtained, providing information about event morphology, location and timing. Precipitation data from weather radar and cloud top altitude from Meteosat, as well as two lightning detection networks and a wide-band radio receiver have been analyzed. The methodology includes case studies and a statistical study over a large number of sprites produced by 7 different storms. The work focuses on the aspect of the intracloud lightning component associated with positive cloud-to-ground flashes, the link with the morphology of sprites, and the life cycle of thunderstorm systems. Additionally, a storm which produced a rare gigantic jet observed in the United States is analyzed in detail. The observed sprites were produced by mesoscale convective systems (MCS) during the expanding phase of the stratiform region. The cloud-to-ground flash sequences and the intracloud lightning component observed at the time of sprites confirm a large horizontal convective-to-stratiform propagation, as mechanism of charge collection, explaining displaced sprites. Sprites of column-type are produced with shorter delays than carrot sprites, and the shorter the delay, the more elements, their luminosity concentrating at greater altitudes. The gigantic jet appears to have been promoted by a certain charge configuration and lightning activity pattern, rather than a high cloud top altitude
Paci, Alexandre. "Processus et variabilité méso-échelle de l'océan superficiel dans l'Atlantique nord-est dans le cadre du programme POMME". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00321794.
Texto completoLes processus impliqués dans l'évolution de la température et de la salinité dans la couche de mélange, ainsi que dans le détraînement d'eau entre la couche de mélange et la pycnocline, sont examinés. Un des résultats importants est que le détraînement n'a pas lieu le long d'une hypothétique discontinuité de profondeur de couche de mélange hivernale, mais dans des structures de submésoéchelle. Sa valeur est estimée à un peu moins de 1 Sv en moyenne sur la zone. Afin de prolonger la durée de la simulation, une méthode originale d'assimilation de courant a été implémentée dans le modèle. Elle donne d'excellents résultats et ouvre des perspectives prometteuses pour l'océanographie opérationnelle.
Traoré, Pierre Christophe Sibiry. "Télédétection à méso-échelle de la dynamique phytoécologique et du bilan d'énergie de surface en Afrique de l'Ouest". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/MQ26622.pdf.
Texto completoTraoré, Pierre Christophe Sibiry. "Téledétection à méso-échelle de la dynamique phytoécologique et du bilan d'énergie de surface en Afrique de l'Ouest". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1996. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2035.
Texto completoBilas, Philipp. "Approche quantitative des phénomènes de frottement à l'échelle atomique et méso échelle par microscopie à force de frottement". Antilles-Guyane, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AGUY0137.
Texto completoThis work is a contribution to better understan the mechanims of energy loss by friction on a molecular scale. The experiments were carried out using an AFM/FFM microscopy and the materials used were lamellar:HOPG,NbSe2 and mica. In the first chapter,an original method was presented concerning the deformation of the piezo electric tube during the image scan to calibrate the microscope and obtain a continious recording of the FL(FN) curve in a full image. In the second chapter,the study of tribological properties at the mesoscale was investigated using scan velocity of about 30µm/s. In the case of both NbSe2 and HOPG, the friction was probably located between the layers. Measured on the mica, the high constraint was allocate to the large potential of interactions between the layers. The influence of the atmosphere was explained in term of film thickness of the absorbed layer of water, which are more important under air than argon. In the third chapter ,the study of tribological properties was investigated at the atomic scale using scan velocity of about 30nm/sand stick slip mouvement of the tip. The surface of mica was damaged and, for NbSe2 and HOPG, the mesured friction forces had close values those obtained at the mesoscale. Concerning NbSe2, there was no direct influence of the atmosphere. IIn conclusion, thes results were discussed from pre-existing models of friction. At the atomic scale,the proposed dissipative mechanism was based on Tomlinson's model (dissipation of energy in the adiabatic phases). At the mesoscale, this mechanism was based on Postnikovv's model (dissipation by vibration of the system)
Dussurget, Renaud. "Apport de l'altimétrie à l'étude des tourbillons à méso et subméso-échelle : application régionale au Golfe de Gascogne". Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2739/.
Texto completoThe Bay of Biscay, in the North East Atlantic, is the scene of a particularly complex ocean dynamics in which the slope current plays a role in the development of (sub)mesoscale structures offshore, contributing to water exchanges between the continental shelf and the open ocean. Thanks to long time series and its precision, altimetry is an ideal tool to their observation. Due to the regional dynamics, it is necessary to benefit from recent advances in coastal altimetry. First, wavelet analysis was developed to determine the observability of the (sub)mesoscale: these processes are currently under evaluated in maps of sea level. A regional fine scale mapping methodology was then put in place over a period of optimal spatial coverage (4 satellites, 2002-2005). Regional maps were then the subject of intense intercomparison using independent observations (in-situ & satellite). Fine-scale mapping improve regional estimates of eddy kinetic energy levels compared to standard data as well as the of the slope current variability. Filaments based on the Lyapunov exponents, derived from our regional maps, are more consistent with satellite images. A sequence of fine-scale eddy detachment from the slope current is made possible by the combined use of regional sea level maps, satellite images and in-situ data. The spatial and temporal variability of the meso and submeso-scale dynamics can then be studied and phase lags are observed between the continental slope and offshore variability. Finally, this thesis opens up the perspective of observations, including the provision of areas for the development of regional mapping methodologies and the improvement observational error budgets. These methodological developments can be extended to other regions and altimetry datasets. Regional maps provide an important observation for the interpretation of the Bay of Biscay ocean dynamics and for the validation of regional models
Kersale, Marion. "Dynamique de processus océaniques de méso- et de subméso-échelle à partir de simulations numériques et de données in situ". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4061.
Texto completoThe hydrodynamics around oceanic islands and in coastal areas is characterized by the presence of numerous meso- and submesocale features. The aim of this PhD thesis is to study, from in situ data and numerical modeling, firstly the predominance of some forcings on the generation of these features and secondly their dynamics and their impacts on the dispersion of coastal waters. Firstly, a study based on a series of numerical simulations in the Hawaiian region, allows us to examine the relative importance of wind, topographic and inflow current forcing on the generation of mesoscale eddies. Sensitivity tests have shown the importance of high wind-forcing spatial resolution. Secondly, the coastal dynamics of the Gulf of Lions (GoL), also subject to these forcings, has been investigated. A first part focuses on the physical characteristics and the dynamics of an eddy in the western part of the gulf, using data from the Latex09 campaign and results from a realistic hydrodynamic model of the GoL. Their combined analysis has allowed to identify a new generation mechanism for the mesoscale eddies in this area and to understand the formation of a transient submesoscale structure. This work has shown the importance of these structures in modulating exchanges in this region. Based on the data of the Latex10 campaign, a second part has then focused on the dispersion of coastal waters in the western area of the GoL. The tracking of the water masses in a Lagrangian reference frame (floats, tracer) has allowed to determine the horizontal and vertical diffusion coefficients in this key area for coastal-offshore and interregional exchanges
Coutinho, Artur Paiva. "Importance de l’hétérogénéité structurale de la zone non saturée pour la modélisation de l’écoulement à méso-échelle". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSET012/document.
Texto completoUnderstanding preferential flows in the vadose zone is a prerequisite for a proper management of infiltration basins. The studied infiltration basin lies on a strongly heterogeneous glaciofluvial deposit made of a predominant lithofacies that embeds lenses of sand and gravel. Geophysics (GPR) were used to characterize the lithological heterogeneity along radar-grammes (sections few meters deep and dozens of meters long). Flow was modelled for all these sections and compared to a synthetic section filled only with the predominant lithofacies (control). Numerical results show that, under unsaturated conditions, the lithological heterogeneity has a strong impact on flow with the establishment of preferential flows induced by capillary-barrier effects in the vicinity of lenses of sand and gravel. These effects have also consequences on water fluxes at surface (infiltration and runoff) and depend strongly on the section considered for numerical modelling. It can thus be concluded that the spatial variability of lithological heterogeneity induces a spatial variability of preferential flow. Geometrical and architectural parameters were defined to quantity lithological heterogeneity and link it to preferential flows, with the aim to propose a first step towards modelling flow in the basin at the meso-scale
O entendimento do fluxo na zona não saturada em formações heterogêneas é um prérequisito para uma gestão adequada de poluentes em bacias de infiltração inseridas nessas formações. Este estudo aborda o efeito da heterogeneidade litológica nos processo de escoamento numa bacia de infiltração com geologia inserida num depósito fluvioglacial. A bacia de infiltração é a Bacia Django Reinhardt, existente em Lyon. Esta bacia foi objeto de vários estudos que demonstraram algumas avaliações do impacto da heterogeneidade do solo. Os objetivos desses trabalhos foram todos baseados apenas no estudo sedimentológico de uma trincheira. Nenhum estudo abordou a potencial variabilidade espacial dos atributos do solo. Neste trabalho, foi modelizado o fluxo na zona vadosa através de três casos: drenagem interna, infiltração de água durante um evento de precipitação pluviométrica constante e solicitação hidrológica a partir de um fluxo variável escoamento superficial. Estes cálculos foram realizados para várias seções, que foram previamente caracterizadas quanto a sua heterogeneidade estrutural usando a técnica não destrutiva do GPR com uma frequência de 200MHz e 100MHz. O comportamento hidráulico dessas seções foi comparado com a de uma seção homogênea. Foi comparada o efeito da resolução da imagem nas estimativas das variáveis de fluxo. Alguns indicadores arquiteturais, geométricos e texturais foram propostos para esclarecer e avaliar a variabilidade espacial do efeito da heterogeneidade do solo sobre o fluxo em condições não saturadas. Os resultados mostram claramente que a heterogeneidade gera impactos nas variáveis de fluxo em condições não saturadas. Os impactos dependem da seção considerada.Os resultados mostram também que: a) a heterogeneidade estrutural do subsolo na meso-escala apresenta um efeito sobre a geração de escoamento preferencial e isso independe do tipo de solicitação aplicada na seção; b) O efeito da heterogeneidade se mostrou independentende das condições de contorno aplicadas na superfície; c) Nos períodos de ocorrência de chuvas intensas quem controla o comportamento das variáveis de fluxo é a intensidade de precipitação. No entanto, nos períodos em que ocorre ausência de precipitação, as variáveis de fluxo são controladas pela heterogeneidade da zona não saturada; d) A utilização de diferentes frequências influencia na estimativa das variáveis de fluxo. Isso é decorrente do impacto na quantificação da heterogeneidade decorrente do efeito da resolução de cada antena; e) Os indicadores não apresentaram relação direta com as variáveis de fluxo estudadas. Isso demonstra que o efeito da heterogeneidade não pode ser explicado por um único fator, mas por um conjunto de fatores
Gavart, Michel. "Modélisation et assimilation de données dans un modèle de circulation océanique à méso-échelle : application à la campagne SEMAPHORE". Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30311.
Texto completoHachgenei, Nico. "Transfert d'eau et de résidus pharmaceutiques vétérinaires dans un bassin versant agricole de méso-échelle soumis aux crues éclairs". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022GRALU007.
Texto completoThis work focuses on environmental transfer of residues of veterinary drugs entering the environment via dung from treated animals. It is studied under the conditions of a meso-scale catchment under Mediterranean climate with extensive agriculture.In a first step, interviews with livestock breeders were conducted to identify the treatment practices. 14 pharmaceutically active compounds (PhAC) were identified to be systematically used in the catchment, 10 of which antiparasitic drugs. Antibiotics were of significant use only for goats. We chose Ivermectin (IVM) as a representative molecule for those antiparasitic drugs and did further transfer experiments on this compound.For these experiments, we developed a device to sample intact soil monoliths and subject them to simulated rainfall. Dung from untreated cows was spiked to a realistic concentration (3 mg kg−1) as reported in literature and placed on the soil. Consecutive intense rain events were simulated and surface runoff and drainage flow were measured and sampled at high frequency. Concentration values of up to 3855 ng L−1 were observed in overland flow (OF). The concentration in drainage flow was significantly reduced in soils from the sedimentary foothills part of the study site (< 150 ng L−1). On soils from the Coiron basaltic plateau, water repellency led to strong preferential flow and the concentration of IVM was not substantially reduced by leaching through the soil. Higher initial soil moisture led to increased retention of IVM through both drainage and OF. Overall, up to 1 % of the initial mass of IVM was exported during two consecutive rain events. In addition, we could show that drying of cow dung effectively reduces the mobilization of IVM. In general, more OF and a higher export of IVM were observed on soils from the Coiron plateau. On this scale, soil water repellency (SWR) seems to play a substantial role in the generation of OF.Finally, in order to link those results to the catchment scale and the overall problematic of transfer of pharmaceutical residues to surface water bodies, a semi-distributed conceptual hydrological model was developed on the scale of the Claduègne catchment using SAS functions and age tracking in order to estimate transit time distributions (TTD) on an hourly time step. The model was calibrated against observed discharge, silica concentration and deuterium isotope ratio of the water molecule at the outlet. The model predicts fractions of up to 60 % of discharge at the outlet of an age below one day during major flood events. Over the whole observation period, this fraction represents 8.4 % of the total runoff. In average, 25 % of the discharge are less than 30 d old.The analysis of a few stream water samples from the Claduègne catchment for three veterinary pharmaceuticals revealed that Fenbendazole (FBZ) and Mebendazole (MBZ) were only present at detectable concentrations throughout flood events, indicating a strong importance of preferential flow for their transfer into the streams. Concentrations of the pork antiparasitic FBZ of up to 28.4 ng L-1 were observed during a small flood event in summer, which is 355 time the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) for fish.This thesis shows that high amounts of IVM can be mobilized from cow dung and transferred through and over soil at the plot-scale, despite the fact that IVM is generally considered immobile due to its hydrophobicity and therefore strong adsorption to the soil's organic matter. The highest mobilization of IVM was observed under the condition of intense precipitation on dry soil due to water repellency causing strong preferential flow (including OF). Preliminary results on the catchment scale suggest that this mechanism may as well be effective on this scale, despite the smaller amplitude of the hydrological response. An age tracking model reveals a high fraction of event water in the discharge at the Claduègne outlet during major flood events
Vischel, Théophile. "Impact de la variabilité pluviométrique de méso-échelle sur la réponse des systèmes hydrologiques sahéliens : modélisation, simulation et désagrégation". Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPG0033.
Texto completoIt is of primary importance to understand how the climate variability influences the response of the Sahelian hydrological systems in ord to anticipate the hydrological impact of future climate changes and to define suitable strategies. Such studies require linking the large scale climate scenarios to the very localized water budget of sm ail catchments. This work deals with such scale issues which are essential when outputs of climate models are used to force hydrological models. The data used here characterize the continuum of space-time scales displayed by the Iwo types of hydrological systems of the Sahelian region: the sm ail endoreic systems at the left bank of the Niger River and the larger right bank tributary exoreic systems. Three main axes are investigated in the work. First we synthesize and update previous works about the description and the modelling of mesoscale rainfall variability, through the fine scale data from the AMMA-CATCH Niger observa tory. Then the impact of the spatial and temporal rainfall variability on runoff is quantified by assessing the error committed when input hydrological model data used sub-sample this rainfall variability. Finally, regarding these results and by using the developed modelling tools, rainfall regime changes and their impact on runoff are investigated through (i) the characterization of changes that have occurred during the particularly dry 1970-1989 period, (ii) hypothetic scenarios based on the actual knowledge of the potential climate changes that cou Id occur in the future
Taghavi, Seyed Mohammad. "Etude de la pollution en zone urbaine et péri-urbaine à l'aide d'une modélisation méso-échelle durant la campagne ESCOMPTE". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF22454.
Texto completoCapuano, Tonia Astrid. "Small-scale ocean dynamics in the Cape Basin and its impact on the regional circulation". Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0115/document.
Texto completoThis study addresses the role of oceanic small-scale processes in the formation and transformation of subsurface waters that participate in the Indo-Atlantic interocean exchange.We focus on the Cape Basin dynamics, characterized by a highly non-linear turbulence.We provide qualitative and quantitative evidence of the direct impact that meso- and submesoscale structures, their dynamical interactions and their seasonal variability have on the local thermocline and intermediate waters. A sequence of numerical simulations, ranging from ’eddy-permitting’ to ’submesoscale resolving’, underlines the importance of an adequate vertical resolution to correctly depict the water masses properties.We point out that Agulhas eddies are mainly generated through baroclinic instabilities and are marked by a clear seasonality. This is linked to the seasonal occurrence of distinct meso-submesoscale instabilities in the upper layers: symmetric instabilities are at play during summer, while mixed-layer instabilities prevail in winter.We also found that Charney baroclinic instability connects these two submesoscale regimes and plays a major role in the seasonal formation of a newly-identified type of mode waters: Agulhas Rings Mode Water. Finally, we show that eddies of both polarity advect, stir and mix Antarctic Intermediate Water, via the mesoscale strain field producing filaments and T-S fine-scale structures.Our results suggest the existence of two dynamical regimes affecting the upper and intermediate layers of the Cape Basin. Near the surface, the submesoscale-driven frontogenesis and their enhanced energetics lead to a predominance of ageostrophic dynamics. The intermediate depths are, instead, characterised by a quasigesotrophic regime due to the prevailing mesoscale effects
Cappello, Simone. "Analyse à méso-échelle de l’évolution des hydrocarbures dans l’environnement marin : rôle et optimisation des potentialités biodégradatives des populations bactériennes naturelles". Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20021.
Texto completoLachkar, Zouhair. "Rôle des tourbillons de méso-échelle océaniques dans la distribution et les flux air-mer de CO2 anthropique à l'échelle globale". Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066036.
Texto completoVergara, Oscar. "Ventilation de la circulation océanique dans le Pacifique sud-est par les ondes de Rossby et l'activité méso-échelle : téléconnexions d'ENSO". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30356/document.
Texto completoThe oceanic circulation in the subthermocline of the South Eastern Pacific remains poorly documented although this region is thought to play a key role in the climate variability owed to, in particular, the presence of an extended oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) that intervenes in the carbon and nitrogen cycle. The subthermocline in this region is also largely unmonitored and historical estimates of ocean heat content are mostly limited to the upper 500 m. In this thesis we document various oceanic processes at work in the subthermocline based on a regional modeling approach that is designed to take in account the efficient oceanic teleconnection from the equatorial region to the mid-latitudes, in particular at ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) timescales. The focus is on two aspects: (1) the seasonality of the turbulent flow and its role in modulating the OMZ volume off Peru, and (2) the planetary wave fluxes associated with interannual to decadal timescales. It is first shown that the vertical energy flux at interannual timescales can be interpreted as resulting from the vertical propagation of extra-tropical Rossby waves remotely forced from the equatorial region. This flux primarily results from extreme Eastern Pacific El Niño events, despite that a significant fraction of interannual Sea Surface Temperature (SST) variability in the tropical Pacific is also associated with Central Pacific El Niño events and La Niña events. Vertically propagating energy flux at decadal timescales is also evidenced in the model, which, like for the interannual flux, is marginally impacted by mesoscale activity. On the other hand, the wave energy beams experience a marked dissipation in the deep-ocean ( 2000 m) which is interpreted as resulting from vertical diffusivity. While the oxygen field within the OMZ appears to be influenced by the vertical propagation of isopycnals height anomalies, induced by the seasonal Rossby waves, the seasonality of the OMZ is shown to be dominantly associated with the seasonal change in the eddy flux at its boundaries. Implications of the results for the study of both the low-frequency variability of the OMZ and the Earth's energy budget are discussed
Ricard, Didier. "Initialisation et assimilation de données à méso-échelle pour la prévision à haute résolution des pluies intenses de la région Cévennes-Vivarais". Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30119.
Texto completoHeavy rainfall events occur frequently over South-East of France, they are often produced by quasi-stationary convective mesoscale systems and they may cause devastating flash floods. The aims of this thesis are to improve the understanding and forescasting of these systems using high resolution simulations performed with the non-hydrostatic research model MESO-NH. First, the benefit of mesoscale data for the generation of the initial state of the simulations is shown. These data include surface observations from the mesonet of Météo-France and radar reflectivities from the ARAMIS network combined with infrared brightness temperature from METEOSAT. .
Coutris, Pierre. "Analyse des propriétés dimensionnelles et massiques des cristaux de glace pour l’étude des processus microphysiques dans les systèmes convectifs à méso-échelle". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC007/document.
Texto completoThe detailed characterization of ice cloud microphysics is key to understand their role in theEarth’s hydrological cycle and radiation budget. The developement of atmospheric models and remote sensingalgorithms relies on parametrisations derived from in situ measurements. These measurements are also usedby the aviation industry to handle the problem of ice crystal icing. This PhD work presents an analysis of themass and size properties of ice crystals observed in high ice water content areas embedded in tropical mesoscaleconvective systems (MCS) during two airborne field campaigns of the HAIC-HIWC international project.A new approach is developped to derive mass-size relationships (m - D) from size distributions and icewater contents. The retrieval is formulated as an inverse problem which waives the power law constraint, aclassical assumption that proves to be an oversimplification when applied to heterogeneous populations of iceparticules typical of MCS anvils.The horizontal variability of size distributions and the aging of MCS anvils is described in terms of microphysicalprocesses. The importance of the aggregation growth process is emphasized as it efficiently removessmall ice particles brought into the upper troposphere by deep convection and significantly contributes to theformation of large agregates, precusor of the stratiform precipitations. The analysis of mass properties revealsthat distinctive microphysical regimes may be identified from the m-D relationship retrieved in various conditions.It paves the way toward a statistical model of the effective density of ice particles as a function of environmentalparameters
Resplandy, Laure. "Impacts biogéochimiques des processus de haute fréquence à l'échelle régionale et saisonnière". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066089.
Texto completoPantillon, Florian. "Transition extra-tropicale d'ouragans en Atlantique Nord et impact sur la prévisibilité d'événements extrêmes en Méditerranée". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00755220.
Texto completoWang, Tao. "Évolution de la cohérence et dynamique non-linéaire des lasers à la meso-échelle". Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4016/document.
Texto completoCoherent light sources are nowadays ubiquitous in scientific research and engineering applications and have been miniaturized since their inception. Physically, the onset and development of laser coherence is largely affected by the cavity size reduction, but this becomes apparent only for the smallest Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs). Thus the following questions arise: When does coherence set in? How does it develop? How do we define threshold? Is there a unique threshold value and does it exist at all for a nanolaser? What is the dynamical response to modulation in this uncharted territory? In this thesis we explore the regime of laser operation around what is conventionally called the threshold point and obtain experimental answers to some of the questions from mesoscale lasers. Correlation functions, temporal dynamics, phase space reconstruction, statistical indicators and spatially-resolved intensity and emission wavelength measurements are the indicators for the answers we seek. The dynamical response is investigated by applying a sinusoidal modulation to very small VCSELs, where we obtain the amplification of pulses in the threshold region, anomalous amplification of the spontaneous emission (in a cross-polarized channel), regular and (mostly) irregular pulsations due to the strong influence of spontaneous emission in these small devices. Finally, a two-dimensional characterization of the radiation properties transversely to the emission shows the correlation between coherence buildup and the establishment of a laser mode. For larger devices, this analysis lays the foundation for investigating the buildup of coherence in spatially extended lasers
Duine, Gert-Jan. "Caractérisation des vents de vallée en conditions stables à partir de la campagne de mesures KASCADE et de simulations WRF à méso-échelle". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30258/document.
Texto completoStable stratification can be one of the most penalizing condition concerning pollutants in the atmospheric boundary layer. Over complex terrain under these conditions, the relief may modify the flow. Therefore the knowledge of down-valley wind characteristics influencing the wind field at Cadarache and its close surroundings is crucial for safety regulation in the context of sanitary impact of the site. Cadarache is a CEA research centre and located in the Prealps of southeast France. It is embedded in a small valley, the Cadarache Valley (CV), which is one of the tributaries of the larger Durance Valley (DV). The two valleys are distinct in size and therefore react differently to stable conditions, and are investigated by means of observations (field experiment KASCADE : KAtabatic winds and Stability over CADarache for Dispersion of Effluents) and simulations (the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model). To investigate the valley wind behaviour, the KASCADE campaign has been designed and conducted in the winter of 2013, covering a 3-month period and 23 intensive observation periods (IOP). It resulted in a well-documented campaign, from which the analysis shows that the Cadarache and Durance down-valley (CDV and DDV respectively) winds are both dominant flows during the period of investigation. The CDV wind is a thermally driven flow, with regular wind speeds up to 2 - 3 m s-1 up to 50 m agl. It persists throughout the night and disappears in the early morning with the stability. The current observational network of Cadarache lacks means of measurement for inside CDV wind. This work shows that it can be nowcasted from available meteorological tower observations. Due to the CV small scale, currently a wind forecast on kilometer resolution is out of reach, but the methodology developed here can be used to forecast the wind through a combination of dynamical and statistical downscaling. The DDV wind has been recognized as down-valley oriented, and strongly related to stability at a regional scale, as it exists only after sunset when synoptic forcing is very weak. DDV wind arrival at Cadarache is mostly observed 6 to 9 hours after sunset, but however dominantly present around sunrise, when convectively driven processes are not yet established. Jets are observed mostly at around 200 m agl with wind speeds between 4 and 8 m s-1. Despite some (general) deficiencies of the WRF model, the DDV wind is simulated close to reality thanks to the 1-km resolution allowing a correct representation of the Durance valley orography. The ensemble of 23 simulated IOPs allowed further to characterize the flow in a spatial sense and to recognize drainage and flow channelling as most important candidates for the flow mechanism
Pantillon, Florian. "Transition extra-tropicale d'ouragans en Atlantique Nord et impact sur la prévisibilité d'événements extrêmes en Méditerranée". Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1770/.
Texto completoThe extratropical transition is the transformation of a tropical cyclone into an extratropical cyclone during its migration towards the midlatitudes. During its interaction with its new baroclinic environment, the cyclone can reintensify through complex dynamical and diabatic processes. It can also have a impact downstream from the strengthening of a Rossby wave train, which quickly propagates and of which the breaking is often the trigger of extreme weather events. The complexity of dynamical and diabatic processes lead then to a reduction of the downstream predictability. Hurricanes Florence and Helene over the North Atlantic contributed that way to the triggering of extreme weather events in September 2006 in the Mediterranean, respectively, an intense precipitation event and a rarer phenomenon, a Medicane (Mediterranean hurricane). Helene was distinguished from Florence by its predominant diabatic processes during the reintensification over a warmer ocean, from which it maintained tropical characteristics. Helene was an exceptional case from its three reintensifications in three days, induced by the elongation of three filaments of potential vorticity, in addition to the development of the Medicane downstream. Both extreme weather events in the Mediterranean were missed from the midrange deterministic forecast. As diabatic processes control the impact of the hurricanes on the Rossby wave trains, the uncertainty in their description was investigated. For the first time, numerical simulations were performed with the Meso-NH model over a large domain with an explicit resolution of deep convection, taking advantage of the massive parallel computing capabilities of the model. A weak sensitivity to the horizontal resolution of the model was found in the precipitation of the hurricanes, thus in their impact on the Rossby wave trains and in the extreme weather events in the Mediterranean. The track of Helene showed instead a high sensitivity to its phasing with the Rossby wave train, that was influenced by the horizontal resolution of the model. This high sensitivity was found again in the ensemble forecasts from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, where the developement of the Medicane required the phasing of Helene with the Rossby wave train. Targeted perturbation of initial conditions around Helene and the upstream trough were sufficient to predict the Medicane at 108-h lead time in a Meso-NH simulation. The results show the possible impact of extratropical transitions over the North Atlantic, which take place during the same season as most high precipitation episodes in the Mediterranean. A reduction in the uncertainty of the forecast of an extratropical transition is therefore one of the issues for an improvement of the forecast of extreme weather events in the Autumn season, over the Mediterranean region
Deniaud-Lherminier, Pascale. "Convection profonde en mer du Groënland : étude expérimentale des phases de préconditionnement et de mélange". Paris 6, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066086.
Texto completoArgence, Sébastien. "Prévisibilité de précipitations intenses en Méditerranée : impact des conditions initiales et application aux inondations d'Alger de novembre 2001". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00451051.
Texto completoThouron, Odile. "Développement d'un schéma microphysique adapté à la simulation des cirrus à méso-échelle : étude de l'apport du lidar et du radar pour sa validation". Lille 1, 2003. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/39820623-f1e8-495a-873d-411f8ed9792c.
Texto completoCasquin, Antoine. "Influence de l’organisation spatiale du paysage sur les transferts hydriques de Carbone, d'Azote et de Phosphore dans un bassin versant agricole de méso-échelle". Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021NSARD094.
Texto completoNitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) enrichment of aquatic ecosystems results in their eutrophication and impacts the carbon (C) cycle. In agricultural catchments, most of the hydrologic flux of N and P originates from agricultural areas. The high spatial and temporal variability of C-N-P fluxes in headwaters (<15 km2) complicates the management and protection of water resources, but offers opportunities for optimisation of localised agro-environmental measures. A fortnightly monitoring conducted over 17 months (March 2018-July 2019) of C-N-P concentrations at 32 points, including 23 headwaters, captured this spatio-temporal variability in an agricultural catchment (Yvel River, 375 km2 - Brittany, France). The persistence of spatial patterns of water quality was demonstrated: occasional sampling allowed the ranking of sub-catchments according to their hydric exports of N and P. The link between the landscape spatial organisation and C-N-P fluxes was then investigated across two levels of organisation. Using a stochastic approach, it was shown that the proportion and type of agricultural areas on hillslopes influence N water exports, while the spatial configuration of agricultural areas is critical for P exports. The C-N-P hydrochemical signal from the hillslope is modulated in the river network. A mass balance between modelled hillslope fluxes and the measured mesoscale outlet fluxes showed that these modulations influence the temporal variability of mesoscale concentrations, but have little impact on annual fluxes
Penide, Guillaume. "Mise en place de simulateurs d'instruments de télédétection dans un modèle méso-échelle (BRAMS) : application à l'étude d'un système convectif observé durant la campagne AMMA". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CLF22047.
Texto completoAulagnier, Céline. "Apport d'un modèle de transport méso-échelle sur l'estimation des sources et puits de CO2 à l'échelle régionale européenne par inversion du transport et assimilation d'observations in-situ". Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066327.
Texto completoJullien, Swen. "Interactions océan-atmosphère au sein des cyclones tropicaux du Pacifique Sud : processus et climatologie". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00943495.
Texto completoJullien, Swen. "Interactions océan-atmosphère au sein des cyclones tropicaux du pacifique sud : processus et climatologie". Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2146/.
Texto completoTropical cyclone (TC)-ocean interactions are essential for cyclone formation and evolution. Surface cooling is observed in the cyclone wake and is expected to exert a negative feedback to the storm intensity. This thesis provide a quantification of the ocean response and its feedback using a coupled regional model of the southwest Pacific developed for present climate long-term simulations at mesoscale resolution which are requested to separate robust features from anecdotic effects. The results highlight the neglected role of three-dimensional dynamics in the ocean and the atmosphere and tend to contradict the extreme estimations made from simple theoretical models. Previous estimates that neglect the upwelling process and ocean warm anomaly re-emergence by winter entrainment overestimate the local heat uptake by the ocean. The intensity distribution of TCs is significantly affected by the cold wake but the feedback of SST cooling to storm intensity is of moderate amplitude, compared with theoretical models based on thermodynamic arguments. Actually, our analyses contradict the direct thermodynamic control of TC intensification by surface moisture fluxes in favor of a storm-scale dynamic control. In addition, regional oceanography has a large impact on coupling. It is stronger in the Coral Sea that has shallow mixed layer and numerous eddies but extremely weak in the warm pool that has deep mixed layer, thick barrier layer and no mesoscale activity
Enjolras, Vivien. "Évaluation des performances des nouveaux instruments radar altimètres imageurs interférométriques spatiaux : application à l'océanographie et à l'hydrologie". Toulouse, ENSAE, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ESAE0001.
Texto completoRousset, Clément. "Modélisation des échanges entre un gyre convectif et un courant de bord : application à la mer du Groenland". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066658.
Texto completoFresnay, Simon. "Prévisibilité des épisodes météorologiques à fort impact : sensibilité aux anomalies d'altitude". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00986467.
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