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Yu, Xiaolong, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Adrian P. Martin, Christian E. Buckingham, Liam Brannigan y Zhan Su. "An Annual Cycle of Submesoscale Vertical Flow and Restratification in the Upper Ocean". Journal of Physical Oceanography 49, n.º 6 (junio de 2019): 1439–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-18-0253.1.
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AbstractNumerical simulations suggest that submesoscale turbulence may transform lateral buoyancy gradients into vertical stratification and thus restratify the upper ocean via vertical flow. However, the observational evidence for this restratifying process has been lacking due to the difficulty in measuring such ephemeral phenomena, particularly over periods of months to years. This study presents an annual cycle of the vertical velocity and associated restratification estimated from two nested clusters of meso- and submesoscale-resolving moorings, deployed in a typical midocean area of the northeast Atlantic. Vertical velocities inferred using the nondiffusive density equation are substantially stronger at submesoscales (horizontal scales of 1–10 km) than at mesoscales (horizontal scales of 10–100 km), with respective root-mean-square values of 38.0 ± 6.9 and 22.5 ± 3.3 m day−1. The largest submesoscale vertical velocities and rates of restratification occur in events of a few days’ duration in winter and spring, and extend down to at least 200 m below the mixed layer base. These events commonly coincide with the enhancement of submesoscale lateral buoyancy gradients, which is itself associated with persistent mesoscale frontogenesis. This suggests that mesoscale frontogenesis is a regular precursor of the submesoscale turbulence that restratifies the upper ocean. The upper-ocean restratification induced by submesoscale motions integrated over the annual cycle is comparable in magnitude to the net destratification driven by local atmospheric cooling, indicating that submesoscale flows play a significant role in determining the climatological upper-ocean stratification in the study area.
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Steffen, Elizabeth L. y Eric A. D'Asaro. "Meso- and Submesoscale Structure of a Convecting Field". Journal of Physical Oceanography 34, n.º 1 (enero de 2004): 44–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<0044:massoa>2.0.co;2.
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Karimova, S. "OBSERVING SURFACE CIRCULATION OF THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN BASIN WITH SATELLITE IMAGERY". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W2 (16 de noviembre de 2017): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w2-97-2017.
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In this article, the benefits of using satellite imagery of different types (namely thermal infrared, visible-range, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images) for observing surface circulation of marine basins are being discussed. As a region of interest, we use the Western Mediterranean Basin. At first, the areas with sharpest thermal and chlorophyll-a gradients within the region of interest were defined on a seasonal base using the data provided by Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS). After that, mesoscale eddies were detected using different sea surface temperature (SST) products and, finally, submesoscale vortices were observed with Envisat Advanced SAR imagery. Thus found locations of eddies were compared with locations of the sharpest fronts discovered in the first part of the study, which showed that the biggest, mostly anticyclonic, eddies tended to correspond to locations of main surface currents; smaller cyclonic eddies were mostly attributed to thermal fronts, while submesoscale eddies were distributed quite homogeneous. The observations performed in that way revealed quite prominent basin-, meso- and submesoscale eddy activity in the region of interest. Additionally, significant seasonal variability in the type of surface water stirring was noted. Thus, the maximum of both meso- and submesoscale eddy activity seems to happen during the warm season, while during winter, presumably due to low Richardson numbers typical for the upper water layer, the turbulent features are still undeveloped and of the smaller spatial scale than during the warm period of year.
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Lin, Hongyang, Zhiyu Liu, Jianyu Hu, Dimitris Menemenlis y Yongxiang Huang. "Characterizing meso- to submesoscale features in the South China Sea". Progress in Oceanography 188 (octubre de 2020): 102420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102420.
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C. Pérez, Juan G. y Paulo H. R. Calil. "Regional turbulence patterns driven by meso- and submesoscale processes in the Caribbean Sea". Ocean Dynamics 67, n.º 9 (21 de julio de 2017): 1217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-017-1079-7.
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Thomalla, Sandy J., Marie-Fanny Racault, Sebastiaan Swart y Pedro M. S. Monteiro. "High-resolution view of the spring bloom initiation and net community production in the Subantarctic Southern Ocean using glider data". ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, n.º 6 (8 de junio de 2015): 1999–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv105.
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Abstract In the Southern Ocean, there is increasing evidence that seasonal to subseasonal temporal scales, and meso- to submesoscales play an important role in understanding the sensitivity of ocean primary productivity to climate change. This drives the need for a high-resolution approach to resolving biogeochemical processes. In this study, 5.5 months of continuous, high-resolution (3 h, 2 km horizontal resolution) glider data from spring to summer in the Atlantic Subantarctic Zone is used to investigate: (i) the mechanisms that drive bloom initiation and high growth rates in the region and (ii) the seasonal evolution of water column production and respiration. Bloom initiation dates were analysed in the context of upper ocean boundary layer physics highlighting sensitivities of different bloom detection methods to different environmental processes. Model results show that in early spring (September to mid-November) increased rates of net community production (NCP) are strongly affected by meso- to submesoscale features. In late spring/early summer (late-November to mid-December) seasonal shoaling of the mixed layer drives a more spatially homogenous bloom with maximum rates of NCP and chlorophyll biomass. A comparison of biomass accumulation rates with a study in the North Atlantic highlights the sensitivity of phytoplankton growth to fine-scale dynamics and emphasizes the need to sample the ocean at high resolution to accurately resolve phytoplankton phenology and improve our ability to estimate the sensitivity of the biological carbon pump to climate change.
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Дымова, Ольга Алексеевна y Olga Dymova. "Modeling of the meso- and submesoscale dynamic processes in the Black sea coastal zones". Proceedings of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, n.º 8 (30 de agosto de 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17076/mat585.
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Flexas, Mar M., Martina I. Troesch, Steve Chien, Andrew F. Thompson, Selina Chu, Andrew Branch, John D. Farrara y Yi Chao. "Autonomous Sampling of Ocean Submesoscale Fronts with Ocean Gliders and Numerical Model Forecasting". Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, n.º 3 (marzo de 2018): 503–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0037.1.
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ABSTRACTSubmesoscale fronts arising from mesoscale stirring are ubiquitous in the ocean and have a strong impact on upper-ocean dynamics. This work presents a method for optimizing the sampling of ocean fronts with autonomous vehicles at meso- and submesoscales, based on a combination of numerical forecast and autonomous planning. This method uses a 48-h forecast from a real-time high-resolution data-assimilative primitive equation ocean model, feature detection techniques, and a planner that controls the observing platform. The method is tested in Monterey Bay, off the coast of California, during a 9-day experiment focused on sampling subsurface thermohaline-compensated structures using a Seaglider as the ocean observing platform. Based on model estimations, the sampling “gain,” defined as the magnitude of isopycnal tracer variability sampled, is 50% larger in the feature-chasing case with respect to a non-feature-tracking scenario. The ability of the model to reproduce, in space and time, thermohaline submesoscale features is evaluated by quantitatively comparing the model and glider results. The model reproduces the vertical (~50–200 m thick) and lateral (~5–20 km) scales of subsurface subducting fronts and near-bottom features observed in the glider data. The differences between model and glider data are, in part, attributed to the selected glider optimal interpolation parameters and to uncertainties in the forecasting of the location of the structures. This method can be exported to any place in the ocean where high-resolution data-assimilative model output is available, and it allows for the incorporation of multiple observing platforms.
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Ivanov, L. M., C. A. Collins, P. Marchesiello y T. M. Margolina. "On model validation for meso/submesoscale currents: Metrics and application to ROMS off Central California". Ocean Modelling 28, n.º 4 (enero de 2009): 209–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.02.003.
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Gil, Julio. "Macro and mesoscale physical patterns in the Bay of Biscay". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88, n.º 2 (marzo de 2008): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408000490.
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The study area for this work includes all the southern edge of the Bay of Biscay, from the north-west Iberian Peninsula to the southern half of the French shelf. The principal aim of this article is to provide a complete overview of the physical oceanography of the area, mainly in its mesoscale aspects, of which there are few published studies, and the implications for early fish life history stages. The results showed the existence of two space and temporal scales for most of the physical processes that occur in the Bay of Biscay, a macroscale for seasonal time periods and a meso and submesoscale for the periods between seasons. The importance of local phenomena, such as upwelling or the variability of the Poleward Current, was observed. The interaction of both scales on these physical processes is discussed and the need for sampling at the submesoscale level to determine the distribution of ichthyoplankton is considered. Moreover, the mesoscale physical oceanography study is essential to improve the knowledge of interactions between strategies and environmental conditions that result in a significant mortality reduction in fish early stages.
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Rousselet, Louise, Alain de Verneil, Andrea M. Doglioli, Anne A. Petrenko, Solange Duhamel, Christophe Maes y Bruno Blanke. "Large- to submesoscale surface circulation and its implications on biogeochemical/biological horizontal distributions during the OUTPACE cruise (southwest Pacific)". Biogeosciences 15, n.º 8 (20 de abril de 2018): 2411–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2411-2018.
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Abstract. The patterns of the large-scale, meso- and submesoscale surface circulation on biogeochemical and biological distributions are examined in the western tropical South Pacific (WTSP) in the context of the OUTPACE cruise (February–April 2015). Multi-disciplinary original in situ observations were achieved along a zonal transect through the WTSP and their analysis was coupled with satellite data. The use of Lagrangian diagnostics allows for the identification of water mass pathways, mesoscale structures, and submesoscale features such as fronts. In particular, we confirmed the existence of a global wind-driven southward circulation of surface waters in the entire WTSP, using a new high-resolution altimetry-derived product, validated by in situ drifters, that includes cyclogeostrophy and Ekman components with geostrophy. The mesoscale activity is shown to be responsible for counter-intuitive water mass trajectories in two subregions: (i) the Coral Sea, with surface exchanges between the North Vanuatu Jet and the North Caledonian Jet, and (ii) around 170∘ W, with an eastward pathway, whereas a westward general direction dominates. Fronts and small-scale features, detected with finite-size Lyapunov exponents (FSLEs), are correlated with 25 % of surface tracer gradients, which reveals the significance of such structures in the generation of submesoscale surface gradients. Additionally, two high-frequency sampling transects of biogeochemical parameters and microorganism abundances demonstrate the influence of fronts in controlling the spatial distribution of bacteria and phytoplankton, and as a consequence the microbial community structure. All circulation scales play an important role that has to be taken into account not only when analysing the data from OUTPACE but also, more generally, for understanding the global distribution of biogeochemical components.
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Tchilibou, Michel, Lionel Gourdeau, Rosemary Morrow, Guillaume Serazin, Bughsin Djath y Florent Lyard. "Spectral signatures of the tropical Pacific dynamics from model and altimetry: a focus on the meso-/submesoscale range". Ocean Science 14, n.º 5 (24 de octubre de 2018): 1283–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1283-2018.
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Abstract. The processes that contribute to the flat sea surface height (SSH) wavenumber spectral slopes observed in the tropics by satellite altimetry are examined in the tropical Pacific. The tropical dynamics are first investigated with a 1∕12∘ global model. The equatorial region from 10∘ N to 10∘ S is dominated by tropical instability waves with a peak of energy at 1000 km wavelength, strong anisotropy, and a cascade of energy from 600 km down to smaller scales. The off-equatorial regions from 10 to 20∘ latitude are characterized by a narrower mesoscale range, typical of midlatitudes. In the tropics, the spectral taper window and segment lengths need to be adjusted to include these larger energetic scales. The equatorial and off-equatorial regions of the 1∕12∘ model have surface kinetic energy spectra consistent with quasi-geostrophic turbulence. The balanced component of the dynamics slightly flattens the EKE spectra, but modeled SSH wavenumber spectra maintain a steep slope that does not match the observed altimetric spectra. A second analysis is based on 1∕36∘ high-frequency regional simulations in the western tropical Pacific, with and without explicit tides, where we find a strong signature of internal waves and internal tides that act to increase the smaller-scale SSH spectral energy power and flatten the SSH wavenumber spectra, in agreement with the altimetric spectra. The coherent M2 baroclinic tide is the dominant signal at ∼140 km wavelength. At short scales, wavenumber SSH spectra are dominated by incoherent internal tides and internal waves which extend up to 200 km in wavelength. These incoherent internal waves impact space scales observed by today's along-track altimetric SSH, and also on the future Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission 2-D swath observations, raising the question of altimetric observability of the shorter mesoscale structures in the tropics.
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Zaron, Edward D. y Cesar B. Rocha. "Internal Gravity Waves and Meso/Submesoscale Currents in the Ocean: Anticipating High-Resolution Observations from the SWOT Swath Altimeter Mission". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2018): ES155—ES157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0133.1.
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Bingham, Frederick M. y Zhijin Li. "Spatial Scales of Sea Surface Salinity Subfootprint Variability in the SPURS Regions". Remote Sensing 12, n.º 23 (6 de diciembre de 2020): 3996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12233996.
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Subfootprint variability (SFV), or representativeness error, is variability within the footprint of a satellite that can impact validation by comparison of in situ and remote sensing data. This study seeks to determine the size of the sea surface salinity (SSS) SFV as a function of footprint size in two regions that were heavily sampled with in situ data. The Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Studies-1 (SPURS-1) experiment was conducted in the subtropical North Atlantic in the period 2012–2013, whereas the SPURS-2 study was conducted in the tropical eastern North Pacific in the period 2016–2017. SSS SFV was also computed using a high-resolution regional model based on the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). We computed SFV at footprint sizes ranging from 20 to 100 km for both regions. SFV is strongly seasonal, but for different reasons in the two regions. In the SPURS-1 region, the meso- and submesoscale variability seemed to control the size of the SFV. In the SPURS-2 region, the SFV is much larger than SPURS-1 and controlled by patchy rainfall.
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Calil, Paulo H. R., Nobuhiro Suzuki, Burkard Baschek y Ilson C. A. da Silveira. "Filaments, Fronts and Eddies in the Cabo Frio Coastal Upwelling System, Brazil". Fluids 6, n.º 2 (25 de enero de 2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6020054.
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We investigate the dynamics of meso- and submesoscale features of the northern South Brazil Bight shelf region with a 500-m horizontal resolution regional model. We focus on the Cabo Frio upwelling center, where nutrient-rich, coastal waters are transported into the mid- and outer shelf, because of its importance for local and remote productivity. The Cabo Frio upwelling center undergoes an upwelling phase, from late September to March, and a relaxation phase, from April to early September. During the upwelling phase, an intense front around 200 km long and 20 km wide with horizontal temperature gradients as large as 8 ∘C over less than 10 km develops. A surface-intensified frontal jet of 0.7 ms−1 in the upper 20 m and velocities of around 0.3 ms−1 reaching down to 65 m depth makes this front a preferential cross-shelf transport pathway. Large vertical mixing and vertical velocities are observed within the frontal region. The front is associated with strong cyclonic vorticity and strong variance in relative vorticity, frequently with O(1) Rossby numbers. The dynamical balance within the front is between the pressure gradient, Coriolis and vertical mixing terms, which are induced both by the winds, during the upwelling season, and by the geostrophic frontal jet. Therefore, the frontal dynamics may be largely described as sum of Ekman and turbulent thermal wind balances. During the upwelling phase, a mix of barotropic and baroclinic instabilities dominates in the upwelling center. However, these instabilities do not lead to the local formation of coherent eddies when the front is strong. In the relaxation phase, the front vanishes, and the water column becomes less stratified. The interaction between eastward coastal currents generated by sea level variability, coastal intrusions of the Brazil Current, and sporadic wind-driven, coastal upwelling events induce the formation of cyclonic eddies with diameters of, approximately, 20 km. They are in gradient-wind balance and propagate along the 100-m isobath on the shelf. During this phase baroclinic instability dominates. Cold filaments with widths of 2 km are formed due to straining and stretching of cold, coastal temperature anomalies. They last for a few days and are characterized by downwelling as large as 1 cms−1. The turbulent thermal wind balance provides a good first order estimate of the dynamical balance within the filament, but vertical and horizontal advection are shown to be important. To our knowledge, this is the first account of these smaller scale features in the region. Because these meso- and submesoscale features on the shelf heavily affect the water properties crucial to productivity of the South Brazil Bight, it is important to take these features into account for a better understanding of the functioning of this ecosystem and its resilience to both direct human activities as well as to climate change.
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Rascle, Nicolas, Bertrand Chapron, Aurélien Ponte, Fabrice Ardhuin y Patrice Klein. "Surface Roughness Imaging of Currents Shows Divergence and Strain in the Wind Direction". Journal of Physical Oceanography 44, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2014): 2153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-13-0278.1.
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Abstract Images of sea surface roughness—for example, obtained by synthetic aperture radars (SAR) or by radiometers viewing areas in and around the sun glitter—at times provide clear observations of meso- and submesoscale oceanic features. Interacting with the surface wind waves, particular deformation properties of surface currents are responsible for those manifestations. Ignoring other sources of surface roughness variations, the authors limit their discussion to the mean square slope (mss) variability. This study confirms that vortical currents and currents with shear in the wind direction shall not be expressed in surface roughness images. Only divergent currents or currents with no divergence but strained in the wind direction can exhibit surface roughness signatures. More specifically, nondivergent currents might be traced with a 45° sensitivity to the wind direction. A simple method is proposed in order to interpret high-resolution roughness images, where roughness variations are proportional to ∂u/∂x + α∂υ/∂y, a linear combination of the along-wind and crosswind current gradients. The polarization parameter α depends upon the sensor look direction and the directional properties of the surface waves selected by the sensor. The use of multiple look directions or possible acquisitions with different wind directions shall thus help to retrieve surface currents from surface roughness observations.
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Tintoré, Joaquín, Guillermo Vizoso, Benjamín Casas, Emma Heslop, Ananda Pascual, Alejandro Orfila, Simón Ruiz et al. "SOCIB: The Balearic Islands Coastal Ocean Observing and Forecasting System Responding to Science, Technology and Society Needs". Marine Technology Society Journal 47, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2013): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.47.1.10.
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AbstractNew monitoring technologies are being progressively implemented in open-ocean and coastal observatories. The Mediterranean Sea is a well-known, reduced-scale ocean, an ideal natural laboratory to study global ocean processes, in particular those associated with meso- and submesoscale variability, interactions with mean flows and associated ecosystem response. SOCIB, the Balearic Islands Coastal Ocean Observing and Forecasting System, is one of such observatories, a multiplatform distributed and integrated system, a facility of facilities that extends from the nearshore to the open sea. SOCIB profits from the strategic position of the Balearic Islands at the Atlantic/Mediterranean transition area, one of the “hot spots” of biodiversity in the world’s oceans, and also of societal needs in islands where preservation of the environment is essential to assure both residents’ welfare and the competitiveness of the tourist sector. SOCIB is unique in that, from peer-reviewed excellence, its mission and objectives are science-, technology-, and society-driven. These types of new marine infrastructures, because of their critical mass and sustained funding, are presently establishing new ways of international cooperation, leading to major science breakthroughs, innovations in oceanographic instrumentation, and new ways of more efficient and science-based coastal and ocean management. We describe the major elements and structure of SOCIB and present some recent scientific, technological, and society-related results that are of relevance at a global ocean scale.
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Aulicino, Giuseppe, Yuri Cotroneo, Estrella Olmedo, Cinzia Cesarano, Giannetta Fusco y Giorgio Budillon. "In Situ and Satellite Sea Surface Salinity in the Algerian Basin Observed through ABACUS Glider Measurements and BEC SMOS Regional Products". Remote Sensing 11, n.º 11 (6 de junio de 2019): 1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11111361.
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The Algerian Basin is a key area for the general circulation in the western Mediterranean Sea. The basin has an intense inflow/outflow regime with complex circulation patterns, involving both fresh Atlantic water and more saline Mediterranean water. Several studies have demonstrated the advantages of the combined use of autonomous underwater vehicles, such as gliders, with remotely sensed products (e.g., altimetry, MUR SST) to observe meso- and submesoscale structures and their properties. An important contribution could come from a new generation of enhanced satellite sea surface salinity (SSS) products, e.g., those provided by the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission. In this paper, we assess the advantages of using Barcelona Expert Center (BEC) SMOS SSS products, obtained through a combination of debiased non-Bayesian retrieval, DINEOF (data interpolating empirical orthogonal functions) and multifractal fusion with high resolution sea surface temperature (OSTIA SST) maps. Such an aim was reached by comparing SMOS Level-3 (L3) and Level-4 (L4) SSS products with in situ high resolution glider measurements collected in the framework of the Algerian Basin Circulation Unmanned Survey (ABACUS) observational program conducted in the Algerian Basin during falls 2014–2016. Results show that different levels of confidence between in situ and satellite measurements can be achieved according to the spatial scales of variability. Although SMOS values slightly underestimate in situ observations (mean difference is −0.14 (−0.11)), with a standard deviation of 0.25 (0.26) for L3 (L4) products), at basin scale, the enhanced SMOS products well represent the salinity patterns described by the ABACUS data.
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Arévalo-Martínez, Damian L., Annette Kock, Carolin R. Löscher, Ruth A. Schmitz, Lothar Stramma y Hermann W. Bange. "Influence of mesoscale eddies on the distribution of nitrous oxide in the eastern tropical South Pacific". Biogeosciences 13, n.º 4 (23 de febrero de 2016): 1105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1105-2016.
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Abstract. Recent observations in the eastern tropical South Pacific (ETSP) have shown the key role of meso- and submesoscale processes (e.g. eddies) in shaping its hydrographic and biogeochemical properties. Off Peru, elevated primary production from coastal upwelling in combination with sluggish ventilation of subsurface waters fuels a prominent oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Given that nitrous oxide (N2O) production–consumption processes in the water column are sensitive to oxygen (O2) concentrations, the ETSP is a region of particular interest to investigate its source–sink dynamics. To date, no detailed surveys linking mesoscale processes and N2O distributions as well as their relevance to nitrogen (N) cycling are available. In this study, we present the first measurements of N2O across three mesoscale eddies (two mode water or anticyclonic and one cyclonic) which were identified, tracked, and sampled during two surveys carried out in the ETSP in November–December 2012. A two-peak structure was observed for N2O, wherein the two maxima coincide with the upper and lower boundaries of the OMZ, indicating active nitrification and partial denitrification. This was further supported by the abundances of the key gene for nitrification, ammonium monooxygenase (amoA), and the gene marker for N2O production during denitrification, nitrite reductase (nirS). Conversely, we found strong N2O depletion in the core of the OMZ (O2 < 5 µmol L−1) to be consistent with nitrite (NO2−) accumulation and low levels of nitrate (NO3−), thus suggesting active denitrification. N2O depletion within the OMZ's core was substantially higher in the centre of mode water eddies, supporting the view that eddy activity enhances N-loss processes off Peru, in particular near the shelf break where nutrient-rich, productive waters from upwelling are trapped before being transported offshore. Analysis of eddies during their propagation towards the open ocean showed that, in general, “ageing” of mesoscale eddies tends to decrease N2O concentrations through the water column in response to the reduced supply of material to fuel N loss, although hydrographic variability might also significantly impact the pace of the production–consumption pathways for N2O. Our results evidence the relevance of mode water eddies for N2O distribution, thereby improving our understanding of the N-cycling processes, which are of crucial importance in times of climate change and ocean deoxygenation.
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Tchilibou, Michel, Lionel Gourdeau, Florent Lyard, Rosemary Morrow, Ariane Koch Larrouy, Damien Allain y Bughsin Djath. "Internal tides in the Solomon Sea in contrasted ENSO conditions". Ocean Science 16, n.º 3 (15 de mayo de 2020): 615–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-16-615-2020.
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Abstract. Intense equatorward western boundary currents transit the Solomon Sea, where active mesoscale structures exist with energetic internal tides. In this marginal sea, the mixing induced by these features can play a role in the observed water mass transformation. The objective of this paper is to document the M2 internal tides in the Solomon Sea and their impacts on the circulation and water masses, based on two regional simulations with and without tides. Since the Solomon Sea is under the influence of ENSO, the characteristics of the internal tides are also analyzed for two contrasted conditions: the January–March 1998 El Niño and the April–June 1999 La Niña. The generation, propagation, and dissipation of the internal tides are sensitive to changes in stratification and mesoscale activity, and these differ between these contrasted El Niño and La Niña case studies. Mode 1 is the dominant vertical mode to propagate baroclinic tidal energy within the Solomon Sea, but mode 2 becomes more energetic during the El Niño period when the stratification is closer to the surface. The La Niña period with a higher level of mesoscale activity exhibits more incoherent internal tides. These results illustrate the complexity of predicting internal tides in marginal seas in order to clearly observe meso- and submesoscale signatures from altimetric missions, including the future Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission. Diapycnal mixing induced by tides contributes to a stronger erosion of the salinity maximum of the upper thermocline water and to cooling of the surface temperature interacting with the atmosphere. Such effects are particularly visible in quieter regions, where particles may experience the tidal effects over a longer time. However, when averaged over the Solomon Sea, the tidal effect on water mass transformation is an order of magnitude less than that observed at the entrance and exits of the Solomon Sea. These localized sites appear crucial for diapycnal mixing, since most of the baroclinic tidal energy is generated and dissipated locally here, and the different currents entering/exiting the Solomon Sea merge and mix. Finally, the extreme ENSO condition case studies suggest the strong role of local circulation changes, as well as stratification changes, in modifying the internal tides.
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Arévalo-Martínez, D. L., A. Kock, C. R. Löscher, R. A. Schmitz, L. Stramma y H. W. Bange. "Influence of mesoscale eddies on the distribution of nitrous oxide in the eastern tropical South Pacific". Biogeosciences Discussions 12, n.º 12 (19 de junio de 2015): 9243–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-9243-2015.
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Abstract. Recent observations in the eastern tropical South Pacific (ETSP) demonstrated the key role of meso- and submesoscale processes (e.g. eddies) in shaping its hydrographic and biogeochemical properties. Off Peru, elevated primary production from coastal upwelling in combination with sluggish ventilation of subsurface waters fuels a prominent oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Given that nitrous oxide (N2O) production/consumption processes on the water column are sensitive to oxygen (O2) concentrations, the ETSP is a region of particular interest to investigate its source-sink dynamics. To date, no detailed surveys linking mesoscale processes and N2O distributions as well as their relevance to nitrogen (N) cycling are available. In this study, we present the first measurements of N2O across three mesoscale eddies (two mode water or anticyclonic and one cyclonic) which were identified, tracked and sampled during two surveys carried out in the ETSP in November-December 2012. A "two peak" structure was observed for N2O, wherein the two maxima coincide with the upper and lower boundaries of the OMZ, indicating active nitrification and partial denitrification. This was further supported by the abundances of the key gene for nitrification amoA and the gene marker for N2O production during denitrification, nirS. Conversely, we found strong N2O depletion in the core of the OMZ (O2 < 5 μmol L−1) to be consistent with nitrite (NO2−) accumulation and low levels of nitrate (NO3−), thus suggesting active denitrification. N2O depletion within the OMZ's core was substantially higher in the center of mode water eddies, supporting the view that eddy activity enhances N-loss processes off Peru, in particular near the shelf break where nutrient-rich, productive waters from upwelling are trapped before being transported offshore. Analysis of eddies during their propagation towards the open ocean showed that, in general, "aging" of mesoscale eddies tends to decrease N2O concentrations through the water column in response to reduced supply of material to fuel N-loss, although hydrographic variability might also significantly impact the pace of the production/consumption pathways for N2O. Our results demonstrate the relevance of mode water eddies for N2O distribution, thereby improving our understanding of the N-cycling processes, which are of crucial importance in times of climate change and ocean deoxygenation.
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Galperin, Boris, Semion Sukoriansky y Bo Qiu. "Seasonal oceanic variability on meso- and submesoscales: a turbulence perspective". Ocean Dynamics 71, n.º 4 (8 de marzo de 2021): 475–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-021-01444-1.
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Villas Bôas, Ana B., Bruce D. Cornuelle, Matthew R. Mazloff, Sarah T. Gille y Fabrice Ardhuin. "Wave–Current Interactions at Meso- and Submesoscales: Insights from Idealized Numerical Simulations". Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2020): 3483–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-20-0151.1.
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AbstractSurface gravity waves play a major role in the exchange of momentum, heat, energy, and gases between the ocean and the atmosphere. The interaction between currents and waves can lead to variations in the wave direction, frequency, and amplitude. In the present work, we use an ensemble of synthetic currents to force the wave model WAVEWATCH III and assess the relative impact of current divergence and vorticity in modifying several properties of the waves, including direction, period, directional spreading, and significant wave height Hs. We find that the spatial variability of Hs is highly sensitive to the nature of the underlying current and that refraction is the main mechanism leading to gradients of Hs. The results obtained using synthetic currents were used to interpret the response of surface waves to realistic currents by running an additional set of simulations using the llc4320 MITgcm output in the California Current region. Our findings suggest that wave parameters could be used to detect and characterize strong gradients in the velocity field, which is particularly relevant for the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite as well as several proposed satellite missions.
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Klein, Patrice, Guillaume Lapeyre, Guillaume Roullet, Sylvie Le Gentil y Hideharu Sasaki. "Ocean turbulence at meso and submesoscales: connection between surface and interior dynamics". Geophysical & Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics 105, n.º 4-5 (23 de diciembre de 2010): 421–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03091929.2010.532498.
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Doglioli, Andrea M., Francesco Nencioli, Anne A. Petrenko, Gilles Rougier, Jean-Luc Fuda y Nicolas Grima. "A Software Package and Hardware Tools for in situ Experiments in a Lagrangian Reference Frame". Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2013): 1940–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00183.1.
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Abstract The Lagrangian Transport Experiment (LATEX) was developed to study the influence of coupled physical and biogeochemical dynamics at the meso- and submesoscales on the transfers of matter and heat between the coastal zone and the open ocean. One of the goals of the Latex10 field experiment, conducted during September 2010 in the Gulf of Lion (northwest Mediterranean), was to mark a dynamical mesoscale feature by releasing a passive tracer [sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)] together with an array of Lagrangian buoys. The goal was to release the tracer in an initial patch as homogeneous as possible in the horizontal, and to study its turbulent mixing and dispersion while minimizing the contribution due to advection. For that, it was necessary to continuously adjust the vessel route in order to remain as closely as possible in the Lagrangian reference frame moving with the investigated mesoscale structure. To accomplish this task, a methodology and software were developed, which are presented here. The software is equipped with a series of graphical and user-friendly accessories and the entire package for MATLAB can be freely downloaded (http://mio.pytheas.univ-amu.fr/~doglioli).
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Conejero, Carlos, Lionel Renault, Fabien Desbiolles, J. C. McWilliams y Hervé Giordani. "Near-Surface Atmospheric Response to Meso- and Submesoscale Current and Thermal Feedbacks". Journal of Physical Oceanography, 12 de enero de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-23-0211.1.
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Abstract Current Feedback (CFB) and Thermal Feedback (TFB) have been shown to strongly influence both atmospheric and oceanic dynamics at the oceanic mesoscale (10-250 km). At smaller scales, oceanic submesoscale currents (SMCs, 0.1-10 km) have a major influence on the ocean’s energy budget, variability, and ecosystems. However, submesoscale air-sea interactions are not well understood due to observational and modeling limitations related to their scales. Here, we use realistic submesoscale-permitting coupled oceanic and atmospheric model to quantify the spatiotemporal variability of TFB and CFB coupling in the Northwest Tropical Atlantic. While CFB still acts as a submesoscale eddy killer by inducing an energy sink from the SMCs to the atmosphere, it appears to be more efficient at the submesoscale by approximately 30% than at the mesoscale. Submesoscale CFB affects the surface stress, however, the finite timescale of SMCs for adjusting the atmospheric boundary layer results in a diminished low-level wind response, weakening partial ocean re-energization by about 70%. Unlike at the mesoscale, submesoscale CFB induces stress/wind convergence/divergence, influencing the atmospheric boundary layer through vertical motions. The linear relationship between the surface stress (wind) derivative fields and sea surface temperature gradients, widespread at the mesoscale, decreases by approximately 35% ±7% (77% ±10%) at the submesoscale. Additionally, submesoscale TFB induces turbulent heat fluxes comparable to those at the mesoscale. Seasonal variability in meso- and submesoscale CFB and TFB coupling is mostly related to background wind speed. Finally, disentangling submesoscale CFB and TFB is challenging because they can reinforce or counteract each other.
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Liu, Guangpeng, Annalisa Bracco y Alexandra Sitar. "Submesoscale Mixing Across the Mixed Layer in the Gulf of Mexico". Frontiers in Marine Science 8 (12 de marzo de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.615066.
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Submesoscale circulations influence momentum, buoyancy and transport of biological tracers and pollutants within the upper turbulent layer. How much and how far into the water column this influence extends remain open questions in most of the global ocean. This work evaluates the behavior of neutrally buoyant particles advected in simulations of the northern Gulf of Mexico by analyzing the trajectories of Lagrangian particles released multiple times at the ocean surface and below the mixed layer. The relative role of meso- and submesoscale dynamics is quantified by comparing results in submesoscale permitting and mesoscale resolving simulations. Submesoscale circulations are responsible for greater vertical transport across fixed depth ranges and also across the mixed layer, both into it and away from it, in all seasons. The significance of the submesoscale-induced transport, however, is far greater in winter. In this season, a kernel density estimation and a detailed vertical mixing analysis are performed. It is found that in the large mesoscale Loop Current eddy, upwelling into the mixed layer is the major contributor to the vertical fluxes, despite its clockwise circulation. This is opposite to the behavior simulated in the mesoscale resolving case. In the “submesoscale soup,” away from the large mesoscale structures such as the Loop Current and its detached eddies, upwelling into the mixed layer is distributed more uniformly than downwelling motions from the surface across the base of the mixed layer. Maps of vertical diffusivity indicate that there is an order of magnitude difference among simulations. In the submesoscale permitting case values are distributed around 10–3 m2 s–1 in the upper water column in winter, in agreement with recent indirect estimates off the Chilean coast. Diffusivities are greater in the eastern portion of the Gulf, where the submesoscale circulations are more intense due to sustained density gradients supplied by the warmer and saltier Loop Current.
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Lawrence, Albion y Jörn Callies. "Seasonality and spatial dependence of meso- and submesoscale ocean currents from along-track satellite altimetry". Journal of Physical Oceanography, 27 de mayo de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-22-0007.1.
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Abstract Along-track wavenumber spectral densities of sea surface height (SSH) are estimated from Jason-2 altimetry data as a function of spatial location and calendar month, to understand the seasonality of meso- and submesoscale balanced dynamics across the global ocean. Regions with significant mode-1 and mode-2 baroclinic tides are rejected, restricting the analysis to the extratropics. Where balanced motion dominates, the SSH spectral density is averaged over all pass segments in a region for each calendar month, and is fit to a 4-parameter model consisting of a flat plateau at low wavenumbers, a transition at wavenumber k0 to a red power law spectrum k−s, and a white spectrum at high wavenumbers that models the altimeter noise. The monthly time series of the model parameters are compared to the evolution of the mixed layer. The annual mode of the spectral slope s reaches a minimum after the mixed layer deepens, and the annual mode of the bandpassed kinetic energy in the ranges [2k0,4k0] and [k0,2k0] peak ∼2 and ∼4 months, respectively, after the maximum of the annual mode of the mixed layer depth. This analysis is consistent with an energization of the submesoscale by a winter mixed layer instability followed by an inverse cascade of kinetic energy to the mesoscale, in agreement with prior modeling studies and in situ measurements. These results are compared to prior modeling, in situ, and satellite investigations of specific regions, and are broadly consistent with them within measurement uncertainties.
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Ernst, Paul A., Bulusu Subrahmanyam, Corinne B. Trott y Alexis Chaigneau. "Characteristics of submesoscale eddy structures within mesoscale eddies in the Gulf of Mexico from 1/48° ECCO estimates". Frontiers in Marine Science 10 (31 de mayo de 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1181676.
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Submesoscale oceanic structures (<10-20 km) such as eddies and fronts are often difficult to describe given the influence of the mesoscale. In order to characterize the surface signatures of submesoscale structures, we utilize a custom spatial filtering function to separate the meso- and large-scale sea surface height (SSH) signal from the small scale SSH signal of 1/48° high resolution estimates provided by NASA’s Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Oceans (ECCO) project. In this study, we use ECCO estimates from a 14-month global simulation between September 2011 and November 2012 with a 2 km horizontal grid spacing in the Gulf of Mexico. We then use an eddy detection and tracking algorithm to identify persistent circular features on both scales, giving rise to an atlas of submesoscale eddy-like variabilities (SEVs). We briefly investigate the geographic and temporal variability of SEVs as a whole before collocating SEVs inside mesoscale eddies, allowing us to evaluate the characteristics of internal SEVs and the impact of SEVs on mesoscale eddies. We find that SEVs, both anticyclonic and cyclonic, are ubiquitous inside mesoscale eddies with lifetimes longer than a week, accounting for an average of 10-20% of the spatial area and eddy kinetic energy of mesoscale eddies. We also show that internal SEVs are persistently associated with temperature and salinity anomalies in both eddy centers and edges of up to 0.1 °C and 0.05 psu, with anticyclonic internal SEVs being warmer and fresher while cyclonic internal SEVs are colder and saltier. Finally, we examine the life cycle of an anticyclonic Loop Current eddy, demonstrating that the number and intensity of internal SEVs within increases as the eddy approaches separation from the Loop Current until a maximum is obtained just after separation. In light of forthcoming submesoscale SSH observations from NASA’s Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission, our results showcase the variability of submesoscale eddy structures and their possible implications for biogeochemical cycling, the inverse energy cascade, and Loop Current prediction techniques.
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Pascual, Ananda, Simon Ruiz, Antonio Olita, Charles Troupin, Mariona Claret, Benjamin Casas, Baptiste Mourre et al. "A Multiplatform Experiment to Unravel Meso- and Submesoscale Processes in an Intense Front (AlborEx)". Frontiers in Marine Science 4 (21 de febrero de 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00039.
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Campanero, Rubén, Nadia Burgoa, Bieito Fernández-Castro, Sara Valiente, Mar Nieto-Cid, Alba M. Martínez-Pérez, María Dolores Gelado-Caballero et al. "High-resolution variability of dissolved and suspended organic matter in the Cape Verde Frontal Zone". Frontiers in Marine Science 9 (24 de noviembre de 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1006432.
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Distributions of dissolved (DOM) and suspended (POM) organic matter, and their chromophoric (CDOM) and fluorescent (FDOM) fractions, are investigated at high resolution (< 10 km) in the Cape Verde Frontal Zone (CVFZ) during fall 2017. In the epipelagic layer (< 200 m), meso- and submesoscale structures (meanders, eddies) captured by the high resolution sampling dictate the tight coupling between physical and biogeochemical parameters at the front. Remarkably, fluorescent humic-like substances show relatively high fluorescence intensities between 50 and 150 m, apparently not related to local mineralization processes. We hypothesize that it is due to the input of Sahara dust, which transports highly re-worked DOM with distinctive optical properties. In the mesopelagic layer (200-1500 m), our results suggest that DOM and POM mineralization occurs mainly during the transit of the water masses from the formation sites to the CVFZ. Therefore, most of the local mineralization seems to be due to fast-sinking POM produced in situ or imported from the Mauritanian upwelling. These local mineralization processes lead to the production of refractory CDOM, an empirical evidence of the microbial carbon pump mechanism. DOM released from these fast-sinking POM is the likely reason behind the observed columns of relatively high DOC surrounded by areas of lower concentration. DOM and POM dynamics in the CVFZ has turned out to be very complex, in parallel to the complexity of meso- and submesoscale structures present in the area. On top of this high resolution variability, the input of Sahara dust or the release of DOM from sinking particles have been hypothesized to explain the observed distributions.
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Le Ster, Loïc, Hervé Claustre, Francesco d’Ovidio, David Nerini, Baptiste Picard y Christophe Guinet. "Improved accuracy and spatial resolution for bio-logging-derived chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements in the Southern Ocean". Frontiers in Marine Science 10 (20 de abril de 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1122822.
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The ocean’s meso- and submeso-scales (1-100 km, days to weeks) host features like filaments and eddies that have a key structuring effect on phytoplankton distribution, but that due to their ephemeral nature, are challenging to observe. This problem is exacerbated in regions with heavy cloud coverage and/or difficult access like the Southern Ocean, where observations of phytoplankton distribution by satellite are sparse, manned campaigns costly, and automated devices limited by power consumption. Here, we address this issue by considering high-resolution in-situ data from 18 bio-logging devices deployed on southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) in the Kerguelen Islands between 2018 and 2020. These devices have submesoscale-resolving capabilities of light profiles due to the high spatio-temporal frequency of the animals’ dives (on average 1.1 +-0.6 km between consecutive dives, up to 60 dives per day), but observations of fluorescence are much coarser due to power constraints. Furthermore, the chlorophyll a concentrations derived from the (uncalibrated) bio-logging devices’ fluorescence sensors lack a common benchmark to properly qualify the data and allow comparisons of observations. By proposing a method based on functional data analysis, we show that a reliable predictor of chlorophyll a concentration can be constructed from light profiles (14 686 in our study). The combined use of light profiles and matchups with satellite ocean-color data enable effective (1) homogenization then calibration of the bio-logging devices’ fluorescence data and (2) filling of the spatial gaps in coarse-grained fluorescence sampling. The developed method improves the spatial resolution of the chlorophyll a field description from ~30 km to ~12 km. These results open the way to empirical study of the coupling between physical forcing and biological response at submesoscale in the Southern Ocean, especially useful in the context of upcoming high-resolution ocean-circulation satellite missions.
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Sánchez-Garrido, José C. y Irene Nadal. "The Alboran Sea circulation and its biological response: A review". Frontiers in Marine Science 9 (9 de agosto de 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.933390.
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The oceanography of the Alboran Sea (AS) has been the subject of intensive research for decades. Chief among the reasons for this interest is the variety of physical processes taking place in the basin, spanning from coastal upwelling, dynamic of density fronts, internal waves, and strong meso- and submesoscale turbulence. Historical fieldwork and an increasing number of numerical studies in recent years have led to a more complete—although more dispersed—description and knowledge of process dynamics in the AS and their role in shaping primary productivity and regional fisheries resources. In this review, we summarize and put together old and new research to get an updated picture of the AS circulation and its variability at different time scales, with an emphasis on physical–biological interactions. As part of the review, we identify gaps in our understanding regarding the physical drivers for seasonal and for rapid transitions between the most recurrent one-gyre and two-gyre modes of circulation of the AS. We also point at possible research strategies based on end-to-end regional biophysical modeling to gain new insights into past and present physical control on fisheries resources and for assessing plausible climate change impacts on the AS ecosystem.
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Su, Fanwei, Yunhua Wang, Yining Bai, Daozhong Sun, Ge Chen, Chunyong Ma, Yanmin Zhang y Wenzheng Jiang. "The Impact of Neutral Atmospheric Propagation Path on the Altimetry Performance of Interferometric Radar Altimeter". Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 3 de noviembre de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-22-0142.1.
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Abstract The interferometric radar altimeter (IRA) is an innovative remote sensing sensor that enables the observation of mesoscale and sub-mesoscale (meso-submesoscale) ocean dynamic phenomena. The neutral atmosphere introduces path delay and bending in signal propagation. In this study, three types of SSH errors caused by neutral atmosphere propagation path for IRA were identified: differential delay error (DDE), path delay error (PDE), and path bending error (PBE). Among them, DDE exhibits a proportionality to the negative zenith neutral delay (ZND) and demonstrates a significant increase with the incident angle; PDE is solely reliant on the ZND; PBE is like DDE in trend and magnitude resembling a ramp. Intriguingly, PBE exhibits insensitivity to variations in the neutral atmosphere, behaving more like a systematic error. Theoretically, PBE leads to an increase in the SSH error of about 1.2cm at far-range for SWOT. The ZND spectrum fitted from the Jason-3 zenith delay correction data is additionally utilized to simulate the spatial distribution of ZND anomaly within the SWOT observation swaths. Then, the impact of PDE anomaly (PDEA), PBE, and DDE anomaly (DDEA) on the observation performance of SWOT is also considered in conjunction with SSH data provided by Hycom. The findings indicate that both PDEA and PBE significantly reduce IRA's performance in oceanic phenomena, while the impact of DDEA can be disregarded. The PBE can distort the sea surface trend and increases the mean sea level within the range, requiring further attention.
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Hosoda, Shigeki, Ryuichiro Inoue, Masami Nonaka, Hideharu Sasaki, Yoshikazu Sasai y Mizue Hirano. "Rapid water parcel transport across the Kuroshio Extension in the lower thermocline from dissolved oxygen measurements by Seaglider". Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 8, n.º 1 (3 de febrero de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40645-021-00406-x.
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AbstractSmall water parcels, which are characterized by a low salinity and high dissolved oxygen (DO) are observed by Seaglider in the main thermocline (26.0–27.0 σθ) south of the Kuroshio Extension (KE), have horizontal and vertical scales of a few tens of kilometers and a few tens of meters, respectively. Water mass analyses revealed larger negative salinity anomalies (<− 0.05) and positive DO anomalies (> 15 μmol kg−1) than those of the surrounding water. The characteristics are similar to those of water mass with low salinity and high DO in the subpolar Northwestern Pacific Ocean. Additionally, higher DO anomaly water parcels appear in the upper layer (< 26.7 σθ) while low salinity parcels appear in the lower layer (> 26.7 σθ). Oxygen consumption rates from the apparent oxygen utility suggest that the small water parcels consume less oxygen than the surrounding water, implying that they migrate in a shorter time across the KE after subduction and their characteristics may reflect the sea surface temperature, salinity, and DO in the subduction region. Similar small water parcels represented by high-resolution numerical simulations indicate that they pass through the KE in 1 month. The simulations support the oxygen consumption rate from the Seaglider observations. The existence of a fast process for water mass migration via meso- and submesoscale subduction processes across the KE affects the amount, subduction, and exchange process of water mass. Our study indicates that a small water mass contributes to the exchange process across the KE rapidly, which had not been identified in previous studies. Consequently, detailed observations using multiple Seagliders should capture detailed spatial and temporal variability of the water mass exchange process.
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Lenain, Luc, Benjamin K. Smeltzer, Nick Pizzo, Mara Freilich, Luke Colosi, Simen Å. Ellingsen, Laurent Grare, Hugo Peyriere y Nick Statom. "Airborne Remote Sensing of Upper‐Ocean and Surface Properties, Currents and Their Gradients From Meso to Submesoscales". Geophysical Research Letters 50, n.º 8 (18 de abril de 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2022gl102468.
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