Artículos de revistas: "Mercato a km zero"

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Zlokovic, B. V., S. Hyman, J. G. McComb, G. Tang, A. R. Rezai y M. H. Weiss. "Vasopressin uptake by hypothalamopituitary axis and pineal gland in guinea pigs". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 260, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1991): E633—E640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1991.260.4.e633.

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The uptake of circulating arginine vasopressin (AVP) by the pituitary gland (anterior lobe), pineal gland, and hypothalamus (ventromedial part) was investigated in an isolated in situ perused brain of anesthetized guinea pig. Kinetic experiments revealed saturable AVP uptake in all studied regions with Km values of 0.79, 0.19, and 0.76 microM and maximum velocity values of 22, 2.1, and 1.6 pmol.min-1.g-1 for the pituitary gland, pineal gland, and hypothalamus, respectively. The nonsaturable components (diffusion constants) were not significantly different from zero. Peptide fragments, L-phenylalanine, and Bestatin (an aminopeptidase inhibitor) did not interfere with AVP uptake. However, uptake of AVP was strongly inhibited in the presence of the V1 antagonist [1-(beta-mercapto-beta-beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid), 2-(O-methyl)tyrosine]AVP at 2.7 microM, and regional Ki values, assuming that the observed inhibitions were purely competitive, ranged between 0.32 and 2.23 microM. The V2 agonist 1-desamino-8-D-AVP at 2.7 microM produced only a weak inhibition of AVP uptake, and regional Ki values ranged between 9.56 and 21.3 microM. It is concluded that specific uptake mechanisms in the hypothalamopituitary axis and pineal gland are sensitive enough to detect blood-borne AVP under the physiological hormonal state. It is suggested that AVP binding in situ is primarily related to V1 receptors, which may be involved in mediating the central effects of this circulating peptide.

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2

Webb, C. F. "ZERO INJURIES". APPEA Journal 40, n.º 2 (2000): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj99068.

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Esso Australia Pty Ltd, on behalf of the Esso/BHP Petroleum Joint Venture, recently completed Australia’s first deepwater oil and gas subsea development, Blackback, in Bass Strait. The project consisted of fabrication and installation of new facilities for the existing Mackerel platform, fabrication and installation of a 23 km pipeline and the installation of three subsea wells. The facilities were installed injury-free. This paper focusses on the application of safety systems to achieve this result.The Project.The vision of a zero Total Recordable Injury (TRI)-free workplace.Management commitment and leadership.Application of effective safety management systems.Empowering safety leadership.Taking the Blackback story further.Safety performance and other business outcomes.Conclusions/accomplishments lessons learnt and recommendations.

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3

Pascale, L., F. Orsini y G. Gianquinto. "AGRILIVE: MODULAR HYDROPONIC ONLINE SUPPORTED GARDENS FOR ZERO KM AGRICULTURE". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 1093 (agosto de 2015): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1093.7.

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4

Scarfe, C. D. "The Zero-Point of the IAU Standard Velocity System". Symposium - International Astronomical Union 111 (1985): 583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900079535.

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Radial velocities of bright IAU standards have been obtained photographically over the past decade using the long camera of the DAO 1.2 meter telescope's coudé spectrograph. Most of the stars observed have been found to be constant in velocity to better than 0.15 km/s over that interval. The mean velocities agree with the IAU velocities, on the average, within 0.10 km/s, although mean velocities of some individual stars differ considerably more than this from the IAU value. A preliminary determination of the zero point of the long camera system, and hence of the IAU system, has been made from observations of the asteroid Vesta, whose actual radial velocity has been calculated from its orbital elements.

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5

Schlatter, N. M., N. Ivchenko, T. Sergienko, B. Gustavsson y B. U. E. Brändström. "Enhanced EISCAT UHF backscatter during high-energy auroral electron precipitation". Annales Geophysicae 31, n.º 10 (9 de octubre de 2013): 1681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1681-2013.

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Abstract. Natural enhancements in the backscattered power of incoherent scatter radars up to 5 orders of magnitudes above the thermal backscatter are sometimes observed at high latitudes. Recently observations of enhancements in the backscattered power including a feature at zero Doppler shift have been reported. These enhancements are limited in altitude to tens of kilometers. The zero Doppler shift feature has been interpreted as a signature of electron density cavitation. Enhanced plasma lines during these observations have also been reported. We report on the first EISCAT UHF observations of enhanced backscattered radar power including a zero Doppler shift feature. The enhancements originated from two distinct and intermittent layers at about 200 km altitude. The altitude extent of the enhancements, observed during auroral high-energy electron precipitation, was < 2 km.

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Matsuda, T., A. Naka y S. Saito. "10 Gbit/s, 6000 km NRZ and 4400 km RZ signal transmission experiments at zero-dispersion wavelength". Electronics Letters 32, n.º 3 (1996): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19960153.

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7

Beavers, W. I. y J. J. Eitter. "The first eight years of radial velocity studies at Fick Observatory". Symposium - International Astronomical Union 118 (1986): 437–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900151836.

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The stellar radial velocity (RV) observations collected during the first eight years (1976–1984) of operation of the Fick Observatory photoelectric RV spectrometer have been tabulated for publication (Beavers and Eitter, 1986). Included are 16,000 observations of over 2,000 late-type stars. For these observations at the coudé focus of the 61 cm telescope the velocity zero-point is virtually the same as that for the early Lick radial velocity survey (Campbell and Moore, 1928), i.e. Lick-Fick = −0.08±0.08 km/sec. The zero-point comparison for DAO spectrometer measurements is DAO-Fick = −0.54±0.05 km/sec. During the last four years of this study the error of the “high quality dip” observations is ±0.8 km/sec. Thirty-three of these stars have been selected for use as future bright (m < 7.0) velocity standards at Fick Observatory.

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8

Chaudhary, Sushank, Deepika Thakur y Abhishek Sharma. "10 Gbps-60 GHz RoF Transmission System for 5 G Applications". Journal of Optical Communications 40, n.º 3 (26 de julio de 2019): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0079.

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Abstract This work is focused on transmission of 10 Gbps data and 60 GHz millimeter signal over 60 km optical fiber for 5 G applications. 5 G networks generally use millimeter range of frequencies. Radio over fiber is revolutionary technology to transmit radio signals over optical fiber. Furthermore, the comparative analysis of non-return to zero (NRZ) and return to zero (RZ) encoding schemes is also done. The results are reported in terms of Q-factor, bit error rate and eye diagrams. The reported results show the successful transmission of high speed 10 Gbps data and 60 GHz millimeter signal over 60 km optical fiber.

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9

Muzari, M. O. "Odour-baited targets as invasion barriers for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae): a field trial in Zimbabwe". Bulletin of Entomological Research 89, n.º 1 (enero de 1999): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485399000097.

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AbstractIn Zimbabwe, odour-baited targets impregnated with deltamethrin were deployed at 4 km-2 in a 9 km-wide band as an invasion barrier against dense populations of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen. Tsetse populations across the barrier were monitored by a line of traps. Invasion pressure was estimated by the catches from two additional traps about 6 km into the invasion source. After 14 months all traps more than 7 km from the invasion source recorded zero catches for 12 consecutive months, indicating that the barrier was effective in preventing re-invasion, and that the 9 km-wide barrier gave a good margin of safety.

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10

Lähde, Tero y Barouch Giechaskiel. "Particle Number Emissions of Gasoline, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Fueled Vehicles at Different Ambient Temperatures". Atmosphere 12, n.º 7 (9 de julio de 2021): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12070893.

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Compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are included in the group of promoted transport fuel alternatives for traditional fossil fuels in Europe. Both CNG and LPG fueled vehicles are believed to have low particle number and mass emissions. Here, we studied the solid particle number (SPN) emissions >4 nm, >10 nm and >23 nm of bi-fuel vehicles applying CNG, LPG and gasoline fuels in laboratory at 23 °C and sub-zero (−7 °C) ambient temperature conditions. The SPN23 emissions in CNG or LPG operation modality at 23 °C were below the regulated SPN23 limit of diesel and gasoline direct injection vehicles 1/km. Nevertheless, the limit was exceeded at sub-zero temperatures, when sub-23 nm particles were included, or when gasoline was used as a fuel. The key message of this study is that gas-fueled vehicles produced particles mainly <23 nm and the current methodology might not be appropriate. However, only in a few cases absolute SPN >10 nm emission levels exceeded 6 ×1011 1/km when >23 nm levels were below 6 ×1011 1/km. Setting a limit of 1 ×1011 1/km for >10 nm particles would also limit most of the >4 nm SPN levels below 6 ×1011 1/km.

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11

Rani, Aruna y Manpreet Singh. "Impact of Different Modulation Data Formats on DWDM System Using SOA With Narrow-Channel Spacing". Journal of Optical Communications 40, n.º 4 (25 de octubre de 2019): 435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0093.

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Abstract In this paper, the transmission performance of 64×10 Gbps wavelength division multiplexing system using semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) with 0.4nm channel spacing has been demonstrated with different modulation data formats. The suitability of various data formats like nonreturn to zero rectangular (NRZ-rectangular), nonreturn to zero raised cosine, return to zero raised cosine, return to zero rectangular, return to zero supergaussian and return to zero soliton for an optical transmission link at ‒40dBm signal input power is evaluated. The results have been carried out by evaluating the value of quality factor, bit error rate (BER), eye closure and received optical power. It is found that using NRZ-rectangular data format, the signal can travel up to a transmission length of 260 km with acceptable BER (1.10e-09) and Q-factor (15.0 dB), respectively.

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12

Muttaqin, Alfan, Fikri Nur Muhammad y Purnomo Arif Abdillah. "ANALISIS PROFIL CAPE (CONVECTIVE AVAILABLE POTENTIAL ENERGY) SELAMA KEGIATAN INTENSIVE OBSERVATION PERIOD DI DRAMAGA BOGOR". Jurnal Sains & Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca 17, n.º 2 (27 de diciembre de 2016): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jstmc.v17i2.1053.

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IntisariProfil nilai CAPE(Convective Available Potential Energy) telah didapatkan dari analisis data Radiometer untuk wilayah Dramaga Kabupaten Bogor dan sekitarnya. Kegiatan pengamatan dilakukan dari tanggal 18 Januari – 16 Februari 2016. Radiometer mampu mengamati profil atmosfer sampai level ketinggian 10 km. Dengan kemampuan tersebut maka kandungan air (Liquid Water Content), kelembaban relatif (RH) dan suhu bisa teramati sampai level atas. Hasil pengolahan dan analisis menunjukkan bahwa nilai CAPE, sesaat akan terjadi hujan, cenderung terlihat turun dan bernilai mendekati 0 (nol). Ketika terjadi hujan dengan instensitas sedang maka nilai CAPE turun perlahan dan mendekati 0 (nol), ketika terjadi hujan dengan instensitas ringan maka nilai CAPE turun namun tidak mendekati 0 (nol) dan nilai CAPE ketika hari tidak hujan cenderung tidak ada yang mendekati 0 (nol). Besarnya nilai CAPE tidak berpengaruh terhadap intensitas curah hujan. Pada saat hari terjadi hujan maka akan disertai terjadinya penurunan nilai CAPE karena tidak ada konveksi. AbstractCAPE value profile has been obtained from the Radiometer data analysis for Dramaga region and its surrounding. Observation activities conducted from January 18th to February 16th, 2016. Radiometer can observe atmospheric profiles up to 10 km altitude level. With this capability, the water content (Liquid Water Content), Relative Humidity (RH) and temperature can be measured up to 10 km. The results of processing and data analysis shows that the value of CAPE, just before the rain occur, tends to decline and approaching 0 (zero). When it rains with moderate intensity the value of CAPE decrease slowly and close to 0 (zero), when it rains with light intensity CAPE values is decrease but not close to 0 (zero) and CAPE value when it is not rain, tends to not approaching 0 (zero). The CAPE value does not affect the rain intensity. When the rain occurred, the CAPE value has been decrease because there is no convection..

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13

Jarvis, S. M. y B. W. Martin. "Effects of temperature on the transport of nucleosides in guinea pig erythrocytes". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 64, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 1986): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y86-029.

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The initial rate of [14C]uridine transport by guinea pig erythrocytes was investigated at different temperatures. At 37, 22, and 10 °C the concentration dependence of uridine zero-trans influx and equilibrium exchange influx was resolved into two components; (a) a saturable component which followed simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics and which was inhibited by nitrobenzylthioinosine, and (b) a linear component of low magnitude and insensitive to nitrobenzylthioinosine inhibition. The maximum velocity, Vmax, of zero-trans uridine influx for the saturable transport system was 70-fold higher at 37 than 10 °C (1.24, 0.20, and 0.018 mmol/L of cells per hour at 37, 22, and 10 °C, respectively). Similarly, the apparent affinity, Km, for zero-trans influx decreased as the temperature was lowered (0.27, 0.066, and 0.038 mM at 37, 22, and 10 °C, respectively). In contrast, uridine equilibrium exchange influx was less temperature dependent (Vmax, 2.80, 0.89, and 0.14 mmol/L of cells per hour; apparent Km 0.61,0.36, and 0.24 mM at 37, 22, and 10 °C, respectively). These results demonstrate that the mobility of the empty carrier is impaired to a greater extent than the mobility of the loaded carrier as temperature decreased. However, the kinetic constants for zero-trans uridine influx and efflux at 37 °C were similar, indicating that the nucleoside transporter exhibited directional symmetry at 37 °C. Arrhenius plots of the maximum velocity for equilibrium exchange and zero-trans uridine influx were discontinuous above 25 °C, but between 20 and 5 °C the plots were linear (Ea = 22 and 30 kcal/mol for equilibrium exchange and zero-trans influx, respectively).

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14

Eid, Mahmoud M. A. y Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed. "Hybrid NRZ/RZ line coding scheme based hybrid FSO/FO dual channel communication systems". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 22, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2021): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp866-873.

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<p><span id="docs-internal-guid-52ae510c-7fff-0f9d-c23b-ec77d8fd1141" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This </span><span id="docs-internal-guid-22aadf85-7fff-c447-0533-2748148ff46b" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">study simulates the hybrid non return to zero (NRZ)/return to zero (RZ) line coding scheme based hybrid free space optics (FSO)/fiber optics (FO) dual channel communication systems. The max Q factor/Min BER are simulated after APD receiver based both erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) and wide band traveling wave semiconductor optical amplifiers (WBTWSOAs) with 50 km fiber channel and 4 km FSO channel. Max SPAL/min noise SPAL, max signal power amplitude/min noise signal power variations with spectral frequency, and the total electrical power are demonstrated and clarified in this proposed study. This work emphasized that the fiber channel is reached up to 100 km reach and FSO channel can be also extended to 4 km reach with 40 Gbps.</span></p>

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15

Favre, F., D. Le Guen y T. Georges. "20 Gbit/s soliton transmission over 5200 km of non-zero-dispersion-shifted fibre with 106 km dispersion-compensated span". Electronics Letters 34, n.º 2 (1998): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19980168.

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16

Hong, Yaping, Yixiao Hong, Jianxun Hong y Guo-Wei Lu. "Dispersion Optimization of Silicon Nitride Waveguides for Efficient Four-Wave Mixing". Photonics 8, n.º 5 (11 de mayo de 2021): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8050161.

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Silicon nitride waveguides have emerged as an excellent platform for photonic applications, including nonlinear optical signal processing, owing to their relatively high Kerr nonlinearity, negligible two photon absorption, and wide transparent bandwidth. In this paper, we propose an effective approach using 3D finite element method to optimize the dispersion characteristics of silicon nitride waveguides for four-wave mixing (FWM) applications. Numerical studies show that a flat and low dispersion profile can be achieved in a silicon nitride waveguide with the optimized dimensions. Near-zero dispersion of 1.16 ps/km/nm and 0.97 ps/km/nm at a wavelength of 1550 nm are obtained for plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) silicon nitride waveguides, respectively. The fabricated micro-ring resonator with the optimized dimensions exhibits near-zero dispersion of −0.04 to −0.1 ps/m/nm over a wavelength range of 130 nm which agrees with the numerical simulation results. FWM results show that near-zero phase mismatch and high conversion efficiencies larger than −12 dB using a low pump power of 0.5 W in a 13-cm long silicon nitride waveguide are achieved.

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17

Ikechukwu I. Udema. "Derivation of steady-state first-order rate constant equations for enzyme-substrate complex dissociation, as well as zero-order rate constant equations in relation to background assumptions". GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 21, n.º 3 (30 de diciembre de 2022): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.21.3.0482.

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The maximum velocity (Vmax) of catalysis and the substrate concentration ([ST]) at half the Vmax, the KM, are regarded as steady-state (SS) parameters even though they are the outcomes of zero-order kinetics (ZOK). The research was aimed at disputing such a claim with the following objectives: To: 1) carry out an overview of issues pertaining to the validity of assumptions; 2) derive the needed steady-state (SS) equations distinct from Michaelian equations that can be fitted to both experimental variables and kinetic parameters; 3) calculate the SS first-order rate constant for the dissociation of enzyme-substrate complex (ES) to free substrate, S and enzyme, E; 4) derive the equation of rate constant as a function of the reciprocal of the duration of each catalytic event in the reaction pathway. The experimental values of the data were generated by Bernfeld and Lineweaver-Burk methods. The calculated SS 1st order-order rate constant was « the zero-order Michaelian value, and the difference is ≈ 97.59 % of the zero-order value; the SS catalytic rate differed from the zero-order catalytic rate by ≈ 76.41 % of the latter value; and it was ≈ 93.87 % with respect to the 2nd order rate constant for the formation of enzyme-substrate complex. The equations of time-dependent rate constants, KM, and dissociation constants were derived. The magnitude of [ST] must be > the concentration ([E0]) of the E for the quasi-steady-state assumption (or approximation) to hold. The SS kinetic parameters are not equivalent to zero-order parameters.

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18

Hirata, Takuya, Tatsuya Tsujiuchi, Takashi Kamijo, Shinya Kishimoto, Masayuki Inui, Shimpei Kawasaki, Yu-Jeng Lin, Yasuhide Nakagami y Takashi Nojo. "Near-zero emission coal-fired power plant using advanced KM CDR process™". International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 92 (enero de 2020): 102847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.102847.

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KHADKIKAR, S. B., A. MISHRA y H. MISHRA. "CONFINEMENT, QUARK MATTER EQUATION OF STATE AND HYBRID STARS". Modern Physics Letters A 10, n.º 35 (20 de noviembre de 1995): 2651–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732395002787.

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We consider here quark matter equation of state in a relativistic harmonic confinement model at zero temperature. The same is considered to study phase transition of neutron matter to quark matter at high densities. This, along with a phenomenological equation of state in the neutron matter sector is used to study hybrid stars. Using Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equations, stable solutions for hybrid stars are obtained with a maximum mass of 1.98 Mʘ and radii around 10 km with a quark core of about 1 to 2 km.

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20

Hanson, Robert B. "Solar Motion And Galactic Rotation: Results From The Lick Northern Proper Motion Program". Symposium - International Astronomical Union 133 (1988): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900139956.

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This paper reports the first results of solar motion and galactic rotation studies which are being done at Lick Observatory, using the new data from the Lick Northern Proper Motion (NPM) Program. This study finds: (1) A = +11.31 ± 1.06 and B = −13.91 ± 0.92 km/s/kpc, consistent with a nearly flat galactic rotation curve with a local circular velocity near 200 km/s; (2) solar apex locations lying near the standard apex for low galactic latitudes, but trending strongly toward the direction of galactic rotation for high galactic latitudes; (3) RMS external error estimates for the Lick proper motions: for the absolute zero-point in a typical NPM field, and for the overall systematic zero-point error. A more detailed presentation of these results has been given by Hanson (1987). The NPM program is reviewed in another paper in this Symposium, and has been described in detail by Klemola, Jones, and Hanson (1987).

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Koci, Lukas, Petr Munster, Tomas Horvath, Milan Cucka y Miloslav Filka. "The Influence of Digital Modulations on 320 Gbit/s Optical Time Division Multiplexing". Journal of Communications Software and Systems 11, n.º 4 (22 de diciembre de 2015): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v11i4.96.

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In this article the optical time division multiplexingtechnique for high speed point-to-point optical networksis discussed. We performed test of influence of selected types modulation formats in the optical time division multiplexing simulation model with a distance of 30 km. Additionally, this paper focuses on maximum bandwidth usage, improvement of bit error rate and the another goal is to achieve the maximal transmission distance by using of special compensation optical fiber. Optimal length of compensation optical fiber was found and used during simulations. We demonstrated positive influence compensation optical fiber on bit error rate. For comparisonof modulation formats such as return-to-zero, non-return-to-zero, chirped-return-to-zero, carrier-suppressed-return-to-zero, and m-ary quadrature amplitude modulation were tested. Our results confirm that it is possible to achieve better bit error rate for selected modulation formats.

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22

Guo, Xinman, Sunliang Cao, Yang Xu y Xiaolin Zhu. "The Feasibility of Using Zero-Emission Electric Boats to Enhance the Techno-Economic Performance of an Ocean-Energy-Supported Coastal Hotel Building". Energies 14, n.º 24 (15 de diciembre de 2021): 8465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248465.

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The topics of zero-emission/energy buildings and electric mobility are increasingly being discussed as solutions to alleviate the environmental burden caused by energy consumption and CO2 emissions in both sectors. This study investigates a zero-energy hotel building supported by a hybrid ocean renewable energy system, which interacts with several zero-emission electric boats. Nine different combinations of floating photovoltaics (FPV) and wave energy converters (WEC) are investigated to compensate for their different fluctuations and the stochasticity of energy generation. Using TRNSYS 18 to perform modeling and simulation, a comprehensive techno-economic-environmental analysis of the hybrid system was conducted. The results indicate that when the total annual generation ratios of WEC and FPV are 76% and 24%, respectively, this combination can achieve the best energy weighted matching index (WMI). The WMI reached its maximum (0.703) when 16 boats were sailing at 15 km/h for a distance of 7.5 km. However, increasing the number of boats to 16 does not help improve economic returns or reduce the annual operational equivalent CO2 emission factor of the hybrid system. Depending on the maximum number of electric boats designed for this study, the non-dominated WMI would be limited to 0.654.

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Mani, Bhupeshwaran, K. Chitra y A. Sivasubramanian. "Study on fundamental and higher order soliton with and without third-order dispersion near zero dispersion point of single mode fiber". Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 23, n.º 03 (septiembre de 2014): 1450028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863514500283.

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In this work, we study the effect of fundamental and higher order soliton with and without the presence of third-order dispersion (TOD, β3). The effect is studied near the zero dispersion wavelength of 1270 nm with second-order dispersion (β2) value of 0.22 ps2/km for various third-order dispersion parameter sweeps from 0.01 to 0.1 ps3/km. The theme of temporal pulse displacement due to TOD is studied for 10 and 20 soliton periods for fundamental soliton and 10 soliton period for higher order soliton (N = 2). The effective pulse width of 1 ps (FWHM) is displaced from its original position to adjacent position depending upon the TOD value. It is found in both fundamental and higher order soliton, that the displacement in higher for TOD value of 0.1 ps3/km than 0.01 ps3/km. The effect of displaced fundamental soliton pulse is pictured with respect to the transmitted distance (different soliton period) and TOD. The spectral characteristics of higher order soliton is also analyzed which is one of the characteristic mechanisms for supercontinuum generation.

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Goi, Kazuhiro, Kenji Oda, Hiroyuki Kusaka, Yoshihiro Terada, Kensuke Ogawa, Tsung-Yang Liow, Xiaoguang Tu, Guo-Qiang Lo y Dim-Lee Kwong. "11-Gb/s 80-km transmission performance of zero-chirp silicon Mach–Zehnder modulator". Optics Express 20, n.º 26 (29 de noviembre de 2012): B350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.00b350.

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25

Liang, Hao, Wenhai Li, Nicolas Linze, Liang Chen y Xiaoyi Bao. "High-resolution DPP-BOTDA over 50 km LEAF using return-to-zero coded pulses". Optics Letters 35, n.º 10 (4 de mayo de 2010): 1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.35.001503.

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Hibbins, R. E., J. D. Shanklin, P. J. Espy, M. J. Jarvis, D. M. Riggin, D. C. Fritts y F. J. Lübken. "Seasonal variations in the horizontal wind structure from 0–100 km above Rothera station, Antarctica (67° S, 68° W)". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, n.º 4 (1 de julio de 2005): 4291–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-4291-2005.

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Abstract. A medium frequency spaced-antenna radar has been operating at Rothera station, Antarctica (67° S, 68° W) for two periods, between 1997–1998 and since 2002, measuring winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. In this paper monthly mean winds are derived and presented along with three years of radiosonde balloon data for comparison with the HWM-93 model atmosphere and other high latitude southern hemisphere sites. The observed meridional winds are slightly more northwards than those predicted by the model above 80 km in the winter months and below 80 km in summer. In addition, the altitude of the summer time zero crossing of the zonal winds above the westward jet is overestimated by the model by up to 8 km. These data are then merged with the wind climatology obtained from falling sphere measurements made during the PORTA campaign at Rothera in early 1998 and the HWM-93 model atmosphere to generate a complete zonal wind climatology between 0 and 100 km as a benchmark for future studies at Rothera. A westwards (eastwards) maximum of 44 ms−1 at 67 km altitude occurs in mid December (62 ms−1 at 37 km in mid July). The 0 ms−1 wind contour reaches a maximum altitude of 90 km in mid November and a minimum altitude of 18 km in January extending into mid March at 75 km and early October at 76 km.

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27

Hibbins, R. E., J. D. Shanklin, P. J. Espy, M. J. Jarvis, D. M. Riggin, D. C. Fritts y F. J. Lübken. "Seasonal variations in the horizontal wind structure from 0-100 km above Rothera station, Antarctica (67° S, 68° W)". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, n.º 11 (7 de noviembre de 2005): 2973–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2973-2005.

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Abstract. A medium frequency spaced-antenna radar has been operating at Rothera station, Antarctica (67° S, 68° W) for two periods, between 1997-1998 and since 2002, measuring winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. In this paper monthly mean winds are derived and presented along with three years of radiosonde balloon data for comparison with the HWM-93 model atmosphere and other high latitude southern hemisphere sites. The observed meridional winds are slightly more northwards than those predicted by the model above 80 km in the winter months and below 80 km in summer. In addition, the altitude of the summer time zero crossing of the zonal winds above the westward jet is overestimated by the model by up to 8 km. These data are then merged with the wind climatology obtained from falling sphere measurements made during the PORTA campaign at Rothera in early 1998 and the HWM-93 model atmosphere to generate a complete zonal wind climatology between 0 and 100 km as a benchmark for future studies at Rothera. A westwards (eastwards) maximum of 44 ms-1 at 67 km altitude occurs in mid December (62 ms-1 at 37 km in mid July). The 0 ms-1 wind contour reaches a maximum altitude of 90 km in mid November and a minimum altitude of 18 km in January extending into mid March at 75 km and early October at 76 km.

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28

Jevnaker, Birgit Helene y Johan Olaisen. "Making Knowledge Management Research more Scientific, Relevant, and Engaged: A Comparative Study of Academic ECKM Papers". Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management 19, n.º 2 (16 de diciembre de 2021): pp194–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ejkm.19.2.2536.

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The purpose is to analyse and compare all the academic papers in the proceedings of the European Conference on Knowledge Management (ECKM) in 2017 (Barcelona), 2018 (Padua), 2019 (Lisbon), and the digital conference in 2020 (Coventry). The methodology is to code and classify 440 papers and use five contemporary science frameworks to describe and analyse the papers. The theoretical implication of contemporary KM is a research field without common paradigms, domains, and perspectives without accumulating knowledge. The KM researchers do not understand the nature of knowledge management as a field where the research cannot be replicated, synthesized, or theorized. Knowledge management needs to move along from the empirical research paradigm to a clarified subjectivity and action-basedresearch. The criticism implying acceptable/unacceptable solutions and constructed adequate/inadequate solutions for corporations and societies have strengthened their place, offering new paradigms and perspectives. The way to do this is to let in controversial, greener, and sustainable studies, whatever objectivity or subjectivity the studies have. We need more actual problem focused and less knowledge and instrument focused studies. KM will have a higher responsibility for sustainability and greener corporations and the possibility of accumulating knowledge into replication and synthesizing for general knowledge. The rate of tested and replicated studies is for the four conferences zero. The tested part, but not replicated, is 80%. The rate of untheorized untheorizable concepts is zero, the rate of theorized but not synthesized studies is zero, while the number of synthesized, theorized, and conceptual studies is around 20%. To become a discipline or research domain KM needs to replicate both empirical and conceptual studies. The only way to accumulate knowledge is through replication giving paradigms for verification and falsification. To move ahead for better quality in the research, we must break free from the empirical and materialistic paradigms and move into the clarified subjectivity and action paradigm. Paradigmatic ecumenism will tend to a fiercer but idea-generating debate. This pluralistic approach will give more engaged practical research representing more sustainable societies and businesses. ECKM is on the road to include more pluralistic perspectives upon sustainability, value creation, gender issues, and the design of future knowledge work. There is a critical openness toward these issues making ECKM 2020 a more relevant conference than the ECKM conferences in 2017, 2018, and 2019. The 2020 conference more open up for reflections, dialogues, and criticism upon existing problems and knowledge asking about what is the adequate actual KM solutions.

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29

Das, Binoy, Rahul Mukherjee, Gour Chandra Mandal y Ardhendu Sekhar Patra. "40 Gbps Downstream Transmission Using DQPSK and 20 Gbps Upstream Transmission Using IRZ Modulation in Full-Duplex WDM-PON". Journal of Optical Communications 40, n.º 3 (26 de julio de 2019): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0022.

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Abstract A full duplex WDM-PON system is designed and demonstrated based on carrier reusing scheme and by employing differential quadrature phase shift keying (DQPSK) modulation in downlink and inverse return-to-zero modulation in the uplink to transmit 40 Gbps and 20Gbps data-rate respectively. Three Mach-Zehnder modulators are used sequentially to realize the 67 % carrier suppressed return to zero (CS-RZ) DQPSK modulation in the downlink transmission. Very low bit error rate values @10‒9 and clear eye-diagrams are observed over a 40 km single-mode-fiber transmission in our proposed full-duplex configuration.

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30

El-Hageen, Hazem M., Aadel M. Alatwi y Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed. "RZ Line Coding Scheme With Direct Laser Modulation for Upgrading Optical Transmission Systems". Open Engineering 10, n.º 1 (10 de junio de 2020): 546–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0066.

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AbstractThis study reports the efficient use of a direct laser modulated response measured with the return-to-zero coding scheme in optical transmission systems. The measured direct laser modulated response has a bit rate of 1.2 Gbps for an optical fiber cable of a transmission length of 10 km. The eye diagram analyzer is used to calculate the maximum quality factor and minimum bit error rate of the proposed model. The maximum quality factor is 531.2, and the minimum bit error rate tends to zero for the same optical fiber channel length compared with that of the previous model. The proposed model provides better results than the previous model. The figures of the proposed model are more stable than those of its previous counterpart. Bit error rate approximately tends to zero in the proposed model.

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31

Li, Guang. "A High Speed and Ultra Long-Haul Radio-Over-Fiber System Employing Dual Photoelectric Arms Coherent Modulation and Optical Duo-Binary Coding". Advanced Materials Research 988 (julio de 2014): 544–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.988.544.

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A novel high speed and ultra long-haul radio-over-fiber (ROF) system based on Dual Photoelectric Arms Coherent Modulation (DPACM) and Optical Duo-Binary Coding (ODBC) is proposed, and demonstrated. The signal spectrum bandwidth, generated by ODBC based on the first order DPACM, is half of non-return-to-zero (NRZ ) signal spectrum bandwidth. The secondary order DPACM generates a 40-GHz Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) that is transmitted over fiber (ROF). The simulation results show that, the bit rate can be up to 40 Gbps and the transmission distance is over 1500 Km, based on the ROF system with a 0 dBm continuous-wave laser source, multiple stages Er-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA), a standard single mode fiber (SSMF) with a dispersion of 17 ps/nm/Km and a attenuation of 0.2 dB/Km.

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32

Feng, Zhiren, Bo Jin y Zhuo Zhao. "Seismic Spectral Parameters Fitting Analysis of Reservoir Area in Western China". Sustainability 14, n.º 22 (14 de noviembre de 2022): 15033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215033.

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In this study, the seismic events (>ML 2.0 earthquake motion records recorded by China earthquake net stations) in Western China are calculated and the source parameters of several hundreds of seismic events are obtained, such as corner frequency fc, zero frequency limit Ω0, seismic moment M0, stress drop ∆σ, and apparent stress σapp. The 95% confidence interval of each parameter of each earthquake is obtained. The sample area is about 100 km × 400 km. Then, the calculation results are compared with statistical results, which shows that the correctness and feasibility of the fitting analysis are feasible and correct. Finally, several conclusions and prospects are presented and discussed.

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33

Savage, Martha Kane y John G. Anderson. "A local-magnitude scale for the western Great Basin-eastern Sierra Nevada from synthetic Wood-Anderson seismograms". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 85, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 1995): 1236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0850041236.

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Abstract We have computed synthetic Wood-Anderson seismograms for over 1100 arrivals at 10 three-component, broadband digital stations in the UNR western Great Basin-eastern Sierra Nevada network. These represent all the available records from local earthquakes over magnitude 3.5 between 1990 and June of 1993, plus selected events of smaller magnitude. There were 77 events ranging in magnitude from 2.2 to 5.9, including four events over magnitude 5. The distances considered ranged from 15 to 600 km, with the best-represented range being from 30 to 450 km. We invert these measurements to determine distance and station corrections appropriate for a local-magnitude scale, constrained by Richter's original definition that an earthquake of ML = 3 will cause a 1-mm zero to peak deflection of the Wood-Anderson seismogram at 100 km from the epicenter. The results between 30 and 450 km were essentially independent of choice of curve-fitting parameters. In the 30- to 500-km distance region, the smooth distance-correction curves were very similar to that determined by Richter (1958), which is still used for southern California earthquakes. We propose to use Richter's distance-correction curve in reporting amplitude magnitudes from our digital network.

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34

Yao, Paul C. y James Dorman. "Short-period surface-wave dispersion and shallow crustal structure of central and eastern Tennessee". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 82, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1992): 962–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0820020962.

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Abstract Group velocity dispersion of explosion-generated seismic surface waves with periods ranging from 0.2 to 1.5 sec is used to investigate shallow crustal structure of eastern and central Tennessee. Several modes of both Rayleigh and Love waves can be identified and separated on the seismograms of seven SARSN regional network stations by zero-phase digital filtering. Dispersion data for sinusoidal wave motion were based on digitized zero-crossing times. By forward modeling, we find that a wave guide of at least two layers over a half-space can adequately represent our particular multi-mode, narrow-band observations. In a layered section about 3 km thick, lower velocities characterize outcropping clastic rocks of the Cumberland plateau, and higher velocities correspond to shallow carbonate rocks of the Nashville Dome. Half-space shear velocities of about 3.9 km/sec appear to represent lower Paleozoic carbonate lithology deeper than 2 to 4 km on most of the observed paths. Our best data, interpreted jointly with earlier data of Oliver and Ewing (1958) and of Chen et al. (1989), have a composite period range of 0.2 to 40 sec, but they represent different Appalachian paths. Group velocities over this broad spectrum are satisfied by a complex model with two low-velocity layers. The uniqueness of this model cannot be demonstrated, but it represents important hypotheses concerning regional geologic features that can be tested more rigorously by improved surface-wave dispersion data.

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35

Parsons, Miles J. G., Conrad W. Speed, Robert D. McCauley, Rebbeca Fisher, Cecile Dang, Diego R. Barneche, Jayson Semmens et al. "Impacts of exposure to a seismic source survey on silverlip pearl oysters (". APPEA Journal 62, n.º 2 (13 de mayo de 2022): S337—S342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21093.

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Between 2018 and 2021, AIMS and its partners conducted a large-scale experiment to investigate the effect of exposure to a 3D seismic survey on pearl oysters. In August 2018, ≈11 000 adult wild silverlip pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima) were collected and attached to bottom culture lines to acclimatise for 1 month at a holding lease site, 40 km off Broome, WA. These oysters were split across rows configured parallel to each other at seven horizontal distances up to 6000 m from a ‘zero line’. In September 2018, we sailed a commercial seismic vessel along one 20 km-long inactive (vessel control) sail line along the zero line, followed by six operational (exposure) sail lines, at increasing distances from the zero line, with each line separated in time by either 12 or 24 h. This design resulted in groups of pearl oysters with 35 different exposure histories (seven distances, five exposure distances) that were then transferred to undergo either lethal biophysical sampling or pearl seeding for a ‘grow-out’ study of pearl production. Biophysical sampling included immunology tests, primarily using flow cytometry and gene expression changes in nacre- and stress-associated genes. Audits of oyster growth and condition were conducted at various time points between the exposure period and harvesting of the seeded oysters. The number and quality of pearls produced by each exposure group was assessed 2 years after exposure (December 2020). The results of these analyses are being finalised for presentation.

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36

Beyerle, G., L. Grunwaldt, S. Heise, W. Köhler, R. König, G. Michalak, M. Rothacher et al. "First results from the GPS atmosphere sounding experiment TOR aboard the TerraSAR-X satellite". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, n.º 13 (13 de julio de 2011): 6687–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6687-2011.

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Abstract. GPS radio occultation events observed between 24 July and 17 November 2008 by the IGOR occultation receiver aboard the TerraSAR-X satellite are processed and analyzed. The comparison of 15 327 refractivity profiles with collocated ECMWF data yield a mean bias between zero and −0.30 % at altitudes between 5 and 30 km. Standard deviations decrease from about 1.4 % at 5 km to about 0.6 % at 10 km altitude, however, increase significantly in the upper stratosphere. At low latitudes mean biases and standard deviations are larger, in particular in the lower troposphere. The results are consistent with 15 159 refractivity observations collected during the same time period by the BlackJack receiver aboard GRACE-A and processed by GFZ's operational processing system. The main difference between the two occultation instruments is the implementation of open-loop signal tracking in the IGOR (TerraSAR-X) receiver which improves the tropospheric penetration depth in terms of ray height by about 2 km compared to the conventional closed-loop data acquired by BlackJack (GRACE-A).

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37

Tauris, Thomas M. "The Origin of Millisecond Pulsar Velocities". International Astronomical Union Colloquium 160 (1996): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100041002.

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We have developed a computer code (Tauris & Bailes 1996) to follow the evolution of a binary system from the zero-age main sequence to its “final” state as a binary millisecond pulsar (BMSP), at all stages keeping careful track of the mass and orbital separation of the two stars.To help determine the origin of millisecond pulsars, we compute the space velocities predicted by various models of their formation. It is difficult to produce a millisecond pulsar velocity greater than 270 km s−1with any model, unless the formation of the neutron star is accompanied by some form of asymmetric kick. We obtain average 3-D system velocities of 〈vrecoil〉= 99.6, 137.6 and 160.7 km s−1using Gaussian kicks of 〈vkick〉=0, 200 and 450 km s−1(σ=0, 100 and 200 km s - 1, respectively). Our computations show that, in general, we expect those systems with shorter orbital periods to have larger velocities than those with longer periods, but any relation between the final orbital period and space velocity is fairly weak, especially if asymmetries are involved.

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38

Landers, J. N., M. Challiol, L. Vilela y S. Lanz. "Case study of zero-tillage organic soybean production in Brazil". Soil Research 54, n.º 2 (2016): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15037.

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In the absence of the herbicide option, weed control is the major constraint to organic soybean production in southern Brazil and eastern Paraguay. A joint entrepreneurial initiative introduced innovative 6000-V electro-shock desiccation for pre-plant weed control in organic soybeans, under zero-tillage–conservation agriculture, complemented by already-proven inter-row cultivation and biological control methods for insects and diseases. To develop an efficient operating procedure, a field trial with the electro-shock treatment was carried out and showed 78.6% overall weed control 28 days after electro-shock treatment, and no significant difference between operating speeds of 3.42, 9.49 and 16.57 km h−1. Further research is required to improve equipment performance and prove the medium- and long-term economic and social benefits to policy-makers, in order to justify environmental services payments for this environmentally friendly system.

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39

Pálsson, Finnur, Sverrir Guðmundsson, Helgi Björnsson, Etienne Berthier, Eyjólfur Magnússon, Snævarr Guðmundsson y Hannes H. Haraldsson. "Mass and volume changes of Langjökull ice cap, Iceland, ~1890 to 2009, deduced from old maps, satellite images and in situ mass balance measurements". Jökull 62, n.º 1 (15 de diciembre de 2012): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33799/jokull2012.62.081.

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We describe the mass balance of Langjökull ice cap, Iceland, (∼920 km², ∼190 km³) during several time intervals of different climate conditions that span the 20th century until present. The elevation range of Langjökull is 460–1440 m a.s.l. with a zero mass balance equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of 1000 m (southern outlets). The mass balance of the ice cap has been observed in situ every year since 1996–1997 and also assessed from estimation of glacier volume changes by comparing series of elevation maps from: 1937, 1945–1946, 1986, 1997 and 2004. The glacier margin of the Little Ice Age maximum (LIA; ∼1890) was estimated from the location of end moraines. The difference between the 1997–2004 annnual specific net balance estimated by volume change and in situ measurements is negligible (∼5 cm w.e.). During the two warm periods 1936–1946 and 1997–2009 the mean mass balance was similar; -1.6 and −1.3 m w.e. yr$^{−1}$, respectively. The colder climate during 1946–1986 and cooler yet in 1986–1997 resulted in specific mass balance close to zero; −0.3 and −0.2 m w.e. yr$^{−1}$, respectively.

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40

Takachio, N., K. Iwashita, K. Nakanishi y S. Koike. "8 Gbit/s 202 km optical CPFSK transmission experiment using 1.3 μm zero dispersion fibre". Electronics Letters 26, n.º 8 (1990): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19900329.

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41

Winzer, P. J., A. H. Gnauck, G. Raybon, S. Chandrasekhar, Y. Su y J. Leuthold. "40-Gb/s return-to-zero alternate-mark-inversion (RZ-AMI) transmission over 2000 km". IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 15, n.º 5 (mayo de 2003): 766–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2003.809982.

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42

Sagaria, Shemin, António Moreira, Fernanda Margarido y Patricia Baptista. "From Microcars to Heavy-Duty Vehicles: Vehicle Performance Comparison of Battery and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles". Vehicles 3, n.º 4 (13 de octubre de 2021): 691–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles3040041.

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Low vehicle occupancy rates combined with record conventional vehicle sales justify the requirement to optimize vehicle type based on passengers and a powertrain with zero-emissions. This study compares the performance of different vehicle types based on the number of passengers/payloads, powertrain configuration (battery and fuel cell electric configurations), and drive cycles, to assess range and energy consumption. An adequate choice of vehicle segment according to the real passenger occupancy enables the least energy consumption. Vehicle performance in terms of range points to remarkable results for the FCEV (fuel cell electric vehicle) compared to BEV (battery electric vehicle), where the former reached an average range of 600 km or more in all different drive cycles, while the latter was only cruising nearly 350 km. Decisively, the cost analysis indicated that FCEV remains the most expensive option with base cost three-fold that of BEV. The FCEV showed notable results with an average operating cost of less than 7 cents/km, where BEV cost more than 10 €/km in addition to the base cost for light-duty vehicles. The cost analysis for a bus and semi-truck showed that with a full payload, FCPT (fuel cell powertrain) would be more economical with an average energy cost of ~1.2 €/km, while with BPT the energy cost is more than 300 €/km.

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43

Sagaria, Shemin, António Moreira, Fernanda Margarido y Patricia Baptista. "From Microcars to Heavy-Duty Vehicles: Vehicle Performance Comparison of Battery and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles". Vehicles 3, n.º 4 (13 de octubre de 2021): 691–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles3040041.

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Low vehicle occupancy rates combined with record conventional vehicle sales justify the requirement to optimize vehicle type based on passengers and a powertrain with zero-emissions. This study compares the performance of different vehicle types based on the number of passengers/payloads, powertrain configuration (battery and fuel cell electric configurations), and drive cycles, to assess range and energy consumption. An adequate choice of vehicle segment according to the real passenger occupancy enables the least energy consumption. Vehicle performance in terms of range points to remarkable results for the FCEV (fuel cell electric vehicle) compared to BEV (battery electric vehicle), where the former reached an average range of 600 km or more in all different drive cycles, while the latter was only cruising nearly 350 km. Decisively, the cost analysis indicated that FCEV remains the most expensive option with base cost three-fold that of BEV. The FCEV showed notable results with an average operating cost of less than 7 cents/km, where BEV cost more than 10 €/km in addition to the base cost for light-duty vehicles. The cost analysis for a bus and semi-truck showed that with a full payload, FCPT (fuel cell powertrain) would be more economical with an average energy cost of ~1.2 €/km, while with BPT the energy cost is more than 300 €/km.

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44

Vishnu Prasanth, P., V. Sivakumar, S. Sridharan, Y. Bhavani Kumar, H. Bencherif y D. Narayana Rao. "Lidar observations of sodium layer over low latitude, Gadanki (13.5° N, 79.2° E): seasonal and nocturnal variations". Annales Geophysicae 27, n.º 10 (7 de octubre de 2009): 3811–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-3811-2009.

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Abstract. In this paper, we present seasonal and nocturnal variations of mesospheric sodium (Na) layer parameters observed over Gadanki (13.5° N, 79.2° E), based on 166 nights during the period from January 2005 to December 2006, for the first time. The total Na content decreases during the evening and reaches a minimum value around midnight and maximum in the early morning. The year-to-year variations illustrate that Na layers reach the peak value close to 93.5 km for the year 2005 and ~93 km for the year 2006 and falls to near zero value around 110 km. Though, seasonal variation of sodium density illustrate maximum values in September, December and March, we require a larger data base for September months to conclude the statement. The column abundance shows maximum during autumn equinox and minimum during winter. The obtained seasonal and nocturnal variation of sodium layer parameters are compared with mid-latitude observations and further possible mechanisms are discussed.

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45

Whiteoak, J. B. y F. F. Gardner. "Interstellar Nal Absorption Towards the Stellar Association Ara OB1". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 6, n.º 2 (1985): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000018002.

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AbstractObservations have been made of the interstellar D-line absorption of Nal towards a loose grouping of OB stars (containing the association Ara OB1 and probably the Hα emission regions RCW 107 and 108) centred at 1 = 337°.5 and b= -0°.5. The individual absorption spectra contain several velocity components which show well-defined groupings at –37, –18 and 0 km s-1. The corresponding median optical depths are 2, 7 and 6. The evidence indicates that both the –37 and –18 km s-1 Nal clouds are located in the Carina-Sagittarius spiral arm. Several HII regions are located at similar longitudes, but most are close to zero latitude and are more distant than the arm.The association contains the galactic cluster NGC 6193. The results suggest that the turbulence seen optically towards this cluster has been caused by the interaction between two cloud groups moving towards each other at velocities of 10 to 15 km s-1.

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46

Et.al, Gaurav Sharma. "Comparative Analysis of DCF based Dispersion Compensation Techniques in Optical Fiber Communication Link using Different Input Transmitter Conditions at 10 Gbps". Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, n.º 3 (11 de abril de 2021): 3210–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1567.

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In this paper, Dispersion Compensating Fiber (DCF) based various dispersion compensating techniques (pre, post and symmetrical) with different modulation format like Non Return to Zero(NRZ), Return to Zero(RZ), Carrier Suppressed Return to Zero(CSRZ) and Duo Binary(DB) along with PN, FCC and Walsh code input sequences are implemented. Simulation and analysis of these implemented techniques were done at 10 Gbps bit rate and input laser power ranging from 1 mW to 10 mW at transmission distance of 240 km using BER Analyzer in Optisystem 17.0 software. Comparison between different techniques was done in terms of Q factor and BER versus input CW laser power for different modulations and input sequences. From the analysis, it is concluded that when Walsh code as user defined input sequence are used for all the implementation, it gives higher value of Q factor and lower value of Bit Error Rate as compared to PN and FCC codes for most of the input CW laser power.

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47

Alsowaidi, Naif, Tawfig Eltaif y Mohd Ridzuan Mokhtar. "Performance Comparison of Different Modulation Formats for a 40 Gbps Hybrid Optical CDMA/DWDM System against ISI and FWM". Photonics 9, n.º 8 (7 de agosto de 2022): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9080555.

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This paper carries out a numerical simulation investigating three different modulation formats: carrier suppressed return to zero (CSRZ), modified duobinary return to zero (MDRZ) and return to zero (RZ). The purpose of this investigation is to find the optimum modulation format for the hybrid optical code division multiple accesses–dense wavelength division multiplexing (optical CDMA/DWDM) system with the implementation of an electro-optic phase modulator (EOPM) at a data rate of 40 Gbps per channel, with a transmitted power of 22 dBm and transmission distance of 105.075 km. The results revealed that CSRZ was superior to MDRZ and RZ and was more tolerant to optical fiber nonlinearity. Furthermore, unlike the DWDM systems, the performance of the proposed hybrid system based RZ format was better than the performance of MDRZ. Hence, the CSRZ modulation format is the best candidate for the optical CDMA/DWDM with EOPM module due to its high performance.

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48

Miyamoto, Y., A. Hirano, K. Yonenaga, A. Sano, H. Toba, K. Murata y O. Mitomi. "320 Gbit/s (8 × 40 Gbit/s) WDM transmission over 367 km with 120 km repeater spacing using carrier-suppressed return-to-zero format". Electronics Letters 35, n.º 23 (1999): 2041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19991373.

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49

Tully, R. Brent. "The Cosmological Parameters H0 and Ω0". Symposium - International Astronomical Union 183 (1999): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900132085.

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The first section discusses a recalibration of the luminosity–linewidth technique and its use in a determination of H0. The recalibration introduces (i) new cluster calibration data, (ii) new corrections for reddening as a function of inclination, and (iii) a new zero-point calibration using 13 galaxies with distances determined via the cepheid period–luminosity method. It is found that H0 = 82 ± 16 km s−1 Mpc−1 (95% confidence).

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50

Castellani, Leonardo. "A GEOMETRIC FIELD THEORY OF CLOSED STRINGS: D=4, N=1 LOOP SUPERGRAVITY". International Journal of Modern Physics A 05, n.º 09 (10 de mayo de 1990): 1819–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x90000854.

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We present a classical field theory of interacting loops, whose low energy limit is D=4, N=1 supergravity. In Fourier modes, the theory is obtained by gauging the infinite dimensional algebra KM (SuperPoincaré) ⊕ Virasoro, where KM indicates the Kac-Moody extension. Taylor expanding the superloop vielbein in the “internal” coordinates yields towers of D=4 fields with arbitrarily high spins. The superloop diffeomorphisms relate all the higher spin fields. The field equations are obtained by requiring the closure of the generalized supersymmetries. Two different mechanisms give rise to masses for the higher modes: (i) a Kaluza-Klein type mass generation from “internal” loop coordinates, (ii) a non-vanishing background value for the zero mode of the Virasoro gauge field.

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