Artículos de revistas: "Mentally disabled"

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Rosyida, Arina, Kiswaluyo Kiswaluyo y Surartono Dwiatmoko. "Efektivitas Alat Sikat Gigi Otomatis Wall Mounted untuk Disabilitas pada SLB di Jember terhadap Indeks Kebersihan Mulut". Pustaka Kesehatan 8, n.º 3 (19 de septiembre de 2020): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/pk.v8i3.11978.

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Disability is a person with disabilities who has physical, mental, intellectual, sensory, and some motor disorders. Disabilities that have motor impairments are blind, mentally retarded, and disabled so they need an automatic wall-mounted toothbrush in cleaning teeth and mouth. A wall-mounted toothbrush is an innovative tool for blind, mentally disabled, and disabled people to be able to brush their teeth independently. The aim is to determine the effectiveness of automatic wall-mounted toothbrushes in children with disabilities, especially in the visually impaired, mentally retarded, and disabled. The study was conducted by pre-experimental method (One Group Pretest-Posttest Design) in SLB disabled people in Jember with 56 people, 17 people with visual impairment, 36 mental retardations, and 3 disabled people. The results of the study carried out a paired sample t-test showed a significance value (p <0.05) in the blind and mentally retarded while the significance value (p> 0.05) in the disabled. The conclusion of the study is that this tool is effective in the blind and mentally retarded but is less effective in the disabled.

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Tarsono, Tarsono. "PROGRAM PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN ORANG TUA DAN GURU DALAM MEMBANTU KEMANDIRIAN SHOLAT ANAK TUNAGRAHITA RINGAN". Psympathic : Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi 6, n.º 1 (27 de febrero de 2018): 776–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/psy.v6i1.2135.

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This research aims to help mentally disabled students to pray independently by giving suggestion to parrents and teachers. Qualitative approach using interview, observation and documentation are used to collect data. Result shows that some mentally disabled students have not been able to have five times praying with correct reading prayer and movement. Parents can ask to pray together, invite teacher and provide some media. Meanwhile, teacher could make schedule for praying together and make a realia. Constraints faced are lack of mentally disabled knowledge, no appropriate realia and lack of attention toward mentally disabled students.

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Hashim, NT, B. Gobara y I. Ghandour. "Periodontal Health Status of A Group of (Non-Institutionalized) Mentally Disabled Children in Khartoum State". Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry 6, n.º 1 (enero de 2012): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/johcd-6-1-10.

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ABSTRACT Aim The aim of this study is to assess the periodontal health status and its determinants among a group of mentally disabled children in Khartoum State and to compare it with a control group of children of normal intelligence. Methods Thirty seven mentally disabled children aged 8-10 years were examined at five centres of mentally disabled children in Khartoum State. A control group with normal intelligence quotient of a similar age and socioeconomic status was selected from schools nearby the centres visited. Both mentally disabled children and the children in the control group were examined for their plaque index, gingival index and periodontal pocket depth. A comparison was made between the mentally disabled children and the healthy children as well as between the subgroups of the mentally disabled children (mild, moderate, and severe). Questionnaires concerning the degree of mental disability, level of parent education, role of parents toward child oral health, were also used. Results The results revealed that the mentally disabled children showed higher scores of plaque and gingival index (1.9, 1.7 respectively) when compared with the plaque and gingival index of the control group (0.6, 0.6 respectively). No increase in gingival sulcus depth in both study and control group was found. According to the degree of mental disability there was statistically significant difference in plaque and gingival index among the mild, moderate and severe subgroups (P=0.001), the plaque and gingival index tend to increase with the severity of mental retardation. Conclusion. Mentally disabled children showed more plaque when compared with healthy controls. Periodontal disease was more prevalent among mentally disabled children as presented in the form of gingivitis and the degree of severity depends on the degree of mental disability.

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Belsiyal C., Xavier. "Abuse & Neglect among Mentally Disabled". Community and Public Health Nursing 1, n.º 2 (2016): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/cphn.2455.8621.1216.14.

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Anwar, Risyandi y Tyas Nurfadlilah Amaliah. "Upaya Peningkatan Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Anak Penderita Tuna Grahita dan Tuna Rungu Melalui Pemeriksaan, Penyuluhan Dan Demonstrasi Menyikat Gigi di SLB Swadaya ABC Kendal". JURNAL KREATIVITAS PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT (PKM) 5, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2022): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/jkpm.v5i2.5894.

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ABSTRAK Anak berkebutuhan khusus memiliki keterbelakangan mental dan kekurangan secara fisik, dan sebagian besar memiliki kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang buruk. Beberapa yang termasuk katagori ABK adalah tunagrahita dan tuna rungu. Keterbatasan dalam menjaga kesehatan gigi dan mulut sering dialami pada anak berkebutuhan khusus baik laki-laki maupun perempuan, oleh karena itu mereka sangat memerlukan dukungan sosial dari lingkungannya agar dapat mencapai kemampuan fungsional setinggi mungkin. Tujuan Pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini adalah setelah mendapatkan pemeriksaan, penyuluhan dan demonstrasi diharapkan semua penderita tuna grahita dan tuna rungu yang ada di SLB swadaya ABC dan pendampingnya dapat memahami dan menerapkan cara menyikat gigi yang baik dan benar sehingga dapat menjaga kesehatan gigi dan mulut anak penderita tuna grahita dan tuna rungu. Metode kegiatan penyuluhan, demonstrasi dan pemeriksaan gigi dan mulut terhadap semua anak penderita tuna grahita dan tuna rungu yang bersekolah di SLB Swadaya ABC Kendal dan pendampingnya. Luaran yang di harapkan dari kegiatan penyuluhan dan demonstrasi ini adalah adanya peningkatan kesehatan gigi dan mulut anak penderita tuna grahita dan tuna rungu yang bersekolah di SLB Swadaya ABC Kendal. Hasil pelaksanaan didapatkan bahwa lebih dari 50% anak penderita tuna grahita dan tuna rungu keadaan gigi dan mulutnya buruk. Kesehatan gigi dan mulut penderita tuna grahita dan tuna rungu termasuk dalam kategori sedang. Kata kunci: tuna grahita,tuna rungu, SLB, Penyuluhan, Kesehatan gigi dan mulut. ABSTRACT Children with special needs have mental retardation and most of them have poor oral and dental health. Some special needs are mentally disabled and deaf. Limitations in maintaining dental and oral health are often experienced by children with special needs, both boys and girls, therefore they really need social support from their environment in order to achieve the highest possible functional ability. These children need special attention in maintaining oral hygiene. The purpose of this community service is that after receiving counseling and demonstrations, it is hoped that all mentally disabled and deaf sufferers in the ABC self-help SLB and their companions can understand and apply good and correct brushing techniques so that they can maintain good oral hygiene. Dental and oral health of children with mentally disabled and deaf. The target of counseling and demonstration activities are all children with mentally disabled and deaf who attend SLB Swadaya ABC Kendal and their companions. The expected outcome of this counseling and demonstration activity is an increase in the oral hygiene of children with the mentally disabled and deaf who attend SLB Swadaya ABC Kendal. From the results of the implementation, it was found that more than 50% of children with mentally disabled and deaf had bad teeth and mouth conditions. Conclusion: Dental and oral health of people with mentally disable and deaf is in the moderate category. Keywords: Mentally disable, deaf, SLB, Counseling, Dental and oral health.

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Miftakhi, Diah Rina y Widati Amalin Ulfah. "Improving Achievement Motivation for Mentally Disabled Students at School for Exceptional Children (SLB) YPAC Pangkalpinang". Berumpun: International Journal of Social, Politics, and Humanities 2, n.º 1 (29 de marzo de 2019): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/berumpun.v2i1.15.

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This research is globally aimed to improve the achivement motivation for the mentally disabled students. The specific objectives of this research are to improve: (1) students learning achievement for the mentally disabled students; (2) learning achievement for the mentally disabled students in SLB YPAC Pangkalpinang. This research desaign was desaigned with research and development desaign which produce development model of group dynamics learning for exceptional students which can increase achievement motivation for students. The final objective of this research development is producing development learning model based on group dynamics so that teaching and learning process can be more effective, eficient, and interesting. This research will produce development model of group dynamics learning for mentally disabled students so that can increase achievement motivation in exceptional school. This development learning model of group dynamics has three activities, there are learning through dream trees, learning through filling students’ identity, and learning through artistic creativity development by drawing and coloring. The result of these three activities of development group dynamics learning model can be used as the source to arrange the learning model especially for mentally disabled students. It can be done so that we can develop the mentally disabled students’ potencies and they can reach good achievements in study. Besides that, it can be the source for the teachers to have innovative learning model in teaching mentally disabled students at exceptional school (SLB) YPAC Pangkalpinang.

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Tabaeian, Seyedeh Marzieh, Neda Abbasi Kerdabadi y Ahmad Abedi. "Analysis of Educational Spaces Design Methods for Educable Mentally Disable Children". EMARA Indonesian Journal of Architecture 4, n.º 2 (3 de diciembre de 2018): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29080/eija.v4i2.324.

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This study aims to investigate and analyse design and optimisation methods of educational and recreational environments for educable mentally disabled children. This study is conducted using a descriptive-analytical method based on library research, documents and field surveys. The research studied sixty mentally disabled children aged 6-17 years, twenty instructors and sixty mothers through purposive sampling. Then the quantitative data of questionnaires and the qualitative data of interviews and paintings are analysed using SPSS and Excel. The results of this research determine the useful criteria used to design an attractive and friendly environment for mentally disabled children. In addition to promoting the sense of safety and security in these spaces, it improves recreational activities of mentally disabled children both individually and collectively.

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Gita Indartri, Lina Rismayani y Samjaji. "THE SPECIAL TOOTHBRUSH ON DENTAL AND ORAL HYGIENE OF MENTALLY DISABLED CHILDREN". Incisor (Indonesian Journal of Care's in Oral Health) 6, n.º 2 (30 de noviembre de 2022): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37160/theincisor.v6i2.56.

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Person mentally disabled is something state with function intelligence public who are below average with with decrease ability for adapt self (adaptive behave), which starts arise before 18 years old, people who are mentally experiencing backwardness have development more intelligence (intellectual) low and experience difficulty in the learning process as well as adaptation social. Destination study this is for knowing influence usage brush tooth special to cleanliness tooth and mouth child mentally disabled light on SLBN Cinema Regency Tasikmalaya. Type study this is quasi-experimental design with design study with control one group pretest posttest. Taking sample with total sampling. Data obtained from study this processed with test Wilcoxon. Results test Wilcoxson obtained results significance 0.000 < 0.05 in group intervention and group meaningful control there is significant influence usage brush tooth special to cleanliness tooth and mouth child mentally disabled. There is influence usage brush tooth special to cleanliness tooth and mouth child mentally disabled light on SLBN Cinema Regency Tasikmalaya.

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REILLY, THOMAS F., LARRY J. WHEELER y LEONARD E. ETLINGER. "Intelligence Versus Academic Achievement". Criminal Justice and Behavior 12, n.º 2 (junio de 1985): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854885012002003.

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Many juvenile delinquents are placed in special education programs labeled as emotionally disturbed, mentally retarded, or learning disabled. This study compared the intelligence and academic achievement of the aforementioned classifications in order to determine similarities and differences. The results indicated that the juvenile delinquents were similar to the learning disabled and emotionally disturbed intellectually, and they were similar to the learning disabled and educable mentally retarded academically. In terms of both intelligence and academic achievement combined, juvenile delinquents had the greatest similarity to the learning disabled than either educable mentally retarded or emotionally disturbed. Therefore, teachers of juvenile delinquents should be familiar with the emotional manifestations of learning problems.

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Paramesthi, Ristin, Soegiyanto Soegiyanto y Harry Pramono. "The Effect of Modifications of Challenge Board Games and Traditional Engklek Games on The Movement of Locomotors in Mild Children". JUARA : Jurnal Olahraga 7, n.º 3 (2 de noviembre de 2022): 733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33222/juara.v7i3.2418.

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The background of the problem is the low locomotor movement ability in mild mentally disabled children during physical education learning. The aims of this study were 1) to analyze the effect of modifying the challenge board game on the locomotor abilities of mild mentally disabled children in SLB. 2) Analyzing the influence of traditional games on the locomotor movement abilities of mild mentally disabled children in SLB. 3) Analyzing the comparison of modified challenge board games and traditional engklek games on the locomotor abilities of mild mentally disabled children in SLB. This study uses an experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest design, and the data analysis technique uses a paired sample T-Test at a significant level (α: 0.05). The population in this study were all children with mental retardation at the junior high school level at SLB Muhammadiyah Kertososno, SLB Hardika Bakti Peterongan Jombang, and SLB Tunas Harapan 2 Peterongan Jombang. The sample in this study was purposive sampling, namely 21 mild mentally disabled children. The results based on SPSS calculations, on the pair of the effect of modified challenge board game and the results on the team of the impact of the traditional engklek game on the locomotor ability of mild mentally disabled children in SLB, obtained the value of Sig. (2-tailed) of 0.000. H0 is accepted if the value of Sig: is 0.05, and H0 is rejected if Sig <. This means that if the Sig (0.000) value <0.05, then H0 is rejected. The results of the t-test using the average post-test challenge board game where the group using the challenge board game is 72.0129 compared to the group using the traditional engklek game, which is 66.9614. This shows that the challenge board game improves locomotor movement skills in mild mentally disabled children compared to the traditional engklek game exercise.

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Saragih, Darta Pardamean, Suprayitno Suprayitno y Tarsyad Nugraha. "The Effect of Permainan Galah Asin with Parental Support on Gross Motor Development in Mentally Disabled Students". Journal Physical Education, Health and Recreation 5, n.º 1 (15 de octubre de 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/pjkr.v5i1.26449.

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This study aims to determine the effect of galah asin games with parental support on gross motor development at mentally disabled students. The population are students in the SMP SLB-E Negeri Pembina Utara in 2020, totaling 28 people. The instrument used in this study was a parent support instrument and also an instrument for basic movement skills, namely TGMD-2. The first analisys results of hypothesis show that modifikasi permainan galah asin has a better effect than the permainan galah asin on gross motor development in junior high school mentally disabled students at SLB-E Negeri Pembina Sumatera Utara. The second hypothesis is that there is an interaction between permainan galah asin with parental support for on gross motor development in junior high school mentally disabled students at SLB-E Negeri Pembina Sumatera Utara. The third hypothesis is that students with high parental support have a better influence than students with low parental support on on gross motor development in junior high school mentally disabled students at SLB-E Negeri Pembina Sumatera Utara. The fourth hypothesis is that the modifikasi permainan galah asin has a better effect than the permainan galah asin on gross motor development with high parental support at in junior high school mentally disabled students at SLB-E Negeri Pembina Sumatera Utara. The results of this study suggest that to develop gross motor development for mentally disabled students provide modifikasi permainan galah asin and the need for high parental support to assist children in carrying out every movement activity so as to get maximum benefits.

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Assingkily, Muhammad Shaleh, Munganatul Khoeriyah y Khamim Zarkasih Putro. "The Analysis Of Social And Emotional Development Of Mentally Disabled Children (Mild) On Grade 2 Of Muhammadiyah Banguntapan Primary School Yogyakarta". Al-Bidayah: Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar Islam 11, n.º 2 (11 de enero de 2020): 264–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/al-bidayah.v11i2.326.

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Every child is unique, including a mentally disabled child. The potential for self-development in academic, social, and workability becomes a necessity for mild mentally disabled children. This study aims to analyze the social and emotional development of mild mentally disabled children in grade 2 of Muhammadiyah Banguntapan Primary School Yogyakarta, or usually called SD Muhammadiyah Banguntapan Yogyakarta. Two formulations of the problems of this research are (1) how the social-emotional development of mild mentally disabled children in grade 2 of SD Muhammadiyah Banguntapan Yogyakarta in the classroom and outside the classroom and (2) how the teacher's efforts in developing the child's social-emotional development. The research data were obtained through a qualitative approach with observation, interviews, and analysis of document studies of mild mentally disabled children in grade 2 of SD Muhammadiyah Banguntapan Yogyakarta. From this study, the results were obtained that the social-emotional development of mentally disabled children in the class was achieved in the form of caring, interactive, and displaying an attitude of confidence, while what was not achieved in the form of participation, communication, and teamwork abilities. Whereas outside the classroom, the attainment is in the form of empathy and what is not achieved in the form of solitude and self-ness (ego) and has not been able to control emotions when socializing. The efforts made by teachers in developing children's social-emotional attitudes, namely: asking children to apologize and admit their own mistakes, motivating, "bluffing", advising children, setting seating, and trying to help children.

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Dresser, Rebecca. "Mentally Disabled Research Subjects". JAMA 276, n.º 1 (3 de julio de 1996): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03540010069034.

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Khamidova, Muyassar. "DEVELOPMENT OF SPEECH OF MENTALLY MENTAL CHILDREN IN THE PROCESS OF MATHEMATICS LESSONS". European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, n.º 09 (1 de septiembre de 2022): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-09-01.

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Along with the healthy generation growing up in our country, unfortunately, there are also a large number of unhealthy children, disabled from childhood and in need of help. Their rehabilitation, training, and adaptation to life has always been in the attention of state leaders, and social protection of disabled children has been defined as a priority.

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Rodsakan, Tepika. "Comparison of the Effects of Using Traditional Thai Musical Instruments and Carl Orff’s Instruments on Mentally Disabled Children’s Perception and Reaction to the Musical Elements". International Journal of Creative and Arts Studies 2, n.º 2 (18 de diciembre de 2015): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/ijcas.v2i2.1796.

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This research dealt with the comparison of the effects of using traditional Thai musical instruments and Carl Orff’s instruments on mentally disabled children’s perception and reaction to the musical elements. The objectives of the research were 1) to study the results of the effects of using traditional Thai musical instruments on mentally disabled children’s perception and reaction to the musical elements 2) to study the results of the effects of Carl Orff’s instruments on mentally disabled children’s perception and reaction to the musical elements 3) to compare the results of the effects of using traditional Thai musical instruments and Carl Orff’s instruments on mentally disabled children’s perception and reaction to the musical elements. The sample used in the research were 11 educable mentally disabled children from Panyawutikorn School aged between 8-10 years old. The sample had been tested and confirmed by the psychologist to have IQ range from 50-70, to be non-sound sensitive and to be devoid of any multiple handicaps. The sample were selected using purposive sampling. The tool used in this research were an interactive 9-question test of the sample group’s perception and reaction to musical elements using traditional Thai musical instruments and Carl Orff’s instruments. The sample group responded accordingly to the different given tasks in the test including singing, physical movement, playing musical instruments and musically melodic creation. The data obtained are then analyzed using statistical calculation, i.e. median, percentage and mean. The test results revealed the following findings; the results were as follows: 1. Results of the effects of using traditional Thai musical instruments on mentally disabled children’s perception and reaction to the musical elements were found to be in the “good” criteria. 2. Results of the effects of using Carl Orff’s instruments on mentally disabled children’s perception and reaction to the musical elements were found to be in the “good” criteria. When considered each factor individually, the perception and reaction to sound was in the “fair” criteria while the perception and reaction to rhythm and melody were in the “good” criteria. 3. By comparing the results of the effect of using traditional Thai musical instruments and Carl Orff’s instruments on mentally disabled children’s perception and reaction to the musical elements, it was found to be different on the whole. When considered each factor individually, there was a difference in the perception of sound while there was no difference in perception and reaction to rhythm and melody.

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Kim, Hee Jung y So Hyun Woo. "Experience in Employment and Job Retention of Persons with Mental Disabilities Working at Subsidiary-type Standard Workplaces for the Disabled". Korean Journal of Health Promotion 21, n.º 4 (30 de diciembre de 2021): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15384/kjhp.2021.21.4.184.

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Background: The purpose of this study was to explore the employment experiences of mentally disabled employees working in the subsidiary company for the disabled.Methods: Ten people who employed in the subsidiary company for the disabled interviewed with 12 months. The study had a qualitative descriptive design and qualitative content analysis was used.Results: Employment experiences of mentally disabled employees was emerged into three domains (support, effort, expectation and demand), six categories (relational support, supportive work environment, system support, self-management efforts, improving the quality of employment, improving awareness) and 12 subcategories.Conclusions: In conclusion, for stable employment of the mentally disabled peoples, efforts are required at the individual, company, and government level. A flexible and careful work environment for the mentally disabled peoples and support systems such as counseling and case management are needed to be considered. Job assignments that meet the individual skills and needs of persons with mental disabilities should be considered, and it is necessary to develop an integrated supported employment program that supports individual skills training after employment. Above all, a government effort is needed to eliminate social prejudice against mental illness, and also an effort to improve employers' awareness are needed.

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Endah Yani, Ristya Widi, Yunita Satya Pratiwi, Hadi Prayitno, Muhammad Anshari y Heru Santoso Wahito Nugroho. "The Correlation between Caries and Quality of Life of Mentally Disabled Learners". Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 16, n.º 3 (17 de marzo de 2021): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v16i3.23973.

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Introduction. Mentally disabled learners have dental problems 30% more complex than the ordinary toddler. It is because they have intellectual function disorder and adaptive behavior. This condition caused limitations in cleaning teeth optimally. So it will increase the risk of caries. This study objective is to find the correlation between the quality of life and dental caries at mentally disabled learners. Method. An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional approach to 118 learners in Sidoarjo, Indonesia, by total sampling. The variables in this study were quality of life (was measured with WHOQL-BREF index) and dental caries (was measured with DMF-T index). Tools and materials used are dental kids, alcohol 70%, cotton pellet, cotton roll, tampon, and WHOQL-BREF sheet. The data were presented descriptively in the form of a frequency distribution table, continued by Spearman Correlation test to analyze the correlation between the quality of life and dental caries at mentally disabled learners. Results. Most of the respondents are male (61%), with a range of age is 16-20 years old. The average quality of life for mentally disabled learners is the moderate category ( 65%). The average dental caries is considered as high. Spearman correlation shows p≤α(0,05) means there is a correlation between dental caries and quality of life. Conclusion. There is a correlation between dental caries and the quality of life for mentally disabled learners.

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Zykutė, Dalia y Romanas Zykus. "A Chestnut–A Difficult Challenge for an Endoscopist". Journal of Digestive Endoscopy 10, n.º 04 (octubre de 2019): 240–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709311.

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AbstractTrue foreign bodies are a frequent problem in mentally disabled adults and since ingestion is usually intentional, retrieval can be difficult due to unusual, previously in practice not encountered objects. This case illustrates the laborious effort of removing an esophageal foreign body (FB), a chestnut, in a mentally disabled adult.

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د.عثمان موسى حريكة إبراهيم, د. عثمان. "الحاجات الإرشادية وعلاقتها بالتوافق الاجتماعي لدى أولياء أمور المعاقين عقلياً بولاية الخرطوم". Educational & Sciences Journal 1, n.º 20 (27 de junio de 2022): 1–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/edusj.v1i20.2316.

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The study aimed to identify the counseling needs of the parents of the mentally handicapped and their relationship to their social compatibility. The researcher used the descriptive approach. The study sample size reached (237) parents and the study tools were the indicative needs scale for Mozamban Zabirah and the social consensus scale of Abdullah Yusuf Sakran and he used a number of statistical equations. Including the T-test for one sample, the Mann-Winnie test, the Pearson coefficient of correlation coefficient and the Fakronbach equation, and the results of the study were the counseling needs of parents of the mentally handicapped are high, the social compatibility among parents of mentally handicapped persons is high, there are statistically significant differences in the counseling needs of parents of the disabled Mentally attributable to the gender variable, there are no statistically significant differences in the counseling needs of the parents of the mentally handicapped due to the kinship variable, there are statistically significant differences in the counseling needs of the parents of the mentally handicapped due to the educational level variable, there are no statistically significant differences in social consensus Among the parents of the mentally handicapped due to the gender variable, there are significant differences There are no statistically significant differences in the social compatibility of the parents of the mentally handicapped due to the educational level variable, there is no correlation between the counseling needs and the social compatibility of the parents of the mentally handicapped, and the researcher concluded To recommendations, the most important of which are: Expanding the establishment of counseling centers specialized in dealing with the problems of the mentally handicapped, providing the disabled brothers with mechanisms for proper dealing with their disabled brothers, and educating parents about the potential effects of disability on the brothers of the disabled.

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Krais, William A. "The Incompetent Developmentally Disabled Person's Right of Self-Determination: Right-to-Die, Sterilization and Institutionalization". American Journal of Law & Medicine 15, n.º 2-3 (1989): 333–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800009862.

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The developmentally disabled, specifically those mentally incompetent from birth, are entitled to a full panoply of constitutional rights and protections. These rights include the right to terminate life-sustaining treatment, the right of procreative integrity and the right not to be involuntarily institutionalized. However, the mentally incompetent developmentally disabled are generally unable to exercise these rights. This Note asserts first that proper procedural safeguards are necessary to guarantee the exercise of these constitutional rights by the incompetent disabled individual. Second, the Note focuses upon how best to preserve the disabled person's autonomy. The Note subsequently rejects the substituted judgment standard as a legal fiction, and endorses the best interest test which necessarily comports with the evidence, and properly accounts for the disabled person's incompetency.

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Dakic, Tea. "History of research involving mentally disabled persons - from exploitation through exclusion to appropriate inclusion". Medical review 71, n.º 9-10 (2018): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1810337d.

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Introduction. The inability to protect their own interests makes mentally disabled subjects particularly vulnerable; they face an increased likelihood of being wronged or harmed in the context of research. Therefore, they are due to having extra protection and safeguarding. History of research misconduct and abuse of mentally ill patients. The 20th century abounds with examples of ethically inadmissible experiments conducted on decisionally impaired patients. The most infamous among them are surely the atrocities of the Nazi doctors, whose fraudulent ex?periments resulted in death of hundreds of thousands of imprisoned innocent and mentally ill individuals. Current and previous regulations and recommendations on research involving the mentally ill. Extreme use of potentially vulnerable mentally ill persons in research has led to a set of policies and practices for protection from exploitation and abuse of human research participants. While the regulations initially protected these vulnerable patients by prohibiting research including the mentally disabled, current guidelines propose appropriate safe?guarding so that they may be involved in appropriate research. Conclusion. Protection measures for the mentally disabled persons who are unable to consent to their involvement in research, by banning all biomedical research including the mentally ill are restrictive and unnecessary. Even if well-intended, such overprotection is discriminatory and implies that new treatments for conditions that directly affect the incapacitated subjects will not be developed. Providing that they are properly protected from unnecessary harms, appropriate inclusion of vulnerable mentally ill patients in research is necessary in order to meet their health needs in a safe manner.

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Purtell, Dennis J. y Sarah-Vaughan Brakman. "Autonomy and the Mentally Disabled". Hastings Center Report 29, n.º 4 (julio de 1999): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3528058.

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Anonymous. "Grant to Assist Mentally Disabled". Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 26, n.º 2 (febrero de 1988): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0279-3695-19880201-04.

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Anonymous. "Federal Protection Fails Mentally Disabled". Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 30, n.º 8 (agosto de 1992): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0279-3695-19920801-16.

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Anonymous. "Discrimination of Mentally Disabled Prohibited". Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 27, n.º 5 (mayo de 1989): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0279-3695-19890501-05.

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Karadağ, Bulut, Zeynep Erbaşı, Kazım Tamer Karagöz y Samet Özmen. "Digital Academy for Mentally Disabled". Orclever Proceedings of Research and Development 1, n.º 1 (31 de diciembre de 2022): 58–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.56038/oprd.v1i1.152.

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Our quality of life is improving as technology advances and the internet becomes an indispensable part of our lives. We use internet-based technology tools to make our daily tasks easier. Both ordinary people and people with disabilities use these tools. Individuals with intellectual disabilities, on the other hand, may find it difficult to learn digital tools and programs. The designs and contents of digital tools are incompatible with the use of mentally challenged people. In this study, a mobile and a web application was created to teach people with disabilities how to use digital tools. The Inclusive Digital Academy (IDA) project, funded by the European Union and carried out through the Erasmus+ Key Action 2 program, involved 11 partners from ten countries. Within the scope of this project, the design, content, development, testing, and outputs were completely prepared for and made available to disabled individuals. This study explains the application's digital contents, technical details, and test results.

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Musayeva, Nargiza S. "INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO MATHEMATICAL KNOWLEDGE FOR MENTALLY DISABLED STUDENTS". European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, n.º 04 (1 de abril de 2022): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-04-63.

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After the independence of Uzbekistan, as in all spheres, the system of social protection of children has undergone profound reforms and changes. In the process of development of Uzbekistan as a state governed by the rule of law, the President has identified the rule of law as a key factor in protecting the interests of every citizen, regardless of gender, nationality, race or age.

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28

Choi, Goya y Eun Joung Choi. "The Lived Experience of Mentally Disabled Persons Living in Group Homes". Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 31, n.º 1 (31 de marzo de 2022): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12934/jkpmhn.2022.31.1.47.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the meaning and nature of the experience of mentally disabled persons living in group homes.Methods: Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews with six mentally disabled persons from April to October in 2017. The data were analyzed using hermeneutic phenomenological methodology based on four fundamental existential concepts: that lived space, lived body, lived time, and lived others.Results: Ten essential themes emerged: lived space-settle down in a strange environment, wish for my independent space in a daily routine; lived body-make a balance between soul and body, lead normal daily life by myself; lived time-rewrite my life; lived others-unapproachable relationship, meet my advocators.Conclusion: The meaning of living in group homes as mentally disabled persons was ‘living as an ordinary person’. This information would be useful in providing interventions to enable such people to return to the community.

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Ilkim, Mehmet, Bariş Mergan, Haci Karadag y Kerim Ruzgar. "Investıgatıon Of Attıtudes Of Pre-Servıce Teachers Of Exercıse And Sports Educatıon For Dısabılıtıes Towards Chıldren Wıth Mental Dısabılıtıes". Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, n.º 9 (30 de septiembre de 2021): 2641–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211592641.

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Background: Aim: This study aimed to determine the attitudes of pre-service teachers who study at Inonu University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Exercise and Sports Education for the Disabilities, towards mentally disabled children. Methods: “The Attitudes of Physical Education and Sports Teacher Candidates Towards Mentally Handicapped Children” scale was used to collect the research data. The universe of the study consists of 200 students studying at the sports science faculty of Inonu University, in the department of exercise and sports education for the disabilities. The sample of the study consists of 136 students randomly selected from the given universe. Results: According to the findings of the study, no statistically significant difference was found between the attitudes of physical education teachers according to the gender, age, class variable, and the status of having a disabled person attitudes towards mentally disabled children. Conclusions: Keywords: Exercise, attitude, individuals with mental disability.

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Shaqiri, Elmas, Granit Shahu, Bledar Xhemali y Gentian Vyshka. "Traits of vulnerability in repetitive sexual assaults of mentally disabled people". Medico-Legal Journal 86, n.º 2 (5 de septiembre de 2017): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025817217729332.

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The issue of sexual abuse, assault, rape and unwanted pregnancies among mentally disabled women is largely under-reported for many reasons. Several myths prevail including that mentally disabled women offer little interest to sexual predators, together with a negative public attitude and this contributes to the problem. We report the case of a single centre in Albania, where repetitive sexual assaults were perpetrated against three mentally disabled women. Three unwanted pregnancies followed. The issue gained public attention after three criminal abortions were performed secretly with the aim of covering up the story. Charges were raised against the director of the centre and an employee from the nursing staff. Proceedings are still ongoing. We discuss some details from the forensic investigation and consider several systemic weaknesses that have exposed this vulnerable target group to the risk of being severely and repetitively abused. We believe greater staff awareness, and a better medical and legal framework, are indispensable to deter further offences especially where facilities are under-resourced as here.

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Hodges, Nicola J., Sheri J. Cunningham, James Lyons, Tracey L. Kerr y Digby Elliott. "Visual Feedback Processing and Goal-Directed Movement in Adults with Down Syndrome". Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 12, n.º 2 (abril de 1995): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.12.2.176.

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Frith and Frith (1974) suggested that adults with Down syndrome have difficulty planning goal-directed movements and therefore are more reliant on feedback than other mentally disabled people. The purpose of the study was to examine this hypothesis directly through the manipulation of visual feedback. Twelve adults with Down syndrome, 12 mentally disabled adults without Down syndrome, and 12 nondisabled adults performed simple aiming movements to targets of three different diameters. While the target was always visible, on half the trial blocks vision of the movement was occluded upon response initiation. Subjects with Down syndrome exhibited longer movement times than other subjects, regardless of vision condition. In terms of target-aiming consistency, subjects with Down syndrome were actually less affected by the elimination of visual feedback than subjects in the other mentally disabled group. While adults with mental disabilities appear to be more reliant on visual feedback for the control of goal-directed movement, this dependence is not a specific characteristic of Down syndrome.

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Cepeda, María Elena. "Thrice Unseen, Forever on Borrowed Time". South Atlantic Quarterly 120, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2021): 301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-8916046.

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Designed to amplify and archive narratives frequently erased in official accounts of faculty life, this article centers a Latina feminist testimonio approach in its personal examination of mentally disabled faculty members and crip time, or the unique temporalities experienced by disabled individuals and the temporal strategies that they purposefully deploy. The analysis specifically focuses on mentally disabled faculty who are multiply marginalized, or those who often go “thrice unseen” within neoliberal US academia. It is framed throughout by a series of personal observations regarding the singular characteristics of crip time as it is lived by the author, herself a mentally disabled faculty member. Building on the scholarship of disability, queer, and ethnic studies scholars, it explores fraught concepts such as the pressure to pass for neurotypical, societal expectations regarding marriage and reproduction, academic collegiality, and the politics of workplace disclosure. The article closes with a consideration of crip time as pandemic time, as it ponders the distinct parallels between temporal existence during a pandemic and a life always lived through crip time, as well as the potential for reimaging time in a post-COVID world.

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Kurniawan, Emil. "PENGARUH PROGRAM BINA DIRI TERHADAP KEMANDIRIAN ANAK TUNAGRAHITA". Psympathic : Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi 5, n.º 2 (27 de febrero de 2018): 616–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/psy.v5i2.2156.

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This research aims to know the effectiveness of self-improvement application toward autonomy of mentally disabled children (medium category) at school of special needs students (SLB) Abc Argasari Yayasan Lestari Tasikmalaya. Quasi-experiment using single subject research design and multiple baseline design is used. Collecting data used observation with Rating Scale instrument and interview. Result shows that there is an increasing score in treatment phases. It ca be concluded that self-improvement program effect the autonomy of mentally disabled children at School of special needs students (SLB) Abc Argasari Yayasan Lestari Tasikmalaya.

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Mošová, Daniela. "DENTAL HYGIENE IN MENTALLY DISABLED PATIENTS". Ošetřovatelské perspektivy 5, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 2022): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25142/osp.2022.007.

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Green, Steven M., Steven G. Rothrock, Rodney Hestdalen, Matthew Ho y Elizabeth L. Lynch. "Ketamine Sedation in Mentally Disabled Adults". Academic Emergency Medicine 6, n.º 1 (enero de 1999): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.1999.tb00102.x.

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Kim, Mi-Young y Seong-Sook Jun. "Employers Attitude for Mentally Disabled People". Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing 20, n.º 1 (31 de mayo de 2011): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5807/kjohn.2011.20.1.046.

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Mascio, Anna Di y Pier Giorgio Crosetto. "Work Reintegration of the Mentally Disabled". International Journal of Mental Health 23, n.º 1 (marzo de 1994): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207411.1994.11449277.

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Wadman, Meredith. "Mentally disabled research subjects ‘need protection’". Nature 389, n.º 6652 (octubre de 1997): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/39407.

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Kosenko, V., L. Smolenko, O. Pevsner y I. Paschenko. "Reproductive Features of Mentally Disabled People". European Psychiatry 12, S2 (1997): 228s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(97)80721-3.

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O’Sullivan, Anne y Michael Brody. "Discharge Planning for the Mentally Disabled". QRB - Quality Review Bulletin 12, n.º 2 (febrero de 1986): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0097-5990(16)30010-0.

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장정연. "Spinoza's Affect and the Mentally Disabled". PHILOSOPHY·THOUGHT·CULTURE ll, n.º 26 (enero de 2018): 178–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.33639/ptc.2018..26.008.

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42

Daly, Rich. "Mentally Disabled Children Getting Inadequate Care". Psychiatric News 40, n.º 24 (16 de diciembre de 2005): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.40.24.0011.

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Lunsky, Louis L. "The Mentally Disabled and the Law". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 257, n.º 2 (9 de enero de 1987): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1987.03390020120047.

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Nurfitriani, Rahmah y Muhammad Almi Hidayat. "Strategi Pengelolaan Siswa ABK Jenis Tunagrahita di Kelas Inklusi". At-Thullab : Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah 4, n.º 2 (30 de septiembre de 2020): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30736/atl.v4i2.193.

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The application of inclusive education in Indonesia is a way for the government to continue to provide educational services to the community openly and non-discriminatively, both for typical children and children with special needs, one of which is mentally disabled children. This study aims to understand about 1) Characteristics of Tunagrahita Students in the Junrejo 01 SDN inclusion class and 2) Tunagrahita Student Management Strategies in the Junrejo 01 SDN inclusion class in Batu. This research method is a qualitative approach, the type of case study located at SDN Junrejo 01 Kota Batu for ABK students with mental disabilities class II inclusion in the 2019 school year. This study indicates that the mentally disabled students have IQ characteristics below between 70 -80, have the same physical condition as an average child, have high imagination despite weak language skills, and have low self-confidence. From the motor aspect, the mentally retired student can perform psychomotor activities like other students. The mental retardation student management strategies are 1) Applying cooperative learning models, 2) Learning with the Peer Teaching method, 3) Giving the same task in study groups, 4) Assigning homework specifically for mentally disabled people, 5) Using educational games in learning, 6) Giving Rewards for Group and Personal Achievement 7) Environmental Therapy to Train the Solidarity of Retarded Students, 8) Teachers Establish Cooperative Relations with Parents of Tunagrahita students.

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Szmirnova, Ilona, György Szmirnov, Fanni Rencz, Ákos Szabó, Bálint Trimmel, Zsolt Németh y György Szabó. "Értelmi sérültek fogászati állapotának felmérése". Orvosi Hetilap 162, n.º 42 (17 de octubre de 2021): 1698–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2021.32215.

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Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: Magyarországon 100 000 olyan értelmi sérült él, akik speciális ellátásra szorulnak. Előzőleg beszámoltunk az akut fogászati ellátás eredményeiről és problémáiról. Ahhoz azonban, hogy a teljes fogászati rehabilitáció felé lépéseket lehessen tenni, ismerni kell az ilyen betegek fogászati állapotát. Célkitűzés: Statisztikailag releváns, nagyobb beteganyagon felmérni az értelmi sérült betegek fogászati állapotát, összehasonlítva mind az orvosi rehabilitációs kezelésben részesülő betegek (főleg testi fogyatékosok), mind az általános populáció adataival. Módszer: A fogászati állapot felmérésére két betegcsoport állt rendelkezésünkre. Összesen 325 beteg statusát rögzítettük. A vizsgáltakat 3 csoportba osztottuk: enyhe (36), közepes (247) és súlyos (42) értelmi sérültek. Az értelmi sérült betegek fogászati állapotát DMF-T-indexszel mértük, és összehasonlítottuk az orvosi rehabilitációs kezelésben részesülő betegek és az általános populáció adataival is. Eredmények: A 325 szellemi sérült össz-DMF-T-indexének átlaga ± szórás: 11,04 ± 7,35; a carieses fogak számának átlaga: D = 3,66 ± 4,61; a hiányzó fogak számának átlaga: M = 5,22 ± 5,74. A fogmegtartó kezelés minimális volt: átlag F = 2,16 ± 3,12. Azoknak az értelmi sérülteknek, akik intézetben élnek, rosszabb a fogazati állapotuk, mint azoknak, akik családban vannak. Következtetések: Az eredményekből látszik, hogy az értelmi sérültek fogai elhanyagoltabbak, mint a normálpopuláció esetében. A DMF-T-index önmagában nem tükrözi ezeket a magállapításokat, csak akkor, ha szétbontva vizsgáljuk az adatokat. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(42): 1698–1702. Summary. Introduction: There are 100,000 mentally disabled individuals in Hungary requiring special care. Previously, we reported the results and problems of acute dental care. However, in order to take the appropriate measures toward holistic dental rehabilitation, clarity regarding the condition of those mentally disabled individuals is necessary. Objective: To measure the dental health of mentally disabled individuals based on a large sample of patients, to compare the results with both differently-abled (i.e., primarily physically disabled) individuals and the general population. Methods: There were two available patient cohorts for the measurement of dental health. With the two cohorts combined, we recorded data about 325 patients. We split the patients into three groups: mild (36), medium (247), and severe (42) mental disability. We used DMF-T index to measure dental health status, and compared the results with those of physically disabled and the general population. Results: The mean ± deviation of DMF-T index of the disabled patients was 11.04 ± 7.35; the mean of decayed teeth: D = 3.66 ± 4.61; the missing teeth: M = 5.22 ± 5.74; the filled teeth: F = 2.16 ± 3.12. Mentally disabled patients living in institutions showed worse dental health than those living with families. Conclusions: The results show that the teeth of mentally disabled patients are more neglected than those of the general population. The DMF-T index does not mirror these conclusions unless we examine each data set separately. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(42): 1698–1702.

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Jawed, Rubab, Zohaib Khan, Maryam Younus, Khadijah Abid, Momina Saleem y Zeeshan Kibria. "ASSOCIATION OF DENTAL CARIES AND ORAL HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE (OHRQOL) IN DISABLED CHILDREN". PAFMJ 71, n.º 4 (25 de agosto de 2021): 1198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v71i4.3842.

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Objective: To assess the association of dental caries and oral health related quality of life in mentally or physical disabled children studying in schools of Karachi. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Public and private sector special needs schools of Karachi, from Sep to Nov 2017. Methodology: This study was conducted on 196 disabled children (mental/physical) in Karachi Pakistan. Children aged 6-18 years and having a disability was included in the study. We calculated the prevalence of dental caries through an examination of the oral cavity using the Decayed, missing and filled teeth index. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 20. Results: Dental caries was found in 114 (58.2%). “Oral symptoms” score was (4.46 ± 0.85 vs. 4.95 ± 0.79; p<0.001), “functional limitation” (4.12 ± 1.0 vs. 4.63 ± 0.82; p<0.001), “emotional wellbeing” (4.40 ± 0.92 vs. 4.97 ± 0.70; p<0.001) and “parental distress and family function” (3.65 ± 0.97 vs. 4.03 ± 0.96; p<0.001) in children with and without dental caries respectively. All the oral health related quality of life score domains showed statistically significant association between mentally and physical disabled children with and without dental caries. Conclusion: All the oral health related quality of life related domains had a significant negative impact on the quality of life in mentally and physical disabled children

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Kozakova, Zdenka. "THE LIFE QUALITY OF FAMILIES WITH A MEMBER WITH A MENTAL DISABILITY". SOCIETY, INTEGRATION, EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 3 (24 de julio de 2015): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2014vol3.704.

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<span lang="EN-GB">This paper focuses on the quality of life of a family taking care of a mentally disabled member. In order to be able to provide families taking care of a disabled member with high-quality special-education care and support, it is at first necessary to learn about their needs in as complex a way as possible. This paper presents a selected summary of the results of a survey carried out by means of a questionnaire and a standardized questionnaire SEIQoL, in order to compare the quality of life of parents taking care of a mentally disabled child/children and the quality of life of parents taking care of a child/children without mental disability, and thus to ascertain those areas that would be desirable for further focus in the future.</span>

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Meidawati, Natasya D. P, Erika Marsi,. "FORMULASI PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA BAGI ANAK TUNAGRAHITA". SCAFFOLDING: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam dan Multikulturalisme 1, n.º 2 (3 de septiembre de 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37680/scaffolding.v1i2.113.

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This study aims to determine the learning formulation that is suitable for students with mental disabilities. This type of research is qualitative research. Data analysis uses the process of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Planning mathematics learning for mentally disabled children at BC SLB Hamong Putro uses the 2013 curriculum implementation plan (RPP). The learning process of mathematics for mentally disabled children contains several aspects, namely the material taught is material learning that is concrete to material that is abstract, then positive giving reinforcement so that students are enthusiastic in learning, besides learning programs that are given to students individually, after that the learning evaluation process is carried out to find out the ability of students, then the material conveyed must be material that supports the achievement of set goals, and the material conveyed must be material that is useful for everyday life. The evaluation and follow-up steps that must be done are the preparation of an Individual Learning Program (PPI) and follow-up activities after conducting an evaluation in the form of special guidance carried out by teachers for mentally disabled students.

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Herrick, Susan. "Reviews in Medical Ethics". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 34, n.º 3 (2006): 629–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2006.00078.x.

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The Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law (the Center), founded as the Mental Health Law Project by a group of attorneys and mental health professionals, has been a major advocacy force promoting the civil rights of persons with mental disabilities since the 1972 New York Willowbrook litigation.Named for D. C. Circuit Court of Appeals Judge David L. Bazelon, whose opinions first articulated the principles that the mentally disabled have a right to treatment in the least restrictive alternative setting, the Center has actively pursued greater rights for the mentally disabled in housing, education, and federal entitlements such as Medicaid, as well as in treatment-related issues.

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Rizzo, Terry L. y Walter P. Vispoel. "Physical Educators’ Attributes and Attitudes Toward Teaching Students with Handicaps". Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 8, n.º 1 (enero de 1991): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.8.1.4.

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This study examined the relationship between selected attributes of physical educators (N=94) and their attitudes toward teaching students labeled educable mentally retarded, behaviorally disordered, and learning disabled. Data were collected through the administration of the Physical Educators’ Attitude Toward Teaching the Handicapped–II (PEATH–II) instrument. A forward stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that, of the eight selected teacher variables assessed, physical educators’ perceived competence in teaching students with handicaps was the best predictor of attitudes. A repeated-measures ANOVA and subsequent post hoc comparison tests indicated that learning disabled students were viewed more favorably than educable mentally retarded and behaviorally disordered students.

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