Artículos de revistas: "Membranes (Technology)"

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Abu-Zurayk, Rund, Nour Alnairat, Aya Khalaf, Abed Alqader Ibrahim y Ghada Halaweh. "Cellulose Acetate Membranes: Fouling Types and Antifouling Strategies—A Brief Review". Processes 11, n.º 2 (6 de febrero de 2023): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11020489.

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Cellulose acetate (CA) is a semisynthetic, biodegradable polymer. Due to its characteristics, CA has several applications, including water membranes, filament-forming matrices, biomedical nanocomposites, household tools, and photographic films. This review deals with topics related to the CA membranes, which are prepared using different techniques, such as the phase inversion technique. CA membranes are considered very important since they can be used as microfiltration membranes (MF), ultrafiltration membranes (UF), nanofiltration membranes (NF), reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, and forward osmosis (FO) membranes. Membrane fouling results from the accumulation of materials that the membrane rejects on the surface or in the membrane’s pores, lowering the membrane’s flux and rejection rates. There are various forms of CA membrane fouling, for instance, organic, inorganic, particulate fouling, and biofouling. In this review, strategies used for CA membrane antifouling are discussed and summarized into four main techniques: feed solution pretreatment, cleaning of the membrane surface, membrane surface modification, which can be applied using either nanoparticles, polymer reactions, surface grafting, or surface topography, and surface coating.

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Chen, Kaikai, Haoyang Ling, Hailiang Liu, Wei Zhao y Changfa Xiao. "Design of Robust FEP Porous Ultrafiltration Membranes by Electrospinning-Sintered Technology". Polymers 14, n.º 18 (11 de septiembre de 2022): 3802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14183802.

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Perfluoropolymer membranes are widely used because of their good environmental adaptability. Herein, the ultrafine fibrous FEP porous membranes were fabricated with electrospinning-sintered technology. The effects of PVA content and sintering temperature on the fabricated membranes’ morphologies and properties were investigated. The results indicate that a kind of dimensionally stable network structure was formed in the obtained ultrafine fibrous FEP porous membranes after sintering the nascent ultrafine fibrous FEP/PVA membranes. The optimal sintering conditions were obtained by comparing the membranes’ performance in terms of membrane morphology, hydrophobicity, mechanical strength, and porosity. When the sintering temperature was 300 °C for 10 min, the porosity, water contact angle, and liquid entry pressure of the membrane were 62.7%, 124.2° ± 2.1°, and 0.18 MPa, respectively. Moreover, the ultrafine fibrous FEP porous membrane at the optimal sintering conditions was tested in vacuum membrane distillation with a permeate flux of 15.1 L·m−2·h−1 and a salt rejection of 97.99%. Consequently, the ultrafine fibrous FEP porous membrane might be applied in the seawater desalination field.

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Norfarhana, A. S., R. A. Ilyas, N. Ngadi, Shubham Sharma, Mohamed Mahmoud Sayed, A. S. El-Shafay y A. H. Nordin. "Natural Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic ENR/PVC Composites as Potential Membrane Technology in Industrial Wastewater Treatment: A Review". Polymers 14, n.º 12 (15 de junio de 2022): 2432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14122432.

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Membrane separation processes are prevalent in industrial wastewater treatment because they are more effective than conventional methods at addressing global water issues. Consequently, the ideal membranes with high mechanical strength, thermal characteristics, flux, permeability, porosity, and solute removal capacity must be prepared to aid in the separation process for wastewater treatment. Rubber-based membranes have shown the potential for high mechanical properties in water separation processes to date. In addition, the excellent sustainable practice of natural fibers has attracted great attention from industrial players and researchers for the exploitation of polymer composite membranes to improve the balance between the environment and social and economic concerns. The incorporation of natural fiber in thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) as filler and pore former agent enhances the mechanical properties, and high separation efficiency characteristics of membrane composites are discussed. Furthermore, recent advancements in the fabrication technique of porous membranes affected the membrane’s structure, and the performance of wastewater treatment applications is reviewed.

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Al-Naemi, Amer Naji, Mohammed Amer Abdul-Majeed, Mustafa H. Al-Furaiji y Inmar N. Ghazi. "Fabrication and Characterization of Nanofibers Membranes using Electrospinning Technology for Oil Removal". Baghdad Science Journal 18, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2021): 1338. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.4.1338.

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Oily wastewater is one of the most challenging streams to deal with especially if the oil exists in emulsified form. In this study, electrospinning method was used to prepare nanofiberous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes and study their performance in oil removal. Graphene particles were embedded in the electrospun PVDF membrane to enhance the efficiency of the membranes. The prepared membranes were characterized using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to verify the graphene stabilization on the surface of the membrane homogeneously; while FTIR was used to detect the functional groups on the membrane surface. The membrane wettability was assessed by measuring the contact angle. The PVDF and PVDF / Graphene membranes efficiency was tested in separation of emulsified oil from aqueous solutions. The results showed that PVDF-Graphene nanofiber membrane exhibited better performance than the plain PVDF nanofiber membrane with average water flux of 210 and 180 L.m-2.h-1, respectively. Both membranes showed high oil rejection with more than 98%.

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Ji, Keyu, Chengkun Liu, Haijun He, Xue Mao, Liang Wei, Hao Wang, Mengdi Zhang, Yutong Shen, Runjun Sun y Fenglei Zhou. "Research Progress of Water Treatment Technology Based on Nanofiber Membranes". Polymers 15, n.º 3 (31 de enero de 2023): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15030741.

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In the field of water purification, membrane separation technology plays a significant role. Electrospinning has emerged as a primary method to produce nanofiber membranes due to its straightforward, low cost, functional diversity, and process controllability. It is possible to flexibly control the structural characteristics of electrospun nanofiber membranes as well as carry out various membrane material combinations to make full use of their various properties, including high porosity, high selectivity, and microporous permeability to obtain high-performance water treatment membranes. These water separation membranes can satisfy the fast and efficient purification requirements in different water purification applications due to their high filtration efficiency. The current research on water treatment membranes is still focused on creating high-permeability membranes with outstanding selectivity, remarkable antifouling performance, superior physical and chemical performance, and long-term stability. This paper reviewed the preparation methods and properties of electrospun nanofiber membranes for water treatment in various fields, including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, and other special applications. Lastly, various antifouling technologies and research progress of water treatment membranes were discussed, and the future development direction of electrospun nanofiber membranes for water treatment was also presented.

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Galiano, Francesco, Roberto Castro-Muñoz, Raffaella Mancuso, Bartolo Gabriele y Alberto Figoli. "Membrane Technology in Catalytic Carbonylation Reactions". Catalysts 9, n.º 7 (19 de julio de 2019): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9070614.

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In this review, the recent achievements on the use of membrane technologies in catalytic carbonylation reactions are described. The review starts with a general introduction on the use and function of membranes in assisting catalytic chemical reactions with a particular emphasis on the most widespread applications including esterification, oxidation and hydrogenation reactions. An independent paragraph will be then devoted to the state of the art of membranes in carbonylation reactions for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC). Finally, the application of a specific membrane process, such as pervaporation, for the separation/purification of products deriving from carbonylation reactions will be presented.

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Rajendran, Raj G. "Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Technology for Fuel Cells". MRS Bulletin 30, n.º 8 (agosto de 2005): 587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2005.165.

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AbstractThe concept of using an ion-exchange membrane as an electrolyte separator for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells was first reported by General Electric in 1955. However, a real breakthrough in PEM fuel cell technology occurred in the mid-1960s after DuPont introduced Nafion®, a perfluorosulfonic acid membrane. Due to their inherent chemical, thermal, and oxidative stability, perfluorosulfonic acid membranes displaced unstable polystyrene sulfonic acid membranes.Today, Nafion® and other related perfluorosulfonic acid membranes are considered to be the state of the art for PEM fuel cell technology. Although perfluorosulfonic acid membrane structures are preferred today, structural improvements are still needed to accommodate the increasing demands of fuel cell systems for specific applications. Higher performance, lower cost, greater durability, better water management, the ability to perform at higher temperatures, and flexibility in operating with a wide range of fuels are some of the challenges that need to be overcome before widespread commercial adoption of the technology can be realized. The present article will highlight the membrane properties relevant to PEM fuel cell systems, the development history of perfluorosulfonic acid membranes, and the current status of R&D activities in PEM technology.

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Akbari, Ahmad, Vahid Reza Abbaspour y Seyed Majid Mojallali Rostami. "Tabas coal preparation plant wastewater treatment with membrane technology". Water Science and Technology 74, n.º 2 (22 de abril de 2016): 333–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.192.

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The goal of the present work is the Tabas coal preparation plant wastewater treatment using membrane technology. Polyacrylonitrile membrane was prepared through phase inversion method and then developed by annealing process. Also, high fouling resistance membranes were prepared by the embedding of TiO2 nanoparticles using self-assembling and blending methods. The effect of immersion time and TiO2 nanoparticles concentration was investigated using two techniques. The chemical structure, morphology, hydrophilicity, molecular weight cut-off and antifouling properties of membranes were characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, contact angle, polyethylene glycol tracers, and cationic polyacrylamide (C-PAM) filtration, respectively. The optimized self-assembled membrane was shown to have more than 31.2% higher water flux with the best antifouling properties. Improving hydrophilicity leads to excellent antifouling properties for composite membranes and illustrates a promising method for fabrication of high performance membrane for C-PAM separation.

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Boyraz, Evren, Fatma Yalcinkaya, Jakub Hruza y Jiri Maryska. "Surface-Modified Nanofibrous PVDF Membranes for Liquid Separation Technology". Materials 12, n.º 17 (23 de agosto de 2019): 2702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12172702.

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Preparing easily scaled up, cost-effective, and recyclable membranes for separation technology is challenging. In the present study, a unique and new type of modified polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibrous membrane was prepared for the separation of oil–water emulsions. Surface modification was done in two steps. In the first step, dehydrofluorination of PVDF membranes was done using an alkaline solution. After the first step, oil removal and permeability of the membranes were dramatically improved. In the second step, TiO2 nanoparticles were grafted onto the surface of the membranes. After adding TiO2 nanoparticles, membranes exhibited outstanding anti-fouling and self-cleaning performance. The as-prepared membranes can be of great use in new green separation technology and have great potential to deal with the separation of oil–water emulsions in the near future.

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Tholen, Jan, Bas Brand y Eric van Schaick. "Membrane technology: Recovery of waste and water with membranes". Filtration & Separation 46, n.º 2 (marzo de 2009): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(09)70035-7.

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Sanmartino, J. A., M. Khayet y M. C. García-Payo. "Reuse of discarded membrane distillation membranes in microfiltration technology". Journal of Membrane Science 539 (octubre de 2017): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2017.06.003.

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12

Cadotte, J. "Nanofiltration membranes broaden the use of membrane separation technology". Desalination 70, n.º 1 (1988): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(88)85006-9.

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Cadotte, J., R. Forester, M. Kim, R. Petersen y T. Stocker. "Nanofiltration membranes broaden the use of membrane separation technology". Desalination 70, n.º 1-3 (noviembre de 1988): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(88)85045-8.

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Rokhati, Nur, Titik Istirokhatun, Nur ‘Aini Hamada y Dwi Titik Apriyanti. "Membrane Technology Application for Fractionation Process to Obtain High Quality Glucosamine". Reaktor 20, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2020): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.20.2.103-108.

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Glucosamine, monosaccharide from chitosan obtained from the chitin deacetylation process, has been used widely in various fields such as nutrition, pharmacy, and cosmetics. Glucosamine can be obtained from the hydrolysis of chitosan. Enzymatic hydrolysis provides the advantage of mild reaction conditions, environmentally friendly, and high yield. But until now, the separation of glucosamine from the chitosan hydrolysis fraction has been an obstacle. Ultrafiltration membranes offer an efficient filtration process because they do not require additional chemicals. The performance of ultrafiltration membranes was analyzed from the fractionation process of chitosan hydrolysis. The PES membranes in 10, 25, and 50 kDa were used to filter hydrolyzed Low Molecular Weight Chitosan (LMWC) in varied concentrations. The experiment was carried out in crossflow membrane module for flat sheet at room temperature in 1 bar. The permeate flux during filtration decreased rapidly at the initial and gradually over time because of fouling and concentration polarization. The more concentrated hydrolyzed LMWC solution resulted higher percentage of rejection up to almost 20% at the same membrane MWCO while higher MWCO resulted lower rejection percentage for the same hydrolyzed LMWC concentration. The FTIR spectrum of the used membranes of all types had absorption bands of glucosamine which proved that the fractionation process occurred. The time retention in HPLC chromatograms of glucosamine produced were similar with standard glucosamine. Thus, ultrafiltration could be applied for hydrolyzed LMWC fractionation process.Keywords: fractionation; glucosamine; LMWC; MWCO; ultrafiltration

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Olbrechts, Benoit, Bertrand Rue, Thomas Pardoen, Denis Flandre y Jean Pierre Raskin. "Routes towards Novel Active Pressure Sensors in SOI Technology". Advanced Materials Research 276 (julio de 2011): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.276.145.

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In this paper, novel pressure sensors approach is proposed and described. Active devices and oscillating circuits are directly integrated on very thin dielectric membranes as pressure transducers. Involved patterning of the membrane is supposed to cause a drop of mechanical robustness. Finite elements simulations are performed in order to better understand stress/strain distribution and as an attempt to explain the early burst of patterned membranes. Smart circuit designs are reported as solutions with high sensitivity and reduced footprint on membranes.

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Mohshim, Dzeti Farhah, Hilmi bin Mukhtar, Zakaria Man y Rizwan Nasir. "Latest Development on Membrane Fabrication for Natural Gas Purification: A Review". Journal of Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/101746.

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In the last few decades, membrane technology has been a great attention for gas separation technology especially for natural gas sweetening. The intrinsic character of membranes makes them fit for process escalation, and this versatility could be the significant factor to induce membrane technology in most gas separation areas. Membranes were synthesized with various materials which depended on the applications. The fabrication of polymeric membrane was one of the fastest growing fields of membrane technology. However, polymeric membranes could not meet the separation performances required especially in high operating pressure due to deficiencies problem. The chemistry and structure of support materials like inorganic membranes were also one of the focus areas when inorganic membranes showed some positive results towards gas separation. However, the materials are somewhat lacking to meet the separation performance requirement. Mixed matrix membrane (MMM) which is comprising polymeric and inorganic membranes presents an interesting approach for enhancing the separation performance. Nevertheless, MMM is yet to be commercialized as the material combinations are still in the research stage. This paper highlights the potential promising areas of research in gas separation by taking into account the material selections and the addition of a third component for conventional MMM.

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Pandey, Gaurav y Abhishek Gupta. "Biological Waste Gas Treatment using Membrane Based Technology". International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 4, n.º 1 (2016): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.411610.

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This article presents a literature review on developments of membrane reactors for biological waste gas treatment as well as examples of applications to different compounds. The use of membranes combines selective separation of compounds from a waste gas stream followed by biological removal. Gas transport phenomena and different types of membranes used in biological waste gas treatment are discussed. So far, membrane-based biological waste gas treatment has only been tested on laboratory scale. If the long-term stability of these reactors can be demonstrated, membrane bioreactor technology can be useful in the treatment of gas streams containing poorly water-soluble pollutants and highly chlorinated hydrocarbons, which are difficult to treat with conventional methods for biological waste gas treatment.

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PONSANO, E. H. G., H. A. PIRES, D. L. OLIVEIRA y A. F. GARCIA. "MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF FISH INDUSTRY EFFLUENT". Periódico Tchê Química 15, n.º 30 (20 de agosto de 2018): 504–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v15.n30.2018.508_periodico30_pgs_504_512.pdf.

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Membrane filtration emerges as an alternative for the treatment of fish processing effluent. The aim of this work was to verify the ability of membrane filtration on reducing the pollutant load of tilapia processing effluent. The filtrations were performed with 150, 30 and 10 kDa membranes. The physicochemical parameters of the effluent in natura and the permeates were compared among themselves and with the standards for launching foreseen in the Brazilian legislation to evaluate the possibility of direct disposal in water bodies. The three membranes had the same potential to remove total solids, nitrogen and nitrite from the effluent. Membranes 30 and 10 kDa caused similar effects on the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand and proteins. Oils and greases, pH and fixed solids did not change with the filtrations. All the membranes were effective in reducing the color of the effluent. The effluent in natura was already in agreement with the standards for discharge regarding to temperature, pH, total nitrogen and nitrite, and the use of the membranes allowed it to meet the standards for floating materials. The color and the content of oils and grease in permeates were above the levels allowed for the discharge in freshwater, so suggesting the use of an additional operation to comply with the legislation.

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Kommineni, S. N., J. Bryck, C. Stringer, C. Stevens, N. Meyers, B. Karnik, R. Hoffman y L. Sullivan. "Evaluation of an emerging water treatment technology: ceramic membranes". Water Supply 10, n.º 5 (1 de diciembre de 2010): 765–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.175.

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Historically, low-pressure membranes (microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF)) used in potable water treatment are made of polymers (polysulfone (PS), polypropylene (PP), polyethersulfone (PES), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) etc). Recently, membranes made of ceramic materials (aluminium oxide) have been developed by MetaWater (Japan), Kubota (Japan) and others and is being marketed in the United States (US) by Krüger, Inc. (Cary, NC). Ceramic membranes offer several potential advantages over polymeric membranes, including higher mechanical robustness and ability to handle higher loading of particulates, higher resistance to oxidants and membrane cleaning chemicals, higher membrane integrity, longer service life and compact footprint. The authors conducted collaborative evaluations of this emerging technology at two different places; (i) Elm Fork Water Treatment Plant (WTP) of Dallas Water Utilities (DWU), Dallas, Texas, USA and (ii) Graham Mesa WTP, City of Rifle, Rifle, Colorado, USA. The evaluations included pilot testing of ceramic membranes in direct filtration mode (i.e. without clarification) and with coagulant addition. The water streams that were pilot tested at Elm Fork WTP included Trinity River water, spent filter backwash wastewater and lagoon recycle water (spent filter backwash water combined with clarifier blow down water). The City of Rifle pilot testing was conducted on Colorado River water. This paper presents the key results of these two pilot studies. Results of pilot testing were used to define the potential membrane flux, backwash protocols (interval and duration), chemical enhanced backwash (CEB) and clean-in-place (CIP) protocols. Pilot test results and engineering judgment were used for developing concept-level sizing and outlining parameters for future evaluation. This paper will discuss the key technical and economic considerations of the emerging treatment technology and its potential applications for potable water treatment. This paper will be of interest to water providers that are considering alternatives to treat challenging source waters (waters with high particulates and under heavy microbial influence), build new compact water treatment plants, increase plant capacity through membrane retrofits and treat recycle streams at existing WTPs.

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Yanar, Numan, Moon Son, Hosik Park y Heechul Choi. "Toward greener membranes with 3D printing technology". Environmental Engineering Research 26, n.º 2 (23 de abril de 2020): 200027–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2020.027.

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3D printing has recently influenced membrane science. As a green alternative to current membrane fabrication methods, 3D printing prevents the mixing of highly toxic chemicals into water through its sustainable production. Furthermore, the risk of exposure to these toxic materials and of mechanical accidents during the fabrication is also attenuated. This type of in-situ fabrication eliminates logistic-based problems caused by transportation and packaging. Eliminating packaging and reducing transportation and precision-based waste also reduces CO2 emissions. The advantages of 3D-printed membranes are correlated with each other and promote a greener environment. In this article, we collect their contributions under the sub-titles of sustainability, risk reduction, cost-effectiveness, precision and mobility.

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Drioli, Enrico. "Gas Separation Membranes: A Potential Dominant Technology". MEMBRANE 31, n.º 2 (2006): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.31.95.

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Sari, Syifa Aulia Permata, Lesta Lesta, Syarmila Syarmila, Yunilita Hanum, Zulfa Mawaddah, Jurian Jurian y Nurhadini Nurhadini. "Extra A Review of Nanofiltration Membrane Technology To Treat Water Problems". Stannum : Jurnal Sains dan Terapan Kimia 4, n.º 2 (31 de octubre de 2022): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/jstk.v4i2.2936.

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One of the most widely used membranes is the nanofiltration membrane, this membrane is formed from various nanomaterials, such as metal nanoparticles and metal oxides, carbon-based nanoparticles, metal organic frameworks, and micro or organic nanoparticles. Membrane separation processes are used to concentrate or fractionate liquids to produce two liquids with different compositions. This makes the nanofiltration process an alternative compared to conventional processes. The potential of nanofiltration membranes can be used in textile industry wastewater treatment, tofu liquid waste, tofu liquid waste treatment, batik wastewater testing, and groundwater management as drinking water. In addition, nanofiltration membrane technology can be used as a separator for a substance in the air, such as removal of cypermethrin, arsenic cream, concentration of lactic acid bacteria as a tasty probiotic, removal of carbosulfan, Zr-Hf separation, and can see the characterization and performance evaluation of the antifouling properties of membranes. . Based on the process, the performance of a membrane is determined by two simple factors, namely flux (permeate flow rate) and membrane selectivity.

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Lejarazu-Larrañaga, Amaia, Junkal Landaburu-Aguirre, Jorge Senán-Salinas, Juan Manuel Ortiz y Serena Molina. "Thin Film Composite Polyamide Reverse Osmosis Membrane Technology towards a Circular Economy". Membranes 12, n.º 9 (7 de septiembre de 2022): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12090864.

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It is estimated that Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination will produce, by 2025, more than 2,000,000 end-of-life membranes annually worldwide. This review examines the implementation of circular economy principles in RO technology through a comprehensive analysis of the RO membrane life cycle (manufacturing, usage, and end-of-life management). Future RO design should incorporate a biobased composition (biopolymers, recycled materials, and green solvents), improve the durability of the membranes (fouling and chlorine resistance), and facilitate the recyclability of the modules. Moreover, proper membrane maintenance at the usage phase, attained through the implementation of feed pre-treatment, early fouling detection, and membrane cleaning methods can help extend the service time of RO elements. Currently, end-of-life membranes are dumped in landfills, which is contrary to the waste hierarchy. This review analyses up to now developed alternative valorisation routes of end-of-life RO membranes, including reuse, direct and indirect recycling, and energy recovery, placing a special focus on emerging indirect recycling strategies. Lastly, Life Cycle Assessment is presented as a holistic methodology to evaluate the environmental and economic burdens of membrane recycling strategies. According to the European Commission’s objectives set through the Green Deal, future perspectives indicate that end-of-life membrane valorisation strategies will keep gaining increasing interest in the upcoming years.

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Ramalho, Maria João, Stéphanie Andrade, Joana Angélica Loureiro y Maria Carmo Pereira. "Interaction of Bortezomib with Cell Membranes Regulates Its Toxicity and Resistance to Therapy". Membranes 12, n.º 9 (23 de agosto de 2022): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12090823.

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Bortezomib (BTZ) is a potent proteasome inhibitor currently being used to treat multiple myeloma. However, its high toxicity and resistance to therapy severely limit the treatment outcomes. Drug–membrane interactions have a crucial role in drugs’ behavior in vivo, affecting their bioavailability and pharmacological activity. Additionally, drugs’ toxicity often occurs due to their effects on the cell membranes. Therefore, studying BTZ’s interactions with cell membranes may explain the limitations of its therapy. Due to the cell membranes’ complexity, lipid vesicles were proposed here as biomembrane models, focusing on the membrane’s main constituents. Two models with distinct composition and complexity were used, one composed of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) and the other containing DMPC, cholesterol (Chol), and sphingomyelin (SM). BTZ’s interactions with the models were evaluated regarding the drugs’ lipophilicity, preferential location, and effects on the membrane’s physical state. The studies were conducted at different pH values (7.4 and 6.5) to mimic the normal blood circulation and the intestinal environment, respectively. BTZ revealed a high affinity for the membranes, which proved to be dependent on the drug-ionization state and the membrane complexity. Furthermore, BTZ’s interactions with the cell membranes was proven to induce changes in the membrane fluidity. This may be associated with its resistance to therapy, since the activity of efflux transmembrane proteins is dependent on the membrane’s fluidity.

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Akhmadiev, G. M. "Additive technology for filter membranes". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 570 (15 de agosto de 2019): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/570/1/012003.

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Mueller, Uwe, Gerhard Biwer y Guenther Baldauf. "Ceramic membranes for water treatment". Water Supply 10, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 2010): 987–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.536.

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Ceramic membranes, different in pore size and membrane material, were applied to remove particulate and dissolved matter from different spent filter backwash water types as well as from dam water. The study was conducted in pilot scale under conditions typical for waterworks at a dam water treatment plant. A comparison of different ceramic membranes implied that total membrane resistance was more influenced by feed water type and by operation than by membrane type for the waters tested. Nevertheless, ceramic membranes seem to accumulate during operation less organic foulants especially polysaccharides compared to organic membranes leading to lower total membrane resistances for ceramic membranes during filtration process. Ceramic membranes may be considered to be applicable to treat spent filter backwash water as well as source water in public water supply.

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Imtiaz, Aniqa, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Asim Jilani, Imran Ullah Khan, Roziana Kamaludin, Javed Iqbal y Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi. "Challenges, Opportunities and Future Directions of Membrane Technology for Natural Gas Purification: A Critical Review". Membranes 12, n.º 7 (23 de junio de 2022): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12070646.

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Natural gas is an important and fast-growing energy resource in the world and its purification is important in order to reduce environmental hazards and to meet the required quality standards set down by notable pipeline transmission, as well as distribution companies. Therefore, membrane technology has received great attention as it is considered an attractive option for the purification of natural gas in order to remove impurities such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) to meet the usage and transportation requirements. It is also recognized as an appealing alternative to other natural gas purification technologies such as adsorption and cryogenic processes due to its low cost, low energy requirement, easy membrane fabrication process and less requirement for supervision. During the past few decades, membrane-based gas separation technology employing hollow fibers (HF) has emerged as a leading technology and underwent rapid growth. Moreover, hollow fiber (HF) membranes have many advantages including high specific surface area, fewer requirements for maintenance and pre-treatment. However, applications of hollow fiber membranes are sometimes restricted by problems related to their low tensile strength as they are likely to get damaged in high-pressure applications. In this context, braid reinforced hollow fiber membranes offer a solution to this problem and can enhance the mechanical strength and lifespan of hollow fiber membranes. The present review includes a discussion about different materials used to fabricate gas separation membranes such as inorganic, organic and mixed matrix membranes (MMM). This review also includes a discussion about braid reinforced hollow fiber (BRHF) membranes and their ability to be used in natural gas purification as they can tackle high feed pressure and aggressive feeds without getting damaged or broken. A BRHF membrane possesses high tensile strength as compared to a self-supported membrane and if there is good interfacial bonding between the braid and the separation layer, high tensile strength, i.e., upto 170Mpa can be achieved, and due to these factors, it is expected that BRHF membranes could give promising results when used for the purification of natural gas.

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Wang, Kun, Feng Wang, Yu Hai Guo, Hong Yan Tang y Hua Peng Zhang. "Regeneration of the Absorbent by the PTFE Hollow Fiber Membranes Using Vacuum Membrane Regeneration Technology". Key Engineering Materials 671 (noviembre de 2015): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.671.300.

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The polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hollow fiber membranes were prepared through a cold pressing method including paste extruding, stretching and sintering in this study. Membrane vacuum regeneration technology (MVR) was developed as a novel regeneration technology for regeneration of the absorbent. The membrane structures of the PTFE hollow fiber membranes were investigated. The mixture of N-methyldiethanolamine and piperazine was selected as the absorbent. The PTFE hollow fiber membranes were used for regeneration through vacuum membrane regeneration technology. The CO2 regeneration flux and regeneration ratio increased with the increase of the regeneration temperature and the CO2 loading. The regeneration pressure was negative to the regeneration flux and regeneration ratio. When the flow rate of the rich solution increased, the regeneration ratio decreased and CO2 regeneration flux increased significantly.

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Hélix-Nielsen, Claus. "Biomimetic Membranes as a Technology Platform: Challenges and Opportunities". Membranes 8, n.º 3 (17 de julio de 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes8030044.

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Biomimetic membranes are attracting increased attention due to the huge potential of using biological functional components and processes as an inspirational basis for technology development. Indeed, this has led to several new membrane designs and applications. However, there are still a number of issues which need attention. Here, I will discuss three examples of biomimetic membrane developments within the areas of water treatment, energy conversion, and biomedicine with a focus on challenges and applicability. While the water treatment area has witnessed some progress in developing biomimetic membranes of which some are now commercially available, other areas are still far from being translated into technology. For energy conversion, there has been much focus on using bacteriorhodopsin proteins, but energy densities have so far not reached sufficient levels to be competitive with state-of-the-art photovoltaic cells. For biomedical (e.g., drug delivery) applications the research focus has been on the mechanism of action, and much less on the delivery ‘per se’. Thus, in order for these areas to move forward, we need to address some hard questions: is bacteriorhodopsin really the optimal light harvester to be used in energy conversion? And how do we ensure that biomedical nano-carriers covered with biomimetic membrane material ever reach their target cells/tissue in sufficient quantities? In addition to these area-specific questions the general issue of production cost and scalability must also be treated in order to ensure efficient translation of biomimetic membrane concepts into reality.

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30

Nada, Hironori, Masakazu Kudo, Junichi Takahashi, Toshiharu Yamamoto, Hideyuki Hara y Kazuyuki Shizawa. "Development of Simulation Technology for Production of Porous Polymeric Membranes". Key Engineering Materials 725 (diciembre de 2016): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.725.261.

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Porous polymeric membranes are used for ion exchange membranes, membrane filter and separators of batteries owing to its micro-porous structure. Extension method is one of the inexpensive processes of such membrane. However, any suitable stability condition of the process has not yet been clarified. In this study, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) observations in production process are carried out and the simulation technology for production is developed for improvement in productivity. In this simulation model, the evolution equation of microscopic damage, constitutive equation depending on microscopic damage and the homogenization method are used for representation of evolution of micro-porous structure of crystalline polymer. It is indicated that numerical results obtained here are in good agreement with the SEM observations.

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Świerczek, Konrad, Hailei Zhao, Zijia Zhang y Zhihong Du. "MIEC-type ceramic membranes for the oxygen separation technology". E3S Web of Conferences 108 (2019): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910801021.

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Mixed ionic-electronic conducting ceramic membrane-based oxygen separation technology attracts great attention as a promising alternative for oxygen production. The oxygen-transport membranes should not only exhibit a high oxygen flux but also show good stability under CO2-containing atmospheres. Therefore, designing and optimization, as well as practical application of membrane materials with good CO2 stability is a challenge. In this work, apart from discussion of literature data, authors’ own results are provided, which are focused on materia - related issues, including development of electrode materials exhibiting high ionic and electronic conductivities.

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32

Chuanwen, Sun, Wang Haiqiao, Yu Qi, Chen Shiqiang, Li Xun y Wu Hanyang. "Experimental study of the flux Law of flat ceramic membranes under different pressures". Water Practice and Technology 15, n.º 2 (10 de abril de 2020): 416–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.028.

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Abstract The flux performance of ceramic membranes is the basis for their efficient use. To study ceramic membrane flux variation, different filtration operating conditions were tested and the functional relationship between the membrane's clean water flux and the operating pressure within a given range obtained. The membrane's critical pressure and flux were determined by using pressure increments, and the flux variation law under different pressures determined experimentally. Analysis of the flux law and the membrane parameters enabled establishment of the flux model of filtration process and a model of flux stabilization after the deposition layer formed. The applicability of the model was proved by comparing and verifying the experimental data.

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33

Alterary, Seham S., Raya M. Alyabes, Ahmed A. Alshahrani y Monirah A. Al-Alshaikh. "Unfunctionalized and Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes/Polyamide Nanocomposites as Selective-Layer Polysulfone Membranes". Polymers 14, n.º 8 (11 de abril de 2022): 1544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14081544.

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Nowadays, reverse osmosis is the most widely utilized strategy in membrane technology due to its continuous improvement. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of the surface characteristics of support layers in thin-film membranes to improve their reverse osmosis performance. In this study, interfacial polymerization was used to generate the membranes by employing polyamide as a selective layer on top of the polysulfone supporting sheet. Different membranes, varying in terms of the concentrations of unfunctionalized and functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), as well as ethanol, have been fabricated. The efficiency of the membrane has been increased by increasing its permeability towards water with high salt rejection. Different characterization techniques were applied to examine all of the fabricated membranes. PA-EtOH 30% (v/v), as a selective layer on polysulfone sheets to enhance the membrane’s salt rejection, was shown to be the most efficient of the suggested membranes, improving the membrane’s salt rejection. The water permeability of the polyamide membrane with EtOH 30% (v/v) was 56.18 L/m2 h bar, which was more than twice the average permeability of the polyamide membrane (23.63 L/m2 h bar). The salt rejection was also improved (from 97.73% for NaCl to 99.29% and from 97.39% for MgSO4 to 99.62% in the same condition). The PA-MWCNTs 0.15% membrane, on the other hand, had a reduced surface roughness, higher hydrophobicity, and higher water contact angle readings, according to SEM. These characteristics led to the lowest salt rejection, resulting from the hydrophobic nature of MWCNTs.

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34

Gili, Bischoff, Simon, Schmidt, Kober, Görke, Bekheet y Gurlo. "Ceria-Based Dual-Phase Membranes for High-Temperature Carbon Dioxide Separation: Effect of Iron Doping and Pore Generation with MgO Template". Membranes 9, n.º 9 (26 de agosto de 2019): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9090108.

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Dual-phase membranes for high-temperature carbon dioxide separation have emerged as promising technology to mitigate anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions, especially as a pre- and post-combustion separation technique in coal burning power plants. To implement these membranes industrially, the carbon dioxide permeability must be improved. In this study, Ce0.8Sm0.2O2−δ (SDC) and Ce0.8Sm0.19Fe0.01O2−δ (FSDC) ceramic powders were used to form the skeleton in dual-phase membranes. The use of MgO as an environmentally friendly pore generator allows control over the membrane porosity and microstructure in order to compare the effect of the membrane’s ceramic phase. The ceramic powders and the resulting membranes were characterized using ICP-OES, HSM, gravimetric analysis, SEM/EDX, and XRD, and the carbon dioxide flux density was quantified using a high-temperature membrane permeation setup. The carbon dioxide permeability slightly increases with the addition of iron in the FSDC membranes compared to the SDC membranes mainly due to the reported scavenging effect of iron with the siliceous impurities, with an additional potential contribution of an increased crystallite size due to viscous flow sintering. The increased permeability of the FSDC system and the proper microstructure control by MgO can be further extended to optimize carbon dioxide permeability in this membrane system.

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35

Lv, Yue Xia, Gui Huan Yan, Chong Qing Xu, Min Xu y Liang Sun. "Review on Membrane Technologies for Carbon Dioxide Capture from Power Plant Flue Gas". Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (diciembre de 2012): 1140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.1140.

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Membrane technology is a promising alternative to conventional technologies for the mitigation of CO2from power plant flue gas due to its engineering and economic advantages. In this paper, CO2post combustion capture by gas separation membranes and gas absorption membranes was extensively summarized and reviewed. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of the technology, current status and future research direction of membrane technology for CO2capture from power plant flue gas were briefly prospected and discussed.

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36

Wang, Ling, Xue Feng Xiong, Zheng Fan, Guo Liang Zhang y Zhi Yang Wang. "Advanced Treatment of Electroplating Wastewater by Nanofiltration Membrane Technology". Applied Mechanics and Materials 378 (agosto de 2013): 318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.378.318.

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The nanofiltration (NF) membrane technology presented in this paper were used to treat the industrial electroplating effluent for reutilization, which contained hazardous heavy metal ions such as chromium and zinc. Two different kinds of nanofiltration membranes were applied in pilot scale installation following the conventional wastewater treatment system. The effects of different operating parameters on their separation performance were investigated in detail. Results showed that both two NF membranes held large permeate flux under relatively low operating pressures. The rejection rates of the monovalent ions were less than 50%, while for divalent ions they were more than 90%, including SO42-, Ca2+, Cr3+ and Zn2+. Higher permeate flux, lower operating pressure and distinguished ion selectivity of nanofiltration membranes exhibited a big potential for industrial application concerning the investment and operation cost .

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Makdissy, G., J. P. Croué, H. Buisson, G. Amy y B. Legube. "Organic matter fouling of ultrafiltration membranes". Water Supply 3, n.º 5-6 (1 de diciembre de 2003): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0164.

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The overall objective of our work is to identify the organic fraction responsible for fouling of lowpressure (microfiltration and ultrafiltration) membranes, and to understand fouling mechanisms. Several natural organic matter (NOM) fractions isolated from Ribou Reservoir have been ultrafiltered with two different 100 KD membranes (regenerated cellulose and polyethersulfone) using a non-stirred cell unit. Results have shown that the organic colloidal fraction (bacterial peptidoglycan residue) shows the most significant fouling. The dissolved fraction (<0.45 μm) of NOM, which contains solutes larger and smaller than the pore size of 100 KD membranes, contributes to fouling through pore blockage and/or adsorption mechanisms. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) examination reveals morphological changes during membrane fouling. The polyethersulfone and regenerated cellulose membranes are relatively smooth. However, based on AFM, some of the fouled membrane surfaces appear rougher than the corresponding clean membrane surface. These results demonstrate the role of surface coverage in ultrafiltration membranes. It appears that membrane roughness is a key physical parameter in membrane fouling. More analysis is being undertaken with scanning electron microscopy images to determine pore size distribution for the clean and the fouled membranes, providing more information in terms of fouling mechanisms.

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38

Wilderer, P. A. y S. Paris. "Membrane technology revolutionizes water treatment". Water Science and Technology 55, n.º 7 (1 de abril de 2007): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.121.

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Membranes play a crucial role in living cells, plants and animals. They not only serve as barriers between the inside and outside world of cells and organs. More importantly, they are means of selective transport of materials and host for biochemical conversion. Natural membrane systems have demonstrated efficiency and reliability for millions of years and it is remarkable that most of these systems are small, efficient and highly reliable even under rapidly changing ambient conditions. Thus, it appears to be advisable for technology developers to keep a close eye on Mother Nature. By doing so it is most likely that ideas for novel technical solutions are born. Following the concept of natural systems it is hypothesized that the Millennium Development Goals can be best met when counting on small water and wastewater treatment systems. The core of such systems could be membranes in which chemical reactions are integrated allowing recovery and direct utilization of valuable substances.

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Paidi, Murali Krishna, Veerababu Polisetti, Krishnaiah Damarla, Puyam Sobhindro Singh, Subir Kumar Mandal y Paramita Ray. "3D Natural Mesoporous Biosilica-Embedded Polysulfone Made Ultrafiltration Membranes for Application in Separation Technology". Polymers 14, n.º 9 (26 de abril de 2022): 1750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091750.

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Diatoms are the most abundant photosynthetic microalgae found in all aquatic habitats. In the extant study, the spent biomass (after lipid extraction) of the centric marine diatom Thalassiosira lundiana CSIRCSMCRI 001 was subjected to acid digestion for the extraction of micro composite inorganic biosilica. Then, the resulting three-dimensional mesoporous biosilica material (diatomite) was used as a filler in polysulfone (PSF) membrane preparation by phase inversion. The fabricated PSF/diatomite composite membranes were characterized by SEM-EDX, TGA, and ATR-IR, and their performances were evaluated. The number of pores and pore size were increased on the membrane surface with increased diatomite in the composite membranes as compared to the control. The diatomite composite membranes had high hydrophilicity and thermal stability, lower surface roughness, and excellent water permeability. Membranes with high % diatomite, i.e., PSF/Dia0.5, had a maximum water flux of 806.8 LMH (Liter/m2/h) at 20 psi operating pressure. High-diatomite content membranes also exhibited the highest rejection of BSA protein (98.5%) and rhodamine 6G (94.8%). Similarly, in biomedical rejection tests, the PSF/Dia0.5 membrane exhibited a maximum rejection of ampicillin (75.84%) and neomycin (85.88%) at 20 Psi pressure. In conclusion, the mesoporous inorganic biosilica material was extracted from spent biomass of diatom and successfully used in filtration techniques. The results of this study could enhance the application of natural biogenic porous silica materials in wastewater treatment for water recycling.

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40

Yaghoubi, Sina, Aziz Babapoor, Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Ahmad Gholami, Chin Wei Lai y Wei-Hung Chiang. "Recent Advances in Plasmonic Chemically Modified Bioactive Membrane Applications for the Removal of Water Pollution". Water 14, n.º 22 (10 de noviembre de 2022): 3616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14223616.

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Population growth has reduced the available freshwater resources and increased water pollution, leading to a severe global freshwater crisis. The decontamination and reuse of wastewater is often proposed as a solution for water scarcity worldwide. Membrane technology is a promising solution to the problems currently facing the water and wastewater treatment industry. However, another problem is the high energy costs required to operate systems which use membranes for water treatment. In addition, membranes need to be replaced frequently due to fouling and biofouling, which negatively affect water flow through the membranes. To address these problems, the researchers proposed membrane modification as a solution. One of the exciting applications of plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) is that they can be used to modify the surface of membranes to yield various properties. Positive feedback was reported on plasmonic-modified membranes as means of wastewater treatment. However, a fundamental gap exists in studies of plasmonic membranes’ performance and applications. Given the importance of membrane technology for water and wastewater treatment, this paper reviews recent advances in the development of plasmonic chemically modified bioactive membranes and provides a perspective for future researchers interested in investigating modified membranes.

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Sun, Xin, Hana Shiraz, Riccardo Wong, Jingtong Zhang, Jinxin Liu, Jun Lu y Na Meng. "Enhancing the Performance of PVDF/GO Ultrafiltration Membrane via Improving the Dispersion of GO with Homogeniser". Membranes 12, n.º 12 (15 de diciembre de 2022): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121268.

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In this study, PVDF/GO-h composite membranes were synthesised using a homogeniser to improve the dispersion of GO nanosheets within the composite membrane’s structure, and then characterised and contrasted to PVDF/GO-s control samples, which were synthesised via traditional blending method-implementing a magnetic stirrer. By characterizing membrane via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle (WCA) and membrane performance. SEM results showed that the number of the finger-like structure channels and pores in the sponge like structure of PVDF/GO-h composite membranes become more compared with PVDF/GO-s membranes. Water contact angle tests showed that the PVDF/GO-h composite membranes have lower contact angle than PVDF/GO-s control, which indicated the PVDF/GO-h composite membranes are more hydrophilic. Results also showed that composite membranes blended using homogeniser exhibited both improved water flux and rejection of target pollutants. In summary, it was shown that the performance of composite membranes could be improved significantly via homogenisation during synthesis, thus outlining the importance of further research into proper mixing.

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42

Essalhi, Mohamed, Mohamed Khayet, Norafiqah Ismail, Ola Sundman y Naser Tavajohi. "Improvement of nanostructured electrospun membranes for desalination by membrane distillation technology". Desalination 510 (agosto de 2021): 115086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2021.115086.

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43

Gobina, Edward. "Advanced membranes at the Centre for Process Integration & Membrane Technology". Membrane Technology 2006, n.º 5 (mayo de 2006): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-2118(06)70699-1.

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44

DeCarolis, James, Samer Adham, Joan Oppenheimer, Karla Kinser y Larry Webb. "EVALUATION OF MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR TECHNOLOGY AND DESALTING MEMBRANES FOR WASTEWATER REUSE". Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2005, n.º 11 (1 de enero de 2005): 4134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864705783866504.

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45

Goh, P. S., A. F. Ismail y N. Hilal. "Nano-enabled membranes technology: Sustainable and revolutionary solutions for membrane desalination?" Desalination 380 (febrero de 2016): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.06.002.

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46

Sawamura, Ken-ichi. "Development of Mass Production Technology of Silica–based Membranes". MEMBRANE 44, n.º 4 (2019): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.44.158.

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47

Shoji, Nobuyoshi. "Ion exchange Membranes Technology for acid and Base Recovery." membrane 23, n.º 5 (1998): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.23.229.

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48

Sawamura, Okamoto y Todokoro. "Development of Mass Production Technology of Highly Permeable Nano-Porous Supports for Silica-Based Separation Membranes". Membranes 9, n.º 8 (16 de agosto de 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9080103.

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Silica-based membranes show both robust properties and high-permeability, offering us great potential for applying them to harsh conditions where conventional organic membranes cannot work. Despite the increasing number of paper and patents of silica-based membranes, their industrial applications have yet to be fully realized, possibly due to their lack of technologies on scaling-up and mass production. In particular, quality of membrane supports decisively impacts final quality of silica-based separation membranes. In this study, therefore, we have developed mass producing technologies of nano-porous supports (φ 12 mm, length 400 mm) with surface center pore size distribution of 1–10 nm, which are generally used as supports for preparing separation membranes with a pore size of less than 1 nm. The developed mass production apparatuses have enabled us to reproducibly produce nano-porous silica-based supports with high permeance (e.g., N2 permeance of more than 10−5 mol m−2 s−1·Pa−1) minimizing effects of membrane defects less than 0.1% of the total flux. The developed nano-porous supports have enabled us to reproducibly produce silica-based separation membranes with high permeace and selectivity (e.g., H2 permeance of about 5 × 10−6 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1 and H2/SF6 permeance ratio of more than 2000).

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Nazri, Amirul Islah, Abdul Latif Ahmad y Mohd Hazwan Hussin. "Microcrystalline Cellulose-Blended Polyethersulfone Membranes for Enhanced Water Permeability and Humic Acid Removal". Membranes 11, n.º 9 (27 de agosto de 2021): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11090660.

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A novel polyethersulfone (PES)/microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) composite membrane for humic acid (HA) removal in water was fabricated using the phase inversion method by blending hydrophilic MCC with intrinsically hydrophobic PES in a lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide (LiCl/DMAc) co-solvent system. A rheological study indicated that the MCC-containing casting solutions exhibited a significant increase in viscosity, which directly influenced the composite membrane’s pore structure. Compared to the pristine PES membrane, the composite membranes have a larger surface pore size, elongated finger-like structure, and presence of sponge-like pores. The water contact angle and pure water flux of the composite membranes indicated an increase in hydrophilicity of the modified membranes. However, the permeability of the composite membranes started to decrease at 3 wt.% MCC and beyond. The natural organic matter removal experiments were performed using humic acid (HA) as the surface water pollutant. The hydrophobic HA rejection was significantly increased by the enhanced hydrophilic PES/MCC composite membrane via the hydrophobic–hydrophilic interaction and pore size exclusion. This study provides insight into the utilization of a low-cost and environmentally friendly additive to improve the hydrophilicity of PES membranes for efficient removal of HA in water.

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Subaer, Subaer, Hamzah Fansuri, Abdul Haris, Misdayanti Misdayanti, Imam Ramadhan, Teguh Wibawa, Yulprista Putri, Harlyenda Ismayanti y Agung Setiawan. "Pervaporation Membranes for Seawater Desalination Based on Geo–rGO–TiO2 Nanocomposites: Part 2—Membranes Performances". Membranes 12, n.º 11 (26 de octubre de 2022): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12111046.

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This is part 2 of the research on pervaporation membranes for seawater desalination based on Geo–rGO–TiO2 nanocomposite. The quality of the Geo–rGO–TiO2 pervaporation membranes (PV), as well as the suitability of the built pervaporation system, is thoroughly discussed. The four membranes described in detail in the first article were tested for their capabilities using the parameters turbidity, salinity, total suspended solids (TSS), and electrical conductivity (EC). The membranes’ flux permeate was measured as a function of temperature, and salt rejection was calculated using the electrical conductivity values of the feed and permeate. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to investigate changes in the chemical composition and internal structure of the membranes after use in pervaporation systems. The morphology of the membrane’s surfaces was examined by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the elemental distribution was observed by using X-ray mapping and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the pervaporation membrane of Geo–rGO–TiO2 (1, 3) achieved a permeate flux as high as 2.29 kg/m2·h with a salt rejection of around 91%. The results of the FTIR and XRD measurements did not show any changes in the functional group and chemical compositions of the membrane after the pervaporation process took place. Long-term pressure and temperature feed cause significant cracking in geopolymer and Geo–TiO2 (3) membranes. SEM results revealed that the surface of all membranes is leached out, and elemental distribution based on X-ray mapping and EDS observations revealed the addition of Na+ ions on the membrane surface. The study’s findings pave the way for more research and development of geopolymers as the basic material for inorganic membranes, particularly with the addition of rGO–TiO2 nanocomposites.

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