Tesis sobre el tema "Melanoma, TDG"
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MANCUSO, PIETRO, Antonio Giordano, Lionel Larue y Alfonso Bellacosa. "Thymine DNA Glycosylase (TDG) as a Novel Potential Target for Melanoma Therapy". Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1049338.
Texto completoMalindi, Zaria. "Photoimmunotheranostic targeting of CSPG4-positive melanoma cells using SNAP-tag technology". Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31064.
Texto completoVeronez, Luciana Chain. "Atividade da fosfoetanolamina sintética em melanoma murino experimental". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17147/tde-15122012-123717/.
Texto completoThe low responsiveness of melanoma to traditional treatments together with its increasing incidence makes the development of new therapeutic strategies against this type of cancer extremely important. In this study, we used a murine melanoma model to evaluate the effects of synthetic phosphoethanolamine (PEA) on the development of this tumor. In vitro, PEA had an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of B16F10 cells, inducing apoptosis after 24 to 72h stimulation. In vivo, oral treatment of melanoma-bearing animals with different doses of PEA (10, 20 e 40mg/Kg) during 10 or 20 consecutive days resulted in reduced tumor volumes (at least 70% compared to the control) and in expressive macroscopic differences. PEA also induced a dose-dependent increase of apoptosis and decrease in tumor cell proliferation. The treatment also resulted in hematological changes, such as increased numbers of platelets, erythrocytes and leukocytes. Among leukocytes, we observed a higher proportion of lymphocytes and monocytes after 10 and 20 days of treatment, respectively. In addition, PEA induced higher levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-, and it also induced a lower production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-. No differences were observed in the levels of IL-1, TNF-, IL-12p70 and IL-17 upon treatment. Our results demonstrate an inhibitory role of PEA in the development of melanoma, contributing to a better understanding of its antitumoral activity.
Junior, Nelson Marcos Ferrari. ""Estudo epidemiológico descritivo dos doentes de melanoma cutâneo acompanhados na Unidade de Melanoma da Santa Casa de São Paulo"". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5133/tde-17102006-153219/.
Texto completoINTRODUCTION: Cutaneous melanoma represents around 3% of all skin tumors. Affecting young patients, with mean age between 50 and 58 years old. About 20% of the patients will have advanced disease and will die before five years of survival. CASUISTIC AND METHODS: In this retrospective study of 364 cases recorded from May 1993 to January 2006 at the Melanoma Unit of Santa Casa de São Paulo the following variables were described: sex, age, skin color, tumor site, growth pattern, tumor thickness, Clark level, ulceration, staging and their correlations. RESULTS: Female (58,8%) prevailed resulting in 1,4 women for each man. The mean age of the patients was 58,9 years old and the median, 61,0 years old. Non-white patients were 13,7% of the sample. The anatomic site of cutaneous melanoma on men and women prevailed at trunk (24,3 38,0%) and feet (21,4 23,9%). Acral entiginous melanoma represented 22,3% of the cohort. Superficial expansive melanoma and nodular melanoma patterns (p<0,001) and trunk lesions (52,8%) predominated on white patients. Acral lentiginous melanoma (64%) and feet anatomic site 68,2%) prevailed on non-white patients. In situ primary lesions were observed in few cases (14,6% - EC 0) and there was high percentage of thick cutaneous melanoma (39,7% > 4,0 mm). In thin tumors (=1,0 mm) were found 13,4% of ulceration. Thickener (p = 0,011) and ulcerated lesions (p < 0,001) were found more in male and in elderly patients (p = 0,021 for thickeness and p = 0,015 for ulceration). The mean survival of patients with local disease was 97,8 months and the three-year survival rate for cutaneous melanoma was 85,1%. CONCLUSIONS: The cohort consisted mostly of thick and ulcerated tumors, which meant late diagnosis and bad prognosis. Also distinguished by considerable prevalence of female, non-white patients, limb lesions and acral lentiginous melanoma.
Perlmann, Eduardo. "Estudo morfológico das neoplasias melanocíticas uveais em cães". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10137/tde-27012012-101434/.
Texto completoMelanocytic tumors are the most common intraocular neoplasia in dogs. The aim of the present work was to perform a retrospective study of the canine uveal melanocytic neoplasias analyzing the morphologic and epidemiologic features. It was 29 cases in total; 51,7 % was diagnosed as melanocitoma, while 48,3 % was diagnosed as melanoma. The most common breed was mixed breed dogs, English Cocker Spaniel and Labrador, but there was no significant racial predominance. The age range was 6 to 15 years old, with mean of 10,3 years old. The tumors affected equally males and females. The anterior uvea was the most common site, representing 95,5 % of all tumors and the posterior uvea represented 3,5 %, the latter, was a melanoma. In five cases (17,2%), the tumor occupied the entire intraocular space, all of them melanomas. The melanocitomas presented predominance of round or poliedric, plump cells, densely pigmented with small nucleus. The melanomas presented two distinct patterns. Of the 14 melanomas, eight (57,2 %) was composed of epithelioid cells, two (14,3 %) of spindle cells, and four (28,5 %) presented mixed pattern. There were 7 melanomas that presented melanocitoma areas, suggesting malignant transformation.
Perlmann, Eduardo. "Estudo imunoistoquímico das neoplasias melanocíticas uvais em cães". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10137/tde-03092015-173006/.
Texto completoMelanomas have different behavior between species and is of great importance to characterize the molecular mechanism influencing this behavioral diversity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the molecular characteristics of uveal melanocytic neoplasias in dogs, in order to understand the differences between uveal melanoma in humans and dogs. Sixty-four eyes of 64 dogs diagnosed with primary intraocular neoplasia of melanocytic origin were studied. Based on the established histopathological criteria 37 melanocytomas and 27 melanomas were diagnosed. There was no sexual predominance and mixed breed dogs, Labrador Retriever and English Cocker Spaniel were the most affected. Morphological features, mitotic rate, degree of pigmentation, presence of extraocular extension, location, inflammatory infiltrate, vascular loop and necrosis were analyzed. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to evaluate markers such as Melan-A, HMB-45, Ki-67 and COX-2. The Melan-A was more sensitive and expressed in 53.1% of cases, while the HMB-45 was positive in only 31.2%. The Melan-A, and HMB-45 were less frequent in melanocytomas compared to melanomas. In 23 cases, neither markers reacted. The results of the Ki-67 showed higher positivity among melanomas, mean Ki-67 index of 37.8%, while melanocytomas showed mean of 15%. There was no statistical difference in the Ki-67 labeling among melanoma's cell types. COX-2 reacted positively in most cases and found no statistically significant difference between melanocytomas and melanomas. Among the melanomas, there was no statistical difference between the cell types for COX-2. The findings discussed here reveal interesting differences and similarities between the uveal melanocytic neoplasms in humans and dogs
Clara, Renan Orsati. "Metabolismo de triptofano em melanomas: o que dizem as células do microambiente?" Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9136/tde-29042015-101458/.
Texto completoMelanoma is composed of malignant cells and also by a stromal support that includes fibroblasts, immune cells, endothelial cells, extracellular matrix, among other factors. Thus, tumors are not separate entities; they actively interact with the surrounding microenvironment bi-directionally through molecular signals that modulate the malignant phenotype. One of biochemical signals for the development of this phenotype occurs by Trp catabolism through kynurenine pathway, that generates compounds with diverse biological activities, which in tumors are involved with tolerance and imunoescape and therefore with poor prognosis for patients. To date only the consumption of Trp and formation of a single metabolite, kynurenine (KYN), has been associated with malignant melanomas. In order to enlarge and clarify the biochemical mechanisms of this amino acid metabolism in melanomas, we have studied more than fifteen compounds of all catabolic routes of Trp in skin cells, immune cells, tumor cell lines and clinical samples of melanoma. In an unique way we could observe that the skin cells has superior ability to synthesize KYN when compared to tumor cell lines, demonstrating that the peritumoral catabolism of Trp may be responsible for the phenomena of immune tolerance and escape. Furthermore, the Trp metabolism may be involved in skin homeostasis mechanisms, since these cells produce specific compounds with biological activity in this organ. The immune cells have a completely different metabolic profile among them: monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells have greater KYN pathway activation, and lymphocytes and neutrophils possess greater induction of the route that generates serotonin and melatonin. Even in different macrophages phenotypes, M1 and M2a, we observed specific metabolic marks, which may be related to the anti- or pro-tumoral activity of these cells in the tumor microenvironment. In clinical samples, although the main difference between nevi and melanomas is the concentration of KYN, a range of other changes in Trp metabolism were observed, which shows the complex magnitude of this metabolism in the skin pathophysiology
Civita, Marina. "Avaliação da cimetidina como tratamento de melanomas em equinos tordilhos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10136/tde-01122017-161847/.
Texto completoThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cimetidine as treatment for melanoma present in the perineal area and ventral tail of Grey horses. Reduction in tumor volume and the capability of the drug to control the appearance of new nodules were evaluated. Thirty two grey horses with ages ranging between sete and 30 years and no predilection of breed or gender were used in this study. All the animals selected had no attempted treatment prior to this study. The animals were divided in two groups: the treatment group, consisting of 21 horses and the control group consisting of 11 animals. Cimetidine was administered at a dosage of 18 mg/kg orally twice a day for a total of ninety days. During the lenght of treatment, the group was evaluated every two weeks, and all the animals were monitored once a month for another 150 days after the end of therapy. The efficacy of the treatment with cimetidine was observed in 11 animals of the treatment group which showed size reduction of the masses during the drug administration period followed by a slight increase and stabilization at lower volumes than the initial measures. In addition, the animals that responded to the treatment presented a very variable and individual response.
Pires, Layla. "Optical strategies for diagnosis and treatment of melanoma". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-01122017-154608/.
Texto completoO melanoma é um tumor pigmentado que surge dos melanócitos, células pigmentadas presentes em todo o corpo, incluindo a pele e a íris. A forma cutânea é a mais comum e representa cerca de 5% dos tumores cutâneos diagnosticados no Brasil. Embora não tenha uma alta incidência, representa cerca de 80% a 85% de todas as mortes por tumor de pele. O segundo tipo de melanoma mais frequente é o ocular. Representa 5% de todos os casos de melanoma e é uma doença potencialmente letal, especialmente em casos de metástase. A principal abordagem terapêutica para melanomas, em geral, é a cirurgia, com ressecção da lesão cutânea ou enucleação no caso do melanoma ocular. Outras técnicas, como imunoterapia adjuvante, quimioterapia paliativa e radioterapia também são usadas, porém, apresentam baixa eficiência e muitos efeitos colaterais. A terapia fotodinâmica é uma modalidade terapêutica baseada na interação da luz em um comprimento de onda específico e um fotossensibilizador, na presença de oxigênio molecular, levando a célula à morte. Como o melanoma é um câncer pigmentado, geralmente não responde bem à terapia fotodinâmica devido à alta absorção de luz na superfície do tumor, impossibilitando a erradicação volumétrica. Este projeto investigou estratégias ópticas para o diagnóstico e tratamento do melanoma. Para o diagnóstico, foi avaliada a técnica de tempo de vida de fluorescência para distinguir melanoma de pele normal. Utilizando análise de discriminação linear, obteve-se uma sensibilidade de 99,4%, especificidade de 97,4% e precisão de 98,4%. Para o tratamento de melanoma cutâneo, a PDT combinada com clareadores ópticos (OCAs) foi investigada. Um fotossensibilizador que tem como alvo vaso sanguíneo e um fotossensibilizador de alvo celular foram avaliados combinados ou não com OCAs. OCAs são soluções hiperosmóticas que desidratam o tecido, diminuindo o espalhamento da luz e melhorando a penetração de luz em profundidade. OCA melhorou a resposta de PDT em todos os tumores melanóticos tratados, mas os melhores resultados foram obtidos quando a PDT foi realizada com a combinação dos fotossensibilizadores e clareador óptico em uma única sessão. O tratamento do melanoma conjuntival foi realizado utilizando a terapia fotodinâmica por excitação de 2 fótons (TPE-PDT). A vantagem desta técnica é o uso de luz na região do infravermelho, em um comprimento de onda que melanina tem baixa absorção, melhorando a penetração de luz no tumor. A histologia do tumor mostrou que a apoptose foi induzida apenas no local do tratamento, sem danos no tecido adjacente. Além disso, uma única sessão de TPE-PDT foi capaz de tratar todo o tumor.
Biondi, Luiz Roberto. "Influência do hipotireoidismo na progressão do melanoma experimental". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10133/tde-05012007-103648/.
Texto completoThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hypothyroidism induced by propylthiouracil or by actinic thyroidectomy, using I131, on focal and methastatic tumor growth of murine melanoma, B16F10, in mice C57BL6. The study was consisted of two different assays: 1. the influence of hypothyroidism on the focal growth and survival rate, by hypothyroidism induction with propylthiouracil (PTU) 0.05% in drinking water and subcutaneous inoculation of B16F10 and 2. the influence of hypothyroidism on the methastatic potential, were the animals underwent the followed treatments: drinking water (CTRL_L), hypothyroidism induction by propylthiouracil on 0.05% in drinking water (PTU_M group), hypothyroidism induction by I131 (I131_M group) and hypothyroidism induction by L-tiroxine on 0.00005% in drinking water (T4_M group). B16F10 cells were intravenously inoculated in all groups. On the first assay, the tumor volume was measured and the survival rate was evaluated. The tumor volumes ranged from 1.8 mm³ to 10673.1 mm³. Regarding the daily mean of tumor volumes, the lowest volume was 1.6 mm³ while the highest one was 8140.9 mm³. A statistical analysis of the tumor volumes was performed using unpaired T test and it showed no significant difference between group CTRL_L (control) and group PTU_L (treated one) (with p=0.795 on T test and p= 0.5759 on F test, using a confidence interval of 95%). The survival rate mean was 22 days on group CTRL_L and 21 days on group PTU_L. The Mantel-Haenszel (logrank) test was used for statistical analysis of these data, and there was no significant difference on the survival rate between groups CTRL_L and PTU_L (with p=0.752 and confidence interval of 95%). On the second assay, the number of methastatic nodules on the lung surface after euthanasia was evaluated. Regarding the lung nodules distribution, 32 nodules were found on group CTRL_M, 91 nodules were found on group CTRL_M, 23 on group T4_M and 77 on group I131_M. There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.01) between groups CTRL_M and PTU_M / I131_M and between groups T4_M and PTU_M / I131_M. No significant difference was observed (p>0.05) between groups CTRL_M and T4_M and between groups PTU_M and I131_M. ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis, followed by multiple comparison Dunnett?s post test. It was concluded that hypothyroidism did not have any influence on the focal growth of the murine melanoma B16F10 in mice C57BL6 and significantly did alter the methastatic behavior of that clone in this isogenic lineage, enhancing the methastatic nodules formation in the animals who were induced to this pathological condition, either by PTU or by actinic thyroidectomy, using I131; however, the administration of L-tiroxine did not show the opposite effect
Souza, Fernanda França de. "Efeito anti-proliferativo de curcumina associada á nanopartículas magnéticas funcionalizadas com bicamada de ácido láurico sobre células de melanoma humano skmel 37". Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2894.
Texto completoMade available in DSpace on 2014-08-08T12:54:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao Fernanda F de Souza.pdf: 4260965 bytes, checksum: df7ebff9a3d7acd903d8c3d204f37cbe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
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Curcumin has emerged as a great promise for cancer treatment and chemoprophylaxis with curcumin, but its low solubility in water is minimal systemic bioavailability. Attempts were made to improve its solubility in aqueous solutions by incorporating curcumin in liposomes or micelles, but these systems have low stability. In addition, magnetic nanoparticles have been used as promising drug delivery systems because they can be functionalized to become water soluble and biocompatible. Studies with curcumin incorporated into the magnetic nanoparticles are still scarce. This study aims to evaluate the antiproliferative effect of curcumin combined with magnetic nanoparticles functionalized bilayer of lauric acid in human melanoma cell line SKMEL 37. Human melanoma cells were treated at different concentrations and cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. The cell morphology was evaluated by light microscopy and fluorescence. Our studies have shown that curcumin has incorporated into nanoparticles cytotoxic effect at concentrations above 40,8 μg/ml or 111 μM. Since free curcumin caused significant death at concentrations above 11.5 μM. We also observed morphological changes typical of apoptosis such as chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation and bleb formation. These findings show us that both their cytotoxic activity, as both the magnetic properties and its solubility in water make this new formulation with a curcumin compound interest for therapeutic use.
A curcumina surgiu como uma grande promessa para tratamento do câncer e de quimioprofilaxia com a curcumina, porém sua baixa solubilidade em água e sua biodisponibilidade sistêmica é mínima. Tentativas foram feitas para melhorar a sua solubilidade em soluções aquosas através da incorporação de curcumina em lipossomas ou micelas, mas esses sistemas têm estabilidade baixa. Além disso, as nanopartículas magnéticas têm sido usados como promissores sistemas de entrega de drogas, pois podem ser funcionalizadas para se tornarem solúveis em água e biocompatíveis. Estudos com curcumina incorporada á nanopartículas magnéticas ainda são escassos. Esse estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o efeito anti-proliferativo de curcumina associada a nanopartículas magnéticas funcionalizadas com bicamada de ácido láurico em células de melanoma humano da linhagem SKMEL 37. Células de melanoma humano foram tratadas em diferentes concentrações e a citotoxicidade foi avaliada por ensaio de MTT. A morfologia das células foi avaliada através de microscopia óptica e de fluorescência. Nossos estudos mostraram que a curcumina incorporada em nanopartículas possui efeito citotóxico em concentrações acima de 40,8 μg/ml ou 111 μM. Já a curcumina livre provocou morte significativa em concentrações acima de 11,5 μM. Observamos também alterações morfológicas típicas do processo de apoptose, como condensação de cromatina, fragmentação nuclear e formação de Blebs. Estes achados nos mostram que, tanto sua atividade citotóxica, como ambas as propriedades magnéticas e sua solubilidade em água fazem desta nova formulação com curcumina um composto interessante para uso terapêutico.
Siena, Ádamo Davi Diógenes. "Análise da expressão de RNAs longos não-codificadores em linhagens celulares de melanoma em diferentes estágios de progressão tumoral". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17135/tde-04012017-084739/.
Texto completoEvidence suggests that only about 2% of the genome encodes protein, but most remaining 80% has transcriptional activity. Since they do not coding for proteins, this fraction of the genome was considered \'junk DNA\', However, recent studies and post-ENCODE analisys has shown that significant part of these non-coding RNAs play important roles in essential biological processes and in disease. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) although traditionally known for genomic imprinting, has demonstrated several mechanisms of regulation of gene expression, especially at the post transcriptional level. One of these lncRNAs that is involved primarily with metastasis in câncer is HOTAIR. Melanoma has been used as a model of câncer progression by its well-defined steps, and so it has been presented some lncRNAs involved in melanoma progression and melanomagenese, as HOTAIR was demonstrated. In this work it was analyzed the expression of lncRNAs of melanocyte and melanoma samples, and malignant samples represent the main stages of progression of this type of câncer. Relative expression levels were analyzed. Furthermore, it was performed differential expression of representative melanoma groups. lncRNAs found with expression values and significance (p-adjusted <0.01 and fold change> 1) may be indicative of expression associated with melanoma progression. The lncRNAs more differentially expressed were evaluated for their ability to interact protein-RNA and available scientific literature and then were selected for further functional assays.
Santos, Manoela Tiago dos. "Prospecção de novos fármacos para melanoma em equivalente dérmico". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9136/tde-05082011-170530/.
Texto completoThe microenvironment reconstruction models are useful for investigating the biological properties of human melanocytes onto the matrix and as platform for testing new drugs. There is a growing demand for the use of reconstructed skin and dermis in the laboratory for in vitro assays of cytotoxicity, viability, cell growth, irritability, and evaluation of the extracellular matrix. We characterize in dermal equivalent some mechanisms for cell viability and invasion of human metastatic melanoma in the presence of matrix, the order to increase knowledge about new therapies against melanoma and to understand the mechanisms that favor its invasive potential, to more closely mimic what occurs in vivo. By means of this model, we find that it is essential to rescue the tumor physiopathology as melanoma, in the presence of dermal equivalent, it is able to evade death mechanisms and increase the expression of metalloproteinases and cytokines which favor the tumor evolution. We also evaluated the antineoplastic properties of chlorogenic acid, that have been reported in a large number of tumors, but the mechanisms that lead to its antitumor action has not been well elucidated. Before the work emphasizing the chemoprotective effect of polyphenols related to its antioxidant action in neoplastic cells and with metastatic potential, there is no literature studies confirming the effectiveness of chlorogenic acid on human metastatic melanoma cells. Therefore, this study aims to rebuild the dermal structure in vitro, and from this, to compare the response to drugs in melanoma cells dermal equivalent cultured in order to evaluate whether modulation differential on the substrate, thus suggesting a protocol more effective for prospecting antimelanoma drugs.
Anger, Moris. "Expressão de proteínas da apoptose em melanoma cutâneo primário". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5158/tde-15042009-162410/.
Texto completoCutaneous melanoma still constitutes the main cause of skin cancer death in developed world. Clinical behavior variability of this neoplasia has been only partially explained by clinical and histological aspects, and identification of biological variables can be important for determining specific risk groups. Sixty nine (69) patients with mild to severe primary cutaneous melanoma treated in 1990-2007 were studied aiming at (a) verifying clinical epidemiological aspects, (b) generating a Tissue microarray (TMA) for characterizing proteins expression of cutaneous melanoma > 1.0 mm, (c) analyzing the immunohistochemical expression of the apoptosis proteins Bcl2, Bax, Bak, Apaf-1, Caspase 3, Caspase 9, Caspase 8, FasL e Fas in 10 control nevi and in primary melanomas with thickness 1mm, (d) and correlating these proteins expression with the disease prognosis. Results have ratified known epidemiological date on gender, age and lesion localization as well as the correlation between the disease prognosis and the Breslow\'s indexes. Analysis of the composite scores relating to apoptosis proteins has revealed that their immunohistochemical profile seems to be not significant for determining the disease prognosis, since no differences in proteins expression were found when compared patients with and without disease dissemination. Alterations in proteins expression suggesting their role in the genesis as well as in the prognosis of primary melanoma were not evidenced. Immunohistochemical profile with pro-apoptosis trend seems to indicate other factor as responsible for the neoplasia growth and dissemination
Andrade, Luciana Nogueira de Sousa. "Evidência da dualidade funcional de galectina-3 no crescimento de melanoma murino". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5155/tde-21062007-095821/.
Texto completoTumors have been described as microenvironments composed not only by malignant cells, but also by endothelial cells, fibroblasts and leukocytes, which can promote tumor growth and angiogenesis. Galectin-3, a b-galactoside binding protein, is expressed by monocytes/macrophages and others leukocytes. In fact, several lines of evidence suggest that galectin-3 act as master regulators of the inflammatory response. Based on the fact that the inflammatory infiltrate can promote tumor progression, the proposal of this study was to evaluate if galectin-3, either from tumor or stromal cells could modulate melanoma growth. Tm1 murine melanoma cell line was transfected with the galectin-3 gene. Both clones (galectin-3 negative and positive) were injected in the foot pad or subcutaneous in female C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and galectin-3 knock-out (KO) mice to tumor engraftment and growth analysis. There was no difference in the tumor engraftment between animas injected with Tm1 galectin-3 positive or negative cells. In addition, any knock-out mice injected with galectin-3 positive cells had measurable tumors up to day 11 post inoculation. Regardless the galectin-3 expression level in the melanoma cell, tumors from galectin-3 KO mice were smaller than those from WT animals, suggesting that galectin-3 expressed by stromal cells promotes tumor growth. Moreover, tumor necrotic area was smaller in KO mice and in wild-type animals injected with Tm1 galectin-3 positive cells compared to wild type animals injected with Tm1 galectin-3 negative cells. Interestingly, both vascular area and the number of functional vessels in animals injected with galectin-3 positive Tm1 cells were smaller in WT as well as in KO mice compared to the same animals injected with galectin-3 negative Tm1 cells. Gene expression analysis showed that VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) mRNA levels were smaller in wild type animals injected with Tm1 galectin-3 positive cells compared to those injected with Tm1 galectin-3 negative cells, indicating that galectin-3 expressed by tumor cells can act as an anti-angiogenic molecule. The present study suggests that galectin-3 can act either as a pro or antitumoral molecule, depending on which type of cell (tumoral or stromal) this lectin is expressed within tumor microenvironment.
Rangel, Marcelo Monte Mor. "Interferência da eletroporação sobre a expressão de conexinas". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10133/tde-25062012-153446/.
Texto completoElectroporation is a phenomenon that promotes the formation of pores in the cytoplasmic membrane when it is exposed to a specific electric field. The main applications of electroporation include the electrochemotherapy, a new cancer therapy, and gene therapy, still in development. Connexins are forming units of gap junctions, transmembrane channels responsible for intercellular communication and participating in a series of physiological events such as cell growth and differentiation. The importance of this gene family in oncology is increasing. The evidence of its behavior as a tumor suppressor or facilitator of dissemination and metastases according to the stage where the cancer presents itself. Electroporation as a phenomenon that promotes membrane disruption could interfere somehow in the expression of connexins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible effects of interference in gene expression. of cells promoted by electroporation in particular gene family of connexins. For this purpose cells were exposed to a electric field similar to that used for Electrochemotherapy and evaluated at different times after exposure. Three cell lines, two neoplastic (melanoma B16/BL6 and E9) and one line non-neoplastic (E10) were used as experimental models that could provide a comparative analysis between the lines and an assessment of the possible different behaviors due to electroporation. Its expression was assessed by immunofluorescence, western blot and real-time PCR. Cx 26 was evaluated in the melanoma cell line B16/BL6 and Cx 43 in the cell lines E9 and E10. The results showed a cytoplasm immunofluorescence staining pattern in the in B16/BL6, predominantly in the nucleus in line E9 and in the nucleus and cytoplasm for cell line E10. Only the cell line E9 had different immunoflurescence stainings between the groups, with a positivity in the cytoplasm in the group t1/2. The western blot showed transient decrease of Cxs only in cell lines neoplastic in the times t1/2 and t1. The lung cell line E10 showed increased expression in the same time points. The real-time PCR showed significant differences in t1/2 and t1 for the cell lines B16/BL6 and E10. The melanoma cell line B16/BL6 had mRNA decreased while the cell line E10 showed increased transcription of mRNA. The cell line E9 showed a very heterogeneous expression pattern. According to our results, we can conclude that electroporation interfered transiently in the expression of connexins.
Schul, Vitor Basso. "Partículas de fosfato de ferro e fosfato de ferro-cálcio como dispositivos visando o tratamento de melanoma". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/82/82131/tde-29032016-114821/.
Texto completoCancer has many origins and their causes include lifestyle, environmental factors and hereditary susceptibility. Therefore, the search for better treatments and early diagnosis of malignant neoplasms grows more and more. Although the cancer usually derives from a single clone of transformed cells, the process of tumor progression promotes genetic diversity between the neoplastic cells in growth. Cutaneous malignant melanoma arises from melanocytes predominantly present in the skin or multipotent progenitor cells, such as nevi, and is the skin cancer with the highest degree of malignancy. Several lines of treatment are currently used to treat the cancer, but many still not effective and early detection stills one of the main tools to combat the problem. This project aimed to verify the response of fibroblasts and Hep2 cells treated in vitro with particles of iron oxide and iron-calcium, as well as the characterization of these particles. Characterization of particles was performed by means of textural analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), absorbance test of the glasses and measurement of the heating capability in particle solutions at concentrations of 50, 250 and 500 mg/ml. Toxicity tests of glasses were performed using in vitro tests of extracts of diffusion in solution and Agar diffusion method using a fibroblast cell line and tumor cells in Hep2 human larynx. And, in vivo tests with subcutaneous injection of the particles. The characterization results showed that the particle average diameter of particles of iron phosphate was 830.2 nm and 745.3 nm for the particles of iron-calcium phosphate, which was confirmed by SEM. The absorbance test showed that the glasses absorb in a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum, including the band of 660 nm. The heating test demonstrated the capability of the particles to promote a 14ºC average temperature variation in the solution, regardless of the concentration. In vitro and in vivo tests showed that the particles were not cytotoxic and did not cause damage to the subcutaneous tissue, even after 1 week of administration. These results shows that the utilization of phosphate glasses particles can be feasible, as well as its potential for use in the treatment of melanoma.
Camacho, Lizeth Carolina Cordoba. "Caracterização funcional do SNP rs6917 na 3\'UTR do gene Proibitina: associação com quimiorresistência em linhagens de melanoma humano e melanoma de crescimento vertical". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5155/tde-05062018-122246/.
Texto completoMelanoma is a type of skin tumor formed from melanocytes, cells of neuroectodermal origin that inhabit the epidermis, being responsible for its pigmentation. Although its low incidence, melanoma is associated with high rates of mortality due to its resistance to chemotherapy. The mechanisms involved in melanoma chemoresistance are not well fully understood yet, therefore, the comprehension of this phenomenon may be useful for the development of new treatment strategies. Previous results from our laboratory showed that Prohibitin (PHB), a protein with diverse functions including regulation of cell cycle progression and apoptosis, was overexpressed in human melanoma cells lines when exposed to high-doses of the chemotherapy drug, cisplatin. PHB knockdown sensitized melanoma cells, meanwhile PHB recombinant overexpression protected melanoma cells to cisplatin-induced cell death. Studies of genotype-phenotype association revealed that the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism rs6917 at the portion 3\'UTR of the PHB gene showed an association with some risk factors for the development of melanoma. The aim of this study was to investigate if the SNP rs6917 affects PHB protein function by modulating cell proliferation and chemoresistance in human melanoma cell lines when exposed to stress inductors agents such as cisplatin, temozolomide and vemurafenib. A hospital-based case-control study was carried out in a Brazilian sample to evaluate the contribution of rs6917 polymorphism in melanoma development. The study comprised 198 melanoma patients and 200 controls. For invitro assays SK-Mel 05 and UACC-62 human melanoma cell lines (both BRAFV600E mutated) were used. The 852bp of PHB-3\'UTR harboring wild-type (3\'UTR/C) or the rare allele (3\'UTR/T) were cloned at pmirGLO Dual-Luciferase plasmid at NheI/XhoI restriction sites and stable cell lines were generated. Geneticin (G418) was used for stable selection, qRT-PCR, Western Blot and luciferase assays confirmed the transgene expression. Different doses of cisplatin, temozolomide and vemurafenib were defined to treat the cells. Cell death was evaluated using flow cytometry after propidium iodide incorporation. Cell survival was assessed by clonogenic assay after cells undergone treatment. Our results revealed that clinical variables like presence of light hair, more than 20 moles, intermintent sun expossure and sunburns at childhood are risk factors for melanoma development. We also showed that T allele carriers have a 5,6 times increased risk to develop vertical growth melanoma in comparison with the CC genotype patients. In vitro assays with transfected melanoma cells, SK-Mel 05 and UACC-62, overexpressing the rare allele 3\'UTR/T showed a more proliferative and clonogenical phenotype and less induced cell death after cisplatin, temozolomide and vemurafenib treatment when compared to cells overexpressing the wild-type allele 3\'UTR/C and empty vector. Westernblot and bioluminiscence assays showed respectively an increase in the expresion and activity of the luciferase gene of the 3\'UTR/T cells in comparison with the 3\'UTR/C and empty vector cells. All together these results showed that the SNP rs6917 modulates the expression of PHB and that the rare allele T represents a functional polymorphism by promoting a chemoresistance phenotype in melanoma
Coimbra, Janine Baptista. "Ação de metabólitos da via das triptaminas em linhagens de melanomas". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9136/tde-26102015-093528/.
Texto completoTryptophan (Trp) is essential for many physiological processes and its metabolism is modified in several diseases such as in cancer. TRP is broken down into three pathways: kynurenine path, serotonergic path and tryptamine path. The first is involved in tolerance and immune escape of cancer cells, while the second leads to the production of serotonin and melatonin, which have a variety of biological functions and recognized antitumor activity. The third route is the least studied and the biological function of the synthesized compounds is still unknown. Our group shows that tryptamine path is active in melanomas and tryptamine (TRY) and dimethyltryptamine (DMT), metabolites produced by this route, also have antitumor activity. Our goal is make progress on understanding how tryptamine route affects metabolism and tumor growth. Therefore, we studied in detail this pathway in melanoma cell lines. The addition of TRY and DMT into the cultures leds the production of metabolites of other Trp routes. Moreover, TRY and DMT affect the invasiveness of tumor cells and TRY increased antitumor activity of the immune system against melanomas. We observed that despite biological effects of kynurenine path be largely related to metabolites binding aryl hydrocarbon receptor, for tryptamine pathway the receptor seems not to be associated with the described antitumor activity. Our results point the importance of tryptamine pathway in tumor dynamics and the need for broader studies related to Trp metabolism.
Junior, Abdo Salomão. "Infusão transdérmica de fármaco no tratamento do melanoma murino B16F10". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5167/tde-03012018-111449/.
Texto completoThe incidence of melanoma cases has increased worldwide and, despite early diagnosis and targeted molecular therapy, the number of patients dying from metastatic disease continues to rise. Thus, current research has focused on the development of different treatment strategies to provide efficient and accessible solutions. In this sense, transdermal delivery is a promising alternative enhancing the local and systemic efficacy of drugs, including antitumor agents. Several methods have been developed to improve the skin permeation of drugs, highlighting, among those, the radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFA). This process results in the creation of many microchannels between the epidermis and the dermis through which several molecules can pass towards the deeper layers of the skin. In this study, the efficacy of the transdermal delivery of etoposide by a fractional radiofrequency device was evaluated in a murine melanoma model. C56BL/6 lineage mice were divided into the following experimental groups: 1) control; 2) treated with radiofrequency; 3) treated with topical applications of etoposide; and 4) treated with radiofrequency followed by topical applications of etoposide. The animals were treated for 28 days and the body weight, tumor volume and hematological profile were analyzed weekly. At the end of the treatments, the animals were euthanized and the tumor mass and organs (lung, spleen, kidneys, lymph nodes and liver) were collected for histopathological analysis. Tumor cells obtained from the tumor masses were analyzed for changes in the cell cycle and mitochondrial transmembrane potential. The results showed that the treatment with etoposide alone reduced the survival of the animals and caused histological changes indicating toxicity. On the other hand, the transdermal delivery of etoposide by a radiofrequency device resulted in a significant reduction of the tumor volume, in comparison with all the experimental groups, not causing mortality. This treatment also decreased thrombocytosis and increased the number of red blood cells compared to the other groups. The histopathological analysis of the organs from animals treated with RFA + etoposide demonstrated that there was no significant change in tissue architecture. Furthermore, the group treated with RFA + etoposide presented the highest percentage of cells with inactive mitochondria and interruption at the S/G2M stage, corroborating the increased efficacy of the in vivo study. The set of results indicates that the treatment with radiofrequency followed by etoposide results in better antitumor responses of chemotherapy, with low toxicity rates
Meneguelo, Renato. "Efeitos antiproliferativos e apoptóticos da fosfoetanolamina sintética no melanoma B16F10". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/82/82131/tde-12022008-135651/.
Texto completoThe synthetic phosphoethanolamine is a phosphorilad artificially molecule, with unknown synthesis carried through for the first time for our group, differing itself from current molecules for its level of absorption of approximately 90%, with diverse anti-inflammatory and apoptotic as properties. The main objective of this study and to evaluate the anti tumor effect \"in vitro\" and \"in vivo\" of the synthetic phosphoethanolamine in cells of melanoma B16F10 implanted in mice Balb-c. Groups of 60 Balb-c mice had been used, females with approximately 20 g, treated with water and ration \"ad libidum\". The cytotoxic activity of the composition was tested in lives tumor or normal cells for colorimetric method MTT, and determined to the inhibitory concentration (IC50%) its toxicid also it was tested in normal linphocytes T, in assays of cellular proliferation, stimulated for mitogen. The bearing animals of tumors had been dealt with after 14º day the tumor inoculation with watery solution (i.p) of synthetic phosphoethanolamine and the group control received solution saline, and had been evaluated the following parameters: tumor volume, area and number of metastases in internal agencies. Also the comparison of the synthetic phosphoethanolamine in relation to the convencionaly treatment with quimioterapics separate Taxol and Etoposideo in the different phases of the cellular cycle was carried through. The results of the treatment with the synthetic phosphoethanolamine \"in vitro\" had shows that the composition induces selective citotoxicity for the tumor cells with IC50% of 1.69 ug/ml without affecting the proliferative capacity of normal cells. The bearing animals of dorsal tumors of melanoma B16F10 had presented significant reduction tumor load, showing to inhibition of the capacity of growth and the metastatization. The hematological evaluation did not show alterations the administration of the synthetic phosphoethanolamine by the intraperitoneal way in the bearing animals of melanoma. The synthetic phosphoethanolamine significantly reduced the size of tumors of selective form, without alterations in normal cells; with advantage in relation to the commercial quimioterapics therefore the same one did not present the terrible collaterals effect of the same ones. In this work it was evident the inhibitory capacity of the synthetic phosphoethanolamine in the inhibition of the progression and dissemination of the tumor cells.
Oliveira, Érica Aparecida de. "Estudo comparativo de radiofármacos para angiogênese na detecção de melanoma". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-31102011-092818/.
Texto completoEarly diagnosis and treatment of melanoma, a cutaneous tumor with a serious prognosis, is extremely important for optimal clinical outcome. Phage display peptide libraries are a useful screening resource for identifying bioactive peptides that interact with cancer targets. The aim of this study was the evaluation of two technetium-99m tracers for angiogenesis detection in melanoma model, using cyclic peguilated pentapeptide with RGD and NGR motifs conjugated with bifunctional chelator MAG3. The conjugated peptides (10 μL of a μg/μL solution) were labeled with technetium-99m using a sodium tartrate buffer. Radiochemical evaluation was done by ITLC and confirmed by HPLC. Partition coefficient was determined and internalization assays were performed in two melanoma cells (B16F10 and SKMEL28). Biodistribution evaluation of the tracers was done in healthy animals at different times and also in mice bearing the tumor cells at 120 min post injection. Blocking studies were also conducted by co-injection of cold peptides. The conjugated showed the same profile in many evaluations. They were radiolabeled with high radiochemical purity (>97%). Both were hydrophilic, with preferential renal excretion. Tumor uptake was higher for human melanoma cells than for murinic melanoma cells, specially for 99mTc-MAG3-PEG8-c(RGDyK) (7.85±2.34 %ID/g) at 120 min post injection. The performance of 99mTc-MAG3-PEG8-c(RGDyk) was much better than NGR tracer concerning human melanoma uptake and might be considered in future investigations focusing radiotracers for melanoma diagnosis.
Pereira, Alexandre. "Toxicidade seletiva da crotamina do veneno de Crotalus durissus terrificus sobre as células indutoras de tumores". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-22052012-155446/.
Texto completoCrotamine is a low molecular weight peptide composed of 42 amino acid residues. The presence of nine lysine residues and three disulfide bonds confers to crotamine high compactness, stability, net positive charge, and overall structural similarity to b-defensin 2, an antimicrobial peptide from the human epithelia. Crotamine, up to 10.0 mM, is innocuous to normal cells (e.g., human fibroblasts and murine embryonic stem cells), but lethal for tumorigenic CHO-K1 cells. Herein, we demonstrated that 1 mg of crotamine (0,2 mM) was cytotoxic for B16-F10, Mic PaCa-2 and SK-Mel-28 cells in vitro, as proved by MTT assay, Hoechst 33342 and Propidium iodide staining. Additionally, we evaluate the cytotoxic effect of crotamine on primary invasion of cutaneous melanoma produced by injection of B16-F10 cells into C57Bl/6J mice. The effect of crotamine on cutaneous melanoma was studied on two groups of mice (crotamine-treated and non-treated), each composed by 35 mice. Each animal in crotamine-treated group received daily 1 mg/100 mL of crotamine (2 mM), while those non-treated received placebo. Crotamine treatment lasted for 21 days. The delay of tumor implantation and reduction of death was observed for crotamine-treated group when compared to control non-treated group. Average weight of tumor in non-treated group was 4.60 g, while in crotamine-treated, was only about 0.27 g, if detectable. The Kaplan Meier estimator indicated that crotamine-treated group present significant survival number (n=28/35) in comparison with non-treated group (n=7/35). Data from our research demonstrate that crotamine possesses in vitro and in vivo specific and selective cytotoxic activity against aggressive and fast growing types of tumor.
Vargas, Thiago Henrique Moroni. "Caracterização imuno-histoquímica da Galectina-3 como ferramenta prognóstica em melanomas orais caninos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74135/tde-14022019-132753/.
Texto completoMelanomas are almost 7% of all malignant neoplasms in dogs. They are mainly found in the oral cavity and lips, corresponding to 33% of tumors of the oral cavity. They carry a poor prognosis because of late diagnoses, local invasiveness, high metastatic and recurrence rates after surgical treatment. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a protein with a variety of biological roles such as in adhesion, apoptosis, angiogenesis, proliferation and differentiation. In veterinary medicine, there are few studies comparing the expression of Gal-3 with prognosis and tumor progression. We performed immunohistochemistry for Gal-3 in 27 canine oral melanomas and evaluated the immunolabelling both semi-quantitatively and quantitatively. The results were compared with survival, other prognostic markers (Ki67, mitotic index and nuclear atypia), expression of proteins related to apoptosis (BCL2 and CASP3) and histopathological parameters (degree of pigmentation and histological type). We detected higher expression of Gal-3 in cases of melanoma that presented longer post-surgical survival and a higher nuclear expression of Gal-3 in dogs with melanoma that had shorter post-surgical survival. In addition, there was correlation between the Gal-3 and BCL2 expressions, as well as between nuclear atypia and post-surgical survival. It is known that Gal-3 is able to form heterodimers with BCL2 in the cytoplasm leading to evasion of apoptosis, through preventing mitochondrial cytochrome C release. Nuclear Gal-3 induces the cell cycle arrest, reducing the proliferation rate. Despite the small sample size due to the difficulty in clinical follow-up, our data suggest that Gal-3 has the potential to be a prognostic marker for survival in cases of canine oral melanomas. Further studies should be performed to confirm our observations and elucidate the role of Gal-3 in this neoplasm.
Paioli, Fernanda Somma. "Efeito citotóxico da crotoxina em células de melanoma murino e fibroblastos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-17032011-105046/.
Texto completoCrotoxin is the most abundant and active toxin from the venom of the Brazilian rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. It is composed of two subunits non covalently linked. One acidic with no enzymatic or toxic activity, known as crotapotin, which enhances the phospholipase A2 (basic subunit) action. Some authors have also attributed to this toxin a direct cytotoxic effect, and have suggested its use as a therapeutical agent against tumoral cells. In the present work, we investigated the cytotoxic effect of crotoxin and its subunitis on murine melanoma cells and fibroblasts. Our results indicate that crotoxin is highly toxic to the melanoma cells inducing cell death even at the lowest concentration while the fibroblast were only affected with the higher concentrations. The subunits assays showed that the phospholipase A2 had a higher toxicity on melanoma cells than on fibroblasts.
Silva, Emanoel Pedro de Oliveira. "Estudos fotofísicos e fotobiológicos de sistemas de liberação contendo o fármaco fotossensível cloro-ftalocianina de alumínio para aplicação em terapia fotodinâmica". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60137/tde-21102016-112503/.
Texto completoThe Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been an alternative for the treatment of skin, and brain tumors, and has shown promising results, both in vitro and in vivo, is a simple and non-evasive technique. The therapy consists into a light-sensitive drug excitation by a light visible source that once absorbed by the molecule lead to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the molecular oxygen presence by a sequence of photochemical reactions. This work proposes the preparation and characterization of a cholesterol-rich nanoemulsion and ultradeformable liposomes as new delivery systems for the drug photosensitizer chloro aluminum phthalocyanine (PcAlCl) compared to a classical system as the conventional liposome and their photodynamic activity in glioblastoma cells line (U87MG) and melanoma cells line (B16F10). The formulations showed suitable characteristics such as reproducibility, particle size, short and long-term stability and deformity for their use as drug delivery for PcAlCl. For the photophysical studies: absorption, fluorescence, fluorescence quantum yield (?F), fluorescence lifetime (?) and quantum yield of singlet oxygen (??) of PcAlCl in ethanol and incorporated in the formulations demonstrated that the incorporation was able to improve its photophysical characteristics. In in vitro studies, the drug delivery systems showed no cytotoxicity in the absence of light, but demonstrated increased in PcAlCl photodynamic activity up to 80% over the PcAlCl free when irradiated. All formulations showed characteristics, which cooperates with the use of these drug delivery systems for, increased the PcAlCl photodynamic activity for glioblastoma and melanoma treatment
Cardoso, Ana Carolina Ferreira. "Modulação da expressão de galectina-3 frente às pressões seletivas de pH e oxigenação: um mecanismo para a heterogeneidade intratumoral?" Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5155/tde-25112014-124037/.
Texto completoThe intratumoral heterogeneity observed in human tumors is extremely important to understand tumor progression and its therapeutic response. Galectin-3 belongs to animal lectin family and it is a ?-galactosidase binding protein which is involved in physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. In this work, an intratumor heterogeneous galectin-3 expression was observed in tissue sessions containing different human melanocytic lesions. Moreover, negative galectin-3 murine cells injected into gal3-/- mice were able to generate tumors composed of a positive galectin-3 cell fraction, suggesting that selective forces in tumor microenvironment modulate galectin-3 expression in melanoma. Extracellular acidosis acts as a negative regulator to galectin-3 in vitro, decreasing its expression in murine and human melanoma cells and even in murine melanocytes. However, intermittent or acute hypoxia exposure did not alter galectin-3 expression in human melanoma cells in vitro. In addition, tumors originated from a mixture of positive and negative galectin-3 cells (mimicking heterogeneous tumors) showed higher growth rate compared to those derived from only galectin-3 positive or negative cells. Therefore, we showed evidences that galectin-3 intratumoral heterogeneity seems to be involved with the evolutionary success of melanoma and that acidosis may be the microenvironmental pressure responsible for the establishment and maintenance of galectin-3 negative cell fraction into the tumor bulk
Teixeira, Tarso Felipe. "Melanomas melânicos e amelânicos da cavidade bucal de cães: aspectos epidemiológicos, morfológicos e moleculares". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10133/tde-19102012-082041/.
Texto completoMelanoma is a malignant neoplasm with aggressive behavior considered the most common cancer of the buccal cavity in dogs. It can be classified as cell morphology in epithelioid, spindle and mixed or on the phenotype, in melanotic or amelanotic. Studies have suggested that amelanotic melanomas are more aggressive. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of melanoma of the buccal cavity of dogs, quantifying the expression of Connexins 26 and 43, E-cadherin, MMPs 2 and 9 and cell proliferation. For both melanomas were collected from 25 dogs attended at HOVET FMVZ (USP) (16 melanotic and 9 amelanotic melanomas). After the surgery, the animals were followed until death, so 5 animals were euthanized (2 before surgery and 3 after surgery, due to physical suffering). The tumors were diagnosed by histopathology and classified according to WHO (1998). For confirmation of amelanotic melanomas it was used the technique of immune-histochemistry with the antibody profile pre-established. Cell proliferation was quantified by using PCNA, apoptotic index and caspase-3. The tumor behavior was evaluated using the technique of immune-histochemistry for E-cadherin and MMPs 2 and 9. And the expression of Cxs was evaluated by immune-fluorescence and western blot. Dogs with amelanotic melanoma had lower survival with increasing number of metastatic, weak immunoreactivity for E-cadherin and high intensity for MMP 2 and 9, an increase of cells positive for PCNA and mitotic index, and decreased caspase-3, no significant difference in the morphologic subtypes. There was a decrease of expression of Cxs between amelanotic, however, increased synthesis of CX 26 gene among the same group, which was verified by real time PCR. Our findings suggest that melanomas of the buccal cavity of dogs exhibited more aggressive behavior.
Silva, Rodrigo Ribeiro da. "O gene KIAA0090 é ativado em lesão pré-neoplásica e seu silenciamento por siRNA causa morte celular em linhagem de melanoma". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17136/tde-19072010-111704/.
Texto completoThe KIAA0090 gene, which has been found in all eukaryotic genomes and is predicted to encode a highly conserved transmembrane protein, maps to a chromosomal region (1p36.13) with frequent aberrations in some human tumors. In addition, publicly available expression data suggest altered expression of this gene associated with many tumors and treatments. The goals of this work were to search for the occurrence of multiple KIAA0090 transcripts in melanoma cell lines; determine the gene expression pattern in different cell lines and tumor types by real time RT-PCR; and analyze the gene knockdown effect on melanoma cell viability. The transcript that we found to be expressed in melanoma cell line seems to correspond to RefSeq transcript. In melanoma, increased KIAA0090 expression was found in all human melanoma cell lines in comparison to melanocytes. Interestingly, however, we observed significantly higher expression of KIAA0090 in nevi samples (mean value = 11,02) as compared to primary (mean value = 2,87) or metastatic (mean value = 2,72) melanoma groups (p<0,01), although there was no significant difference between primary and metastatic melanoma. Treatment of melanoma cells with an inhibitor of DNA methylation (5-Aza-2\'- deoxycytidine) and /or deacetylation of histones (Trichostatin A) leads to an enhancement of KIAA0090 expression, supporting the hypothesis that epigenetic events may be involved in modulating KIAA0090 gene expression. On the other hand, no significant differences in the KIAA0090 mRNA expression levels were observed between white matter and glioblastoma samples, although we found slightly lower survival rates associated with high levels of KIAA0090 mRNA in glioblastomas in a study involving 28 patient samples. Interestingly, this was compatible with database of large scale gene expression studies, which have shown a direct correlation between KIAA0090 up-regulation and low survival rates in patients with glioblastoma (216 patients data analized - https://cma.nci.nih.gov/cma-tcga/). In 31 samples from Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia patients, we could not find any relationship between the KIAA0090 gene expression and patient age, sex, white blood cell count, risk, immunophenotype, response and patient\'s current situation. KIAA0090 knockdown led to an increase of cell death rate in a melanoma cell line, and since unviable cells are Annexin V positive, we postulate that they undergo apoptotic death. The data obtained, and the ones deposited in databases, confirms changes in expression of KIAA0090 during tumor progression. Pre-neoplasic lesions such as nevi already have changes in KIAA0090 expression, comparable to oncogene BRAF. As for other molecules involved in the UPR and ERAD pathways, KIAA0090 knockdown induces apoptotic cell death. Therefore, KIAA0090 gene seems to be very important in helping maintain the tumorigenic ability of cells in not suitable environments.
Sá, Daniel Coelho de. "Análise da expressão do inflamassoma em melanoma cutâneo e nevo melanocítico". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5133/tde-24102018-125931/.
Texto completoInflammatory response is involved in many aspects of cancer biology. Inflammasomes are a group of cytosolic multiprotein complexes, classically consisting of an upstream sensor protein of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family, the adaptor protein ASC, and the downstream effector caspase-1. Its activation leads to the production of biologically active IL-1beta and IL-18, and consequently contributing to the inflammatory process. Caspase-1 activation can also induce pyroptotic cell death, that is accompanied by the release of cytosolic contents to the extracellular space eliciting local inflammation. The roles of the inflammasomes in cancer are still ill defined, due to their contrasting roles in oncogenesis. Recent studies have shown an activation of the inflammosome as melanoma progresses. We evaluated the expression of inflamassome components (NLRP1, NLRP3, caspase-1) and of IL-1beta in melanocytic neoplasms, by immunohistochemistry. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 25 patients with melanoma (16 thin melanomas and 9 intermediate-thick melanomas), and 22 patients with melanocytic nevus (12 intradermal nevi and 10 dysplastic nevi) were analyzed. All skin samples were retrieved from the files of the Department of Dermatology at Clinics Hospital of Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo. Comparing all nevi with all melanomas, we found a higher expression of NLRP1, NLRP3 and caspase-1 in melanomas. There was no difference of IL-1beta expression between the groups. For the first time, to our knowledge, we reported an increasing expression of NLRP1 in melanoma compared to melanocytic nevus. Unexpectantly, NLRP1 expression resulted augmented NLRP1 in thin melanomas compared with intermediate-thick melanomas. These data may suggest a role of NLRP1 in oncogenesis, but that its expression decreases as disease progresses. We can hypothesize that an increase of NLRP1 could represent a promoter event in melanocyte transformation, but it does not be involved in tumour progression. The association between nevus, melanoma and inflammasomes seems to be complex and further studies are necessary to clarify this
Maria, Andrea Gutierrez. "Papel do receptor B1 de cininas no desenvolvimento de melanoma murino". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17131/tde-06012016-162046/.
Texto completoMalignant melanoma is between the cancer types that most have been increased in the last decades, representing a therapeutic challenge. When it is early detected, chances of cure through surgical excisions with secure margins are high. However, advanced cases of melanoma are resistant to all types of therapies; thus, one of the most challenges for research in melanoma is the identification of molecular targets to further develop new strategies of treatment. The ability to blockade the development of a tumor depends on a better understanding of cellular and molecular pathways that operate in the tumor microenvironment. A chronic and persistent inflammation contributes to cancer development, and, even tumors that are not epidemiologically linked to pathogens present inflammatory components in their microenvironment. The Kallicrein-Kinin System (KKS) is responsible for several biological effects, like, vasodilatation, modulation of pain and inflammation, contraction/relaxation of smooth muscles and cell proliferation. The kinin B1 receptor is well related to inflammatory processes, however, the involvement of the KKS in cancer development is, yet, not well described in the literature. Regarding to melanoma, studies relating the involvement of the KKS in melanoma development is still not available. This way, identification of genetic mechanisms and signaling pathways that drive melanoma formation and progression is extremely important for designing rational therapies in the future. Thus, the aim of this study was evaluate the participation of the kinin B1 receptor in melanoma progression. First, in vitro assays with murine melanoma cells, B16F10, were performed to verify the presence of the KKS components in this cell lineage, as well as the capacity of migration when these cells are stimulated with the B1 receptor agonist and antagonist. Then, melanoma was induced in wild type and B1 receptor knockout mice and the expression of cytokines, proliferation and apoptosis pathways and vascularization were studied by PCR, western blotting and histological analyses. We observed that B16F10 cells stimulated with the B1 receptor agonist had their capacity of migration decreased. Tumors developed in B1 receptor knockout mice showed a lower expression of this gene comparing to the tumors developed in wild type animals, also presenting higher activation of proliferation pathways and abnormal vessels. Considering these results, we suggest that the kinin B1 receptor contributes to blockade, at least in part, the tumor progression which can, in the future, become a therapeutic target for melanoma treatment.
Ribeiro, Aline Hunger. "Transferência gênica de p19Arf e interferon-b em células de melanoma". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-10022012-143841/.
Texto completoMalignant melanoma is a type of cancer with high death rates, in part, because of a lack of efficient treatments and its tendency to generate metastases. Our group has developed viral vectors for the gene transfer of anticancer factors and, initially, we constructed an adenoviral vector, AdPG, in which transgene expression is controlled by p53, a tumor suppressor and transcription factor. As 90% of melanoma cases maintain wild-type p53, it was proposed that this could be used as a tool to drive transgene expression encoded by the AdPG vector, as evidenced by previous studies from our group. For example, transduction of B16 cells (mouse melanoma, wild-type p53, p19Arf-null) with vectors encoding p19Arf or interferon-b (IFNb) resulted in massive death cell, while transfer of just one of these factors alone did not cause the same effect. The work described here includes two critical technologic advances in comparison with our previous work. First, transgenes of interest (eGFP, p19Arf and IFNb) were inserted into an adenoviral vector which presents the RGD tripeptide in its fiber. This vector modification allows efficient transduction in a wide range of target cells without dependence on the wild type adenovirus receptor, CAR. In addition, a bicistronic vector was constructed which contains the combination of both therapeutic genes, ensuring the transfer of both factors to the target cells at the same time. Use of p19Arf, a tumor suppressor and MDM2 inhibitor, as a therapeutic gene should complement endogenous p53 activities and, as a consequence, promote expression from the AdPG vector and inhibit tumor cell proliferation. However, p19Arf gene transfer alone should have an effect only in transduced cells and, therefore, its effect would be limited. For this reason, we describe, in addition to p19Arf, the application IFNb, a secreted protein with antitumor functions, including inhibition of angiogenesis, induction of apoptosis and activation of immunologic response. This strategy involves several mechanistic levels related with the gene transfer process, including transduction efficiency, control over transgene expression and transgene activity. Therefore, it was proposed that the combination of p19Arf and IFNb could be an interesting strategy to induce primary tumor death and an immunologic response against metastatic cells. In this project, the construction of new vectors optimized for gene transfer in melanoma cells was initiated.
Sekimoto, Larissa Satiko Alcantara. "Avaliação da terapia fotodinâmica em cultivo celular tridimensional de melanoma humano". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-02052016-104216/.
Texto completoMelanoma accounts for 4% of skin cancers and causes 79% of death from skin diseases worldwide. A major problem associated with melanoma treatment is due to its increasingly resistance to conventional therapies. Thus, photodynamic therapy has emerged as a promising alternative modality to several types of cancer and other skin disorders. It generally involves the selective accumulation of a photoactive molecule in target tissue, followed by illumination with light source of an appropriate wavelength, to excite this molecule, resulting in cell damage. This study sought to investigate the photodynamic response in human melanoma, through a three dimensional tumor model by magnetic levitation. Initially, a protocol to obtain melanoma tumors was developed, to evaluate the therapy at different doses of light and photosensitizer concentrations. Posteriorly, kinetic assays and intracellular quantification with two photosensitizers, Photogem® and Photodithazine®, were also carried out in order to ascertain its distribution, as well as time internalization in tumors. Having established that incubation for 16 hours with Photodithazine® was the most suitable experimental parameter, photodynamic therapy was performed in a single session, with irradiation of 660 nm in two tumors, different in thicknesses. Therefore, cytotoxicity tests were used to compare the results of both conditions, where it was noted that the increased tumor depth may attenuate oxidative damage, induced by the therapy. Furthermore, it was observed that the increase in light dose did not result in significant changes in cell death. Nevertheless, the greater cell damage, approximately 90% kill was obtained with 100 ug/mL Photodithazine® and illumination with 60 J / cm², causing tumor breakdown, which is a promising effect in melanoma therapy. An alternative suggested to enhance the photodynamic efficiency, would be to apply more sessions of photodynamic therapy, so this procedure could result in increased cell death.
Ono, Bruno Andrade. "Avaliação da resposta fotodinâmica em células de melanoma murino utilizando Photodithazine". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-02052016-104501/.
Texto completoPhotodynamic therapy is a technique manly applied in the treatment of cancers and infections. The principal compound of this therapy is the reactive oxygen species generated that react and damage various cellular components, causing cell death. Photodynamic therapy is considered minimally invasive and can be repeated several times without compromising the patient. One of the main focuses of photodynamic therapy is threatment of melanoma skin cancer due to it is superficial location of the lesions and also because the disease has a high rate of mortality, caused by the formation of secondary tumors elsewhere in the body that makes it difficult to cure. In this study, murine melanoma cells were studied in monolayer model using Photodithazine, a photosensitizer of second generation. Cellular uptake and intracellular co-localization of the photosensitizer was observed by labeling cellular components that were analyzed by confocal microscopy. Cell viability assays were performed to obtain the cytotoxic concentrations in the dark, using the MTT test. Using the less cytotoxic concentrations, photodynamic therapy trials was performed to obtain the cytotoxic fluences. Finally, the average lifetime fluorescence of photosensitizer was measured to characterize the photodynamic therapy in FLIM (fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy). The results indicated that longer dark incubation cause greater cytotoxicity at the concentrations above 0.1 mg/mL of Photodithazine. Thereby the results of photodynamic therapy experiments observed the decreasing from over 90% cell viability at low concentrations of Photodithazine using fluences above 2 J/cm2. The average fluorescence lifetime of the free Photodithazine solution was 3.75 ns and cell-bound 4.63 ns, during the photodynamic therapy the average lifetime fluorescence changed approximately 0.2 ns. By calculating correlation coefficients, the high colocalization was observed in mitochondria.
Giavina-Bianchi, Mara Huffenbaecher. "Análise da expressão da proteína NY-ESO-1 no melanoma cutâneo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5133/tde-20062016-111434/.
Texto completoINTRODUCTION: cancer is the disease that leads to the greatest number of deaths in people over 85 years old and it has become a major public health problem. Tumors may express aberrantly proteins during certain phases of their development, which can be target for diagnostic or treatment purposes. NY-ESO-1 is detected in 20 to 40% of melanomas. There is evidence that it is more frequent in advanced stages and that is associated with a worse prognosis. OBJECTIVES: to determine the frequency of NY-ESO-1 protein expression in cutaneous melanoma and to try to correlate it to Breslow index, melanoma histopathological aspects, including the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, and patients morbi-mortality. METHODS: the present study is longitudinal of retrospective cohort. The research was carried on from August 2009 to October 2015. Eighty nine melanomas were selected from 87 patients in Oncology Outpatient Clinic, Dermatology Division, University of São Paulo and divided in 3 groups, such as: group 1: 34 melanomas with Breslow index <= 1,0 mm; group 2: 29 melanomas with Breslow index between 1,1 - 4,0 mm e group 3: 26 melanomas with Breslow index >= 4,0 mm. All specimens were reviewed for diagnostic, Breslow index and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. After that, immunohistoquimical test for the presence of NY-ESO-1 antigen was performed in all 89 melanomas collected and in 20 nevi (11 dysplastic nevi and 9 dermal nevi) that were randomly chosen. By reviewing clinical charts, the following data was obtained: age, sex, skin phototype, site of the tumor, lymph node sentinel status, development of metastases and survival of the patients. The histological data analyzed was: histological melanoma type, presence of ulceration, grade of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. In those melanomas that had tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, we performed immunohistoquimical tests for the presence of CD3+, CD8+, FoxP3+ and CD8+FoxP3+ (double positive) cells. RESULTS: antigen NY-ESO-1 was present in 19% of primary cutaneous melanomas and none of the 20 nevi. The expression of antigen NY-ESO-1 was statistically related to thicker melanomas. It presented also an inverse association with superficial spreading melanoma type compared to other subtypes. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes of NY-ESO-1 positive melanomas had fewer CD3+ cells, that were isolated or arranged in small groups up to 5 cells, which was significantly different from tumors NY-ESO-1 negatives, with higher density of CD3+ cells, displayed in large groups of 6 or more cells. The expression of NY-ESO-1 protein was not associated to age, sex, phototype, site, ulceration, lymph node sentinel status, development of metastases and survival. CONCLUSIONS: A considerable amount of melanomas express NY-ESO-1, mainly thicker tumors. The fewer number of CD3+ cells in the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, added to the fact of those cells being isolated or in small groups suggest that, although immunogenic, the expression of NY-ESO-1 antigen does not result in a efficient stimulus of the immune system to fight the tumor. The development of a vaccine to those patients may, in the future, enhance the roll of therapeutic possibilities for melanoma
Biteghe, Fleury Augustin Nsole. "Comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of SNAP-tag fusion protein and the synergistic actions of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy in killing resistant melanoma". Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30430.
Texto completoBellé, Luziane Potrich. "Ação da proteína amiloide sérica A em melanomas". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9136/tde-01072015-104739/.
Texto completoBasal serum concentrations of the protein serum amyloid A are significantly increased in cancer patients and some authors suggest a causal relationship. Previous work of our research group showed that SAA induces proliferation of two cell lines of human glioblastoma and affects invasiveness processes in vitro, supporting a pro-tumor role for this protein. Based on this work, we investigated the extent of SAA effects to another type of tumor cell and we chose a panel of human melanoma cell lines and primary line obtained from a patient with melanoma by lymph node aspirate. Melanoma cells were isolated by us. We observed that while the precursor cells of melanoma, melanocytes, do not produce SAA, all melanoma cell lines expressed the protein and produced some of their receptors. Moreover, when these cells were stimulated with SAA there was an inhibition of proliferation in short exposure times (48 hours) and cytotoxic effects after a longer period (7 days). SAA also affected invasive procedures and the production of the cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α. To evaluate the SAA effect in the interaction of melanoma cells with immune system cells, we found that SAA activated an anti-tumor immune response by increasing the expression of co-estimulatory molecules such as CD69 and HLA-DR, and their cytotoxic function. Furthermore, we found that the production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-1β and IL-8 stimulated by SAA can contribute to this effect. In general these results lead us to believe that the SAA has anti-tumor activity in melanomas. Finally, based on the importance of the resistance development to current therapies for melanoma we observed that in cells resistant to PLX4032, a BRAF inhibitor, the immunomodulatory effects induced by SAA are abolished, possibly identifying a new resistance component.
Brohem, Carla Abdo. "Mecanismo de ação do 4-nerolidilcatecol na indução da morte celular e contenção da invasão em linhagens de melanoma humano e modelo de pele artificial". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9136/tde-03092010-151856/.
Texto completoMelanoma is the most agressive form of skin cancer, it arises from the pigment-producing cells, melanocytes. These may be cutaneous or non-cutaneous (found in the lining membrane of the eye choroid, the meninges, and gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts). The increased incidence of malignant melanomas in recent decades, its high mortality rate and high resistance to most therapies has been a major challenge to the scientific community. It\'s particularly difficult to induce cell death by apoptosis in response to chemotherapy and other external stimuli, which may provide a selective advantage for tumor progression, metastasis formation and resistance to therapy in melanoma. Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been recognized for a long time as important triggers and modulators of apoptosis, but the exact role of oxidative stress in the apoptotic process is still a matter of discussion. Antioxidants tend to possess properties to regulate transduction signals that may not be related to their ability to inactivate oxidants. Under certain conditions, in a strong oxidizing environment where there is lack of support to regenerate (reduce) oxidized antioxidants, some antioxidants can assume characteristics of pro-oxidant. The 4-nerolidylcatechol (4-NC) is a potent antioxidant that is extracted from the plant Pothomorphe umbellata L. Miq. Its citotoxic potential has been demonstrated on melanoma tumor cell lines and on normal human fibroblasts. This compound was able to induce cell cycle arrest in G1, decrease the activity of MMPs and cell death by apoptosis. Subsequent studies showed that the mechanism of action of this compound starts with the formation and accumulation of ROS, and inhibition of the enzyme catalase. The 4-NC was able to induce apoptosis via mitochondria, increasing the levels of p53, Noxa, Mcl1, cleaving Bax and Bid and inducing cleavage of caspases 3 and 9. Furthermore, in a model of artificial skin containing melanoma 4-NC was able to contain the invasion of melanoma to the dermal part of the skin. Proteins keratin 10 and 14, involucrin and S100 were used as control of differentiation. Part of this invasion is restrained due to TIMP-2 activation and the inhibition of MMP-2 and -9 activation by 4-NC. Concluding, this compound can be used as a potential chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of human melanoma.
Almeida, Andreia de Araujo. "Estudo comparativo da fotoxicidade das protoporfirinas IX endógena e sintética e seus fotoprodutos contra células malígnas". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59135/tde-01052011-153055/.
Texto completoThe protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) occupies a special place among the porphyrins family due their important role in nature and several applications, including Photodynamic Therapy. Under the action of visible light, PpIX becomes photoproducts that can be cytotoxic or photocytotoxic and these effects can, on one hand, increase the treatment efficiency and, on the other hand, be toxic in the dark, harming the patient. Since the characteristics of its phototransformation depend on the environment where they are finding, studies of the effects of environment on the characteristics of its phototransformation are important. The spectroscopic properties and cytotoxic activity were studied in the dark and under visible light action of synthetic and endogenous PpIX, extracted from mice harderian gland of the Rattus novergicus albinus species and its photoproducts, in a culture of malignant cells, compared with Photogem® and TPPS4 porphyrin. The cellular localization of protoporphyrin and its photoproducts inside cellular structure also were observed. It was observed that there is a difference between the fluorescence and absorption spectra of synthetic and endogenous PpIX and between its photoproducts and also the degree of its phototransformation. These effects can be linked to the difference of the environment where the porphyrins were, due the interaction of endogenous PpIX and its photoproducts with cellular components that could be present after purification of PpIX obtained from the gland. The photocytotoxic of synthetic and endogenous PpIX were comparable. The photoproducts of both synthetic and endogenous PpIX showed no photocytotoxic or were smaller than of porphyrins, a contrary result to that it was found in the literature. In relation to pattern composite Photogem®, the protoporphyrin showed a photocytotoxic comparable to it, but protoporphyrin a higher cytotoxicity in the dark. The TPPS4 demonstrated both a lower phototoxicity as a cytotoxicity in the dark than Photogem®. From analysis of intracellular distribution of the porphyrin PpIX and its photoproducts with markers patterns of cellular structures, may be concluded that they did not penetrate into the cell nucleus and its distribution in other parts of the cytoplasm was diffuse, without preferential location.
Reis, Eduardo Guidi Francisco dos. "Protocolos de implementação e avaliação dos tratamentos de braquiterapia oftálmica com rutênio-106 em um hospital geral". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17159/tde-10042018-120404/.
Texto completoOphthalmic Brachytherapy uses radionuclides, such as Ruthenium-106 in the treatment of uveal melanomas and other ocular tumors. For this procedure is necessary a multidisciplinary interaction between Ophthalmology, Oncology, Radiotherapy, Medical Physics and Nursing, involving physical structure and qualified professionals to guarantee the processes and results of the procedure. This study aims to evaluate the first ophthalmic brachytherapy treatments with ruthenium- 106 and also to establish protocols and processes for the implementation of this service in a General Hospital. The results obtained for the first 11 cases treated between 2015 and 2017, being 10 melanomas and 1 hemangioma, showed low acute toxicity. Five patients were followed up for 5 to 13 months. There was regression of the lesion in all of these patients, with a mean of 28% at the apex and 12% at the base in the period close to 1 year, with a progressive regression during the evaluation period. The protocols were used and validated during all stages of treatment. The use of 106-Ru is a viable alternative in the treatment of ocular tumors, being the team qualification and the correct follow-up of the protocols crucial for the treatment success.
Fernandes, Débora Kristina Alves. "Avaliação do potencial de superação da quimioresistência do melanoma aos inibidores de BRAFV600E (Vemurafenibe) e de MEK (Trametinibe) utilizando terapia combinatória com 4-nerolidilcatecol (4-NC)". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9142/tde-04072018-125441/.
Texto completoMelanoma accounts for only 4% of malignant neoplasms of the skin, but is considered the most serious because it is highly deadly. Because the MAPK (Mitogen activated protein kinase) pathway is closely linked to the lack of control of cell proliferation, especially in melanoma, this pathway has become a target for the development of oncogene-targeted therapies, such as the potent chemotherapeutic agents Vemurafenib (V600E mutation inhibitor in BRAF - BRAFV600E) and Trametinib (MEK inhibitor). Increasingly, better response rates have been achieved with the new drugs, but most patients are subject to relapses after 7 months of treatment due to several mechanisms, which justify the constant search for new therapeutic compounds. Data from our laboratory indicate that 4-nerolidylcatechol (4-NC) induces increased p53 expression, ROS production and DNA damage, culminating in caspase-3 dependent apoptosis in melanoma cells. The 4-NC compound demonstrated an inhibitory effect on melanoma cell proliferation in an organotypic skin culture model. Thus, this project aims to evaluate the possibility of overcoming the existing chemoresistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors, using 4-NC combinatory therapies in human melanoma cells resistant to these inhibitors. Firstly, melanoma cell lines resistant to BRAF (R) and BRAF / MEK (DR) inhibitors were generated from naive cells mutated BRAF (N) and characterized by MTT, fluorescence microscopy and western blotting. These cells were submitted to 4-NC treatment that showed cytotoxicity with 30 µM, inhibition of colony formation and decrease in invasion in 2D and 3D in vitro models in all cell line studied (N, R and DR). Furthermore, 4-NC was able to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress with apoptosis induction. In order to explore the in vivo therapeutic effect of 4-NC, an additional study was conducted using xenograft model with NRAS-mutated melanoma cell line. After tumor development, the animals were treated 3 times per week for 3 weeks with 4-NC (10 mg / kg) by i.p. injection. 4-NC was able to inhibit up to 4- fold the growth of xenograft tumors (4/10) when compared to controls, with complete tumor remission in one animal. Cleaved PARP and p53 expression were increased in the tumors of treated animals, suggesting apoptosis. MMP2 and MMP14 gene expression were decreased in the same samples, demonstrating the role of 4-NC in inhibiting melanoma invasion in vivo. Finally, the systemic toxicity of 4-NC was evaluated at the same doses employed in the in vivo tumorigenesis assay. The low toxicity observed in the toxicological assays with sub-chronic 4- NC treatments and the demonstrated cytotoxicity in xenograft models leads us to consider this compound as promising for future studies and its application in the treatment of cutaneous human melanoma, including patients resistants to BRAF and MEK inhibitors.
Teixeira, Veronica Rodrigues. "Mecanismos associados à perda de expressão do gene de galectina-3 em um modelo de progressão de melanoma murino". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5155/tde-20062007-145547/.
Texto completoGalectin-3 is a b-galactoside-binding animal lectin, shown to be involved in tumor progression and metastasis. Galectin-3 expression has been found altered along tumor progression of different tumors. In some types of cancers such as thyroid carcinoma and bladder carcinoma, galectin-3 expression has been found increased, whereas in tumors such as breast carcinoma and ovary carcinoma the expression of this lectin has been found decreased along tumor progression. In this study, we have used a murine melanoma model to investigate the mechanisms responsible for the loss of galectin-3 gene expression. This model consists of a cell line of immortalized melanocytes (melan-a) and two cell lines of vertical growth phase melanoma (Tm1 and Tm5) established after submitting melan-a cells to several deadhesion cycles. While melan-a expressed high amounts of galectin-3, both Tm1 and Tm5 cells lost galectin-3 gene expression. Analysis of the 5\' upstream region of the galectin-3 gene demonstrated the presence of a high CpG content and several SP1 binding sites. Bisulfite sequencing of this region showed that it was fully methylated in Tm1 and Tm5 cells and unmethylated in melan-a cells. Treatment of Tm1 cells with 5-aza-2\'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, led to a marked decrease in the methylation levels of the 5\' upstream region of the galectin-3 gene, which led to transcription of the galectin-3 gene. Treatment of Tm1 cells with the histone-deacetylase inhibitors trichostatin A and 4- acid-phenilbutyrate in combination with 5-Aza-CdR did not increase the levels of galectin-3 gene expression and intriguingly, reverted the effect of 5-Aza-CdR alone. In addition, the expression of DNMT1 showed a modest, but significant increase in Tm1 and Tm5 cells as compared with melan-a cells. Altogether these results indicate that epigenetic mechanisms such as methylation play a role in the regulation of the galectin-3 gene expression along murine melanoma progression.
Araujo, Luiza Ferreira de. "Estudo do metabolismo energético com base na instabilidade do genoma mitocondrial no melanoma". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17135/tde-23042018-153436/.
Texto completoRecent studies have shown many oncogenes triggering metabolic reprogramming in cancer. The metabolic switch in cancer cells is necessary to supply the high demand for nutrients and biomolecules for proliferative cells. In this context, mitochondria play a central role in the energetic metabolism of the cell and changes in its genome, such as an increased load of mutations and alterations in mtDNA content, have been reported in several cancers. In addition, deficiency in the Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A (TFAM), responsible for transcription and maintenance of mtDNA stability, was previously associated with tumor growth. Based on that, our goal was to evaluate the impact of the mitochondrial genome instability in the energetic metabolism and melanoma growth. mtDNA instability was inferred measuring mtDNA mutations load and content, as well as TFAM expression. Its impact was evaluated in three different melanoma models: an in vitro model using melanoma cell lines, gene expression data from metastatic melanoma tumors, publicly available at TCGA, and an inducible murine model of melanoma (BRAFV600E/PTENnull), crossed onto different TFAMdeficient backgrounds. The murine model also provides us a tractable model to examine the consequences of mtDNA instability limited to cancer cells (Tfamflox) and in both cancer cells and tumor microenvironment (Tfam+/-). In vitro analysis showed us a positive correlation between mtDNA copy number (mtDNAcn) and TFAM expression with glucose consumption and ATP production, pointing an impact of these parameters in cellular bioenergetics. Further gene expression analysis, using both cell lines and metastatic melanoma data, suggested that TFAM could regulate the expression of angiogenesis genes, humoral immunity and amino acid metabolism. In vivo analysis confirmed the gene expression data, and revealed a higher melanoma growth in Tfam+/-. Also, combined metabolomics and transcriptomics data suggested that TFAM/mtDNAcn deficient melanoma cells rely mostly on glutamine metabolism to supply their energetic requirements. In conclusion, these data indicate that TFAM/mtDNAcn influences melanoma growth by triggering pro-tumorigenic signals and inducing metabolic reprogramming towards glutamine metabolism. These results are relevant and might help us understand how mitochondria affect melanoma progression.
Silva, Mariane Borges da. "Efeitos dos fatores tumorais derivados do melanoma canino na geração e maturação de células dendríticas caninas: estudo in vitro". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10133/tde-04092015-160659/.
Texto completoDogs are affected by inflammatory and neoplastic diseases that share many similarities with the disorders in humans, so their study is an important animal model for the human condition. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent population of antigen presenting cells. DCs also represent a promising new target for immunotherapy in dogs; However, the therapeutic use of canine DC is restricted among others factors due to lack of standardization in isolation techniques and limited number of species-specific information in this regard. This project aims to assess the generation of canine dendritic cells generated in vitro and activated by different biological stimuli in the presence and absence of tumor extract of canine melanoma. The results showed that the canine DCs generated in the presence of high concentrations tumor extract showed similar functional activity of mature DCs
Neyra, Jennifer Eliana Montoya. "Modulação dos efeitos citotóxicos dos vemurafenibe pela cloroquina em células de melanoma maligno G-361: papel da dermicidina". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42136/tde-30012018-101101/.
Texto completoIn this study we evaluated the pharmacological effects of vemurafenib ( inhibitor BRAFV600E) and chloroquine (autophagy inhibitor) in cell viability and tumor growth of two melanoma cell lines identified as G-361 pLKO, which expresses dermcidin, and G361 IBC I which silenced DCD expression. G-361 melanoma cells responded to vemurafenib (1-2 μM) and chloroquine (50-100 μM) alone or combined, with increased apoptosis rates, while decreasing senescent cells. Vemurafenib (50 mg/kg / 21 days) inhibited melanoma growth in immunodeficient mice independent of dermicidin. Chloroquine (30 mg/kg) in combination with vemurafenib, accelerated (at 24 hour interval), and reduced (at 72 hours interval), melanoma growth. Tumor tissues showed atypical cell morphology and nuclear histological patterns and melanocytic differentiation biomarkers S100, HMB-45, Melan-A or pancytokeratins were not. This work confirms the efficacy of vemurafenib and suggests potential adjuvant effect of chloroquine. It also confirms the role of dermcidin as growth factor and oncogene for melanoma cells.
Drewes, Carine Cristiane. "Efeitos das nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico contendo acetileugenol em melanomas: estudos in vivo e in vitro". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9141/tde-27082015-101459/.
Texto completoMelanoma is the most invasive skin cancer, with high rates of death without effective treatment. Polymeric lipid-core nanocapsules (LNC) has been successfully used as carriers of hydrophobic drugs. As eugenol is an hydrophobic compound with antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activity in cancer cells, here we aimed to evaluate the effects of treatments with acetyleugenol (AC), LNC or LNC containing acetyleugenol (LNC-AC) in an in vivo melanoma model in C57BL6 mice and the cytotoxicity of the treatments in vitro, using endothelial (HUVEC) and melanoma (SK-Mel- 28) cells. The results obtained showed that: 1) i.p. treatments with LNC or LNCAC (50 mg/kg, 3-10 days of tumor injection) induced systemic toxicity and, only the treatment with LNC inhibited the melanoma development. Treatment with LNC, but not with mix of triglycerides of medium chain, by oral route, inhibited the tumor development, without toxicity. In addition, the treatments with AC, LNC or LNC-AC were not effective when administered in the late stage of tumor evolution (50 mg/kg, 10-20 days of tumor induction, oral route); 2) the acute treatments with AC, LNC or LNC-AC (20 mg/kg, 200 µL, intravenous route) did not altered the number of circulating leukocytes, but the treatments with LNC or LNC-AC reduced the rolling behavior of leukocytes in postcapillary venules of the cremaster muscle and induced hemolysis. The latter effect was also observed after in vitro treatment using murine erythrocytes; 3) In vitro studies showed that the LNC and LNC-AC suffered uptake by HUVEC and SK-Mel-28 cells after 1 hour of incubation; that the incubation with LNC-AC induced late apoptosis and necrosis more effectively in SK-Mel-28 than in HUVEC cells; that the incubation with LNC or LNC-AC presented antiproliferative effects, by inducing G2M arrest in cell cycle in both cells lines evaluated; that only the incubation with AC or LNC-AC inhibited the adhesion in Matrigel® with more efficaccy in SK-Mel-28 than in HUVEC cells; that only incubtion with LNC reduced the VCAM-1 expression in HUVEC and the incubation with LNC or LNC-AC reduced the β3 integrin expression in SK-Mel-28 cells; that any treatment affected the HUVEC or SK-Mel- 28 migration; that only the incubation with LNC-AC reduced the levels of reactive species of oxygen in HUVEC and SK-Mel-28 cells; that the incubation with LNC or LNC-AC increased the nitric oxide (NO) production by both cell lines used; that the treatment with L-NAME reversed the NO levels and the inhibition on cell proliferation induced by incubation with LNC or LNC-AC and; that the in vitro treatment of murine with LNC or LNC-AC altered the neutrophil polarization to N1 phenotype. Together, results obtained show that the oral treatment with LNC inhibit the melanoma growth without any toxic effect, and that the beneficial effect could be dependent, at least in part, of nanoencapsulation of medium chain triglycerides and the supraestrucuture of the formulation, with direct toxicity on melanoma cells and possible modulation of tumor microenvironment.
Ferrucio, Bianca. "Avaliação de melanócitos humanos expostos ao inseticida carbaril e à radiação solar em cultura". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9141/tde-28052015-085252/.
Texto completoCarbaryl (1-naphthyl-methylcarbamate), a broad spectrum insecticide, has recently been associated with the development of cutaneous melanoma in an epidemiological cohort study with U.S. farm workers also exposed to ultraviolet radiation, which is known to be the main etiologic factor for skin carcinogenesis. Although comprehensive and well designed, the epidemiological study is not sufficient to characterize the direct contribution of the insecticide and solar radiation in melanomagenesis. Several studies have explored the synergistic effect of certain chemicals with UV radiation, increasing its deleterious effects on the skin, possibly contributing to tumor development. We hypothesized that Carbaryl exposure associated with UV solar radiation may induce melanocyte transformation. This study aims to characterize human melanocytes after individual or combined exposure to Carbaryl (100uM) and solar radiation (375 mJ/ cm2). In a microarray analysis, Carbaryl, but not solar radiation, induced an important oxidative stress response, evidenced by the upregulation of antioxidant genes, such as Hemeoxygenase-1 (HMOX1), and downregulation of MiTF, the main regulator of melanocytic activity; results were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Moreover, both Carbaryl and solar UV induced a gene response that suggests DNA damage and cell cycle alteration. The expression of genes in these categories, such as p21 and BRCA1/2, was notably more intense in the combined treatment group in an additive manner and in fact, flow cytometry assays demonstrated cell cycle arrest in S phase, reduced apoptosis induction and faster induction of CPD lesions in this experimental group. Our data suggests that carbaryl is genotoxic to human melanocytes, especially when associated with solar radiation
Santos, Suene Bernardes dos. "Viabilidade da medida de elementos-traço em soro sanguíneo para diagnóstico de melanoma". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-06112014-110043/.
Texto completoRecording chemical elements, either as major or trace quantities, in tissues and biological fluids is regularly being used for medical diagnosis, health assessments, nutritional status, and for the monitoring and prevention of diseases. In many cases, such relationship is firmly established, but for cancer, there is still a search for a relationship between chemical elements and various types (or stages) of cancer. In this kind of study, highly sensitive multielemental spectroscopic methods are used which are not yet routinely available in clinical laboratories. In this study, changes in the concentration of chemical elements in serum of melanoma patients were sought by means of PIXE and HR-ICPMS analysis as an aid to early diagnosis, and to help increasing the likelihood of pacients recovery. The multi-elemental PIXE method (Proton Induced X-ray Emission) relies on the detection of characteristic X-rays of the sample, while the HR-ICPMS (High Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) is a high resolution mass spectrometer. Blood samples from 30 patients and 116 healthy donors were collected at the Hospital (protocols CEP 1036/08 UNIFESP) in glass tubes without additives, and the serum separated after centrifugation for 15 minutes at 4500 rpm. A total of 10 elements were measured: 4 by HR-ICPMS (Mg, Se, Cu and Zn), 8 by PIXE (P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Br, Cu and Zn). The analytical methods were assessed analyzing reference materials QMEQAS06S-06, QMEQAS08S-06 and NIST 1577b. The analytical precision ranged from 3 % to 9 %. Relevant clinical information of patients has also been included in the statistical analysis (histological type of tumor, level of melanoma, Breslow depth scale, number of lymph nodes, presence or absence of mitosis and/or ulceration). The evaluation of the control group showed different concentrations of P and Mg for individuals aged above and below 40 years. The P, S, Ca, Cu and Zn in healthy individuals differed according to the gender, highlighting the need of inserting the variables age and gender in the case-control analysis. The concentrations of K, S, Ca and Se showed differences between the control group and the melanoma, when considering the clinical variables of the patients (p <0.05). The need for stratification by age, gender and stage of cancer, critically reduced the already limited number of samples, compromising the interpretation of the small differences in elemental concentrations found. The results for the healthy population agreed with the values reported in the literature and contributed to strengthen the database of elemental concentrations in serum of the Brazilian population.
Queiroz, Rodrigo Guimaraes. "Componentes derivados de venenos de serpentes com ação antitumoral em células de melanoma Murino". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-24082012-133252/.
Texto completoDespite the constant advances in the treatment of cancer, this disease remains one of the main causes of mortality worldwide. So, the development of new treatment modalities is imperative. Snake venom causes a variety of biological effects because they constitute a complex mixture of substances as disintegrins, proteases (serine and metalo), phospholipases A2, L-amino acid oxidases and others. The goal of the present work is to evaluate a anti-tumor activity of some snake venoms fractions. There are several studies of components derived from snake venoms with this kind of activity. After fractionation of snake venoms of the families Viperidae and Elapidae, the fractions were assayed towards murine melanoma cell line B16-F10 and fibroblasts L929. The results showed that the fractions of venom of the snake Notechis ater niger had higher specificity and potential antitumor activity on B16-F10 cell line than the other studied venoms. Since the components of this venom are not explored yet coupled with the potential activity showed in this work, we decided to choose this venom to develop further studies. The cytotoxic fractions were evaluated to identify and characterize the components that showed antitumoral activity. Western blot assays and zymography suggests that these proteins do not belong to the class of metallo and serine proteinases.
Santos, Antonio José da Silva. "Efeitos da terapia com laser baixa potência em melanoma: ensaios in vitro". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-31052013-101630/.
Texto completoThe low power lasers (TLBP) is a therapeutic modality widely studied in scientific field, its application in clinical medicine still generates many conflicts since literature reports proliferation in cancer cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of TLBP on cell growth using as model the line B16F10 in state of homeostasis and redox state and investigate the chemotactic behavior of B16F10 lineage through transwell migration assay in response to TLBP in different energy densities. For this purpose five experimental groups were assembled using a laser emission at λ = 660 nm: control group (G0) where no irradiation was performed; G30 (30J/cm2), G60 (60J/cm2), G90 (90J/cm2); G120 (120J/cm2); G150 (150J/cm2) with the respective doses used. All experiments were performed in triplicate and the results were statistically analyzed. Under the experimental conditions of this study, our results show that TLBP did not induced changes in cellular metabolism that influence proliferation at 48 h and 72 h, independent nutritional status. It was possible to observe changes in behavior pattern chemotactic of cell line B16F10 with TLBP at red emission.