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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Méditerranée (mer) – Effets du réchauffement de la Terre"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Méditerranée (mer) – Effets du réchauffement de la Terre"
Ologhobo, A. D. "Sustainable livestock production and the vagaries of climate change". Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 48, n.º 4 (8 de marzo de 2021): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v48i4.3015.
Texto completoTesis sobre el tema "Méditerranée (mer) – Effets du réchauffement de la Terre"
Ben, Rais Lasram Frida. "Diversité ichtyologique en Méditerranée : patrons, modélisation et projections dans un contexte de réchauffement global". Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20004.
Texto completoDue to its semi-enclosed shape, to its high species richness and high endemism levels and to its invasiveness, the Mediterranean Sea is one of the most particular and critical ecosystems of the world. The Mediterranean has been intensively studied since the Antiquity, yet foundations underlying fish diversity patterns have been overlooked. In this study, as a first step, we studied fish diversity patterns in the Mediterranean and their determinants. Towards this objective, we built the first comprehensive database on the spatial distributions of the 619 Mediterranean fish species. We then carried out spatial analyses in order to assess the relative contribution of historical and geometric contingencies as well as environmental influences in shaping fish biodiversity patterns. In a second step, we analyzed the correlates of dispersal success of exotic species and we assessed the spatial congruence with the endemic ichtyofauna within a global warming context. Finally, we modeled the present climatic envelopes of the most vulnerable Mediterranean fish species, i. E. The endemic species. We used those models to project expected spatial distributions of endemic species according to a global warming scenario in order to identify winner versus loser species as well as areas where a strong species turnover would occur. We showed that geometric constraints, primary production and temperature have an influence on species diversity patterns. It also appeared that the climate and the year of introduction into the Mediterranean are key determinants of the dispersal success of Lessepsian species. Within a global warming context, our results revealed an increasing spatial congruence between endemic and exotic fish faunas and for the latter, deep modifications in their assemblages expected in 2041-2060 and 2070-2099. In sum our results suggest that endemic species undergo a biotic pressure via exotic species and an abiotic pressure via global warming. The additional and potentially the synergetic effect of those pressures is likely to increase endemic species vulnerability
Drouet, Kévin. "Impact de la température sur la biogéographie et la phénologie des dinoflagellés benthiques toxiques du genre Ostreopsis en Méditerranée et en Atlantique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS379.
Texto completoHarmful algal blooms (HABs) associated with the toxic benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis spp. are increasing around the world and responsible for sanitary, economic and ecological issues. The increasing number of reports of this dinoflagellate in recent decades suggests that climate change, and more particularly ocean warming, may be partly responsible for its expansion, especially in temperate zones. However, this link between warming waters and the development of Ostreopsis spp. blooms is difficult to prove and data concerning distribution areas or cellular responses to thermal variations are still lacking. This PhD thesis work provides new elements to answer this issue by addressing three main themes: 1) the phenology of blooms, 2) the distribution of species along a latitudinal gradient and 3) physiological adaptations to a temperature gradient. These questions were addressed by keeping the effect of temperature on the ecology of Ostreopsis spp. as the main thread and link between the three questions asked. This work was carried out using a multidisciplinary approach including statistical analyzes of datasets, genetic approaches based on environmental DNA, as well as ecophysiology and ecotoxicology approaches. The data used were acquired both from samples collected in the field and from experiments in a controlled environment in the laboratory. To meet the first objective, we analyzed the time series resulting from the ongoing monitoring of O. cf. ovata summer blooms in Monaco (NW Mediterranean Sea) set up since 2007 in order to determine the relationship between blooms phenology and environmental parameters. Although no environmental factor measured was able to fully explain the phenology of blooms, a strong positive correlation was found between positive sea surface temperature anomalies during spring and the timing of blooms, suggesting that the warmer the spring, the earlier the blooms of O. cf. ovata in Monaco. The second question of the thesis was addressed by analyzing new samples collected as part of a sampling campaign conducted along the coast of the Bay of Biscay in August-September 2018. This campaign aimed to establish the current distribution of Ostreopsis spp. in this area exhibiting a strong South-North thermal gradient, in order to initiate the analysis of a possible future expansion due to ocean warming. The processed results combined a classic benthic sampling approach, the use of artificial substrates for the collection of environmental DNA analyzed through molecular tools (rt-qPCR) as well as a Lagrangian modeling approach aiming at establishing the connectivity between sampling areas. We showed that only O. cf. siamensis was present in the Bay and that it could be found in certain areas up until the entrance to the English Channel, although blooms of O. cf. siamensis were only observed in the southeastern part of the Bay. This study allowed us to identify sentinel zones along the Bay of Biscay where new long-term monitoring could be set up in order to observe the potential expansion of O. cf. siamensis towards the North of the bay. Finally, the response of Ostreopsis spp. in relation with varying temperatures was studied in terms of growth capacity, physiological adaptations and toxicity in a thermal acclimation experiment. Different monoclonal strains were compared, including strains of O. cf. siamensis isolated in the Bay of Biscay during our 2018 campaign, as well as strains of O. cf. ovata from the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, correspongind to the two areas studied this thesis. The first results of this experiment indicate that the strains of O. cf. siamensis are able to acclimate and grow at temperatures between 16 ° C and 25 ° C, with an optimum growth temperature estimated around 22 ° C. In addition, the strains of O. cf. siamensis exhibited a higher level of toxicity at 22°C and 25°C than at 16°C and 19°C, indicating an effect of temperature on the toxicity of Ostreopsis spp. [...]
Mallil, Katia. "Circulation générale et processus de sous-méso échelle dans le bassin Algéro-Provençal de la Méditerranée à partir de données in situ". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS113.
Texto completoData from the SOMBA-GE2014 oceanographic cruise, allowed us to highlight the presence of Algerian gyres via current measurements. The temperature and salinity sections obtained across the basin allowed the visualization of the influence of the Algerian gyres on the hydrological distribution. Indeed, young intermediate Levantine waters extend from Saridinian LIW vein towards the interior of the Algerian basin, in the form of patches. LIW and WIW core climatologies covering the period 1960 to 2017 in the Algerian-Provençal basin were produced using the Mediterranean database of temperature and salinity profiles and new detection methods. A westward transport of LIW from the southern vein of Sardinia to the interior of the Algerian basin following the periphery of the Algerian gyres is highlighted by this climatology and confirmed by the cross-correlation of the cooling signal observed during the 1980s. The estimation of trends of LIW and WIW characteristics help to document their evolution. The acceleration of warming observed throughout the basin from 2010 is alarming. Glider observations have supported our conclusions regarding the effectiveness of mesoscale and submesoscale structures for the transport of water masses into the interior of the Algerian basin. Indeed, we observed WIW, LIW, and WMDW parcels within the Algerian Basin with more pronounced characteristics than adjacent waters
Hattab, Tarek. "Impacts du changement global sur les assemblages d’espèces exploitées sud méditerranéens, application au golfe de Gabès (Tunisie) : de la modélisation des niches aux conséquences trophiques". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20041/document.
Texto completoThe Mediterranean Sea is a marine biodiversity hot spot highly affected by several sources of disturbances interacting synergistically: global warming, habitat loss and overfishing threaten marine biodiversity and disrupt the ecosystem balance. To ensure a sustainable management of coastal marine ecosystems according to the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries, it is necessary to study the ecosystem responses to these disturbances. However, despite the variety of global change studies in Mediterranean areas, ecosystems responses to these changes remain poorly understood and particularly at the southern part of the Mediterranean Sea. In this PhD thesis, the Gulf of Gabes was chosen as study area since it is one of the most affected regions by global change which makes it a mesocosm model of more regional patterns that occur in the Mediterranean Sea. In this study, as a first step, we replaced the Gulf of Gabes in its biogeographic and ecosystem regional context. This was achievied through a phylogenetic-based delineation of biogeographical species pools of coastal Mediterranean fishes and using an ecosystem model to describe its structure and functioning in comparison with other Mediterranean ecosystem model properties. We therefore projected potential future geographic ranges and assemblages composition of biogeographical exploited species pool according to global warming and habitat loss scenarios. Then we assessed their effects on food web structure. Taking into account the taxonomy and inter-species evolutionary relationships, we generate a new bioregionalisation of the continental shelf based on the turnover of lineages. Our results showed that climate is the major driver of species distribution and assemblage's composition. In addition, the exploration of phylogenetic dissimilarity across the Tunisian coast highlighted four major biogeographic areas showing a low spatial congruence with zoning used for fisheries management in Tunisia.Projected range shifts of the 60 main exploited species of the Gulf of Gabes through the implementation of a new climate model (NEMOMED8) revealed that, by the end of the century, 34 species could contract their ranges including 12 species that could become locally extinct across the Gulf of Gabes. Furthermore, by combining Posidonia meadows loss scenarios and climate change projections, our results showed that the magnitudes of the changes range induced by climate change are larger than those resulting from the loss of habitat.The Ecopath mass-balance model allowed us to describe the structure and functioning of the ecosystem of the Gulf of Gabes in comparison with other Mediterranean ecosystems. These models encompass the entire trophic spectrum from phytoplankton to higher trophic levels as well as the main fishing activities in the area. The model results showed that, among the fishing activities studied, bottom trawling was identified as the activity having the widest-ranging impacts across the different functional groups and the largest impacts on some commercially-targeted demersal fish species. Finally, to study the effects of species range shift on food web structure, we used a new methodology to infer trophic interactions between species. Based on the robust relationship between the size of prey and predators, we predicted the current food webs and project potential changes in their structures. We found that a significant portion of the Gulf of Gabes would face an increase of connectance and an extension of trophic pathways in parallel with a decrease in the number of prey per predator and the number of predators per prey. This PhD thesis paves the way towards the understanding of the role of biodiversity in maintaining ecosystem functioning
Dezutter, Thibaud. "Réchauffement et «match-mismatch» entre le phytoplancton et le zooplancton dans la mer de Beaufort". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27589.
Texto completoThe unprecedented pace of warming of the Arctic Ocean affect a wide range of pelagic processes, from microalgal production to fish recruitment. Sediment traps deployed on oceanographic moorings at the Beaufort Sea shelf break were used to investigate the impact of changes in ice cover and water temperature on the phenology of ice algae, phytoplankton and herbivorous copepods from the Calanus genus. Water temperature, salinity, microalgal fluxes and composition, and zooplankton abundance and composition in the traps were monitored over 5 of the 6 annual cycles from September 2009 to September 2015 (no data in 2014). Satellite-derived sea ice concentration and modeled snow depth were also retrieved for the same period. For 4 of the 5 years monitored, the upward migration of Calanus hyperboreus along with nauplii abundance were synchronized with peaks in diatoms export while the migration of Calanus glacialis preceded the peak in export of the ice algae Nitzschia frigida by 6 to 8 weeks. A disruption of these patterns was observed in 2013 as a mismatch between primary and secondary producers was observed. First, unusual warm water temperatures and significant diatom flux from October to December 2012 led to a shoaling of C. hyperboreus females winter vertical distribution and, thus, important egg spawning above 100 m with numerous nauplii swimming into the trap in March-April. Second, the late snow and ice melt in summer 2013 delayed the ice algae export, resulting in a mismatch with C. glacialis and N. frigida. As ice algae and phytoplankton are essential food source for the reproduction and development of Calanus copepods, a mismatch likely had negative impact on their recruitment and on the subsequent transfer of energy to carnivorous copepods, fish, and seabirds. Such mismatch events between phytoplankton and zooplankton will potentially occur more often owing to the rapidly changing environmental conditions in the Arctic Ocean.
Gaget, Élie. "Importance des politiques de conservation pour faciliter l'ajustement des communautés d'oiseaux d'eau hivernants au réchauffement climatique en Méditerranée". Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0016/document.
Texto completoHuman activities seriously threaten biodiversity. In terms of global changes, overexploitation of populations and habitat destruction/degradation are at the top of the list of factors responsible for biodiversity loss. Climate change is increasing in magnitude and adding additional pressure on species. In response to the increase in global temperatures, communities are changing as a result of the shift in the geographical distribution of species towards the poles. But the accumulation of anthropogenic pressures is likely to produce interaction effects that limit community adjustment to global warming. In this critical context, conservation biology aims to reconcile human activities with biodiversity conservation. In this thesis I have investigate how the accumulation of anthropogenic pressures can limit the adjustment of communities to global warming and to identify solutions that could be put in place to facilitate their adaptation to this warming. I have used the wintering waterbird species in the countries of the Mediterranean basin as a model for my study. These iconic species benefit from an international census to monitor their populations in response to hunting and the degradation of the wetlands on which they depend. The Mediterranean is a highly anthropized region where the use of natural resources exerts significant pressures on wetlands and their biodiversity. In response, countries have different strategies to protect these ecosystems, making this region an interesting experimental plan to measure the impact in global changes on species assemblage based on conservation measures implemented. By studying the response of communities to global warming under a gradient of habitat loss/degradation, I show that community adjustment is reduced or even prevented by wetland degradation. The Ramsar Convention aims to protect wetlands and their biodiversity by maintaining a rational use of natural resources. In assessing the effect of this convention, I show that its effectiveness in conserving bird populations depends on the implementation of other protection tools, but that its role is crucial in countries where environmental legislation is weak. Finally, I assess the capacity of international conventions to facilitate community adjustment to global warming by reducing population pressures. I compared the communities' response between countries that have ratified the Bern Convention, those that have started its strictly regulatory application under the Birds Directive (European Union) and those that have not ratified these conventions. The result is clear, the more precise and strictly regulatory the regulations, the more communities and strictly protected species adjust to the increase in temperatures.In conclusion, human activities are a threat to biodiversity, but conservation measures, by reducing pressures on populations, facilitate their adaptation to climate change. Waterbird conservation requires international collaboration and the establishment of strictly regulatory laws to protect wetlands and species, while ensuring sustainable use of resources
Lenoir, Sylvain. "Impact du réchauffement climatique sur la distribution spatiale des ressources halieutiques le long du littoral français : observations et scénarios". Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10047/document.
Texto completoThis aims to study the impact of climate warming on the spatial distribution of fish in the North Atlantic, using the new habitat model called the Non-Parametric Probabilistic Ecological Niche Model (NPPEN). The model NPPEN is nonparametric and requires only presence data. It is based on concept of the ecological niche sensu Hutchinson. The model NPPEN tests the Mahalanobis generalised distance by permutations to produce and map the probability of species occurrence. The model is therefore well suited to study expected changes in the biogeography of marine species at macro-scale. Applying this new model on more than fifty marine species in the North Atlantic, has highlighted the impact of global warming on the biogeography of species, structure and trophodynamic of the marine ecosystem. Disruption, already observed in spatial distribution and abundance (probability of occurrence) of fish species such as Atlantic cod and lesser sandeel were found again. The majority of species will move northward to stay in an environment consistent with their ecological niche. The intensity and rapidity of the biogeographic movements expected, as the balance of gains or losses in the spatial range differ among fish; governed by the ability of species movement, their range of environmental tolerance (niche breadth) and the intensity of global warming
Moreau, Sébastien D. V. "Effets combinés du réchauffement climatique et du rayonnement UVB sur la composition et le métabolisme de la communauté microbienne marine dans l'ouest de la Péninsule Antarctique : impact potentiel sur le cycle du carbone". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20028.
Texto completoRegional warming in the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), along with the expected decrease in sea-ice cover and the seasonal ozone layer breakdown could modify the composition and the structure of the microbial community. In addition, these environmental changes could modify the potential of the WAP as a CO2 sink. In this context, this thesis aimed at evaluating the combined effects of regional climatic changes on the primary production and the composition and structure of the microbial community in the WAP. In a second time, this thesis aimed at evaluating the role of the microbial community structure, composition, primary production and respiration on air-sea CO2 gas exchanges.First, the variations in sea-ice cover, stratospheric ozone layer thickness and sea surface temperature over the last 30 years (1972-2007) were described. Related to the warming of WAP waters, the retreat of sea-ice was happening earlier each decade in the WAP. The observed changes in these environmental parameters offer a new temporal window for primary production. Indeed, the annual primary production increased from 1997 to 2007, in relation with the sea-ice cover anomaly for the previous winter. In addition, daily primary production was negatively and positively correlated to, respectively, sea-ice cover and sea-water temperature from September to November and from February to March, suggesting that regional warming favoured more primary production during spring and fall. On the contrary, the early retreat of sea-ice in spring, in coincidence with the spring ozone layer breakdown, led to an increase in photoinhibition (with an average of 11.6 ± 2.8 % of the daily primary production being photoinhibited). Therefore, regional climatic changes in the WAP had both a positive and a negative impact on primary production.The microbial community variability was also described in the Melchior Archipelago (in the WAP) from fall to spring 2006. Because of the extreme environmental conditions, the microbial community abundance and biomass were low in fall and winter and the community was dominated by small cells (< 2 µm), hence by a microbial food-web. Indeed, phytoplanktonic biomass was low during fall and winter (with respective chlorophyll a concentration, Chl-a, of 0.3 and 0.13 µg l-1). Phytoplankton biomass increased in spring (with a maximum Chl-a of 1.13 µg l-1) but, despite favourable growth conditions, phytoplankton was still dominated by small cells (2-20 µm), hence by a microbial or multivorous food-web. In addition, the early retreat of sea-ice in the spring 2006 exposed the WAP waters to strong ultraviolet B radiations (UVBR, 280-320 nm) that had a negative impact on the microbial community in surface waters.Finally, the relationship between air-sea CO2 and O2 exchanges in the WAP with the phytoplankton community biomass and composition and with the microbial community primary production and respiration was described. A positive relationship existed between Chl-a and the proportion of diatoms in the phytoplankton community. In addition, a negative relationship existed between Chl-a and ΔpCO2. The net community production (NCP) was mainly controlled by primary production and was negatively and positively related to ΔpCO2 and the %O2 saturation, respectively, suggesting that primary production was the main driver of air-sea CO2 and O2 gas exchanges in the WAP. In addition, the average ΔpCO2 for the summers and falls 2002 to 2004 was -20.04 ± 44.3 µatm, leading to a potential CO2 sink during this period in the WAP. The southern WAP was a potential CO2 sink (-43.60 ± 39.06 µatm) during fall while the northern part of the Peninsula was mainly a potential CO2 source during summer and fall (-4.96 ± 37.6 and 21.71 ± 22.39 µatm, respectively). The higher Chl-a concentrations measured in the southern WAP may explain this spatial distribution
Silvy, Yona. "Emergence des changements de température et de salinité dans l’océan intérieur en réponse au changement climatique : échelles de temps et mécanismes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS124.
Texto completoHuman-induced climate change is already affecting every inhabited region of the planet. Yet, over 90% of the excess heat associated with human activities has been absorbed by the ocean since the 1970s, which acts to largely damp atmospheric warming, but has large impacts on human societies and marine life. In this thesis, I explore when and where thermohaline changes in the ocean interior become large enough to be unambiguously set apart from internal variability and investigate their associated physical drivers, using ensembles of climate models and dedicated numerical experiments. We find that the climate signal in the upper ocean water-masses emerges between the late 20th century and the first decades of the 21st. The Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude Mode Waters emerge before their Northern Hemisphere counterparts. The associated warming at these timescales is mostly caused by the uptake of heat from the atmosphere, passively transported into the ocean interior. In the deeper parts of the ocean, circulation changes play a more important role in the emergence timescales of the climate signals. Increased buoyancy gain at the surface in the subpolar areas cause a slowdown in the meridional overturning circulation. This warms the subsurface and abyssal waters in the Southern Ocean as soon as the mid-20th century, adding up to the weaker passive uptake of heat, but counteracts it in the deep North Atlantic over the 21st, delaying the emergence. Although climate models miss some important aspects of the ocean response to climate change, they allow to shed light on the balance of processes at play, and suggest anthropogenic influence has already spread to large parts of the ocean
Gani, Sarah. "Analyse des processus physiques régissant les évolutions récentes de la banquise Arctique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS377.
Texto completoIn the Arctic, the consequences of global warming are stronger than anywhere else on the planet : the increase in air temperature over the last two decades is more than twice the average increase, according to the latest IPCC report. The evolution of the ice pack is a prime example of these changes. We observe a significant decrease in sea ice cover, associated with a loss of volume in all seasons. The sea ice becomes younger, more breakable, and more mobile. These changes in sea ice have brought the Arctic into a new state where air/snow/ice/ocean interactions are altered and difficult to apprehend. More observations and efficient numerical models are required to better understand and predict these changes and to correctly simulate the interactions between sea ice and the other components that control the Arctic climate. In this climate change context, the objective of this thesis is to analyze observations mainly collected in winter by IAOOS -Ice Atmosphere Arctic Ocean Observing System- drifting buoys (equipped with SIMBAs -SAMS Ice Mass Balance for the Arctic-), to understand which processes determine the recent Arctic sea ice evolution. We confront these analyses with numerical simulations made from the one-dimensional ice and snow model LIM1D (Louvain-la-Neuve sea Ice Model)