Tesis sobre el tema "Matériel de guerre – Innovation"
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Trémoureux, Carl. "La Première Guerre mondiale, l'artillerie et l'industrialisation de la guerre". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUL059.
Texto completoBefore the outbreak of the militarily clash, the Artillery was equipped in accordance with a doctrine ill-suited to recent conflicts and technical possibilities. When the imagined short war turns into a long war offering the possibility of adapting armaments and requiring massive consumption of projectiles, the governance of the production function enters into crisis. A change in mental patterns is needed. The establishment of an Under-Secretary of State for Artillery and Ammunition is a first step in this transformation. Albert Thomas adapts the governance of the production function of artillery equipment by setting up a program of needs, manufacturing and production factors, an industrial policy, as well as steering and control instruments. This new governance constitutes the heart of the governmental activity of steering the war economy, but the latter is not limited to this: it also includes the administration of all the nation's resources, whether labour, raw materials, energy, transportation or innovation capabilities. In the context of wartime parliamentarianism, it can be said that the realization of the idea of an industrial war gradually leads the country to establish a new political and economic regime. In parallel with this evolution, companies are adapting their operating methods to produce in large series; Armies are industrializing their destruction, protection, logistics and force restoration functions
Pommier, Christophe. "Innovation et artillerie en France (1852-1914) : une radicale transformation technologique de l’armement au regard de l’histoire de l’innovation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUL147.
Texto completoFrom 1852 to 1914, Artillery experienced several innovations that revolutionized these and its use. In addition to the emergence and development of these innovations, this thesis aims to understand the challenges they pose to the military world, the responses they provide and the resulting reforms. The war of 1870-1871 thus constitutes a major test for the innovations of the Second Empire - rifled bore and breech loading: the reforms of the following decades ones stem from the lessons which were drawn from them. For artillery, this requires modernizing weaponry to bring it back to German level, and then deliberately and radically innovating by overcoming two structural blockings: replacing black powder and mastering rapid fire. The solutions found - development of a smokeless propellant powder (1884), picric acid (1885) and the quick-firing gun (1896) - constituting real technical successes. However, the command's general conservatism and its doubts, mixed with denial, about the lethal effects of weaponry prevent these innovations from having a strong and rapid impact in military regulations: the destructive potential of picric acid, the change of appearance of the battlefield due to smokeless powders and its saturation in projectiles by the widespread action of relatively unrecognized rapid-fire artillery remain relatively unknown. The heavy human losses at the start of the First World War are the price to pay for this doctrinal maladjustment
Monnin, Maxime. "Approche unifiée défaillance-dommage dans la sûreté de fonctionnement pour la régénération des matériels au combat : Application aux systèmes d'armes terrestres". Valenciennes, 2007. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/b0f9c26e-8ca7-4e1f-a4da-154e0fc91cb5.
Texto completoThe French Procurement Agency (DGA) aims at defining the needs of French Army and actually works to define the BOA (airland operational bubble). In this particular operational context military systems have to integrate regeneration facilities defined has system’s ability to return damaged or disabled component to temporary service in order to fulfil its mission. Nexter group which designs and manufactures armoured vehicles to meet the needs of Army has to guarantee the operational availability of the systems they sell. Thus, operational availability assessment has to integrate failure damage and regeneration in the same modelling process. Although failure are considered in dependability framework and damage are studied in the survivability framework, taking into account regeneration remains difficult due to the lack of modelling methods and tools that incorporate failure damage and regeneration in a unified way. In that way, our contribution is related to a modelling method based on system engineering that allows defining a generic modelling atom for the system behaviour representation. A dynamic model based on the modelling atoms aggregation has been developed by means of Stochastic Activity Networks that allow simulations to be completed for the availability assessment. The feasibility and the added value of the approach are experimented on a system architecture jointly defined by the DGA and Nexter Group
Labreuche, Pascal. "La toile à peindre à Paris, 1793-1867 : l'industrialisation d'une filière, entre tradition et innovation". Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT2150.
Texto completoChanges in the professional manufacturing of artists canvas during the first French industrialization is studied, between two historical limits: from the assumed emergence of a new technical way, to its level of maturity, through various scale changes. This is a history of invention and technical innovation, which is providing the main chronological steps, while combining traditional workmanships related to the artists canvas specificity and its consumers. Relationships between canvas primers, painters and chemists, from the Vauquelin school especially, are pointed out as a motor for the innovative process, along with the State action in background. Representative firms are studied as individuals and as parts of an industry; colourman profession is studied for its increasing number, and for its connections with various crafts
Defretin, Jacques. "Le rôle de l'arme du Génie pendant la bataille de Verdun (février 1916 - août 1917)". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0371/document.
Texto completoHistoriography of the first world war is largely supported by an abundant bibliography in which it is very difficult to find documents or studies relative to the role of the Engineer during the conflict. The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that, in the battle for Verdun, from February 1916 to August 1917, the Engineer is, despite a strength which was undeniably very weak, an essential agent in the Victory. It is present at all levels of the supply chain, decisional as well as executional, which feeds this tremendous defensive battle. It is also an indispensable actor in the organization of the battlefield which is one of the key elements of success in the engagements in this limited field of operations, in which hundred of thousands of soldiers fight under a constant storm of fire. Finally, it ensures the continuity of the operational command by maintaining all communication lines of the battlefield (paths, roads, bridges, railways, telephone lines, optic communications, etc.). In order to be efficient in the entire spectrum of its missions, the Engineer has to adapt to orders and conditions of engagements for which he is not initially prepared. The commanders spread out the engineers’ capacities for an immediate though reduced efficiency, to the detriment of the more effective collective tasks, which require a longer time frame often incompatible with the rythm of operations. Despite a permanent engagement, for and alongside the other branches, the Engineer is too diluted to gain the attention of the Commandment, be formally acknowledged and be engraved in the Memory of the Nation as are the thousands of « Poilus » rushing towards the Enemy through a hail of machine-gun bullets and shellfire
Jocelyne, Vivien. "Élaboration d’un matériel pédagogique pour l’éducation à la paix basé sur des modèles de paix". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9600.
Texto completoAssens, Philippe. "Les compétences professionnelles dans l' innovation : le cas du réseau des coopératives d' utilisation de matériel agricole, CUMA". Toulouse 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU10069.
Texto completoThrough the case of CUMA, this thesis is interested in the professional cooperation in the innovation by means of an approach based on the economy of competence
Vautravers, Alexandre. "L'armement en Suisse depuis 1850 : carrefour des armées, de la technique et de l'économie". Lyon 2, 2004. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2004/vautravers_a.
Texto completoSfez, Frank. "Les exportations d'armes au coeur de la souveraineté française". Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE0029.
Texto completoFrench arms exports involve so many interests and convey so many symbols that the contradictions and reactions that they cause are almost obvious. The issue of arms transfers in the world does not leave anybody indifferent. On the international scene, arms exports however emerged as a reality, with a singular market, governed by specific rules, which is the private turf of a small number of states, which consider these exports vital for their defense industries. The understanding of a such complex and politically significant subject requires to put things into perspective, understanding the singular nature of this market and brings up questions on the true stakes of arms exports for France. Consequently, the aim of our demonstration will be to affirm at first the specificity of this market at the heart of the State's decision-making process then, the deeper meaning of these exports for the country, namely an instrument of power and sovereignty
Porte, Rémy. "La Direction des Services Automobiles des armées et la motorisation des armées françaises (1914-1919) : vues au travers de l'action du commandant Doumenc". Paris 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA040007.
Texto completoDuring the First World War, a number of technical evolutions completely transform “the art of war”, and from 1915 on, with war becoming total, the situation requires the mobilisation of all available manpower and equipment of the belligerent parties. The automobile engine is in the centre of these military and technical changes. Captain (later Major) Doumenc is the only officer permanently in charge of the army’s motorisation and must be considered simultaneously the inspiring and initiating force and the most important personality in the process of this technical and intellectual revolution which gradually imposes on the army new rules of organisation and employ. Major Doumenc must be regarded as an untypical officer for tips time, uniting the qualities of an officer and an industrialist, of a tactician and an engineer. He manages to make available to the commanding General of the French and Allied armies the military, human and material means enabling them to respond to the German attacks and thus finally leading to the decisive counter-attack. For all these different reasons, his actions must, in the long run, be considered those of a pioneer
Champeaux, Antoine. "Michelin et l'aviation, 1896-1945 : patriotisme industriel et innovation". Paris 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA030034.
Texto completoThis thesis applies itself to show how the Michelin Company contributed greatly to the History of the military and civil Aviation in France, particularly between 1896 and 1945. It points out the part taken by the two brothers, André (1853-1931) and Edouard Michelin (1859-1940) who were the managers of the company during almost all that period of time. Their quest for innovation and their patriotism explain their commitment to Aviation. The principal steps of their contribution are as follows : manufacturing of tarpaulin and spare parts for airship and aeroplane at the beginning of the 20th Century ; sponsoring of air contests such as the Air Michelin Cup (1908-1936) and the Aéro-cible Michelin GP (1911-1913) while backing up through publications, the creation of a specialised military air force before the year 1914 ; manufacturing at the Clermont-Ferrand factory of Breguet bombers and their equipment (bomb dropping and aiming systems, bombs) during World War I (Breguet-Michelin I, II, IV and XIV B1 and B2, known as the " Victory aircraft "), the draw up of a bombing doctrine, the build-up of a bombing squadron and the creation of a bombing school in Aulnat ; life and soul of the French Committee for aeronautical propaganda (1921-1932), a society they created and that published numerous newspapers (Les Ailes, Les Ailes Illustrées, L'Animateur des temps nouveaux), books, technical booklets, brochures and leaflets. That Committee militated first against the " German chemical air threat " (1921-1925) then in favour of commercial aviation (1925-1930) and finally in favour of the Territorial Air Defence (from 1930 on). An ultimate industrial and patriotic project to support military aviation was planed in 1940. Patriotism and innovation was still the core of the policy of the company during World War II
El, Yahchochi Léa. "La guerre comme révélateur et catharsis de la société libanaise : trois figures de la production romanesque contemporaine". Thesis, Paris 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA030177.
Texto completoThe Lebanese novel writing soars up during the civil war of 1975. It attempts to point out the flaws and the deepest weaknesses of the individual. Mistakenly called war novel, it only grants little importance to the subject of war itself. The war becomes hence the revealer of lethal mechanisms that prevent the individual’semergence. Serving also as a catharsis, it fosters freedom of speech by breaking taboos and the unsaid. Our study opts for an analysis of three works of the first period of the war, mainly based on the use of narrative and psychoanalytic tools. It identifies several of these “death mechanisms” by revealing another vision of the individual and the world. The characters are incited to rise from the rubble, as the eruption of their emotions and feelings allow them to perpetuate thanks to the word power of the novelists, thereby reaching the audience and challenging all finitude through a previously unseen narrative approach
Mepham, Leslie P. "Making their mark, Canadian snipers and the Great War, 1914-1918". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ30969.pdf.
Texto completoMoreau, Odile. "Entre innovation et tradition, une lecture du réformisme ottoman à travers l'outil militaire, du Congrès de Berlin à la Première Guerre mondiale, 1878-1914". Paris 4, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA040209.
Texto completoThe subjet of this ph. D. Is to study the transition between the ottoman empire to the early republic of turkey and the evolution of the army and the doctrines at that time. How did this great empire change its geopolitical, strategic and naval position and bring it into alignment to the western side, his ancient competitor, in taking part in the western military alliance, nato ? this study supposed to be considering the evolution of the society through one of its prestigious corps, the army. Why the army ? because, since the 18th century, the army has been the first reformed corps in the ottoman empire which has been impregnated with modernity and reformism. But it isn't a mere study in military history. This study would like to be a lecture of the ottoman modernism throw the military tool. It is not an historiography of the military tool itself, but much more a social history of the military reformism at that time
Moulin, Hervé. "La politique spatiale de la France, 1945-1975. Indépendance, innovation et dynamiques européennes". Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040079.
Texto completoThe subject of this thesis is the history of space activities in France, evolving from the first scientific atmospheric research programmes undertaken after the Second World War up to the creation of the European Space Agency (ESA) in the 1970s.A by-product of the Cold War, the French Space Policy was one of the pillars of national independence under the presidency of General De Gaulle. Under President Pompidou, it becomes more industrial and opens up to cooperation, only to become European in the beginning of President Giscard d’Estaing 7-year mandate.Focused on the French space agency (Centre national d’etudes spatiales (CNES)), this study emphasizes the role of the state in the high technology sector where policy is submitted to the interaction of national and international factors, taking into account geopolitical and geostrategic stakes. Highlighting the institutional aspects, the study analyses the elaborative process of the policy implemented in the 1960s. First of all perceived as a way of putting France in the spotlight at global level, space policy evolves with technology to face the economic and industrial challenges of space applications. The study highlights the vital necessity of a permanent dialogue between technological and political actors
Habzi, Abdelhak. "Anthropologie des techniques et innovation sur le patrimoine matériel et immatériel des sahariens : artisans marocains et anthropologue-designer, dans une dynamique de recherche et de développement de l’objet saharien". Paris 8, 2014. http://octaviana.fr/document/21983914X#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Texto completoThis research poses a profound question about the world of the traditional Moroccan craftsmen and their response to the notion of innovation. Our approach aims to set up a dialogue with the Moroccan craftsmen of Marrakech and Casablanca about their appraisal of nomadic craftwork. To this end, we have concentrated on field surveys, exploration and investigation in order to identify aspects of material culture and the savoir-faire of Saharan nomadic groups working in the Sahara and Northwest Africa. The basic question for our research is: how, through the innovation of the object, to put into question what is most representative and symbolic of the Saharan material heritage. And just how far a smith, saddler, leather worker, tanner or any craftsman can, today, in collaboration with the anthropologist designer find solutions for a world of nomads with ancestral traditions founded in the mists of time. This anthropological approach to the techniques covers the modern day scientific and experimental aspects by putting into question the sphere of Saharan society expressed via the object. The nomadic groups have made the Sahara into an area of cultural mix and challenge. A place in which a fundamental element such as the dromedary was the inspiration for the innovation of a prototype palanquin saddle. Our analysis seeks to demonstrate that this development project about the reinvention and the borrowing of emblematic models such as rahla/selle, or hawdej/palanquin, set out on the stalls in the fondouk-caravansérails at Marrakech, could be of service to Saharan Nomads, in harmony with their local material heritage. One effect of this project could be to stimulate the practical techniques of Moroccan craftsmen. Furthermore, it would enhance the nomadic object in form, symbolically and as an economic object. Innovation is favoured by all the craftsmen investigated who would like to learn and escape the stagnant repetitive round of their traditional practices. Motivation is the rule sine qua non in this challenging evolution, for the craftsmen give themselves passionately to complex development projects. We have been able to establish a dialogue with the Saharan Nomads through tests of complete objects: the palanquin saddle, nomads’ skin tents and nomadic beds. Made for a number of years in various Saharan camps, they are witness to the importance of an innovative attitude to the object. This would have a direct impact on the nomads, allowing them to improve their living conditions, to resolve some of the constraints due to problems of transport and mobility, while providing them with objects that refer them to their material heritage. This option helps them to develop, preserve and even to promote their creative arts. For this reason, rather than simple theoretical perspectives, our researches are already grounded on new craft practices that embrace innovation along with respect for traditional aims, so that inherited methods can adapt to modern times without loss of memory
Moulin, Hervé. "La politique spatiale de la France, 1945-1975. Indépendance, innovation et dynamiques européennes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040079.
Texto completoThe subject of this thesis is the history of space activities in France, evolving from the first scientific atmospheric research programmes undertaken after the Second World War up to the creation of the European Space Agency (ESA) in the 1970s.A by-product of the Cold War, the French Space Policy was one of the pillars of national independence under the presidency of General De Gaulle. Under President Pompidou, it becomes more industrial and opens up to cooperation, only to become European in the beginning of President Giscard d’Estaing 7-year mandate.Focused on the French space agency (Centre national d’etudes spatiales (CNES)), this study emphasizes the role of the state in the high technology sector where policy is submitted to the interaction of national and international factors, taking into account geopolitical and geostrategic stakes. Highlighting the institutional aspects, the study analyses the elaborative process of the policy implemented in the 1960s. First of all perceived as a way of putting France in the spotlight at global level, space policy evolves with technology to face the economic and industrial challenges of space applications. The study highlights the vital necessity of a permanent dialogue between technological and political actors
Penon, Jacques. "La photographie à l'épreuve du numérique : étude compréhensive de l'émergence d'une nouvelle technologie". Montpellier 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON30037.
Texto completoFor a decade or so, we have witnessed the intrduction of digital technology in a field of practices and uses established by traditional photography. This introduction of a new technology is not a passive phenomenon. It goes with a deep change in the relationships between a technical device individuals, and uses. Our research done in a comprehensive and complex perspective, aims at revealing the contributing to the emergence of digital technology in the field of phtography. With this aims in view, we will in the first place study photography trough its history, from a utilitarian and aesthetic point of view, in order to grasp the relationships woven between the photographic machine, the photographers and the uses of their products. In the second place, a similar process will be practised about digital technology. These approaches to the two technologies will allow us, through the observation and analysis of numerous studies about traditional and digital phtography, to question between structuralism and phenomenology, the processes, identities and conceptual tools maintaining the symbolic worlds to those two technologies
Couturaud, Barbara. "Mise en scène du pouvoir au Proche-Orient au IIIe millénaire : étude iconographique du matériel d'incrustation en coquille de Mari". Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00844093.
Texto completoJolly, Clara. "Innover pour la périphérie : recherche agronomique publique et développement de machinisme approprié pour l’agriculture familiale en Argentine". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MON30030.
Texto completoIn Argentina in the early 2000s, the world of public agricultural research focused on the development of appropriate machinery for family farming. Family farming, which became a category of public and scientific action at the same time, refers to farmers working their land without employing paid labor. This model differs from the agri-business model, which focuses on the production of raw materials for exportation, which has grown considerably in Argentina since the 1990s.The thesis first focuses on the establishment of such machinery and its subsequent development in relation to family farming within Argentinean agricultural research, around the creation of new institutes specially dedicated to research and technological development for family farming (Ipaf). These institutions are particularly unique in that they are based on the reference of the concept of "appropriate technologies". Born in Europe in the 1960s, this concept is grounded on a strong criticism of conventional technologies, while at the same time proposing the development of simple, local, small-scale and decentralized technologies. After having observed the trajectory of circulation, made of hybridizations, of the concept of appropriate technologies in Latin America, we will present how it has been mobilized by Argentinean public agronomic research in the specific context of the 2000s. This context, politically marked by Kirchnerism, has seen the establishment of a mandate to put science and technology at the service of social inclusion.The thesis then focuses in detail on the work carried out by the engineers responsible for developing machines suitable for family farming. We return to two specific cases, namely the design and manufacture of quinoa post-harvest machines and the development of a semi-mechanized harvester prototype. We present how engineers are working on different fronts. They designed models, found funds to prototype them, participated in manufacturing, but also sought public funding to enable small producers to acquire the machines. We analyse this specific method of intervention, which is oriented towards the achievement of a mission, which is to ensure that innovations reach small producers.Finally, we present the way in which public agricultural research agents have, at the heart of this state-led project, interacted with the private sector and attempted to build a sector of machine manufacturers for family farming. This last theme is all the more complex in the context of technologies for family farming, where it is a question of considering the development of markets for impoverished individuals, or at least those with low or very low purchasing power.This thesis provides a detailed analysis of the role of public agricultural research in supporting family agriculture, and the changing relationships in science, technology and politics in a peripheral country like Argentina
Lozada-Islas, Fernando. "Les rapports exploitation-maintenance et la gestion de l'innovation technologique à la RATP". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1991. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529500.
Texto completoMartelli, Nicolas. "Evaluation des dispositifs médicaux innovants dans les CHU en vue de leur acquisition : état des lieux et élaboration d’un outil d’aide à la décision". Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA114802/document.
Texto completoInnovative medical devices offer solutions to medical problems. However, medical devices arriving on the European market have generally little evidence about efficiency. To manage the uncertainty surrounding the introduction of innovative medical devices, hospitals and university hospitals have developed worldwide hospital-based health technology assessment (HTA) processes to guide the selection of expensive and innovative products. Nevertheless, little is known about hospital-based HTA activities in France. We demonstrated that French models of hospital-based HTA are comparable to those found elsewhere and presented sometimes a combination of several HTA models. We also underlined that a mini-HTA like model could easily be applied to French university hospitals. Mini-HTA has become widespread in many different forms across the world. We compared criteria of different mini-HTA forms to criteria used in French university hospitals and identified 26 relevant criteria to assess innovative medical devices. Finally, we developed and tested in real conditions a multiple-criteria decision tool derived from these 26 criteria
Fribault, Mathieu Thierry. "La figure de l'innovateur chez les Baga et Susu de Guinée : histoire sociale, verrous et jalousie". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0028.
Texto completoIn a small village in Maritime Guinea, Baga Sitem indigenous people have been living with their Susu foreigners for more than a century. Both live in a mangrove environment transformed over the centuries and successive clearings into a vast plain where irrigated rice cultivation was practiced. Over the past century, a major ecological upheaval has led to a radical change in the water regime, resulting in the "breakdown" of rice production. The Susu quickly developed fishing techniques adapted to the new environment, a freshwater marsh, while the Baga tried to save rice production. To stop the cycle of annual food shortages, they have finally turned recently to the fishery resource and to a specific technique: straight-net fishing. While Sitem dream of "success", the appropriation of fishing is far from being total yet: « locks » to innovation hinder it. In order to grasp the blockages and anchor them in a comparative analysis, I mobilize the social history of the two societies: in the sub-region's secular violence, the sitem history is marked by the choice of refuge in the mangrove swamp, on the edge of the marronnage, while the Susu ethnic group emerges on a crossroads territory from where conquering the coast over time. The combination with the context of historical violence conceals an internal social order, and the two societies, between the refuge and conquest’s dynamics, are in opposition from this point of view. Local notions of badenya and fadenya are then used to synthesize a series of distinctive social traits that involve a very nuanced relationship of individual initiative between Baga and Susu. As the two societies take on new production options, the actors carrying them confront their respective histories, territorial, political and religious structures, as well as their techniques for administering violence and secrecy. The analysis of locks is both classic and renewed, opening up to a pragmatic approach to innovation. Finally, the research work the relationship between technological innovations and social changes, as well as the the innovator in societies which are not subject to a modern ideology that valuing novelty. I observe that beyond the blockages, the innovator baga acts "curled up" when the innovator is "sung" by his society. It appears that the commitment of innovators is determined by social dynamics, between withdrawal, crisis and expansion, involving institutional formats as well as emotional relationships. More Guinean issues are discussed throughout the text, while the Baga Sitem are undergoing profound changes in the form of a susuisation of the Lower Coast region of Guinea
Lleonci, Pierre-Alexandre. "L'innovation dans l'armée française durant la guerre d'Algérie". Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6248.
Texto completoDuring the last decades, the increasing number of irregular wars brought the modern armies into a delicate situation. In order to overcome this new challenge, these military organizations primarily designed for interstate wars had to innovate. Many historical cases show how certain armies have launched into innovation processes because of new forms of conflict. The case of the French army in Algeria is a good example. The main goal of this paper is to understand how innovation has emerged during the conflict, and how it has diffused within the military organization. A glance at the French strategy in Algeria will allow us to highlight three main innovations: the development of the Revolutionary Warfare doctrine, the creation of “Sections Administratives Specialisées, and the David Galula approach. The analysis of these three study cases shows that innovation came mainly from militaries during the Algerian war, particularly those on top of the hierarchy. However, certain examples of bottom-up innovations do exist. In these cases, diffusion will take place via the informal doctrine. Nevertheless, the Galula example demonstrates that an innovation will diffuse with more difficulty when it comes from people on the ground.
Messier, Louis. "Comment les armées innovent en temps de guerre : les États-Unis en Irak, 2003-2007". Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8330.
Texto completoThis master is about wartime military innovation and more precisely about the transition of the US armed forces from conventional warfare to counterinsurgency during the Iraq war. This case of military innovation is interesting because it marks a radical change in the practices of the US Army and the US Marine Corps all the more so as they both have been frequently trying to avoid counterinsurgency missions in their history. This research will try to explain how the US armed forces have innovated in the Iraq war. We consider that the transition from conventional warfare to counterinsurgency is the result of a process of innovation produced simultaneously at the bottom and at the top of the US military. First of all, from the bottom-up, we think that units from the Army and the marines have developped new counterinsurgency capacities following an exploration process of new tactics and techniques on the battlefield. Then, from the top-down, we believe that counterinsurgency is the consequence of a strategic change in the operations of the Army and the marines. This research will be divided in four chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the military innovation models. The second chapter will present a brief narrative of the Iraq war from 2003 to 2007. Chapters 3 and 4 will offer an analysis of the counterinsurgency innovation process respectively from the bottom-up and the top-down.