Tesis sobre el tema "Matériel 2D"
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Jaouen, Kévin. "Backside absorbing layer microscopy : a new tool for the investigation of 2D materials". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS296/document.
Texto completoOptical microscopy based on anti-reflective coatings is a simple yet powerful characterization tool which notably allowed the first observation of graphene in 2004. Since then, the field of two-dimensional (2D) materials has developed rapidly both at the fundamental and applied levels. These ultrathin materials present inhomogeneities (edges, grain boundaries, multilayers, etc.) which strongly impact their physical and chemical properties. Thus their local characterization is essential. This thesis focuses on a recent enhanced-contrast optical microscopy technique, named BALM, based on ultrathin (2-5 nm) and strongly light-absorbing (metallic) anti-reflective layers. The goal is notably to evaluate the benefits of this technique for the study of 2D materials and their chemical reactivity. The various levers to improve 2D materials observation were investigated and optimized for two model materials: graphene oxide and MoS₂ monolayers. The investigation of molecular layer deposition dynamic notably showed the extreme sensitivity of BALM for such measurements and the significant contribution of multilayers anti-reflective coatings to enhance contrast during the observation of 2D materials. One of the main assets of BALM comes from its combination to other techniques. We particularly considered the coupling between optical measurements and electrochemistry for which the anti-reflective layer serves as working electrode. We investigated optically the dynamic of electrochemical reduction of Graphene Oxide (GO), the electrografting of organic layers by diazonium salts reduction on GO and its reduced form (rGO), as well as the intercalation of metallic ions within GO sheets. By combining versatility and high-contrast, BALM is established as a promising tool for the study of 2D materials, especially for the local and in situ characterization of their chemical and electrochemical reactivity
Bouget, David. "Détection en temps-réel des outils chirurgicaux dans des vidéos 2D de neurochirurgie par modélisation de forme globale et d'apparence locale". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1B006/document.
Texto completoDespite modern-life technological advances and tremendous progress made in surgical techniques including MIS, today's OR is facing many challenges remaining yet to be addressed. The development of CAS systems integrating the SPM methodology was born as a response from the medical community, with the long-term objective to create surgical cockpit systems. Being able to identify surgical tools in use is a key component for systems relying on the SPM methodology. Towards that end, this thesis work has focused on real-time surgical tool detection from microscope 2D images. From the review of the literature, no validation data-sets have been elected as benchmarks by the community. In addition, the neurosurgical context has been addressed only once. As such, the first contribution of this thesis work consisted in the creation of a new surgical tool data-set, made freely available online. Two methods have been proposed to tackle the surgical tool detection challenge. First, the adapted SquaresChnFtrs, evolution of one of the best computer vision state-of-the-art approach for pedestrian detection. Our second contribution, the ShapeDetector, is fully data-driven and performs detection without the use of prior knowledge regarding the number, shape, and position of tools in the image. Compared to previous works, we chose to represent candidate detections with bounding polygons instead of bounding boxes, hence providing more fitting results. For integration into medical systems, we performed different code optimization through CPU and GPU use. Speed gain and accuracy loss from the use of ad-hoc optimization strategies have been thoroughly quantified to find an optimal trade-off between speed and accuracy. Our ShapeDetector is running in-between 5 and 8Hz for 612x480 pixel video sequences.We validated our approaches using a detailed methodology covering the overall tool location, tip position, and orientation. Approaches have been compared and ranked conjointly with a set of competitive baselines. For suction tube detections, we achieved a 15% miss-rate at 0.1 FPPI, compared to a 55% miss-rate for the adapted SquaresChnFtrs. Future works should be directed toward the integration of 3D feature extraction to improve detection performance but also toward the refinement of the semantic labelling step. Coupling the tool detection task to the tool classification in one single framework should be further investigated. Finally, increasing the data-set in diversity, number of tool classes, and detail of annotations is of interest
Lourenço, Pedro. "Experimental and numerical study of ion irradiation impacts on Transition Metal Dichalcogenide layers". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS078.
Texto completoIn this thesis, I present the study of artificially generated defects by ion irradiation on the surface of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDC), more specifically of tungsten disulphide (WS2) and tungsten diselenide (WSe2) crystals. I also present the structural analysis of WS2 films grown by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering (RMS) and compare the observed structural defects to the artifically generated defects on the bulk crystals This thesis is composed of six chapters. In the first chapter, an introduction to the transition metal dichalcogenide structure and properties is discussed, followed by a discussion of previous studies about the defect generation by ion irradiation. Recent developments in the fabrication methods of TMDC thin-films such as reactive magnetron sputtering are also discussed. In chapter 2 I describe in detail the experimental techniques and the analysis methods used to characterize the TMDC materials and in chapter 3 I describe the methods used for numerical simulation of ion irradiation of TMDCs. In chapter 4, I present my work on the design of the experiments and the calibration of a ion source which was later used to produce low energy ions to artificially generate defects on TMDCs surfaces. Chapter 5 I present my characterization results of WS2 films grown by RMS, which were grown in Uppsala by the team of Tomas Nyberg. In chapter 6 I present the artificial generation of defects on TMDC surfaces using the ion source described in chapter 4. Furthermore, I present the molecular dynamics studies which were performed to have an understanding of the defect production mechanism in TMDCs by ion irradiation
Casademont, Hugo. "Semi-conducteurs 2D pour l’électronique flexible : évaluation du potentiel du MoS2 monocouche en tant que matériau de canal". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS365/document.
Texto completoThis PhD thesis is dedicated to the assessment of the potential of monolayers of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as a N-type channel material for flexible electronics. This 2D semiconductor of atomic-scale thickness is chemically stable, mechanically robust and has a direct bandgap of 1.9 eV. This work includes the synthesis of MoS2 monolayers by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and the characterization of this material. The MoS2 monolayers were integrated in air-stable N-type transistors. The study highlighted the impact on the device performances of both the environment and the resistances at the MoS2/metal interfaces. Electronic mobilities of 20 cm²/(V.s) in combination with ION/IOFF ratios > 106 were achieved. These performances allowed integrating MoS2 monolayers in flexible transistors. This work was combined with the study of electrografted organic ultrathin films used as gate dielectrics and their integration in MoS2 transistors. This thesis shows that MoS2 monolayers are a viable option for flexible electronics operating at low bias, in particular when they are associated with ultrathin organic dielectrics
El, Bouazzaoui Rachid. "Caractérisation de l'endommagement anisotrope par métrologie ultrasonore : application à un matériau composite industriel le 2D carbone-SiC". Bordeaux 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR20532.
Texto completoARAÚJO, Caio Fernandes. "Segmentação de imagens 3D utilizando combinação de imagens 2D". Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/21040.
Texto completoMade available in DSpace on 2017-08-30T18:18:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertacao Caio Fernandes Araujo Versão Biblioteca.pdf: 4719896 bytes, checksum: 223db1c4382e6f970dc2cd659978ab60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-12
CAPES
Segmentar imagens de maneira automática é um grande desafio. Apesar do ser humano conseguir fazer essa distinção, em muitos casos, para um computador essa divisão pode não ser tão trivial. Vários aspectos têm de ser levados em consideração, que podem incluir cor, posição, vizinhanças, textura, entre outros. Esse desafio aumenta quando se passa a utilizar imagens médicas, como as ressonâncias magnéticas, pois essas, além de possuírem diferentes formatos dos órgãos em diferentes pessoas, possuem áreas em que a variação da intensidade dos pixels se mostra bastante sutil entre os vizinhos, o que dificulta a segmentação automática. Além disso, a variação citada não permite que haja um formato pré-definido em vários casos, pois as diferenças internas nos corpos dos pacientes, especialmente os que possuem alguma patologia, podem ser grandes demais para que se haja uma generalização. Mas justamente por esse possuírem esses problemas, são os principais focos dos profissionais que analisam as imagens médicas. Este trabalho visa, portanto, contribuir para a melhoria da segmentação dessas imagens médicas. Para isso, utiliza a ideia do Bagging de gerar diferentes imagens 2D para segmentar a partir de uma única imagem 3D, e conceitos de combinação de classificadores para uni-las, para assim conseguir resultados estatisticamente melhores, se comparados aos métodos populares de segmentação. Para se verificar a eficácia do método proposto, a segmentação das imagens foi feita utilizando quatro técnicas de segmentação diferentes, e seus resultados combinados. As técnicas escolhidas foram: binarização pelo método de Otsu, o K-Means, rede neural SOM e o modelo estatístico GMM. As imagens utilizadas nos experimentos foram imagens reais, de ressonâncias magnéticas do cérebro, e o intuito do trabalho foi segmentar a matéria cinza do cérebro. As imagens foram todas em 3D, e as segmentações foram feitas em fatias 2D da imagem original, que antes passa por uma fase de pré-processamento, onde há a extração do cérebro do crânio. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o método proposto se mostrou bem sucedido, uma vez que, em todas as técnicas utilizadas, houve uma melhoria na taxa de acerto da segmentação, comprovada através do teste estatístico T-Teste. Assim, o trabalho mostra que utilizar os princípios de combinação de classificadores em segmentações de imagens médicas pode apresentar resultados melhores.
Automatic image segmentation is still a great challenge today. Despite the human being able to make this distinction, in most of the cases easily and quickly, to a computer this task may not be that trivial. Several characteristics have to be taken into account by the computer, which may include color, position, neighborhoods, texture, among others. This challenge increases greatly when it comes to using medical images, like the MRI, as these besides producing images of organs with different formats in different people, have regions where the intensity variation of pixels is subtle between neighboring pixels, which complicates even more the automatic segmentation. Furthermore, the above mentioned variation does not allow a pre-defined format in various cases, because the internal differences between patients bodies, especially those with a pathology, may be too large to make a generalization. But specially for having this kind of problem, those people are the main targets of the professionals that analyze medical images. This work, therefore, tries to contribute to the segmentation of medical images. For this, it uses the idea of Bagging to generate different 2D images from a single 3D image, and combination of classifiers to unite them, to achieve statistically significant better results, if compared to popular segmentation methods. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, the segmentation of the images is performed using four different segmentation techniques, and their combined results. The chosen techniques are the binarization by the Otsu method, K-Means, the neural network SOM and the statistical model GMM. The images used in the experiments were real MRI of the brain, and the dissertation objective is to segment the gray matter (GM) of the brain. The images are all in 3D, and the segmentations are made using 2D slices of the original image that pass through a preprocessing stage before, where the brain is extracted from the skull. The results show that the proposed method is successful, since, in all the applied techniques, there is an improvement in the accuracy rate, proved by the statistical test T-Test. Thus, the work shows that using the principles of combination of classifiers in medical image segmentation can obtain better results.
Lorriot, Thierry. "Procédure d'exploitation d'un essai de choc : application à l'étude de la rupture dynamique d'un matériau 2D-C/C". Bordeaux 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR10670.
Texto completoBatmaz, Anil Ufuk. "Speed, precision and grip force analysis of human manual operations with and without direct visual input". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ056/document.
Texto completoPerceptual system of a surgeon must adapt to conditions of multisensorial constrains regard to planning, control, and execution of the image-guided surgical operations. Three experimental setups are designed to explore these visual and haptic constraints in the image-guided training. Results show that subjects are faster and more precise with direct vision compared to image guidance. Stereoscopic 3D viewing does not represent a performance advantage for complete beginners. In virtual reality, variation in object length, width, position, and complexity affect the motor performance. Applied grip force on a surgical robot system depends on the user experience level. In conclusion, both time and precision matter critically, but trainee gets as precise as possible before getting faster should be a priority. Study group homogeneity and background play key role in surgical training research. The findings have direct implications for individual skill monitoring for image-guided applications
Doan, Tung. "Homogenization of 2D nanoporous materials by combining micromechanics and molecular dynamics approaches". Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC2003.
Texto completoThe main objective of the present thesis is to develop a modeling and simulation approach to study the surface effects in 2D nanoporous materials and their impact on the overall elastic and conductive properties. It combines two methods at two different scales: Molecular Dynamics (MD) at the atomic scale and Continuum Mechanics (CM) at the microscopic scale with a relevant free boundary model. Both elastic and the thermal conductive properties of the materials are considered. To achieve this goal, at the microscopic scale, the complex variable and the associated conformal mapping techniques (Schwarz-Christoffel mapping) are used to solve the Eshelby heterogeneity problem of a single void with arbitrary shape embedded in an infinite matrix. The void boundary is assumed to have distinct local elastic and thermal behaviors to the bulk and modeled by a line model. The boundary conditions in the complex variable approach are modified to account for these effects. The results obtained by the approach are in excellent agreement with the Finite Element Method and analytical solutions for some particular cases. The localization tensors are then used to compute the macroscopic properties of 2D heterogeneous materials using the dilute and Mori-Tanaka estimation schemes. Some applications of the methods to study the shape and size effects on the macroscopic properties are also presented. At the atomic scale, we focus on the elastic behavior of graphene and use LAMMPS, an open-source MD code to perform computation. First, by studying graphene sheets subject to different in-plane mechanical loading, the bulk and edge elastic constants can be extracted. The MD simulations show that the graphene edge elastic modulus is not constant and depends on the edge structures (zigzag and armchair). Those properties can be used as input data for the CM method previously developed at the macroscopic scale. The results of the CM methods are compared with MD simulations of graphene sheets with vacancies of different shapes and mixed/unmixed edge structures. We find that effective properties depend on both two factors
Au, Thi Huong. "Optimisation et manipulation d'une source de photons uniques par des structures photoniques 2D et 3D à base de matériau polymère à température ambiante". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLN046.
Texto completoThe thesis has been devoted to study the controlled coupling of a colloidal quantum dot (QD) based single photon source (SPS) into multidimensional polymeric photonic structures by using low-one photon absorption (LOPA) direct laser writing (DLW) technique. The thesis consists of three main parts:The first part addresses the characteristic optimization of the CdSe/CdS based SPS. The excitation wavelength dependence of the QDs was investigated. By using 532 nm, only the core of the QD is excited with the suppression of the Auger effects. Thus, this approach allows for obtaining the suppression of fluorescence intermittency and a stable single-photon emission at ambient conditions. In order to obtain the long-term high fluorescence quality of the QDs, we then studied the influence of the local dielectric medium on the optical properties of the QDs. By incorporating the QDs into a photoresist (SU-8), we demonstrated that the polymeric environment not only enables the long-term preservation of the QD with high photostability but also provides us excellent accessibility to fabricate polymeric structures containing SPS.In the second part, the LOPA-based DLW is employed for the coupling of single QD into various photonic structures. Two devices including submicropillar dielectric antenna and 3D membrane bulleye cavity are theoretically and experimentally investigated to enhance the fluorescence emission of the single QD in terms of far-field angular radiation pattern and the spontaneous radiative emission of the emitter.In the third part, the manipulation of SPS is demonstrated by coupling the single QD into multidimensional magneto-photonic structures. With the aid of an external magnetic field, the controllable movement of the coupled QD was performed in the fluidic environment. The position and orientation of the SPS coupled in the structure were manipulated on demand. The mechanical, magnetic and optical properties of the device are investigated showing the multifunctional capabilities of magneto-photonic structures
Faget, Xavier. "Application expérimentale de méthodes inverses avancées pour l'imagerie des propriétés électromagnétiques d'un matériau magnéto-diélectrique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0039/document.
Texto completoThe subject of this thesis is the non-destructive characterization of complex inhomogeneous magneto-dielectric structures. Successively, the experimental developments, the modelling and the data treatments stages are addressed. A forward model that links the scattered field to the electromagnetic properties is established. This model requires some finite element computations in order to estimate the propagation of the electromagnetic wave in presence of the magneto-dielectric object which is glued on a metallic support. A multistatic bench has been designed and constructed in order to collect measured scattered fields. Several adjustments and calibration procedures have been carried out to reduce the measurement noise and biases. Next, the inverse problem has been dealt with, in order to retrieve the electromagnetic properties of the samples, from the measured scattered field. The inverse problem is mainly solved with a linear approach, with a careful selection of the hyperparameters. Once the system has been fine tuned, six studies have been realized to validate our 2D imaging system. The assessment of the measurement uncertainty, the evaluation of the spatial resolution, the characterization of various magnetics materials and the use of different supports with variable geometries have been performed. So far, all the developments were done under a 2D hypothesis. That is why, we have then focused our research on the design of a 3D innovative imaging setup. To this end, a secondary source moving close to the target has been added in order to gain information in the third direction. A numerical study has been performed to assess the expected performances of this new setup
Naouar, Naïm. "Analyse mésoscopique par éléments finis de la déformation de renforts fibreux 2D et 3D à partir de microtomographies X". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0088/document.
Texto completoThe simulation at meso-scale of textile composite reinforcement deformation provides important information. In particular, it gives the direction and density of the fibres that condition the permeability of the textile reinforcement and the mechanical properties of the final composite. These meso FE analyses are highly dependent on the quality of the initial geometry of the model. Some software have been developed to describe composite reinforcement geometries. The obtained geometries imply simplification that can disrupt the reinforcement deformation computation. The present work presents a direct method using computed microtomography to determine finite element models based on the real geometry of the textile reinforcement. The FE model is obtained for any specificity or variability of the textile reinforcement, more or less complex. The yarns interpenetration problems are avoided. These models are used with two constitutive laws : a hypoelastic law and a hyperelastic one. An analysis of their properties is presented and their implementation in the software ABAQUS is detailed. Finally, an identification method is presented and the results of forming simulations are compared to experimental tests, which shows a good fit between the both
Vergnet, Hadrien. "Génération d'ondes THz avec deux nanostructures lamellaires : les microcavités d'AlGaAs et les films minces de PtSe2". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS473.
Texto completoHistorically, the THz domain of the electromagnetic spectrum has been difficult to access. During the past three decades, many technical advances have been made allowing the creation of THz radiation sources and detectors. These advances made it possible to discover the numerous potential applications of THz frequencies. But to this day, there is still a lack of high-performance, compact and cost effective sources and detectors that would be suitable for industrial applications.In this thesis we study the generation of THz radiation by two lamellar nanostructures.The first structure studied is a microcavity made using nanometric layers of AlGaAs alloys. We show that the formation of polariton levels by the strong coupling between asymmetric quantum wells and a double microcavity allows the design of an optimized interpolariton transition in the THz domain. We then detail the experimental characterization of a sample and we show the presence of a THz emission caused by thermal processes unrelated to the interpolariton transition. We conclude by presenting prospects for the improvement of the samples.The second structure studied is PtSe2 in the thin film form, a novel 2D material that belongs to the TMD family. We characterize experimentally the transition between semiconductor and semi-metal that follows with the increasing thickness of the samples using optical bandgap and conductivity measurements. We show the presence of a THz emission that results from second order nonlinear processes. Finally we show by developing an adapted formalism that this emission is can be mainly attributed to the linear photogalvanic and photon drag effects
Vilfayeau, Jérôme. "Modélisation numérique du procédé de tissage des renforts fibreux pour matériaux composites". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0026/document.
Texto completoThe aeronautical industry faces new challenges regarding the reduction of fossil fuel consumption. One way to address this issue is to use lighter composite materials. The ability to predict the geometry and the mechanical properties of the unit cell is necessary in order to develop 3D reinforcements in composite materials for these aeronautical applications. There is a difficulty to get realistic geometries for these unit cells due to the complexity of their architecture. Currently, existing tools which model 3D fabrics at a meso scale don't take into account manufacturing process influence on the shape modification of the textile structure. There is already some numerical tools that can model the braiding or knitting process, but none have been developed for weaving so far. Consequently, this study deals with the numerical simulation of the weaving process to obtain a deformed dry fabric structure. During the weaving process of E-glass fabrics, achieved in our laboratory, it has been observed that large deformations led to the modification of transverse section of meshes, or local density changes, that can modify the fabrics mechanical resistance. For this reason, a numerical tool of the weaving process, based on finite element modelling, has been developped to predict these major deformations and their influences on the final textile structure. The correlation between numerical results and fabrics produced with glass fibres has been achieved for plain weave and 2-2 twill
Magné, Damien. "Synthèse et structure électronique de phases MAX et MXènes". Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT2284/document.
Texto completoThe aim of this work is at first to study the electronic structure of bidimensional titanium carbide systems, belonging to the MXene family and also to synthesize thin films of such new materials to characterize their properties. The study of the electronic structure has been performed for the Ti3C2T2 MXene with a special attention to the T surface groups by using a combination of electron energy loss spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. This study, focused on both valence and core electrons excitations, enabled the identification of the surface group localization, their influence on the MXene electronic structure as well as their chemical nature. The limits of our TEM-based study is also discussed in view of irradiation phenomena which induce the loss of hydrogen atoms. The synthesis of a MXene thin film requires, beforehand, that of a MAX phase thin film: we opted for Ti2AlC, the precursor for the Ti2C MXene. The MAX phase thin film synthesis was carried out by ex-situ annealing of a multilayer layers. X-ray diffraction experiments and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy observations show that a highly textured Ti2AlC thin film is obtained above 600°C after the formation, at 400°C, of a metastable solid solution. Finally, by using the same process for V2AlC, we demonstrate that the initial phase orientation plays a key role for the texture of the thin film so obtained
Jokar, Ali. "An inverse method for estimating the electrochemical and the thermophysical parameters of lithium-ion batteries with different positive electrode materials". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11799.
Texto completoAbstract : The safety of many electrical systems is strongly dependent on the reliable operation of their lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery packs. As a result, the battery packs must be monitored by a battery management system (BMS). The BMS interacts with all the components of the system so as to maintain the integrity of the batteries. The main part of a BMS is a Li-ion battery model that simulates and predicts its different operating points. In the electronics and in the automobile industries, the BMS usually rests on simple empirical models. They are however unable to predict the battery parameters as it ages. Furthermore, they are only applicable to a specific cell. Electrochemical-based models are, on the other hand, more sophisticated and more precise. These models are based on chemical/electrochemical kinetics and transport equations. They may be used to simulate the Li-ion battery characteristics and reactions. In order to run the electrochemical-based mathematical models, it is imperative to know the different electrochemical and thermophysical parameters of the battery. The significant variables of the Li-ion battery can be classified into three groups: geometric, material and operational parameters. The geometric and material parameters can be easily obtained from direct measurements or from the datasheets provided by the manufacturer. The operational properties are, on the other hand, not easily available. Furthermore, some of them may vary according to the measurement techniques or the battery age. Sometimes, the measurement of these parameters requires the dismantling of the battery itself, which is a risky and destructive procedure. Many investigations have been conducted to identify the operational parameters of Li-ion batteries. However, most of these studies focused on the estimation of limited parameters, or considered only one type of the positive electrode materials used in Li-ion batteries. Moreover, the coupling of the thermophysical parameters to the electrochemical variables is ignored in all of them. The main goal of this thesis is to develop a general method to simultaneously identify different electrochemical and thermophysical parameters and to predict the performance of Li-ion batteries with different positive electrode materials. To achieve this goal, an effective inverse method is introduced. Also, direct models representative of Li-ion batteries are developed, applicable for all of the positive electrode materials. A fast and accurate model is presented for simulating the performance of the Li-ion batteries with the LiMn2O4 and LiCoO2 positive electrodes. Moreover, two macro- and micro-based models are developed for predicting the performance of Li-ion battery with the LiFePO4 positive electrode, namely the Modified Mosaic (MM) and the mesoscopic-based models. The parameter estimation studies are then implemented by means of the developed direct models and experimental data provided by Hydro-Québec. All electrochemical and thermophysical parameters of the Li-ion batteries are simultaneously identified and applied for the prediction of the battery performance. Finally, a real-time technique resting on neural networks is used for the estimation of the Li-ion batteries intrinsic parameters.
Buteri, Aurélien. "Etude de l'endommagement en fatigue d'alliages d'aluminium brasés pour échangeurs thermiques automobiles". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAL0077/document.
Texto completoThe automotive industry, like many other industrial fields, requires the use of heat thermal exchangers to allow optimal thermal service conditions of the engine (around 90°C for a car engine). The exchangers’ reliability has to be guaranteed to avoid a decrease of the engine efficiency or detrimental mechanical damage resulting from too high service temperatures. It is therefore necessary to control the different damage modes of such thermal heat exchangers according to the conditions of use. Thanks to their good thermal, corrosion and mechanical properties, aluminium alloys have steadily replaced copper alloys and brass for manufacturing heat exchangers in cars or trucks. Such components have been constantly optimized in terms of exchange surface area and, nowadays, this has led to Al components in heat exchangers with a typical thickness of the order of 0.2 to 1.5 mm. With such small thicknesses, the load levels experienced by heat exchangers components has drastically increased leading to an important research effort in order to improve the resistance to damage development during service life. Two industrial materials made of 3 co-rolled aluminium alloys (total thickness 0.27 mm) have been studied. In spite of their small thickness, the materials exhibit a composite structure comprising a core material (3xxx alloy) and 2 clads (4xxx and/or 7xxx alloys according to material configuration: 4xxx/3xxx/4xxx or 4xxx/3xxx/7xxx). The lower melting point 4xxx alloy is used for producing the heat exchanger assembly during a brazing process while the 7xxx alloy improves internal corrosion resistance. Such complex architecture, combined to the severe brazing thermal treatment, leads to important microstructural modifications, mainly characterized by the formation of brazing joints or Clad Solidification Drops (CSD) on the surface. Both of them are responsible for significant gradients of the mechanical properties on the thickness. The present study is based on an original experimental and numerical approach developed to characterise the different fatigue damage mechanisms operating in such thin heterogeneous structures. Digital image correlation (2D-3D) and X-rays tomography (at different resolutions) have been used to analyze the crack initiation and propagation mechanisms, highlighting the impact of each clad on each damage step. While the 4xxx clad corresponds to preferential crack initiation zones, the 7xxx clad seems to affect significantly the crack propagation phase. Finite Elements simulations have been carried out to complete these experimental observations, putting forward an accurate quantification of the surface state influence (through the CSD). All the different results and observations made on fatigue samples with a simplified geometry have been finally confirmed by fatigue tests on thermal exchanger configurations
Bernaud, Denise. "Tunnels profonds dans les milieux viscoplastiques : approches expérimentale et numérique". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1991. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529719.
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