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Bontadi, Jarno, and Mauro Bernabei. "Inside the Dogon Masks: The Selection of Woods for Ritual Objects." IAWA Journal 37, no. 1 (2016): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-20160122.
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At the foot of the Bandiagara cliffs in Mali lives one of the most studied and yet most mysterious ethnic groups of West Africa, the Dogon. According to their religion, masks have a key role in traditional rites, since they are the link between the earthly and the divine. The production and maintenance of such important tools have precise rules handed down by the Dogon secret society called Awa. Fifteen traditional Dogon masks were studied to ascertain the wood species selected to carve them. The analysis shows the occasional use of marula (Sclerocarya birrea, 3 masks) and African grape (Lannea spec., 2 masks) and a preference for ceiba (Ceiba pentandra, 10 masks), a tree revered as sacred by the Dogon. The results suggest potential implications concerning the use of trees and woods in Dogon tradition.
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Charry, Eric, Pierre Bois, Francois Grund, and Judith Crews. "Mali: The Dogon. Music of the Masks and the Funeral Rituals." Yearbook for Traditional Music 32 (2000): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3185280.
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Mary Jo Arnoldi. "Masks, Puppets and Masquerades: Reflections on Field Research in Mali; 1978–1980." Mande Studies 20 (2018): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/mande.20.1.10.
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Arnoldi, Mary Jo. "Puppet Theatre: Form and Ideology in Bamana Performances." Empirical Studies of the Arts 4, no. 2 (1986): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/en7j-51hl-1y3d-72vd.
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The Bamana living in the Segu region in central Mali carve a range of masks and puppets for specific performance contexts. These sculptures are related to and must be interpreted in light of the community's definition of the event for which they were created. This study examines a category of sculptures which are produced for youth puppet theatre. It compares these sculptures to a second category of masks which are produced for men's initiation associations and relates both categories to the definition of their respective performance events. It then analyzes the social identity of the actors in youth theatre and the ideology which organizes the import of the puppet theatre in these communities.
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VANYUKOVA, Darya. "2022 Expedition to Mali." Oriental Courier, no. 1 (2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310021414-3.
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The 2022 field season (January 23 – February 23) turned out to be very productive: we managed to clarify the history of Dogon migrations from the Mande Country to the Bandiagara Highlands. We received quite complete information on the prophet Abirɛ, who predicted the return of Dogon to their historical homeland and completely new information about Bozo and Bambara puppets. Finally, we acquired many interesting artifacts for the State Museum of Oriental Arts. Due to the inability to arrive to the Dogon Country, it was decided to focus on the area of the city of Bougouni (Sikasso region) in southern Mali and on the Mande Country (regions of Koulikoro and Kayes, from the city of Kangaba in the west to Bamako in the east). Two magnificent, beautifully attributed works of traditional Bambara art were acquired in Bougouni for the collection of the State Museum of Oriental Arts: “Monkey” (Warabilen) and “Wild buffalo” (Sigi; Sigifin) masks. During the expedition, new and very significant data were obtained on the migrations of the Dogon from the Mande Country to the Bandiagara Highlands. A lot of information has now been accumulated regarding how the Dogon came to their new homeland. They were published, including in Russian. But the Manding oral traditions about the exodus of Dogon are still little known. We have partially succeeded in making up for this shortcoming. Oral historical traditions about the exodus of the Dogon from the Mande Country are changeable, internally contradictory and extremely unstable narratives with confused chronology, filled with omissions and vague allusions. However, some conclusions can still be drawn: there is almost no doubt that the root cause of the Dogon leaving for the lifeless rocks of Bandiagara was some kind of difficult and bloody conflict, accompanied by numerous victims. It is also clear that there were several waves of resettlement, and the last Dogon left for the highlands in the middle of the second half of the 19th century. It was also possible to find out that the Bambara and Bozo puppets are not at all a secularized popular theater. The puppet society is associated with the Koré secret society, and is perhaps one of the most powerful Bambara societies, which in this case refers to three ethnic groups: the Bambara proper, the Bozo (Dogon partners in a marriage-prohibitive joking relations) and the Marka (Soninké). Ceremonies involving puppets are completely sacred (only members of the Society take part in them), semi-sacred (only men take part in them), and, finally, publicly available — everyone, including women and children, takes part in them.
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Den Otter, Elisabeth. "The Legend of Biton and Faaro: A Reinterpretation of a Creation Myth from the Epic of Bamana Segu Performed with Puppets and Masks in Mali." AOQU (Achilles Orlando Quixote Ulysses). Rivista di epica 4, no. 2 (2023): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/2724-3346/22202.
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This contribution calls attention to Malian masquerades that reinterpret narrative material drawn from the epic of Bamana Segu through puppets and masks. After providing a general overview of African puppetry, the essay zooms in specifically on the Malian village of Kirango, located on the bank of the Niger River about 35 kilometers northeast of the city of Ségou. The inhabitants of this village (Bamana farmers and Bozo fishermen) celebrate masquerades in which puppets and masks are made to dance by puppeteers whose performance is accompanied by drum-mers and singers. In this context, no difference is made between puppets and masks: both are called sogo (‘animal’), because many of them represent animals such as the hippopotamus, the crocodile, various types of fish (Bozo), antelopes and the buffalo (Bamana). The essay then introduces two characters from the epic of Bamana Segu, Faaro (water spirit and creator god) and Biton (Mamari Coulibaly, a historical Bamana king who, according to a widespread legend, acquired power with the help of Faaro); and it goes on to discuss Faaro’s role in Bozo and Bamana masquerades and explain how a 2009 Bozo performance recreated the legend of Faaro and Biton. The final sections of the essay reflect on the masquerades’ significance with respect to collective memory and cultural identity as well as their possible evolution in the future.
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Zavyalova, Olga Yu. "Tradition and Literature (Culture of Laughter of Mali and Guinea)." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 4 (2021): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080016046-7.
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This article continues the topic of the previous one [Zavyalova, Kutsenkov, 2020]. It reveals how great is the role of humor in the cultures of West Africa, where it manifests itself in various spheres of life of its peoples. The Kɔ̀tɛba Folk Theater in Mali and Guinea is another traditional aspect of humor based on satire. The secret society of Kɔ̀rɛduga “jesters” is characteristic of the traditional cultures of Manden. The Dogon have guardians of brussa, alamonyou, who play the role of clowns during the release of masks, and female jesters yayeré, who are wives of the inhabitants of a given village, originating from other villages. The Manden and Dogon humor permeates all spheres of the traditional way of life, and it plays one of fundamental roles in the manner of communication, in the theater and in oral literature. Thus, satire is aimed either at resolving possible conflicts in the absence of mutual understanding between representatives of various social, age and other groups, at resolving conflicts associated with violation of etiquette. All satirical folklore genres function on this basis. Fairy tales and anecdotes ridicule violations of the norms of etiquette inherent in this particular culture. The folk theater touches on topical, actual violations of traditional norms of behavior. In conclusion, the authors note that humor is one of the foundations of the “virtual” reality of the culture created by these societies. When such regulators are violated and their semantic content changes, the whole reality and even the very existence of these peoples will change.
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Diara, Abdourahamane, Tidiane Diallo, Sanou Khô Coulibaly, et al. "Knowledge, attitudes and practices of market gardeners toward pesticide use in Bamako, Mali." E3S Web of Conferences 319 (2021): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131902015.
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Introduction: Pesticides are used in market gardening to meet growing consumer demand and achieve economically viable production levels. These products inevitably leave residues that could harm human health and the environment if misused. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of market gardeners toward pesticide use in Bamako. Methods: This was a prospective study conducted among 120 market gardeners randomly sampled in the district of Bamako. Results: According to the results, 56.7% of market gardeners did not have a diploma and 84% said they never read the instructions for safe use. The personal protective equipment used were: masks (58%), gloves (18%), boots (8%), safety glasses (3%) and coveralls (1%). Empty pesticide packaging, in general, is discarded in the environment (35%). Headache and flu-like symptoms (fever, runny nose, tired) were the most cited symptoms after crop treatment (29% and 27%, respectively). After suspected poisoning, market gardeners took milk in 17% of cases. Conclusion: Pesticides can cause health and environmental risks. To stem this, the use of these products must be done in accordance with good agricultural practices in order to protect the health of market gardeners and ensure the protection of the environment.
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Завьялова, О. Ю. "Марионетки и их связь с духами (Мали) / Puppets and Their Relations with Spirits (Mali)". Вестник антропологии (Herald of Anthropology), № 2024 № 2 (червень 2024): 170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33876/2311-0546/2024-2/170-185.
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Традиция марионеток — одна из самых популярных в Мали, причем у представителей многих народов. Это живая традиция, которая является основой самоидентификации для бамана, бозо и других, как говорят сами информанты. Данная статья написана на основе бесед с известным малийским марионеточником Яя Кулибали. Марионетки Кулибали радуют всех людей, однако, основная их задача радовать духов, в частности духов воды фаро. Именно поэтому марионетки чаще всего выступают у народа рыбаков бозо, которые более других связаны с водой. Изготовление марионеток также требует исполнения определенных ритуалов, традиционно они изготавливались из конкретных видов деревьев. Внутри «костюма» марионетки могут скрываться от одного до трех кукловодов, которые манипулируют стержнями куклы. Как и о любой такого рода традиции о происхождении марионеток существуют легенды, и все они говорят о том, что люди получили знания об этом искусстве от духов. Сами марионетки бывают нескольких видов: от струнных до стержневых, разного размера; соответственно, у них всех разная роль и разные выходы. Марионетки используются как для развлечения, так и для сакральных целей. Представления марионеток называющееся sogobɔ — ритуал начала сезона дождей и жертвоприношение духам фаро, но марионетки также участвуют и в ритуалах секретных мужских союзов — это Cɛko. Представления марионеток (как и представления масок, как и другие традиционные представления) делятся на три части по степени сакральности: первая часть доступна для всех зрителей, третья же только для узкого круга посвященных. Связь людей с духами не нарушается даже в угоду исламу, так как праздники, особенно такие как выходы марионеток и масок, сами по себе являются жертвоприношением для духов. The puppet tradition is one of the most popular in Mali. This is a living tradition, which self-identification of Bamana and Bozo peoples is based, according to the informants themselves. This article is based on conversations with the famous Malian puppet master Yaya Сoulibaly. His marionettes delight all people, however, their main task is to please the spirits, in particular faro — the spirits of the water. That is why puppets are most often performed among the Bozo fishermen, who have a closer connection with water than others. Making puppets also requires the certain rituals: traditionally they were made from specific types of wood. As with any tradition of this kind, there are legends about the origin of marionettes, and according to all of them people received this art from spirits. There are several types of puppets themselves, from string marionettes to rod ones, and all of them have different roles and performances. Puppets are used for both entertainment and sacred purposes. The marionettes performance called sogobɔ is the ritual of the beginning of the rainy season and the sacrifice to the faro spirits, but marionettes also participate in the rituals of secret male unions (Cɛko). Puppet performances are divided into three parts according to the degree of sacredness: the first part is accessible to all spectators, while the third is only for a narrow circle of initiates. The connection between people and spirits is not broken even for the sake of Islam, since holidays, especially such as the appearances of puppets and masks, are themselves sacrifices for spirits.
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Sikimić, Milica, and Bojan Vujanović. "Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Peacekeepers on African Soil during COVID-19 : Procedures, Challenges, Lessons." Journal of Central and Eastern European African Studies 2, no. 4 (2022): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.59569/jceeas.2022.2.4.124.
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Active United Nation missions on African soil are: MINURSO in Western Sahara, UNMISS in South Sudan, MINUSMA in Mali, MONUSCO in Democratic Republic of the Congo, MINUSCA in Central African Republic and UNISFA in Abyei. Peacekeeping has always been highly dynamic and has evolved in the face of new issues. But, in addition to the challenges they face while assisting host countries on the difficult path from conflict to peace, peacekeepers have recently had to deal with procedures and obstacles caused by the global COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the article is to investigate the performance of everyday tasks in the COVID-19 era with an emphasis on issues related to the availability of basic supplies for UN peacekeepers, personal protective equipment, medical services, welfare, travel restrictions, and connections with the resident population in Africa. In this paper, we will present the results of qualitative research (in-depth interviews) on the experiences of UN staff from Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) who served in the mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), in the period 2020-2022. In anticipation of malaria, typhoid, hepatitis, salmonella, etc., the peacekeepers faced a new unknown disease, a shortage of medicines, they had no access to hospitals, and personal protective masks were made from their underwear. In some areas the local population believed that COVID19 was a “mysterious disease” brought and spread by peacekeepers and this fact shed new light on (non)cooperation with UN staff. Apart from the UN, the mission staff were (not) provided with support and assistance in various ways by the countries which they came from.
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O’Kelly, Eugenia, Anmol Arora, Sophia Pirog, Charlotte Pearson, James Ward, and P. John Clarkson. "Face mask fit hacks: Improving the fit of KN95 masks and surgical masks with fit alteration techniques." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (2022): e0262830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262830.
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Introduction During the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been suggestions that various techniques could be employed to improve the fit and, therefore, the effectiveness of face masks. It is well recognized that improving fit tends to improve mask effectiveness, but whether these fit modifiers are reliable remains unexplored. In this study, we assess a range of common “fit hacks” to determine their ability to improve mask performance. Methods Between July and September 2020, qualitative fit testing was performed in an indoor living space. We used quantitative fit testing to assess the fit of both surgical masks and KN95 masks, with and without ‘fit hacks’, on four participants. Seven fit hacks were evaluated to assess impact on fit. Additionally, one participant applied each fit hack multiple times to assess how reliable hacks were when reapplied. A convenience of four participants took part in the study, three females and one male with a head circumference range of 54 to 60 centimetres. Results and discussion The use of pantyhose, tape, and rubber bands were effective for most participants. A pantyhose overlayer was observed to be the most effective hack. High degrees of variation were noted between participants. However, little variation was noted within participants, with hacks generally showing similar benefit each time they were applied on a single participant. An inspection of the fit hacks once applied showed that individual facial features may have a significant impact on fit, especially the nose bridge. Conclusions Fit hacks can be used to effectively improve the fit of surgical and KN95 masks, enhancing the protection provided to the wearer. However, many of the most effective hacks are very uncomfortable and unlikely to be tolerated for extended periods of time. The development of effective fit-improvement solutions remains a critical issue in need of further development.
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Guasoni, Paolo, and Jan Obłój. "THE INCENTIVES OF HEDGE FUND FEES AND HIGH-WATER MARKS." Mathematical Finance 26, no. 2 (2013): 269–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mafi.12057.
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Žalkauskaitė, Gintarė. "Features of idiolect in the punctuation of electronic mail." Lietuvių kalba, no. 5 (December 28, 2011): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2011.22802.
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The article deals with the usage of punctuation marks in the emails of six different authors. Punctuation marks belong to the graphical level of a text, which makes the electronic discourse more distant from standard written language. As a result, a prediction is made that in the electronic communication punctuation marks may be used specifically. The aim of the article is to determine whether punctuation in electronic mail can be linked with the author's idiolect. The corpus of electronic messages under investigation consists of 65,090 words. In total, there are 13,548 punctuation marks used in it. In the present analysis of punctuation, an attempt is made to measure the total number of punctuation marks as well as the number of them as used by each author. In addition the situations in which each punctuation mark is used are also investigated. In the analysis of general tendencies in punctuation mark usage, it has been noted that many different punctuation marks are used in electronic messages. The most numerous marks have proved to be regular ones such as commas, full stops, question marks, dashes, suspension points, brackets, quotation marks, and exclamation marks. The punctuation marks that are used sparingly in traditional written language and electronic communication (various combinations of different punctuation marks, non-traditional variants of punctuation marks, slashes, semicolons) could have the identification value if they were used frequently by any of the authors in their texts.
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Lin, Yu-Jung, Joshua Isakson, and Emma Keane. "Impact of face masks on second language word identification." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (2022): A277—A278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0011331.
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The current study investigated the effects of face masks on the intelligibility of second language (L2) speech. Specifically, we examined whether L2 learners of Mandarin and English identify words in their L2s less accurately when the speakers spoke through masks. Seven Mandarin native speakers whose L2 is English and seven English native speakers whose L2 is Mandarin were asked to identify the words they heard in videos, where English and Mandarin native speakers pronounced monosyllabic words in their native languages with and without surgical masks. The first languages (L1s) of these 14 subjects, the language of the videos, the mask conditions (with mask versus without mask), the noise conditions (quiet versus noisy), and the speaker gender (male versus female) were included in the experimental design. Preliminary results suggested that L2 word identification was significantly impacted when the background noise was present. Furthermore, the accuracy of L2 word identification in the male-speaker condition was significantly lower than the female-speaker condition when masks were worn. These findings were compared to the L1 perception data to demonstrate how the use of masks may negatively impact L2 perception to a greater degree than L1 perception.
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Joron, Mathieu, and Paul M. Brakefield. "Captivity masks inbreeding effects on male mating success in butterflies." Nature 424, no. 6945 (2003): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01713.
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Pogány, Ákos, and Tamás Székely. "Female choice in the penduline tit Remiz pendulinus: the effects of nest size and male mask size." Behaviour 144, no. 4 (2007): 411–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907780756021.
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Why do females prefer some males over others? Females often use multiple cues, and to distinguish between these cues one needs to manipulate putative male traits. We carried out a test of multiple cues hypothesis in a polygamous bird, the penduline tit Remiz pendulinus . In this passerine both males and females mate with up to six mates within a breeding season, and a single parent (male or female) incubates the eggs and raises the chicks. Males build sophisticated nests, and previous studies suggested that females prefer males with large nest to small ones, since large nests provide direct benefit to females via reduced cost of incubation. Males sport wider eye-stripes ('masks') than females, and males with large masks find a mate faster than males with small masks. In a mate choice experiment using factorial design and two levels for each trait, we show that females prefer males with large masks, whereas they do not show preference for large nests. These results suggest that in penduline tits (i) females pay more attention to a trait that signals indirect benefit (mask size) than a trait that is related to direct benefits (nest size), and (ii) nest preference may be context-dependent.
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Vaughn, Ashlee A., and Michael H. Ferkin. "The presence and number of male competitor's scent marks and female reproductive state affect the response of male meadow voles to female conspecifics' odours." Behaviour 148, no. 8 (2011): 927–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000579511x584375.
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AbstractMale mammals are attracted to the scent marks of sexually receptive female conspecifics. Male voles spend more time investigating the scent marks of female voles in postpartum oestrus (PPE), a heightened state of sexual receptivity that occurs following the delivery of a litter, compared to those of female voles that are not in PPE, but in a moderate state of sexual receptivity. However, both types of females will attract male conspecifics to deposit their scent marks near those deposited by these females. The scent marks deposited by these males may indicate how many males have visited this female, which may affect how attractive she is to other males. In the present study, we exposed male meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, to the scent mark of a PPE female and a female that was not in PPE, a reference female (REF female); the scent marks of 0, 1 or 5 males were placed adjacent to the scent marks of these two female scent donors. In doing so, we tested three hypotheses. The first hypothesis is males will spend less time investigating the scent mark of a female that has more scent marks of male conspecifics adjacent to it compared to that of a female that has fewer scent marks of male conspecifics adjacent to it. The second hypothesis is the converse of the first hypothesis. The third hypothesis is males will spend more time investigating the scent mark of a PPE female than that of a REF female, independent of the number of scent marks of other males adjacent to them. Overall, our data suggests that a combination of factors may influence a male's preference for the scent marks of potential mates. Most tests suggest that males will respond preferentially to a female if she has more male suitors than another female, independent of the reproductive state of either female. If however, the number of male suitors is the same for each female, males tend to prefer the scent mark of the female that is in a more heightened state of sexual receptivity.
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Chu, Kevin, and Sharon Nieukirk. "Dorsal fin scars as indicators of age, sex, and social status in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 2 (1988): 416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-059.
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We compared the number of linear marks and the shapes of dorsal fins of different classes of humpback whales during the breeding season. Male humpbacks tend to have more marks than females. Such marks are probably scars resulting from physical contact during intrasexual competition for mates. Not all males have marks; therefore, an unmarked adult humpback could be a male or a female. An adult with many marks is likely a male, however. Differences in the dorsal fins of principal and secondary escorts in large groups of competing males suggest that not all escorts have the same chance of attaining principal escort status. Therefore, male – male competitions in large groups should not necessarily be viewed as contests between equals. Principal escorts showed significantly more of some types of marks than did lone escorts of cows with calves, suggesting that not all lone escorts may retain their position if challenged.
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Geraldo, Sheila Cabo. "O corpo negro, as marcas e o trauma." Arteriais - Revista do Programa de Pós-Gradução em Artes 3, no. 5 (2017): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.18542/arteriais.v3i5.5361.
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ResumoO discurso pós-colonial, de acordo com as teorias desenvolvidas a partir dos anos 1970, está nas marcas deixadas nas sociedades colonizadas, as quais construíram seus processos de independência e modernidade por cima dessas marcas, na forma da violência. A modernidade é como uma máscara branca sobre a pele negra (Frantz Fanon), que só em casos de embate deixa aflorar, como imagens dialéticas, a permanência das relações escravistas recalcadas. São máscaras, impostas ou autoimpostas, que forçaram o apagamento da memória racial, muitas vezes associada ao gênero. O texto aqui apresentado procura, assim, ativar criticamente algumas imagens produzidas pela artista Rosana Paulino, sobretudo as que desenvolveu para a instalação Assentamento, cujas imagens dos corpos masculinos e femininos escravizados, enquanto imagens de discursos científicos positivistas dos novecentos, são ressignificadas pela artista como imagens-denúncia.AbstractThe postcolonial discourse, according to the theories developed since the 1970s, is on the marks left in the colonized societies, which built their processes of independence and modernity over these marks, in the form of violence. Modernity is like a white mask on the black skin (Frantz Fanon), which only in cases of clash brings out, as dialectical images, the permanence of repressed slave relations. They are masks, imposed or self-imposed, which forced the erasure of racial memory, often associated with gender. The text presented here seeks to critically activate some images produced by the artist Rosana Paulino, especially those developed for the Settlement installation, whose images of male and female enslaved bodies, as images of positivist scientific discourses of the nineteenth century, are restated by the artist as images-complaint.
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Astolfi, Arianna, Giuseppina Emma Puglisi, Louena Shtrepi, et al. "Effects of Face Masks on Physiological Parameters and Voice Production during Cycling Activity." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11 (2022): 6491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116491.
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This study investigates the effects of face masks on physiological and voice parameters, focusing on cyclists that perform incremental sports activity. Three healthy male subjects were monitored in a climatic chamber wearing three types of masks with different acoustic properties, breathing resistance, and air filtration performance. Masks A and B were surgical masks made of hydrophobic fabric and three layers of non-woven fabric of 100% polypropylene, respectively. Mask S was a multilayer cloth mask designed for sports activity. Mask B and Mask S behave similarly and show lower sound attenuation and sound transmission loss and lower breathing resistance than Mask A, although Mask A exhibits slightly higher filtration efficiency. Similar cheek temperatures were observed for Masks A and B, while a significantly higher temperature was measured with Mask S at incremental physical activity. No differences were found between the masks and the no-mask condition for voice monitoring. Overall, Mask B and Mask S are suitable for sports activities without adverse effects on voice production while ensuring good breathing resistance and filtration efficiency. These outcomes support choosing appropriate masks for sports activities, showing the best trade-off between breathing resistance and filtration efficiency, sound attenuation, and sound transmission loss.
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Frank, Barbara E. "Marks of Identity: Potters of the Folona (Mali) and Their “Mothers”." African Arts 40, no. 1 (2007): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/afar.2007.40.1.30.
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Hatta, Rezky Darmawan, Imam Budi Putra, and Nelva Karmila Jusuf. "The Correlation between Serum Cortisol Levels with Stretch Marks in Gymnastic Male." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, B (2022): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8109.
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BACKGROUND: Stretch marks are skin scar tissue that appears in the form of purplish linear atrophy, erythematous or hypopigmented which is often caused by excessive stretching of the skin. Increased cortisol levels can cause an increase in collagen degradation which results in disruption of the extracellular matrix in the dermis, resulting in stretch marks. Physical stress can trigger activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which will induce activation of stress hormones, including cortisol in the adrenal cortex. AIM: The objective of the study is to determine the correlation between serum cortisol levels and stretch marks in male at a gymnastics training site. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Observational analytic study with a cross-sectional approach to 50 stretch marks subjects. RESULTS: Serum cortisol levels of subjects with stretch marks averaged 9.72 g/dL with the lowest level of 4.45 g/dL and the highest level of 49.25 g/dL (p < 0.001). The highest age with stretch marks was 26–30 years 18 (36%) subjects and the lowest age was aged 36–40 years 5 (10%) subjects. The majority of stretch marks are located in the axillary region (30.9%), brachii (23.6%), and abdomen (18.4%). The average cortisol level in subjects with aerobic exercise was 6.52 g/dL, muscle training 11.18 g/dL, mixed aerobic and muscle training 7.5 g/dL. The highest average cortisol levels were at exercise duration of 31–60 min of 12.88 g/dL, 61–90 min of 6.63 g/dL, and 91–120 min of 6.2 g/dL. The highest frequency of exercise in a week was 3–4 times as many as 30 subjects (60%) with an average serum cortisol level of 11.1879 g/dL. CONCLUSION: There is a significant correlation between serum cortisol levels and stretch marks in male at gymnastics training.
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Calà, F., C. Manfredi, L. Battilocchi, L. Frassineti, and G. Cantarella. "Speaking with mask in the COVID-19 era: Multiclass machine learning classification of acoustic and perceptual parameters." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 2 (2023): 1204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0017244.
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The intensive use of personal protective equipment often requires increasing voice intensity, with possible development of voice disorders. This paper exploits machine learning approaches to investigate the impact of different types of masks on sustained vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/ and the sequence /a'jw/ inside a standardized sentence. Both objective acoustical parameters and subjective ratings were used for statistical analysis, multiple comparisons, and in multivariate machine learning classification experiments. Significant differences were found between mask+shield configuration and no-mask and between mask and mask+shield conditions. Power spectral density decreases with statistical significance above 1.5 kHz when wearing masks. Subjective ratings confirmed increasing discomfort from no-mask condition to protective masks and shield. Machine learning techniques proved that masks alter voice production: in a multiclass experiment, random forest (RF) models were able to distinguish amongst seven masks conditions with up to 94% validation accuracy, separating masked from unmasked conditions with up to 100% validation accuracy and detecting the shield presence with up to 86% validation accuracy. Moreover, an RF classifier allowed distinguishing male from female subject in masked conditions with 100% validation accuracy. Combining acoustic and perceptual analysis represents a robust approach to characterize masks configurations and quantify the corresponding level of discomfort.
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Camacho-Luque, Raquel, Alejandro Peña-Monje, Marta Álvarez-Estévez, Natalia Chueca-Porcuna, and Federico García. "Carbapenemase detection in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by MALDI-TOF MS mass spectrometry." ACTUALIDAD MEDICA 100, no. 794 (2015): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15568/am.2015.794.or03.
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Solano, Tomas, and Kourosh Shoele. "Investigation of the Role of Face Shape on the Flow Dynamics and Effectiveness of Face Masks." Fluids 7, no. 6 (2022): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids7060209.
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Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks have been used extensively in society. The effectiveness of face masks depends on their material, design, and fit. With much research being focused on quantifying the role of the material, the design and fit of masks have been an afterthought at most. Recent studies, on the other hand, have shown that the mask fit is a significant factor to consider when specifying the effectiveness of the face mask. Moreover, the fit is highly dependent on face topology. Differences in face types and anthropometrics lead to different face mask fit. Here, computational fluid dynamics simulations employing a novel model for porous membranes (i.e., masks) are used to study the leakage pattern of a cough through a face mask on different faces. The three faces studied (female, male, and child) are characteristic faces identified in a previous population study. The female face is observed to have the most leakage through the periphery of the mask, which results in the lowest fitted filtration efficiency of the three faces. The male and child faces had similar gap profiles, leakage and fitted filtration efficiencies. However, the flow of the three faces differs significantly. The effect of the porosity of the mask was also studied. While all faces showed the same general trend with changing porosity, the effect on the child’s face was more significant.
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Surya Kumari, N., Amit Singh Bharati, and CH Srinivas. "Comparative Study of Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Fat Percentage and Muscle Mass in Male and Female Medical Students." Indian Journal of Anatomy 8, no. 3 (2019): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ija.2320.0022.8319.11.
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Isichei, Elizabeth. "On Masks and Audible Ghosts: Some Secret Male Cults in Central Nigeria." Journal of Religion in Africa 18, no. 1 (1988): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1580836.
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Isichei, Elizabeth. "On Masks and Audible Ghosts: Some Secret Male Cults in Central Nigeria1." Journal of Religion in Africa 18, no. 1 (1988): 42–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006688x00225.
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Isichei, Elizabeth. "On Masks and Audible Ghosts: Some Secret Male Cults in Central Nigeria." Journal for the Study of Judaism 18, no. 1 (1987): 42–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006387x00058.
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Katsuki, Miho, Douglas R. Drummond, Michael Osei, and Robert A. Cross. "Mal3 Masks Catastrophe Events inSchizosaccharomyces pombeMicrotubules by Inhibiting Shrinkage and Promoting Rescue." Journal of Biological Chemistry 284, no. 43 (2009): 29246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.c109.052159.
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Laaka, Atte, Maria Hollmén, and Adel Bachour. "Evaluation of CPAP mask performance during 3 years of mask usage: time for reconsideration of renewal policies?" BMJ Open Respiratory Research 8, no. 1 (2021): e001104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2021-001104.
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BackgroundContinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask renewal policies vary inside and between countries. There are no independent studies on the optimal mask renewal frequency. We aimed to evaluate CPAP mask function over time in a real-life clinical setting, and to compare the results against current renewal policies.MethodsDaily performance data of 1846 CPAP masks (65% nasal, 22% nasal pillows, 12% oronasal) were recorded from 450 participants (68% male, mean age 59 years) with obstructive sleep apnoea. The unintentional leak, Apnoea-Hypopnoea Index (CPAP-AHI) and usage data were exported from the CPAP device.ResultsOf 656 324 nights of CPAP usage, the mean renewal time was 497 days (SD 327), mean leak 5.7 L/min (SD 8.1) and CPAP-AHI 3.8 events/h (SD 3.6). The difference in mean leak between one (5.2 L/min, SD 7.5), 12 (6.0 L/min, SD 10.2) and 24 months (5.8 L/min, SD 7.5) was minimal (p=0.59). Mean CPAP-AHI remained normal and unchanged in nasal masks and pillows up to 30 months, and was highest in oronasal masks. Different mask manufacturers performed similarly. Masks’ daily or total usage did not affect the results. Shifting the mask renewal policy to 24 months could reduce the mask-related cost up to 50%–88%.ConclusionsNasal masks and pillows could be used at least 2 years without significant changes in unintentional leak and CPAP-AHI. We suggest updating the mask renewal policies of nasal masks and pillows; results on oronasal masks and other manufacturers CPAP devices need further verification.
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Staunton, Kyran M., Donovan Leiva, Alvaro Cruz, et al. "Outcomes from international field trials with Male Aedes Sound Traps: Frequency-dependent effectiveness in capturing target species in relation to bycatch abundance." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 2 (2021): e0009061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009061.
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Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus vector dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses. With both species expanding their global distributions at alarming rates, developing effective surveillance equipment is a continuing priority for public health researchers. Sound traps have been shown, in limited testing, to be highly species-specific when emitting a frequency corresponding to a female mosquito wingbeat. Determining male mosquito capture rates in sound traps based on lure frequencies in endemic settings is the next step for informed deployment of these surveillance tools. We field-evaluated Male Aedes Sound Traps (MASTs) set to either 450 Hz, 500 Hz, 550 Hz or 600 Hz for sampling Aedes aegypti and/or Aedes albopictus and compared catch rates to BG-Sentinel traps within Pacific (Madang, Papua New Guinea) and Latin American (Molas, Mexico and Orange Walk Town, Belize) locations. MASTs set to 450–550 Hz consistently caught male Ae. aegypti at rates comparable to BG-Sentinel traps in all locations. A peak in male Ae. albopictus captures in MASTs set at 550 Hz was observed, with the lowest mean abundance recorded in MASTs set to 450 Hz. While significantly higher abundances of male Culex were sampled in MASTs emitting lower relative frequencies in Molas, overall male Culex were captured in significantly lower abundances in the MASTs, relative to BG-Sentinel traps within all locations. Finally, significant differences in rates at which male Aedes and Culex were positively detected in trap-types per weekly collections were broadly consistent with trends in abundance data per trap-type. MASTs at 550 Hz effectively captured both male Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus while greatly reducing bycatch, especially male Culex, in locations where dengue transmission has occurred. This high species-specificity of the MAST not only reduces staff-time required to sort samples, but can also be exploited to develop an accurate smart-trap system—both outcomes potentially reducing public health program expenses.
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Sarmadi, Mohammad, Mehdi Bakhtiyaridovvombaygi, Seyed Mohammad Ahmadi-Soleimani, et al. "Face mask use among pedestrians during the COVID-19 pandemic in Northeast Iran: A survey on 223,848 pedestrians." Environmental Health Engineering and Management 10, no. 1 (2023): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ehem.2023.09.
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Background: Despite the mass vaccination of people in countries, preventive health guidelines of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are still one of the most critical factors for pandemic control. The objectives of this study were to assess the overall use of face masks and investigate the diverse kinds of face masks used among pedestrians in northeast Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was designed in Torbat Heydariyeh, northeastern Iran, from February 19 to May 13, 2020. A total of 223 848 pedestrians were selected from 25 points of the city, using a multistage sampling method in 10 stages. Descriptive statistics were presented with frequencies and percentages. Chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used to assess the association between two categorical variables. Results: The overall percent of face mask usage was 78.68%. Women used face masks considerably higher than men (88.32% vs. 69.02%, P<0.001). Among the male and female pedestrians who used the mask, 6.27% and 2.04% wore face mask incorrectly, respectively. Surgical masks (73.7%) were the most common face masks worn by pedestrians. Overall, the face mask usage was significantly lower during a.m. (88.34%) compared to p.m. (78.52%) (P<0.001). Also, the face mask usage was significantly higher in the center sections of the city (86.49%) compared to the outskirts (43.67%) (P<0.001). Conclusion: Women use face masks significantly more than men. Using educational programs and establishing laws and regulations to prevent pandemics in cities is considered as a key factor.
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Saidel, Lisa, Abraham Borer, and Orli Sagi. "Transmission of Acinetobacter baumannii by Surgical Masks During the COVID-19 Pandemic." Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 1, S1 (2021): s51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ash.2021.97.
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Background:Acinetobacter baumannii, one of the major causes of nosocomial infections in modern healthcare systems, is characterized by its great persistence in the environment and by its ability to rapidly develop resistance to many antimicrobials. Most A. baumannii infections occur in intubated critically ill patients, causing ventilator-associated pneumonia which is a leading cause of mortality. During the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic an increase in hospital-acquired carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) infection and colonization in acute-care hospitals has been described. CRAB healthcare-associated infections are often linked to breaches of infection prevention and control (IPC). Beginning in April 2020, our hospital’s IPC unit ordered mandatory universal masking for all healthcare workers (HCWs). Shortages of personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic led to extended use of surgical face masks by HCWs in our hospital. We investigated whether the extended use of surgical face masks was linked to an increase of CRAB colonization in our intubated critically ill patients. Methods: Surgical masks were collected from doctors, nurses, and housekeeping staff working in 2 internal medicine departments, each including a 4-bed unit for intubated critically ill patients. All surgical masks were worn continuously for 4–5 hours before removal. “Cases“ were defined as HCWs who treated CRAB colonized critically ill patients. “Controls“ were defined as HCWs who did not enter the critically ill patient unit. Surgical masks were incubated with BHI enrichment broth (HyLabs Rehovot, Israel) for 48 hours at 35°C. BHI was seeded on multidrug-resistant (MDR)–selective CHROMagar plates (HyLabs) and incubated overnight at 35°C. Identification was performed using MALDI-ToF mass spectrophotometry (bioMérieux, France). Susceptibility was tested using Vitek 2 (bioMérieux). Results: In total, 55 HCWs participated in the study: 25 cases and 30 controls. Masks from 10 cases (40%) were colonized with Acinetobacter spp versus only 3 masks (10%) from controls (OR, 5.98; 95% CI, 1.42–25; P = .012). Of 13 masks contaminated with Acinetobacter spp, 8 of 10 contaminated masks among cases were colonized with CRAB, whereas only 1 of 3 masks of controls was colonized with CRAB. Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, extended surgical mask use while treating patients colonized with CRAB increased mask contamination with this bacterium. Surgical masks should be changed after treating a patient colonized with CRAB the same way gown and glove removal and hand hygiene are performed.Funding: NoDisclosures: None
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Rumahorbo, Hotma, Priyanto Priyanto, and Atin Karjatin. "A Cross-sectional Online Survey on Public Attitudes towards Wearing Face Masks and Washing Hands to Prevent the Spread of COVID-19 in Indonesia." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, E (2021): 1238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6907.
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BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 infection spreads quickly and easily, hence people are required to obey health protocols. Attitudes play an important role in building people’s readiness to use face masks and wash hands. AIM: The study aims at analyzing several factors influencing people’s attitudes towards wearing face masks and washing hands in Indonesia. METHODS: The study employs a cross-sectional online survey involving 400 adult respondents in the Java region from July to September 2020. RESULTS: Of 400 respondents, 54.3% showed positive attitudes toward wearing face masks and 59.3% towards washing hands. The multivariate analysis showed that people’s attitudes towards wearing face masks were influenced by age and knowledge. Respondents aged 36–45 years old had positive attitudes on wearing face masks 3.9 times (p = 0.038) and aged ≥46 years old 4.1 times (p = 0.039) compared to aged 18–35 years old. Furthermore, attitudes on washing hands were influenced by gender, age groups, and knowledge. Female had positive attitudes towards washing hands 1.7 times (p = 0.029) compared to male. Respondents aged 36–45 years old had positive attitudes on washing hands 5 times (p = 0.037) and aged ≥46 years old 4.8 times (p = 0.05) compared to aged 18–35 years old. Knowledge acted as the confounding factor. CONCLUSION: The age and knowledge factors influenced positive attitude of using masks and washing hands were influenced by gender, age, and knowledge. Health education programs are recommended to increase knowledge about COVID-19, this is very helpful for the young generation of Indonesia to have a positive attitude.
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Weinstein, Rachel, and Gregory S. LaSala. "17-year-old male with marks on his back." Visual Journal of Emergency Medicine 10 (January 2018): 83–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visj.2017.11.004.
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Hvala, Tea. "Pleasure in Performing a Jagged Version of Femininity: Interview with Bjørk Grue Lidin." Maska 33, no. 189 (2018): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/maska.33.189-190.42_7.
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In this e-mail interview from April 2016, London-based performer, writer, curator and editor Bjørk Grue Lidin speaks about the difference between political art and the aestheticization of politics, the HYSTERIA collective’s radical feminist and editorial politics, its growing international membership and the ways in which her fellow ‘lovely hysterics’ have been encouraging her to push the boundaries of her own performative explorations of abjection, incivility, discomfort, complicity, violence and other ways of destroying the meanings inscribed into the feminine body.
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Luna, José Marcio, Hani Nakhoul, Cody Weimholt, et al. "Abstract 6188: Pathomics of prostate cancer incorporating histology and mass spectrometry imaging." Cancer Research 84, no. 6_Supplement (2024): 6188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2024-6188.
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Abstract Background: Recent evidence shows that interactions between tumor cells, immune cells, and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the stroma play an important role in prostate cancer (PCa) progression. However, to date these factors are not accounted for in clinical evaluation of PCa patients. Our team has developed methods based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging to identify sets of ECM glycan and collagen molecules associated with PCa. In this study, we leverage computational imaging methods and pathomic textural features to assess the potential of MALDI imaging to guide the identification of regions in PCa hematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E) images as tumor or non-tumor. Methods: We used a cohort of PCa patients (n=10), who have undergone radical prostatectomy, with grade groups GG3−GG5, and with available H&E and N-glycan MALDI images. We used five MALDI images per patient representing the distribution of N-glycan species at 1419, 2539, 2686, 1663, and 1809 m/z. For each MALDI image, an N-glycan mask was generated and co-registered with the corresponding H&E image via computational imaging methods (i.e., Otsu thresholding, largest connected components labeling, sequential affine and B-spline registration using mutual information). To quantify the overlap of each mask with tumor regions, we calculated Dice scores between the masks and the pathology annotation in H&E. To assess differences in imaging patterns of regions indicated by the different masks, we extracted a set of pathomic textural features (n=70) from the H&E image within each mask using PyRadiomics, and we performed Wilcoxon signed rank tests across all pathomic textural features for all paired combinations of the five masks. Results: The mean Dice scores between the pathology tumor annotation and the N-glycan masks from 1419 (0.56 [0.44‒0.65]) and 2539 m/z (0.64 [0.59‒0.82]) was significantly higher (p&lt;0.008) than the Dice score of 1663 (0.24 [0.17‒0.36]), 1809 (0.31 [0.13‒0.45]), and 2686 m/z (0.32 [0.19‒0.37]). This suggests a large overlap between 1419 and 2539 m/z and tumor, and large overlap between 1663 and 1809 m/z and non-tumor regions. Consistent with these results, our pathomic textural analysis showed that 50 out of 70 features were significantly different (p&lt;0.05) between the masks derived from 1419 and 1663 m/z, 52 between 1419 and 1809 m/z, 62 between 2539 and 1663 m/z, and 57 between 2539 and 1809 m/z (p&lt;0.05). Moreover, there were only 23 significantly different features between 1419 and 2539 m/z (p&lt;0.05), and 0 features between 1663 and 1809 m/z. Further evaluation is needed for 2686 m/z for which a mean of 54 [45‒64] significantly different features (p&lt;0.05) from all other masks were found. Conclusions: We provide preliminary evidence that MALDI imaging can elucidate tissue properties and guide pathomic textural analysis in H&E images, with potential applications in treatment guidance and prognostication of PCa. Citation Format: José Marcio Luna, Hani Nakhoul, Cody Weimholt, Eric H. Kim, Sheng-Kwei Song, Peggi M. Angel, Richard R. Drake, Joseph E. Ippolito. Pathomics of prostate cancer incorporating histology and mass spectrometry imaging [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6188.
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Bhatti, Urooj, Muhammad Nadeem Chohan, Sadia Effendi, Feriha Fatima Khidri, Rubina Ahmadani, and Beenish Ghaffar. "Gender-Based Variation in The Academic Performance of Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study." BioSight 4, no. 2 (2023): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/bios.v4i2.81.
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Objective: To determine the gender-based variation in the academic performance of medical students. Methodology: This cross-sectional was carried out from January to February 2023. The students were taught two Physiology and two anatomy lectures, then after a month, the theory BCQs test of a total of 150 marks and viva-voce and OSPE of 150 marks (Total 300 marks) from the same taught topics, was conducted. The gender-based difference in the grade of students was tested using the Chi-Square test. Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 23.0. Results: Among (n=290) students, 117(40.34%) were male students while 173(56.66%) were the female students. Among the 117 male students, the mean±sd of total marks was 164.8 ±38.67 out of a total of 300 marks, while among the 173 female students, the mean±sd of total marks was 181.50±30.90 out of a total of 300 marks. There was a statistically significant difference in the score of students based on gender (p<0.01). Conclusion: According to this study's findings, there was notable gender discrepancies among undergraduates and female students performed much better academically than male students, as indicated by the cumulative grade point average they earned at the university. There was a statistically significant difference in the score of students based on gender (p<0.01).
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Bhatti, Urooj, Muhammad Nadeem Chohan, Sadia Effendi, Feriha Fatima Khidri, Rubina Ahmadani, and Beenish Ghaffar. "Gender-Based Variation in The Academic Performance of Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study." BioSight 4, no. 2-3 (2023): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/bios.v4i2-3.81.
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Objective: To determine the gender-based variation in the academic performance of medical students. Methodology: This cross-sectional was carried out from January to February 2023. The students were taught two Physiology and two anatomy lectures, then after a month, the theory BCQs test of a total of 150 marks and viva-voce and OSPE of 150 marks (Total 300 marks) from the same taught topics, was conducted. The gender-based difference in the grade of students was tested using the Chi-Square test. Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 23.0. Results: Among (n=290) students, 117(40.34%) were male students while 173(56.66%) were the female students. Among the 117 male students, the mean±sd of total marks was 164.8 ±38.67 out of a total of 300 marks, while among the 173 female students, the mean±sd of total marks was 181.50±30.90 out of a total of 300 marks. There was a statistically significant difference in the score of students based on gender (p<0.01). Conclusion: According to this study's findings, there was notable gender discrepancies among undergraduates and female students performed much better academically than male students, as indicated by the cumulative grade point average they earned at the university. There was a statistically significant difference in the score of students based on gender (p<0.01).
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Armstrong, Stuart D., Duncan H. L. Robertson, Sarah A. Cheetham, Jane L. Hurst, and Robert J. Beynon. "Structural and functional differences in isoforms of mouse major urinary proteins: a male-specific protein that preferentially binds a male pheromone." Biochemical Journal 391, no. 2 (2005): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20050404.
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The MUPs (major urinary proteins) of the house mouse, Mus domesticus, are lipocalins that bind and slowly release male-specific pheromones in deposited scent marks. However, females also express these proteins, consistent with a second role in encoding individual signatures in scent marks. We have purified and characterized an atypical MUP from the urine of male C57BL/6J inbred mice, which is responsible for the binding of most of the male pheromone, 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole, and which is also responsible for the slow release of this pheromone from scent marks. This protein is absent from the urine of female mice of the same strain. The protein has been characterized by MS, leading to unequivocal identification as a previously uncharacterized gene product, providing compelling evidence for the expression of this gene in liver and manifestation in urine. These properties contrast strongly with those of the other MUPs in the same urine sample, and suggest that the requirement to manifest a male-specific pheromone has been met by evolution of a cognate protein specifically adapted to the binding and release of this ligand. This atypical MUP is also present in a random sample of wild-caught male mice, confirming that this protein is not specific to the inbred mouse strain but is present in natural populations also.
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Ferkin, Michael H., Nicholas J. Hobbs, Benjamin D. Ferkin, Adam C. Ferkin, and Daniel A. Ferkin. "Male and female meadow voles Microtus pennsylvanicus respond differently to scent marks from the top- middle-, and bottom-scent donors of an over-mark." Current Zoology 57, no. 4 (2011): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/57.4.441.
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Abstract Previous studies have shown that individuals responded preferentially to the mark of the top-scent donor relative to that of the bottom-scent donor of an over-mark. However, terrestrial mammals are likely to encounter over-marks consisting of the scent marks of more than two same-sex conspecifics in the intersections of runways, near the nests of sexually receptive female conspecifics, and inside and along the borders of the territories of conspecifics. We determined how meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, respond to the marks of the top-, middle-, and bottom-scent donors of an over-mark. We tested the hypothesis that voles exposed to an over-mark will respond preferentially to the scent marks that were deposited more recently, the scent marks that were on top or near the top of the over-mark, compared to the scent marks that were deposited earlier or near the bottom of the over-mark. Voles spent more time investigating the mark of the top-scent donor than that of the either the middle- or bottom-scent donor. However, males but not female voles spent more time investigating the middle-scent mark than the bottom-scent mark. We also tested the hypothesis that voles evaluate and respond to over-marks differently from single scent marks. Voles spent more time investigating the marks of the top-, middle-, and bottom-scent donors compared to scent marks that were not part of the over-mark. Voles can distinguish among the overlapping scent marks of three scent donors and sex differences exist in the values they appear to attach to each of these scent marks.
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Scarano, Antonio, Francesco Inchingolo, Biagio Rapone, Felice Festa, Sergio Rexhep Tari, and Felice Lorusso. "Protective Face Masks: Effect on the Oxygenation and Heart Rate Status of Oral Surgeons during Surgery." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (2021): 2363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052363.
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Background: Safety in medical work requires eye protection, such as glasses, and protective facial masks (PFM) during clinical practice to prevent viral respiratory infections. The use of facial masks and other full personal protective equipment increases air flow resistance, facial skin temperature and physical discomfort. The aim of the present study was to measure surgeons’ oxygenation status and discomfort before and after their daily routine activities of oral interventions. Methods: 10 male voluntary dentists, specializing in oral surgery, and 10 male voluntary doctors in dentistry, participating in master’s courses in oral surgery in the Department of Oral Surgery of the University of Chieti, with mean age 29 ± 6 (27–35), were enrolled. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of wearing a PFM on oxygenation status while the oral surgeons were actively working. Disposable sterile one-way surgical paper masks (Surgical Face Mask, Euronda, Italy) and FFP2 (Surgical Face Mask, Euronda, Italy) were used and the mask position covering the nose did not vary during the procedures. The FFP2 was covered by a surgical mask during surgical treatment. A pulse oximeter was used to measure the blood oximetry saturation during the study. Results: In all 20 surgeons wearing FFP2 covered by surgical masks, a reduction in arterial O2 saturation from around 97.5% before surgery to 94% after surgery was recorded with increase of heart rates. A shortness of breath and light-headedness/headaches were also noted. Conclusions: In conclusion, wearing an FFP2 covered by a surgical mask induces a reduction in circulating O2 concentrations without clinical relevance, while an increase of heart frequency and a sensation of shortness of breath, light-headedness/headaches were recorded.
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Walia, Neal, Melisa Chang, and Michelle Zeidler. "1194 A Case of Unsuccessful Positive Airway Pressure Titration." SLEEP 47, Supplement_1 (2024): A510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsae067.01194.
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Abstract Introduction Oronasal masks are commonly used interfaces when treating obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Masks modalities are often chosen based on patient preference and comfort however, oronasal masks may cause worsening of OSA in some individuals. Report of case(s) An 83 year old male presented for snoring, witnessed apneas, and daytime somnolence. A split-night PSG was ordered for evaluation. During the diagnostic portion of the study, the patient exhibited moderate OSA with an apnea hypopnea index (AHI) of 27/hr. The titration portion of the study was initiated with an oronasal (full face) interface. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) pressure was titrated from 5cm H2O to 15 cm H20 with worsening of obstructive events and a residual AHI of 21 to 40/hr. Bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) was then initiated and titrated from 19/15 cm H2O to 21/17 cm H20 with a continued residual AHI of 40/hr. No central apneas were noted. Upon review, suspicion arose whether the oronasal mask exacerbated the patient’s OSA. A repeat titration PSG was conducted with a nasal mask. With this mask a pressure of 8cm H20 resulted in a residual AHI of 0/hr. The patient was prescribed APAP 6-10 cm H20 with a nasal mask which resulted in excellent compliance and a residual AHI of 3.6/hr. Conclusion This case report presents a patient with worsening OSA due to use of an oronasal interface. Prior studies have suggested that oronasal masks produce less retropalatal airway opening than nasal masks. There may also be an effect on anterior-posterior distance of the mandible in the setting of exhalation. When possible, oronasal masks should be avoided in lab or home titration studies as they may lead to worsening OSA leading to escalation of PAP pressures and/or adjustment in titration modality. Support (if any)
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Hughes, Nelika K., and Peter B. Banks. "Olfactory contacts mediate plasticity in male aggression with variable male density." Journal of Mammalogy 97, no. 2 (2016): 444–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv188.
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Abstract Males typically adjust their reproductive strategies based on the perceived density and relative abilities of nearby competitors. In high-density populations, repeated encounters facilitate reliable, learned associations between individuals and their relative competitive abilities. In contrast, opportunities to form such associations are limited when densities are low or in flux, increasing the risk that individuals will unintentionally engage in potentially costly interactions with higher-quality or aggressive opponents. To maximize their fitness, individuals in low-density and fluctuating populations therefore need a general way to assess their current social environment, and thus their relative competitive ability. Here, we investigate how olfactory social signals (scent marks) might perform this function. We manipulated the perceived social environment of isolated, male house mice ( Mus domesticus ) via their periodic contact with scent marks from 3 or 9 male conspecifics, or a control of no scents, over 15 days. We then paired them with an unknown opponent and examined how the diversity of recent scent contact mediated their behavior towards dominant or subordinate opponents. There was an overall pattern for increasing scent diversity to significantly reduce male mice’s aggression (tail rattling and lunging) towards their opponents, and also their willingness to engage in reciprocal investigation. Such cautiousness was not indicative of perceived subordinance, however; the diversity of recent scent contact did not affect mice’s investigation of their opponent’s scents, and some measures of aggression were greater when mice faced dominant opponents. These results suggest that house mice can use scent signals to assess their current social environment in the absence of physical interactions, modifying their behavior in ways that are predicted to reduce their risks of injury when the likelihood of encountering unknown opponents increases.
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Chen, Yi-Lang, and Andi Rahman. "Effects of Target Variables on Interpersonal Distance Perception for Young Taiwanese during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Healthcare 11, no. 12 (2023): 1711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11121711.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has affected not only public health but also people’s daily lives. Among various strategies to prevent infection, mask wearing and vaccination are considered to be the most effective methods; however, they may affect the comfortable interpersonal distance (IPD) for social interactions. In 2023, although the COVID-19 epidemic is considered to be similar to influenza, the public health sector of Taiwan still plans to give each person at least one dose per year, and even two does for special cases such as the elderly; and more than 90% of Taiwanese are still accustomed to wearing masks in public areas. Compared with mask wearing, studies examining the effects of vaccination on IPD are lacking. Therefore, an online survey was conducted in this study to collect the IPD data of 50 male and 50 female participants to elucidate the effects of mask wearing, vaccination, and target sex variables on IPD. The results showed that all variables significantly affected IPD (all p < 0.001). The effect of masks on IPD (49.1 cm) was slightly greater than that of vaccination (43.5 cm). The IPDs reported for wearing and not wearing masks were 145.7 and 194.8 cm, respectively, and those for vaccinated and unvaccinated were 148.5 and 192.0 cm, respectively. Regardless of participant sex, the IPDs for the female targets were significantly shorter than those for the male targets, which was consistent with the results of previous studies. Although mask wearing and vaccination are functionally different in nature, the findings indicate that the effects of both on IPD are nearly identical, jointly shortening IPD to approximately 93 cm. This implies that not only masks but also vaccination could lead to the shortening of IPD and may cause challenges in the prevention and control of COVID-19 transmission.
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Peterkova, Viera, Ivan Ilko, and Romana Martincova. "HOW DOES WEARING A FACE MASK AFFECT PERSONS TRUSTWORTHINESS AND ATTRACTIVENES." Psychological Thought 17, no. 1 (2024): 146–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/psyct.v17i1.852.
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Face masks became a necessary part of everyday life during the Covid-19 pandemic. Prior to the pandemic, most people associated face masks with health care facilities and immunocompromised people. This effect leads to a lower evaluation of the attractiveness of the wearer's face. People's attractiveness correlates with trustworthiness and willingness to communicate. This study examined how the Covid-19 pandemic affected people's perceptions of attractiveness and trustworthiness when looking at faces with face masks. To investigate this question, research participants were presented with a series of photographs of men and women who were divided into three attractivity groups, wearing a black face mask, a white face mask, a blue surgical face mask, and faces without masks. A total of 209 respondents participated in the survey, 80.9% were female and 19.1% were male. Of these, 42.1% of respondents said they were in a relationship and 57.9% said they were not. As many as 80.9% of the respondents were aged between 18-25 years, 10% of the respondents were aged between 26-30 years and 9.1% of the respondents were aged above 30 years. The average age of respondents was 23.6 years. The results showed that the least attractive and trustworthy were the faces without face masks. Faces covered with a black face mask were perceived to be the most attractive and trustworthy. A statistically significant difference was found between men's and women's ratings of trustworthiness and attractiveness in favour of women. The influence of gender, age and relationship status of raters (respondents) on the attractiveness and trustworthiness ratings of models.
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Spacal, Alenka. "With Masquerading Against Gender Binarisms." Maska 33, no. 189 (2018): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/maska.33.189-190.50_1.
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The text discusses the Berlin-based artist Bridge Markland’s transgender performance entitled bridgeland zwei (1996). It is one of the most thought-out and one of the artistically most refined contemporary drag king/queen performances. With an exceptionally perfected cross-dressing, the performer transcended the gender binarism of the established concepts of masculinity and femininity. She first put on the mask of femininity, and then changed into a male protagonist. In the middle part of the staging and at the very end, she appeared as an androgynous being. It is shown how, with the help of exaggerations, strong parody, irony and even grotesqueness, the performer’s carnival body dressed up in the clothes and accessories characteristic of a precisely determined gender tried to overcome the rigid conventions of social heteronormativity.
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Ferkin, Michael. "Effects of previous interactions and sex on over-marking in meadow voles." Behaviour 144, no. 10 (2007): 1297–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907781890913.
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AbstractThe effects of winning and losing on over-marking behaviour of mammals, a behaviour associated with competition, are not known. The current study tests the hypothesis that after having a staged dyadic encounter with a same-sex conspecific, individuals adjust the proportion of scent marks they use to over-mark the marks of same-sex conspecifics. Female meadow voles that won their encounter used a higher proportion of their marks to over-mark the marks of female conspecifics than did females that either lost their encounter, were evenly matched, unfamiliar, or had no previous paired encounter. Females that lost their encounter used a lower proportion of their marks to over-mark those of female conspecifics than did females that either won their encounter or females that were evenly matched, unfamiliar, or had no previous paired encounter. Females that were evenly matched, unfamiliar, or had no previous paired encounter used a similar percentage of marks to over-mark those of another female. Male meadow voles, however, independent of whether they won, lost, were evenly matched, unfamiliar, or had no previous paired encounter used a similar proportion of marks to over-mark those of male conspecifics. The role of over-marking and the effects of previous social experience are discussed.
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Garris, Sarah S., Lyndsey M. Pierson, and Michael H. Ferkin. "Meadow voles differentiate between scents of different sources." Behaviour 159, no. 5 (2021): 463–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10136.
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Abstract Scent marks are an important means of transmitting information between rodents, and they can be produced from several body sources. Previous studies have shown that scents from multiple sources can convey the same information; female meadow voles, for example, have three scent sources that communicate sex. However, possessing three separate sources that convey the same information is likely costly due to the metabolic energy required to produce these signals and the increased chance that eavesdropping individuals may intercept information present in these signals. In this study, we investigated if these scent sources could communicate other information, in addition to scent donor sex, by determining if male meadow voles could distinguish scent marks taken from different sources of a single female scent donor. This was accomplished with a habituation-test method, that allowed us to compare how male meadow voles differently investigate scent from a familiar and novel source of a female scent donor. Male meadow voles could distinguish between faeces and urine scent marks of a female, but could only distinguish mouth from urine and faeces scent marks when first familiarized with mouth scent marks. Our findings suggest that mouth, urine, and faeces scent marks of female meadow voles produce both redundant and distinct information. The overlap in information between scent marks produced from separate sources may be needed to provide social context, which allows receiving individuals to accurately weigh the tradeoffs associated with responding to an olfactory cue. While this overlap in information remains costly, this cost may be minimized by the different fade-out times of scent marks from distinct body sources, which may limit the amount of time information in a scent mark is available to a time period where this information is socially relevant.