Artículos de revistas: "Marsupial diseases"

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Deakin, Janine E. "Marsupial Genome Sequences: Providing Insight into Evolution and Disease". Scientifica 2012 (2012): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.6064/2012/543176.

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Marsupials (metatherians), with their position in vertebrate phylogeny and their unique biological features, have been studied for many years by a dedicated group of researchers, but it has only been since the sequencing of the first marsupial genome that their value has been more widely recognised. We now have genome sequences for three distantly related marsupial species (the grey short-tailed opossum, the tammar wallaby, and Tasmanian devil), with the promise of many more genomes to be sequenced in the near future, making this a particularly exciting time in marsupial genomics. The emergence of a transmissible cancer, which is obliterating the Tasmanian devil population, has increased the importance of obtaining and analysing marsupial genome sequence for understanding such diseases as well as for conservation efforts. In addition, these genome sequences have facilitated studies aimed at answering questions regarding gene and genome evolution and provided insight into the evolution of epigenetic mechanisms. Here I highlight the major advances in our understanding of evolution and disease, facilitated by marsupial genome projects, and speculate on the future contributions to be made by such sequences.

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Marcondes, Carlos Brisola, João Carlos Pinto Dias, Leonardo A. Guedes, Antenor N. Ferraz Filho, Vera L. C. C. Rodrigues y Delosmar D. Mendonça. "Estudo epidemiológico de fontes de alimentação sangüínea dos triatomíneos da fazenda aroeira (Catolé do Rocha, Paraíba) e circunvizinhanças". Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 24, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1991): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86821991000300002.

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Analisamos a fonte de alimentação sangüínea de 94 triatomíneos (51 Triatoma brasiliensis, 42 T. pseudomaculata e um Rhodnius neglectus) da Fazenda Aroeira, no Município de Catolé do Rocha, no Estado da Paraíba, e de quatro localidades próximas. Observamos positividade para marsupial, homem e ave, respectivamente, de 39,7 , 6,2 e 23,0%. Três insetos da Fazenda Aroeira, positivos para Trypanosoma cruzi, foram positivos para marsupial, só um deles também para outro mamífero. Os marsupiais são a mais importante fonte de T. cruzi para os insetos da área e estes têm pouco contato com o homem.

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Speight, Natasha. "Health and Diseases of Koalas". Animals 12, n.º 8 (13 de abril de 2022): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12081005.

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The koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is an arboreal marsupial that is found throughout much of eastern and southeastern Australia, and it relies primarily on eucalypt trees for food, water and shelter [...]

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Canto-Osorio, Juan Miguel, Alan Cuxim-Koyoc, Hugo A. Ruiz-Piña, Juan B. Morales-Malacara y Enrique Reyes-Novelo. "Ectoparasites of Didelphis virginiana From Yucatan, Mexico". Journal of Medical Entomology 57, n.º 6 (6 de junio de 2020): 1821–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa106.

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Abstract A faunal study is presented to determine the species of ectoparasites found in the opossum Didelphis virginiana (Kerr) (Marsupialia: Didelphidae). For this, Tomahawk traps were placed in the peridomiciles of a rural town in Yucatán, to capture individuals of this marsupial and proceed to the collection of their ectoparasites. A total of 3,023 arthropods were collected from 145 opossums. The most frequent ectoparasites were the acarines Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) nr. talaje (64.8%) (Argasidae); Ornithonyssus wernecki Fonseca (53.8%) (Macronyssidae) and Didelphilicus serrifer Fain (25.5%) (Atopomelidae); the ticks Amblyomma parvum Aragão (8.3%) and A. mixtum Koch (10.3%) (Ixodidae); and the fleas Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché) (20.7%) and Pulex simulans Baker (8.3%) (Pulicidae). It is concluded that the ectoparasite fauna of this marsupial is mainly composed of euryxenous organisms, which have been documented as vectors of diseases caused by rickettsial bacteria. Since D. virginiana is widely adapted to the peridomiciliary environment in the region, this study allows recognizing those that represent a potential risk for the transmission of vector-borne zoonotic diseases.

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PARAMESWARAN, N., R. M. O'HANDLEY, M. E. GRIGG, A. WAYNE y R. C. A. THOMPSON. "Vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Australian marsupials". Parasitology 136, n.º 9 (24 de junio de 2009): 939–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009006453.

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SUMMARYTo date, little is known about the dynamics of vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Australian marsupials. Studies in mice demonstrate that vertical transmission of T. gondii is common and that chronically infected mice can transmit T. gondii to successive generations. In this study, PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to detect T. gondii in chronically infected marsupial dams and their offspring. T. gondii was detected in the unfurred pouch young of 2 out of 10 chronically infected western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) and in the unfurred pouch young of a brush-tailed bettong (Bettongia penicillata). Results of the study suggest that vertical transmission of T. gondii can occur in chronically infected Australian marsupials.

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Hernández, Leonardo H. Almeida, Thito Y. Bezerra da Paz, Sandro Patroca da Silva, Fábio S. da Silva, Bruno C. Veloso de Barros, Bruno T. Diniz Nunes, Lívia M. Neves Casseb, Daniele B. Almeida Medeiros, Pedro F. da Costa Vasconcelos y Ana C. Ribeiro Cruz. "First Genomic Evidence of a Henipa-like Virus in Brazil". Viruses 14, n.º 10 (30 de septiembre de 2022): 2167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14102167.

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The viral genus Henipavirus includes two highly virulent zoonotic viruses of serious public health concern. Hendra henipavirus and Nipah henipavirus outbreaks are restricted to Australia and Southeast Asia, respectively. The Henipavirus genus comprises mostly bat-borne viruses, but exceptions have already been described as novel viruses with rodents and shrews as reservoir animals. In the Americas, scarce evidence supports the circulation of these viruses. In this communication, we report a novel henipa-like virus from opossums (Marmosa demerarae) from a forest fragment area in the Peixe-Boi municipality, Brazil, after which the virus was named the Peixe-Boi virus (PBV). The application of next-generation sequencing and metagenomic approach led us to discover the original evidence of a henipa-like virus genome in Brazil and South America and the original description of a henipa-like virus in marsupial species. These findings emphasize the importance of further studies to characterize PBV and clarify its ecology, impact on public health, and its relationship with didelphid marsupials and henipaviruses.

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Jones, Kegan Romelle y Laura Tardieu. "Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Neo-Tropical Rodents and Marsupials: Is There Any Zoonotic Potential?" Life 11, n.º 3 (20 de marzo de 2021): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11030256.

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Cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis have been identified as emerging diseases in both developed and developing countries. Wildlife has been highlighted to play a major role in the spread of these diseases to humans. This review aims to highlight the research findings that relate to Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp., with a focus on (1) parasitism of neo-tropical hystricomorphic rodents and marsupials from the genus Didelphis and (2) prevention and treatment strategies for humans and animals for the neo-tropical region. It was found that there are few studies conducted on neo-tropical rodent and marsupial species, but studies that were found illustrated the potential role these animals may play as zoonotic carriers of these two parasites for the neo-tropical region. Thus, it is recommended that further studies be done to assess the threat of protozoan parasites in neo-tropical wildlife to humans and domestic animals, and to further determine the most effective prophylaxis adapted for the unique conditions of the region.

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Santamaria–Bouvier, Ariane. "Medical Conditions of Wild Virginia Opossums (Didelphis virginiana)". Wildlife Rehabilitation Bulletin 30, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.53607/wrb.v30.56.

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While the Virginia opossum is a frequent admission for wildlife caretakers, there is limited published information on diseases of this animal. A review of noninfectious and infectious diseases of the Virginia opossum and reported treatment options highlights what is known and the need for further data on this North American marsupial species.

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Thompson, R. C. Andrew, Alan J. Lymbery y Stephanie S. Godfrey. "Parasites at Risk – Insights from an Endangered Marsupial". Trends in Parasitology 34, n.º 1 (enero de 2018): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2017.09.001.

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Da Costa, Erika de Cássia Vieira, Marise Sobreira, Nilma Cintra Leal y Alzira Maria Paiva De Almeida. "Rodents and other small mammal reservoirs in plague foci in northeastern Brazil". Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 11, n.º 05 (1 de junio de 2017): 426–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.8271.

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Introduction: Plague is an acute, infectious zoonotic disease, primarily of wild rodents and their fleas, that affects humans and other mammals. In Brazil, several plague foci are located in the northeast region. Plague surveillance based on monitoring of rodents was discontinued in 2007, and the current information on rodent populations is unsatisfactory. Our purpose was to update the information on rodents and other small mammals in plague foci in northeastern Brazil. Methodology: Nine surveys in the historically most important northeastern plague areas were conducted in 2013-2015. Results: In this study, 393 animals (13 rodent and four marsupial species) were entrapped. The plague bacterium Yersinia pestis was not detected in tissue sample cultures from the 225 animals that were analyzed. Eighty sera samples were analyzed for anti-F1 antibodies by hemagglutination (HA) and protein A ELISA tests, and all were negative, except for one marsupial, Monodelphis domestica, which was HA positive. Conclusions: Qualitative and quantitative differences in the animal populations were observed in the areas surveyed, and the antibody positive marsupial indicated that plague continues to circulate in the wild.

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SMITH, A., P. CLARK, S. AVERIS, A. J. LYMBERY, A. F. WAYNE, K. D. MORRIS y R. C. A. THOMPSON. "Trypanosomes in a declining species of threatened Australian marsupial, the brush-tailed bettong Bettongia penicillata (Marsupialia: Potoroidae)". Parasitology 135, n.º 11 (28 de agosto de 2008): 1329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008004824.

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SUMMARYThe brush-tailed bettong (Bettongia penicillata), or woylie, is a medium-sized macropod marsupial that has undergone a rapid and substantial decline throughout its home range in the Upper Warren region of Western Australia over a period of approximately 5 years. As part of an investigation into possible causes of the decline a morphologically distinct Trypanosoma sp. was discovered by light microscopy in the declining population but was absent in a stable population within the Karakamia Wildlife Sanctuary. Further investigations employing molecular methods targeting variations in the 18s rRNA gene determined that the trypanosome was novel and was also present within the Karakamia population albeit at a much lower overall prevalence and individual parasitaemia levels. Phylogenetic analysis suggests the novel Trypanosoma sp. to be closely related to other trypanosomes isolated from native Australian wildlife species. Although it appears unlikely that the parasite is solely responsible for the decline in woylie population size, it may (singularly or in conjunction with other infectious agents) predispose woylies to increased mortality.

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Morris, Katrina, Peter J. Prentis, Denis O'Meally, Ana Pavasovic, Alyce Taylor Brown, Peter Timms, Katherine Belov y Adam Polkinghorne. "The koala immunological toolkit: sequence identification and comparison of key markers of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) immune response". Australian Journal of Zoology 62, n.º 3 (2014): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13105.

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The koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is an Australian marsupial that continues to experience significant population declines. Infectious diseases caused by pathogens such as Chlamydia are proposed to have a major role. Very few species-specific immunological reagents are available, severely hindering our ability to respond to the threat of infectious diseases in the koala. In this study, we utilise data from the sequencing of the koala transcriptome to identify key immunological markers of the koala adaptive immune response and cytokines known to be important in the host response to chlamydial infection in other species. This report describes the identification and preliminary sequence analysis of (1) T lymphocyte glycoprotein markers (CD4, CD8); (2) IL-4, a marker for the Th2 response; (3) cytokines such as IL-6, IL-12 and IL-1β, that have been shown to have a role in chlamydial clearance and pathology in other hosts; and (4) the sequences for the koala immunoglobulins, IgA, IgG, IgE and IgM. These sequences will enable the development of a range of immunological reagents for understanding the koala’s innate and adaptive immune responses, while also providing a resource that will enable continued investigations into the origin and evolution of the marsupial immune system.

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Godfrey, Stephanie S., Sarah Keatley, Adriana Botero, Craig K. Thompson, Adrian F. Wayne, Alan J. Lymbery, Keith Morris y R. C. Andrew Thompson. "Trypanosome co-infections increase in a declining marsupial population". International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 7, n.º 2 (agosto de 2018): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.06.002.

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Legey, Ana Paula, Ana Paula Pinho, Samanta C. C. Xavier, Renato Marchevsky, João Carlos Carreira, Leonor L. Leon y Ana Maria Jansen. "Trypanosoma cruzi in marsupial didelphids (Philander frenata and Didelhis marsupialis): differences in the humoral immune response in natural and experimental infections". Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 36, n.º 2 (abril de 2003): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822003000200008.

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Philander frenata and Didelphis marsupialis harbor parasitism by Trypanosoma cruzi without developing any apparent disease and on the contrary to D. marsupialis, P. frenata maintains parasitism by T. cruzi II subpopulations. Here we compared the humoral immune response of the two didelphids naturally and experimentally infected with T. cruzi II group, employing SDS-PAGE/Western blot techniques and by an Indirect immunofluorescence assay. We also studied the histopathological pattern of naturally and experimentally infected P. frenata with T. cruzi. P. frenata sera recognized more antigens than D. marsupialis, and the recognition pattern did not show any change over the course of the follow up of both didelphid species. Polypeptides of 66 and 90kDa were the most prominent antigens recognized by both species in the soluble and enriched membrane fractions. P. frenata recognized intensely also a 45kDa antigen. Our findings indicate that: 1) there were no quantitative or qualitative differences in the patent or subpatent phases in the recognition pattern of P. frenata; 2) the significant differences in the recognition pattern of parasitic antigens by P. frenata and D. marsupialis sera suggest that they probably "learned" to live in harmony with T. cruzi by different strategies; 3) although P. frenata do not display apparent disease, tissular lesions tended to be more severe than has been described in D. marsupialis; and 4) Both didelphids probably acquired infection by T. cruzi after their evolutionary divergence.

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Northover, Amy S., R. C. Andrew Thompson, Alan J. Lymbery, Adrian F. Wayne, Sarah Keatley, Amanda Ash, Aileen D. Elliot, Keith Morris y Stephanie S. Godfrey. "Altered parasite community structure in an endangered marsupial following translocation". International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 10 (diciembre de 2019): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.07.001.

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Bassini-Silva, Ricardo, Cal Welbourn y Ron Ochoa. "Two New Species of Chiggers (Trombidiformes: Trombiculidae) From Brazil". Journal of Medical Entomology 58, n.º 4 (21 de abril de 2021): 1725–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab062.

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Abstract Chigger mites are parasites of terrestrial vertebrates, including humans. Here, we describe two new species belonging to the American genera Colicus Brennan and Parasecia Loomis. Both species were described on the base of museum specimens originated from Minas Gerais State, Brazil, Colicus barrosbattestiae n. sp. parasitizing the rodent, Oligoryzomys fornesi and Parasecia jacinaviciusi n. sp. parasitizing the marsupial, Monodelphis domestica.

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Carneiro, Ianei de Oliveira, Norlan de Jesus Santos, Namá Santos Silva, Pedro Cerqueira Lima, Roberto Meyer, Eduardo Martins Netto y Carlos Roberto Franke. "Knowledge, practice and perception of human-marsupial interactions in health promotion". Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 13, n.º 04 (30 de abril de 2019): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.10177.

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Introduction: Approximately 60% of emerging pathogens originate from wild animals, with mammals being the main hosts. Among Didelphis, which are restricted to the Americas, the species Didelphis aurita and Didelphis albiventris are particularly widely distributed throughout Brazil, where they act as hosts for several pathogens transmissible to humans. The reduction of their natural habitat has resulted in the adaptation of these species to human environments. Animals hunting, due to food necessity or cultural habit, may increase pathogen exposure with a potential to zoonotic disease transmission. Methodology: From November to December 2016, we administered semi-structured questionnaires in a rural community in northeastern Brazil to assess knowledge, practices and perceptions regarding human-didelphis interactions and possible exposure to zoonoses. Results: There were 213 respondents. Based on photographs of D. albiventris and D. aurita, 91.2% and 78% respondents, respectively, identified the animal by the popular name “sariguê”, 61% (130/213) believed the animal could convey any disease, 4.7% stated they did not, and 34% did not know. Opossum meat consumption was reported by 20.2% (43/213), of which 58.1% admitted disease transmission possibility. Only 15.9% of respondents had a secondary or higher education level. The distribution of these frequencies is discussed according to the respondents educational level. Conclusions: The results reveal the need to carry out health educational activities, including better community knowledge regarding the possible exposure to pathogens due to marsupial consumption.

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MERINO, SANTIAGO, JAVIER MARTÍNEZ, RODRIGO A. VÁSQUEZ y JAN ŠLAPETA. "Monophyly of marsupial intraerythrocytic apicomplexan parasites from South America and Australia". Parasitology 137, n.º 1 (3 de septiembre de 2009): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009990710.

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SUMMARYIntraerythrocytic parasites (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) of the South American mouse opossum (Thylamys elegans) from Chile, South America, and of the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) from Australia were found to be monophyletic using SSU rDNA and partial LSU rDNA sequences. Phylogenetic reconstruction placed both species within the family Sarcocystidae. These intraerythrocytic parasites of marsupials represent an as yet unnamed genus predicted to have bisporocystic oocysts and tetrazoic sporocysts, which is a characteristic feature of all members of the family Sarcocystidae. These results show that erythrocytic parasites share a common ancestor and suggest co-evolution with their vertebrate host.

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Leal, Tereza Cristina Arcanjo, Nilma Cintra Leal y Alzira Maria Paiva de Almeida. "Ausência de Yersinia enterocolitica em alimentos, e reservatórios animais, em áreas do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil". Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 30, n.º 3 (junio de 1997): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86821997000300004.

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Através das análises efetuadas, em 96 amostras de hortaliças cruas, coletadas em 5 restaurantes da cidade do Recife, que servem almoço no peso, não foram encontradas Yersinia enterocolitica nem outras enterobactérias patogênicas. As análises realizadas a partir dos "swabs" orais e retais, obtidos em 15 suínos aparentemente sadios do município de Bonito, no Estado de Pernambuco, também não evidenciaram a presença de Y. enterocolitica. Foram obtidas amostras para análises em 22 roedores e um espécimen de marsupial, entre os quais também não foram encontrados nem Y. enterocolitica nem outros enteropatógenos.

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Murdoch, Fiona A. y David M. Spratt. "Ecology of the common marsupial tick (Ixodes tasmani Neumann) (Acarina : Ixodidae), in eastern Australia". Australian Journal of Zoology 53, n.º 6 (2005): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo05032.

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Ixodes tasmani is one of the most common and widespread of the Australian species of Ixodes and a vector of zoonotic rickettsial diseases. The tick was reared successfully in the laboratory; the entire life cycle was completed in 4 months. A diurnal rhythm of detachment from captive hosts (laboratory Rattus norvegicus) was observed for all stages and, combined with other evidence, suggests that I. tasmani is nidicolous. The prevalence and intensity of tick infestation on wild-caught, common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), was least during the summer months. To investigate questing activity, laboratory-reared nymphs were held in enclosures in one sheltered (tree hollows) and three exposed (vegetation) microhabitats. Questing was continuous but at low intensity in tree hollows, and nocturnal and at an increased (higher) intensity in vegetation. The observed questing activity appeared to maximise host contact with T. vulpecula, which is nocturnal but retires by day to tree hollows. Field and laboratory observations suggest that the risk for humans of tick-bite from I. tasmani and consequent transmission of zoonotic diseases may be low compared with the risk from other tick species.

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Krige, Anna-Sheree, R. C. Andrew Thompson, Anke Seidlitz, Sarah Keatley, Julia Wayne y Peta L. Clode. "Molecular Detection of Trypanosoma spp. in Questing and Feeding Ticks (Ixodidae) Collected from an Endemic Region of South-West Australia". Pathogens 10, n.º 8 (16 de agosto de 2021): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10081037.

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A growing number of indigenous trypanosomes have been reported to naturally infect a variety of Australian wildlife with some species of Trypanosoma implicated in the population decline of critically endangered marsupials. However, the mode of transmission of Australian trypanosomes is unknown since their vectors remain unidentified. Here we aimed to fill this current knowledge gap about the occurrence and identity of indigenous trypanosomes in Australian invertebrates by conducting molecular screening for the presence of Trypanosoma spp. in native ticks collected from south-west Australia. A total of 231 ticks (148 collected from vegetation and 83 retrieved directly from 76 marsupial hosts) were screened for Trypanosoma using a High-Resolution Melt (HRM) qPCR assay. An overall Trypanosoma qPCR positivity of 37% (46/125) and 34% (26/76) was detected in questing ticks and host-collected (i.e., feeding) ticks, respectively. Of these, sequencing revealed 28% (35/125) of questing and 28% (21/76) of feeding ticks were infected with one or more of the five species of trypanosome previously reported in this region (T. copemani, T. noyesi, T. vegrandis, T. gilletti, Trypanosoma sp. ANU2). This work has confirmed that Australian ticks are capable of harbouring several species of indigenous trypanosome and likely serve as their vectors.

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Anstey, Susan I., Vasilli Kasimov, Cheryl Jenkins, Alistair Legione, Joanne Devlin, Jemima Amery-Gale, James Gilkerson et al. "Chlamydia Psittaci ST24: Clonal Strains of One Health Importance Dominate in Australian Horse, Bird and Human Infections". Pathogens 10, n.º 8 (11 de agosto de 2021): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10081015.

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Chlamydia psittaci is traditionally regarded as a globally distributed avian pathogen that can cause zoonotic spill-over. Molecular research has identified an extended global host range and significant genetic diversity. However, Australia has reported a reduced host range (avian, horse, and human) with a dominance of clonal strains, denoted ST24. To better understand the widespread of this strain type in Australia, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and ompA genotyping were applied on samples from a range of hosts (avian, equine, marsupial, and bovine) from Australia. MLST confirms that clonal ST24 strains dominate infections of Australian psittacine and equine hosts (82/88; 93.18%). However, this study also found novel hosts (Australian white ibis, King parrots, racing pigeon, bovine, and a wallaby) and demonstrated that strain diversity does exist in Australia. The discovery of a C. psittaci novel strain (ST306) in a novel host, the Western brush wallaby, is the first detection in a marsupial. Analysis of the results of this study applied a multidisciplinary approach regarding Chlamydia infections, equine infectious disease, ecology, and One Health. Recommendations include an update for the descriptive framework of C. psittaci disease and cell biology work to inform pathogenicity and complement molecular epidemiology.

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Cross, Martin L., Stephen B. Fleming, Phil E. Cowan, Susie Scobie, Ellena Whelan, Diana Prada, Andrew A. Mercer y Janine A. Duckworth. "Vaccinia virus as a vaccine delivery system for marsupial wildlife". Vaccine 29, n.º 28 (junio de 2011): 4537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.093.

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Chilton, Neil B., Ian Beveridge, Ross H. Andrews y David M. Spratt. "Apparent lack of genetic variation within Pelecitus roemeri (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from three Australian species of macropodid marsupial". International Journal for Parasitology 22, n.º 7 (noviembre de 1992): 1023–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(92)90064-r.

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Hillman, Alison E., Alan J. Lymbery y R. C. Andrew Thompson. "Is Toxoplasma gondii a threat to the conservation of free-ranging Australian marsupial populations?" International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 5, n.º 1 (abril de 2016): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.12.002.

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Achatz, Tyler J., Dawn W. Cleveland, Carlos Carrión Bonilla, Lawrence Cronin y Vasyl V. Tkach. "New dicrocoeliid digeneans from mammals in Ecuador including a highly genetically divergent new genus from an ancient marsupial lineage". Parasitology International 78 (octubre de 2020): 102138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2020.102138.

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Hufschmid, J., I. Beveridge y K. A. Handasyde. "Haematology and serum biochemistry of adult free-ranging mountain brushtail possums (Trichosurus cunninghami), including correlations with season, sex, age, habitat type and disease status". Australian Journal of Zoology 61, n.º 6 (2013): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo12097.

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For many wildlife species only limited data are available on haematology and blood biochemistry for free-ranging populations because these are often difficult to obtain. We collected blood samples from wild adult mountain brushtail possums (Trichosurus cunninghami) in the Strathbogie Ranges, Victoria (Australia), over two years, to provide reference values for haematological and some serum biochemical parameters (serum protein, sodium, chloride, potassium, urea, creatinine, creatine kinase and cortisol) for free-ranging animals. We also investigated patterns associated with sex, season, age, habitat type and disease status, including a form of skin disease (rumpwear – one of the major diseases of brushtail possums) and parasite loads. Values for several blood parameters correlated with sex, and most also changed significantly with season. Eosinophil counts increased significantly with the number of strongyle eggs in faeces, and packed cell volume decreased significantly with increasing numbers of ticks. Surprisingly, there was a significant negative relationship between mean population serum cortisol concentrations and the prevalence of rumpwear. Serum sodium and chloride concentrations were significantly lower in possums with moderate to severe rumpwear; however, the biological significance of this is unclear. While there is a growing body of data on the blood parameters of marsupials, these are mainly derived from captive animals, or single sample sets from wild populations, thus are unlikely to accurately reflect the changing status of wild animals/populations across seasons and under varying environmental conditions and parasite loads. More comprehensive, longer-term data from free-ranging marsupial populations, such as those presented here, provide extremely important reference data to aid in determining the health status of wild populations and interpreting data collected from individuals.

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Quigley, Bonnie L. y Peter Timms. "Helping koalas battle disease – Recent advances in Chlamydia and koala retrovirus (KoRV) disease understanding and treatment in koalas". FEMS Microbiology Reviews 44, n.º 5 (18 de junio de 2020): 583–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuaa024.

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ABSTRACT The iconic Australian marsupial, the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), has suffered dramatic population declines as a result of habitat loss and fragmentation, disease, vehicle collision mortality, dog attacks, bushfires and climate change. In 2012, koalas were officially declared vulnerable by the Australian government and listed as a threatened species. In response, research into diseases affecting koalas has expanded rapidly. The two major pathogens affecting koalas are Chlamydia pecorum, leading to chlamydial disease and koala retrovirus (KoRV). In the last eight years, these pathogens and their diseases have received focused study regarding their sources, genetics, prevalence, disease presentation and transmission. This has led to vast improvements in pathogen detection and treatment, including the ongoing development of vaccines for each as a management and control strategy. This review will summarize and highlight the important advances made in understanding and combating C. pecorum and KoRV in koalas, since they were declared a threatened species. With complementary advances having also been made from the koala genome sequence and in our understanding of the koala immune system, we are primed to make a significant positive impact on koala health into the future.

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Yu, Hongshi, Andrew J. Pask, Yanqiu Hu, Geoff Shaw y Marilyn B. Renfree. "ARX/Arx is expressed in germ cells during spermatogenesis in both marsupial and mouse". REPRODUCTION 147, n.º 3 (marzo de 2014): 279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-13-0361.

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The X-linked aristaless gene,ARX, is essential for the development of the gonads, forebrain, olfactory bulb, pancreas, and skeletal muscle in mice and humans. Mutations cause neurological diseases, often accompanied by ambiguous genitalia. There are a disproportionately high number of testis and brain genes on the human and mouse X chromosomes. It is still unknown whether the X chromosome accrued these genes during its evolution or whether genes that find themselves on the X chromosome evolve such roles.ARXwas originally autosomal in mammals and remains so in marsupials, whereas in eutherian mammals it translocated to the X chromosome. In this study, we examined autosomalARXin tammars and compared it with the X-linkedArxin mice. We detectedARXmRNA in the neural cells of the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain, and olfactory bulbs in developing tammars, consistent with the expression in mice.ARXwas detected by RT-PCR and mRNAin situhybridization in the developing tammar wallaby gonads of both sexes, suggestive of a role in sexual development as in mice. We also detectedARX/ArxmRNA in the adult testis in both tammars and mice, suggesting a potential novel role forARX/Arxin spermiogenesis.ARXtranscripts were predominantly observed in round spermatids.ArxmRNA localization distributions in the mouse adult testis suggest that it escaped meiotic sex chromosome inactivation during spermatogenesis. Our findings suggest thatARXin the therian mammal ancestor already played a role in male reproduction before it was recruited to the X chromosome in eutherians.

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Rodrigues, Vera Lúcia C. Corrêa, Antenor do Nascimento Ferraz Filho, Eduardo Olavo da Rocha e. Silva y Virgilia Luna Castor de Lima. "Prevalência, índices de infecção e hábitos alimentares de triatomíneos capturados em uma área de vigilância epidemiológica". Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 25, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1992): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86821992000300006.

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Em continuação a estudo anterior, relativo à prevalência e infecção por Trypanosoma cruzi dos triatomíneos capturados na região administrativa de Campinas, SP, os autores apresentam dados do período de 1982-1986, acrescentando informações sobre respastos sangüíneos realizados por 7.785 exemplares. Para tanto, foram utilizados os anti-soros: ave, marsupial, roedor e humano, através dos quais constataram o ecletismo alimentar de Panstrongylus megistus, espécie predominante na região, cujas formas aladas são encontradas com freqüência, infectadas por T. cruzi, nas casas habitadas. Desses, 14,78% reagiram frente ao anti-soro humano. Com Rhodnius neglectus foi observada situação assemelhada, mas com números menos expressivos. Em relação ao Triatoma sórdida, não foi constatada infecção natural e tampouco sinais de ingestão de sangue humano. Foi constatado acentuado aumento de T. arthurneivai nas casas, fruto da provável modificação ocorrida no ambiente natural. No período, foi encontrado Microtiatoma borbai, detectado pela primeira vez no Estado de São Paulo. Ressaltam também a importância da "investigação de foco " nas áreas em fase de vigilância.

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31

Soares, Manoel do Carmo P., Gilberta Bensabath y Amélia P. A. Travassos da Rosa. "The presence of antibodies for hepatitis a virus in amazonia Didelphis marsupialis (Vertebrata, Marsupialia)". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 29, n.º 2 (abril de 1987): 110–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651987000200008.

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Anti-HAV was detected by enzyme - immunoassay in sera collected from 6 (18,75%) of 32 Didelphis marsupialis trapped in the Amazon region. No anti-HAV were found in the sera from 136 other wild animals, including small rodents, reptiles and other marsupials.

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Kayesh, Mohammad Enamul Hoque, Md Abul Hashem, Fumie Maetani, Taiki Eiei, Kyoya Mochizuki, Shinsaku Ochiai, Ayaka Ito et al. "CD4, CD8b, and Cytokines Expression Profiles in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Infected with Different Subtypes of KoRV from Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) in a Japanese Zoo". Viruses 12, n.º 12 (9 de diciembre de 2020): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12121415.

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Koala retrovirus (KoRV) poses a major threat to koala health and conservation, and currently has 10 identified subtypes: an endogenous subtype (KoRV-A) and nine exogenous subtypes (KoRV-B to KoRV-J). However, subtype-related variations in koala immune response to KoRV are uncharacterized. In this study, we investigated KoRV-related immunophenotypic changes in a captive koala population (Hirakawa zoo, Japan) with a range of subtype infection profiles (KoRV-A only vs. KoRV-A with KoRV-B and/or -C), based on qPCR measurements of CD4, CD8b, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17A mRNA expression in unstimulated and concanavalin (Con)-A-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Although CD4, CD8b, and IL-17A expression did not differ between KoRV subtype infection profiles, IL-6 expression was higher in koalas with exogenous infections (both KoRV-B and KoRV-C) than those with the endogenous subtype only. IL-10 expression did not significantly differ between subtype infection profiles but did show a marked increase—accompanying decreased CD4:CD8b ratio—in a koala with lymphoma and co-infected with KoRV-A and -B, thus suggesting immunosuppression. Taken together, the findings of this study provide insights into koala immune response to multiple KoRV subtypes, which can be exploited for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic interventions for this iconic marsupial species.

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Sherlock, I. A., J. C. Miranda, M. Sadigursky y G. Grimaldi Jr. "Observações sobre calazar em Jacobina, Bahia. VI - Investigações sobre reservatórios silvestres e comensais". Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 21, n.º 1 (marzo de 1988): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86821988000100005.

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Durante os anos de 1982 a 1986, a investigação sobre mamíferos comensais e silvestres, da periferia da cidade de Jacobina, Bahia, mostrou, ao lado do escasso número de exemplares, uma reduzida variedade específica dessa fauna. Capturou-se apenas 11 espécies, entre as quais, predominou o Didelphis albiventris, que abrangeu 44% dos 213 espécimens capturados. Entre os 193 com exames já concluídos, 84 eram exemplares de D. albiventris e 2 estavam infectados pela Leishmania donovani senso lato, 1 por L. mexicana amazonensis, 1 por L. braziliensis, subespécie e 3 por Trypanosoma cruzi Também foram observadas formas suspeitas de serem amastigotas de leishmanics, nos esfregaços de órgãos de 3 exemplares de Dasyprocta aguti, 1 Cercomys cunicularius - e 1 Oryzomys eliurus. 0 restante dos exemplares, inclusive 14 de Lycalopex vetulus, estava negativo para flagelados. Apesar de reforçado por outros indicadores epidemiológicos, como a predominância específica, a freqüência domiciliar, a atratividade para a vetora Lutzomyia longipalpis, e a concomitância com casos humanos nos mesmos locais, o índice de 2,3% de infecção natural do Didelphis albiventris, não autoriza a conclusão definitiva de ser o marsupial o mais importante reservatório natural da leishmaniose visceral em Jacobina.

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Togami, Eri, Narayan Gyawali, Oselyne Ong, Mike Kama, Van-Mai Cao-Lormeau, Maite Aubry, Albert I. Ko et al. "First evidence of concurrent enzootic and endemic transmission of Ross River virus in the absence of marsupial reservoirs in Fiji". International Journal of Infectious Diseases 96 (julio de 2020): 94–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.048.

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35

Egan, Siobhon L., Manuel Ruiz-Aravena, Jill M. Austen, Xavier Barton, Sebastien Comte, David G. Hamilton, Rodrigo K. Hamede et al. "Blood Parasites in Endangered Wildlife-Trypanosomes Discovered during a Survey of Haemoprotozoa from the Tasmanian Devil". Pathogens 9, n.º 11 (23 de octubre de 2020): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110873.

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The impact of emerging infectious diseases is increasingly recognised as a major threat to wildlife. Wild populations of the endangered Tasmanian devil, Sarcophilus harrisii, are experiencing devastating losses from a novel transmissible cancer, devil facial tumour disease (DFTD); however, despite the rapid decline of this species, there is currently no information on the presence of haemoprotozoan parasites. In the present study, 95 Tasmanian devil blood samples were collected from four populations in Tasmania, Australia, which underwent molecular screening to detect four major groups of haemoprotozoa: (i) trypanosomes, (ii) piroplasms, (iii) Hepatozoon, and (iv) haemosporidia. Sequence results revealed Trypanosoma infections in 32/95 individuals. Trypanosoma copemani was identified in 10 Tasmanian devils from three sites and a second Trypanosoma sp. was identified in 22 individuals that were grouped within the poorly described T. cyclops clade. A single blood sample was positive for Babesia sp., which most closely matched Babesia lohae. No other blood protozoan parasite DNA was detected. This study provides the first insight into haemoprotozoa from the Tasmanian devil and the first identification of Trypanosoma and Babesia in this carnivorous marsupial.

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Cui, Xianlan, Janine A. Duckworth, Frank C. Molinia y Phil E. Cowan. "Identification and evaluation of an infertility-associated ZP3 epitope from the marsupial brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)". Vaccine 28, n.º 6 (febrero de 2010): 1499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.052.

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37

Bitencourt, Matheus M. y Alexandra M. R. Bezerra. "Infection agents of Didelphidae (Didelphimorphia) of Brazil: an underestimated matter in zoonoses research". Mammalia 86, n.º 2 (16 de diciembre de 2021): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2021-0134.

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Abstract Zoonoses are diseases or infections naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans, and can be bacterial, viral or parasitic. The growth of urbanization, industrialization and the advance of agriculture and livestock facilitate the spread of infectious and parasitic agents from wild animals to the human population and to their domestic animals. Among the various reservoirs of zoonotic agents, we find that didelphid species, due to their high capacity for adaptation in urban environments, as an important study case. We reviewed the literature data on the pathogens, including with zoonotic potential of marsupial species occurring in Brazil, accounted for infections by agents that we categorized into Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa, and Helminths. Aiming identifies possible knowledge gaps, we also surveyed the origin of studied samples and the institutions leading the researches on host didelphids. Among the hosts, the genus Didelphis in the cycles of these agents stands out. Moreover, we found that the majority of reported cases are in the Southeastern Brazil, mean the data from other Brazilian localities and didelphid species could be underestimated. Most studies took place in graduate programs of public research institutions, emphasizing the importance of the funding public research for the Brazilian scientific development.

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38

Quigley, Bonnie L., Galit Tzipori, Karen Nilsson y Peter Timms. "High-throughput immunogenetic typing of koalas suggests possible link between MHC alleles and cancers". Immunogenetics 72, n.º 9-10 (20 de octubre de 2020): 499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00251-020-01181-7.

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AbstractCharacterizing the allelic diversity within major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes is an important way of determining the potential genetic resilience of a population to infectious and ecological pressures. For the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), endemic diseases, anthropogenic factors and climate change are all placing increased pressure on this vulnerable marsupial. To increase the ability of researchers to study MHC genetics in koalas, this study developed and tested a high-throughput immunogenetic profiling methodology for targeting MHC class I UA and UC genes and MHC class II DAB, DBB, DCB and DMB genes in a population of 82 captive koalas. This approach was validated by comparing the determined allelic profiles from 36 koala family units (18 dam-sire-joey units and 18 parent-joey pairs), finding 96% overall congruence within family profiles. Cancers are a significant cause of morbidity in koalas and the risk factors remain undetermined. Our analysis of this captive population revealed several novel MHC alleles, including a potential link between the DBB*03 allele and a risk of developing cancer. This method offers a reliable, high-throughput protocol for expanded study into koala immunogenetics.

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39

Botero, Adriana, Craig K. Thompson, Christopher S. Peacock, Peta L. Clode, Philip K. Nicholls, Adrian F. Wayne, Alan J. Lymbery y R. C. Andrew Thompson. "Trypanosomes genetic diversity, polyparasitism and the population decline of the critically endangered Australian marsupial, the brush tailed bettong or woylie (Bettongia penicillata)". International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 2 (diciembre de 2013): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2013.03.001.

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40

ROELLIG, DAWN M., KATHERINE McMILLAN, ANGELA E. ELLIS, JOHN L. VANDEBERG, DONALD E. CHAMPAGNE y MICHAEL J. YABSLEY. "Experimental infection of two South American reservoirs with four distinct strains of Trypanosoma cruzi". Parasitology 137, n.º 6 (4 de febrero de 2010): 959–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009991995.

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SUMMARYTrypanosoma cruzi (Tc), the causative agent of Chagas disease, is a diverse species with 2 primary genotypes, TcI and TcII, with TcII further subdivided into 5 subtypes (IIa–e). This study evaluated infection dynamics of 4 genetically and geographically diverse T. cruzi strains in 2 South American reservoirs, degus (Octodon degus) and grey short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica). Based on prior suggestions of a genotype-host association, we hypothesized that degus (placental) would more readily become infected with TcII strains while short-tailed opossums (marsupial) would be a more competent reservoir for a TcI strain. Individuals (n=3) of each species were intraperitoneally inoculated with T. cruzi trypomastigotes of TcIIa [North America (NA)-raccoon (Procyon lotor) origin], TcI [NA-Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana)], TcIIb [South America (SA)-human], TcIIe (SA-Triatoma infestans), or both TcI and TcIIa. Parasitaemias in experimentally infected degus peaked earlier (7–14 days post-inoculation (p.i.)) compared with short-tailed opossums (21–84 days p.i.). Additionally, peak parasitaemias were higher in degus; however, the duration of detectable parasitaemias for all strains, except TcIIa, was greater in short-tailed opossums. Infections established in both host species with all genotypes, except for TcIIa, which did not establish a detectable infection in short-tailed opossums. These results indicate that both South American reservoirs support infections with these isolates from North and South America; however, infection dynamics differed with host and parasite strain.

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41

Brust, David M. "Gastrointestinal Diseases of Marsupials". Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 22, n.º 2 (abril de 2013): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2013.05.005.

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42

Santamaria, Flavia, Rupert Palme, Rolf Schlagloth, Edith Klobetz-Rassam y Joerg Henning. "Seasonal Variations of Faecal Cortisol Metabolites in Koalas in South East Queensland". Animals 11, n.º 6 (31 de mayo de 2021): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061622.

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The Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is an endemic marsupial inhabiting four states of Australia. Urbanisation, declining habitat, drought and fires are threatening the survival of this flagship species. These threats may cause acute and chronic stress in koalas, which might also be associated with occurrence of infectious diseases in koala populations. Stress may induce an increase in cortisol reflected in increased faecal cortisol metabolite (FCM) values. To be able to use faecal cortisol metabolites to measure stress levels in this species, our aim was to determine baseline values for males and females during breeding and non-breeding season. A total of 351 defecations were collected fortnightly, twice a day, for 12 months from koalas at a wildlife facility in South East Queensland. Samples were analysed with three different enzyme immunoassays (EIAs): a cortisol, 5α-pregnane-3β,11β,21-triol-20-one (37e) and tetrahydrocorticosterone (50c) EIA. The latter, which also reacts with tetrahydrocortisol, the main metabolite in koala faeces, was found to have the highest biological sensitivity and, therefore, is the most suitable EIA to measure stress levels in koalas. Utilising this EIA, we found significant differences (p < 0.05) in FCM values between males and females, breeding and non-breeding season, and between morning and evening samples. Values of faecal cortisol metabolites established in stress-free koalas in this study can serve as a reference for future studies in koalas.

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Linhares, A. C., J. D. M. Pereira, C. M. Nakauth y Y. B. Gabbay. "Rotavirus infection in wild marsupials (Didelphis marsupialis) of the Amazon region". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80, n.º 1 (enero de 1986): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(86)90186-0.

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Torhorst, Carson W., Zoe S. White, Chanakya R. Bhosale, Norman L. Beatty y Samantha M. Wisely. "Identification of the parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, in multiple tissues of epidemiological significance in the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana): Implications for environmental and vertical transmission routes". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, n.º 12 (19 de diciembre de 2022): e0010974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010974.

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Background Trypanosoma cruzi, a parasitic protozoan, is endemic to the Americas and the causative agent of Chagas disease in humans. In South America, opossums facilitate transmission via infected anal gland secretions in addition to transmission via triatomine vectors. In North America, the Virginia opossum is a reservoir host for the parasite with transmission routes that are not clearly defined. The unique biology of this marsupial provides the opportunity to investigate vertical transmission in this wildlife species in situ. Our objectives were to investigate alternative routes of transmission that may facilitate spillover into other species and to determine if vertical transmission was evident. Methodology/Principal findings Virginia opossums were sampled at 10 trapping locations over a 10-month period in a 5-county region of north central Florida. Peripheral blood, fecal swabs, and anal gland secretions were collected from each adult individual, and peripheral blood was collected from joey opossums. Total DNA was extracted from each collected sample type, and T. cruzi infected individuals and the infecting Discrete Typing Unit (DTU) were identified using real time PCR methods. Adult Virginia opossums (n = 112) were infected with T. cruzi (51.8%, 95% CI [42.6–60.8%]) throughout the sampled period and at each location. T. cruzi DNA was found in each of the three biological sample types. Vertical transmission of T. cruzi was inferred in one litter of mother-dependent (n = 20, 5.0%, 95% CI [0.9–23.6%]) joey opossums where 2 joeys from this same litter were rtPCR positive for T. cruzi. Conclusions/Significance We inferred vertical transmission from mother to neonate which may serve to amplify the prevalence of T. cruzi in adult Virginia opossums. T. cruzi DNA was detected in the anal gland secretions of Virginia opossums. Infected anal gland secretions suggest a possible environmental route of transmission for T. cruzi via the deposition of contaminated feces and spraint at wildlife latrines. Only DTU1 was identified in the sampled population which is consistent with human autochthonous cases in the United States.

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Blyde, David J. "Respiratory Diseases, Diagnostics, and Treatment of Marsupials". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 3, n.º 2 (mayo de 2000): 497–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1094-9194(17)30084-1.

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McGaugh, Suzanne E., Anne M. Bronikowski, Chih-Horng Kuo, Dawn M. Reding, Elizabeth A. Addis, Lex E. Flagel, Fredric J. Janzen y Tonia S. Schwartz. "Rapid molecular evolution across amniotes of the IIS/TOR network". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, n.º 22 (19 de mayo de 2015): 7055–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1419659112.

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The insulin/insulin-like signaling and target of rapamycin (IIS/TOR) network regulates lifespan and reproduction, as well as metabolic diseases, cancer, and aging. Despite its vital role in health, comparative analyses of IIS/TOR have been limited to invertebrates and mammals. We conducted an extensive evolutionary analysis of the IIS/TOR network across 66 amniotes with 18 newly generated transcriptomes from nonavian reptiles and additional available genomes/transcriptomes. We uncovered rapid and extensive molecular evolution between reptiles (including birds) and mammals: (i) the IIS/TOR network, including the critical nodes insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), exhibit divergent evolutionary rates between reptiles and mammals; (ii) compared with a proxy for the rest of the genome, genes of the IIS/TOR extracellular network exhibit exceptionally fast evolutionary rates; and (iii) signatures of positive selection and coevolution of the extracellular network suggest reptile- and mammal-specific interactions between members of the network. In reptiles, positively selected sites cluster on the binding surfaces of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), and insulin receptor (INSR); whereas in mammals, positively selected sites clustered on the IGF2 binding surface, suggesting that these hormone-receptor binding affinities are targets of positive selection. Further, contrary to reports that IGF2R binds IGF2 only in marsupial and placental mammals, we found positively selected sites clustered on the hormone binding surface of reptile IGF2R that suggest that IGF2R binds to IGF hormones in diverse taxa and may have evolved in reptiles. These data suggest that key IIS/TOR paralogs have sub- or neofunctionalized between mammals and reptiles and that this network may underlie fundamental life history and physiological differences between these amniote sister clades.

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Souza, Adelson A. A. de, Fernando Tobias Silveira, Michael A. Miles, Marinete M. Póvoa, José Aprígio Nunes Lima y Sebastião Aldo S. Valente. "Epidemiologia de um caso de doença de Chagas na Ilha do Mosqueiro - Pará". Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 21, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1988): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86821988000400006.

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Os autores apresentam os resultados do estudo epidemiológico de um caso autóctone da fase aguda da doença de Chagas na ilha do Mosqueiro, Estado do Pará, aproximadamente 75km da capital, Belém. 0 caso já havia sido objeto de uma publicação anterior. Agora são apresentadas informações epidemiológicas. Nas proximidades da casa do paciente foram capturados em duas palmeiras de Inajá ('Maximilian regi ay e em uma de Mucajá (Acrocomia sclerocarpia) 114 triatomíneos: Rhodnius pictipes, R. robustus, Panstrongylus lignarius, P. geniculatus e Microtriatoma trinidadensis, com tripanossomas em 31 deles. Na casa do paciente foram encontrados exemplares de Rhodnius pictipes, infectados com formas metacíclicas do Trypanosoma cruzi. Em 14 marsupiais, capturados na localidade, haviam 3 infectados com organismos semelhantes ao T. cruzi. A eletroforese dos isoenzimas nos tripanossomas isolados do paciente, de R. pictipes e de Didelphis marsupialis os classificou como zimodema 1. Os autores concluem que a doença de Chagas do paciente teve origem silvestre.

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DE SOUSA, K. C. M., A. C. CALCHI, H. M. HERRERA, J. S. DUMLER, D. M. BARROS-BATTESTI, R. Z. MACHADO y M. R. ANDRÉ. "Anaplasmataceae agents among wild mammals and ectoparasites in Brazil". Epidemiology and Infection 145, n.º 16 (6 de noviembre de 2017): 3424–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881700245x.

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SUMMARYAnaplasmataceae agents comprise obligate intracellular bacteria that can cause disease in humans and animals. Between August 2013 and March 2015, 31Nasua nasua(coati), 78Cerdocyon thous(crab-eating fox), sevenLeopardus pardalis(ocelot), 110 wild rodents, 30 marsupials, and 42 dogs were sampled in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. In addition, ectoparasites found parasitizing the animals were collected and identified. The present work aimed to investigate the occurrence of Anaplasmataceae agents in wild mammals, domestic dogs and ectoparasites, by molecular and serological techniques. Overall, 14 (17·9%)C. thous, seven (16·6%) dogs and one (3·2%)N. nasuawere seroreactive toEhrlichia canis. Nine dogs, twoC. thous,oneN. nasua, eight wild rodents, five marsupials, eightAmblyomma sculptum,fourAmblyomma parvum,13A. sculptumnymphal pools, twoAmblyommalarvae pools and onePolygenis (Polygenis) bohlsi bohlsiflea pool were positive forEhrlichiaspp. closely related toE. canis. SevenN. nasua, two dogs, oneC. thous,oneL. pardalis, four wild rodents, three marsupials, 15A. sculptum, twoAmblyomma ovale,twoA. parvumand oneAmblyommaspp. larval pools were positive forAnaplasmaspp. closely related toA. phagocytophilumorA. bovis. The present study provided evidence that wild animals from Brazilian Pantanal are exposed to Anaplasmataceae agents.

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AUSTEN, JILL M., SIMON A. REID, DERRICK R. ROBINSON, JAMES A. FRIEND, WILLIAM G. F. DITCHAM, PETER J. IRWIN y UNA RYAN. "Investigation of the morphological diversity of the potentially zoonoticTrypanosoma copemaniin quokkas and Gilbert's potoroos". Parasitology 142, n.º 11 (10 de julio de 2015): 1443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182015000785.

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SUMMARYTrypanosomes are blood-borne parasites that can cause severe disease in both humans and animals, yet little is known of the pathogenicity and life-cycles of trypanosomes in native Australian mammals.Trypanosoma copemaniis known to be infective to a variety of Australian marsupials and has recently been shown to be potentially zoonotic as it is resistant to normal human serum. In the present study,in vivoandin vitroexamination of blood and cultures from Australian marsupials was conducted using light microscopy, immunofluorescence, scanning electron microscopy and fluorescencein situhybridization. Promastigote, sphaeromastigote and amastigote life-cycle stages were detectedin vivoandin vitro. Novel trypanosome-like stages were also detected bothin vivoandin vitrorepresenting an oval stage, an extremely thin stage, an adherent stage and a tiny round stage. The tiny round and adherent stages appeared to adhere to erythrocytes causing potential haematological damage with clinical effects similar to haemolytic anaemia. The present study shows for the first time that trypomastigotes are not the only life-cycle stages circulating within the blood stream of trypanosome infected Australian native marsupials and provides insights into possible pathogenic mechanisms of this potentially zoonotic trypanosome species.

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Beveridge, Ian, Neil B. Chilton y Ross H. Andrews. "Sibling species within Macropostrongyloides baylisi (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) from macropodid marsupials". International Journal for Parasitology 23, n.º 1 (febrero de 1993): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(93)90094-f.

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