Tesis sobre el tema "Marrani"

The aim of this dissertation is the definition of the phenomena of Born Global Companies, with particular attention to a firm located in Zoppola (Pordenone). In the first chapter BGC are analyzed and all the definitions are evaluated by comparing the phenomena with the Internationalization Model. In the second chapter all the characteristics of Born Globals are listed, from the importance of the entrepreneur to the Network. The third chapter focuses on Born Global Start Ups and how they are integrated in the Made in Italy concept. There is an analysis of the life cycle and the Italian legislation and an explanation of the possible financial resources. The purpose of the last chapter is to analyze Marrone+Mesubim company under all the characteristics already seen. There is an analysis of the histories of Marrone and Mesubim separated, a definition of the project, considering the role of innovation, the Network, the market and its competitors. In conclusion, the Experior project done in collaboration with the Ca’ Foscari University of Venice will be illustrated as a source to collect new ideas and see different viewpoints.

Marrane portugais né vers 1612, le Dr. Prado fait œuvre de prosélytisme en Andalousie. En 1653, il s'exile à Rome puis à Hambourg, se convertit au judaïsme et s'installe à Amsterdam. Là, son déisme de jeunesse renaît tandis qu'il côtoie des érudits comme Spinoza. Mis au ban de la congrégation, Prado s'oppose aux lois rabbiniques mais désire rester dans la communauté. A Anvers où il meurt en 1669, il recherche tant le pardon des juifs que celui de l'Inquisition. Son parcours permet d'analyser l'évolution du nouveau-chrétien, marrane puis nouveau juif, qui se construit une identité trouble. Dépassant le clivage entre histoires ibérique et juive, on peut y lire la singularité du marranisme et de la spiritualité séfarade. Prado est toutefois singulier : doué d'une pensée élaborée, il analyse le rapport à Dieu et au Texte et postule un judaïsme identitaire. Figure déconcertante, homme des marges, il incarne la continuité d'une culture européenne où les hétérodoxies ignorent les frontières
Born a Portuguese Marrano circa 1612, Dr. Prado preached in Andalusia and exiled himself to Rome in 1653 and then to Hamburg. Converted to Judaism he settled in Amsterdam and mixed with scholars such as Spinoza as the deism of his youth resurfaced. Banished from congregation, he rebelled against rabbinic law, but sought nonetheless to remain a part of the Jewish community. In Antwerp where he died in 1669 he sought forgiveness from the Jews as well as the Inquisition. His life allows us to study the evolution of a New Christian converted to crypto-Judaism and his complex identity. It transcends the division between the histories of Iberia and the Jews by shedding light upon the uniqueness of Marranism and Sefardic spirituality. Prado remains unique in his complex thoughts on Man's relation to God and to the Text and his quest for Judaism as an identity. A disconcerting, dissident personality, he personifies a European culture in which heterodoxy knew no boundaries

Notre enquete se propose d'explorer le discours religieux chretien sur le converso dans l'espagne du xve siecle. L'hypothese centrale de ce travail pose qu'un tel discours est le champ d'une tension entre le desir d'inclure l'autre par la conversion et la necessite de rejeter celui qu'on percoit comme different. Deux logique s'affrontent-t-elle ici, closes sur elles-memes ? ou bien un seul geste se deploie-t-il en deux variantes contraires mais non contradictoires ? notre corpus comprend des temoignages inquisitoriaux (1486-1502) et des discours savants : le libro del alborayque (1488) et le defensorium unitatis christianae d'alonso de cartagena (1449). Nos conclusions sont les suivantes : l'ensemble de ces discours s'inscrit dans une logique radicale qui pose le meme comme pur et l'autrecomme impur. Mais d'autre part cette logique ne doit pas etre consideree absolument. Ce differentialisme s'incarne dans un modele complexe ; dans une alternative entre inclusion et exclusion. La specificite de ce discours est celle-ci : il est a la fois differentialiste et assimilationniste. A partir de la, on formule deux observations concernant le discours pro-converso. D'une part, il est retenu dans une mouvance intolerante dont il constitue la variante offensive; l'universalisme est une dilatation de la singularite communautaire. D'autre part, cette logique differentialiste travaille par en-dessous la logique d'ouverture assimilationniste : la categorisation des individus en fonction de leur appartenance constitue un obstacle majeur au discours du libre arbitre. Enfin, nous aboutissons a une conclusion plus generale : ces discours sur le converso, quelles que soient leurs divergences apparentes se caracterisent par leur immediatete, leur incapacite a apprehender l'alterite autrement que comme un obstacle. L'autre est un objet que l'on annule ou que l'on exclut. Jamais un sujet.

The Margaret River hairy marron, Cherax tenuimanus (Smith, 1912) (Decapoda: Parastacidae) is critically endangered due to the introduction of the widespread marron, C. cainii Austin, 2002. This project investigates the rapid replacement of C. tenuimanus with studies important to its conservation. The ability to identify correctly in the field C. tenuimanuss, C. cainii and hybrids was investigated by linking morphology and marker allozyme loci. C. tenuimanus was readily identified in the field and errors were conservative; no genetically identified hybrids or C. cainii were field identified as C. tenuimauus during tissue samples collection. A prototype field identification guide has been constructed, aiming to provide the general public with an ability to identify correctly in the field C. tenuimanus. This should allow community participation in recovery plans centred on active removal of C. cainii and hybrids and ensure minimal accidental removal of C. tenuimanus. The guide will serve to allow recreational marron fishing within C. tenuimanus habitat, and raise public awareness about C. tenuimanus and its conservation. For the purpose of investigating the role of hybridisation in the replacement, accurate field identification of hybrid marron, based on morphology, was not achievable. Investigation into the relationship between median carina length and orbital carapace length recorded during tissue sample collection provided some distinction, but not at a diagnostic level. The genetically diverse F2 or backcross hybrid marron had the lowest accurate field identification. Further investigation into morphological and morphometric relationships will be necessary if precise accuracy in field identification of marron is deemed possible. The distribution of marron species within Margaret River was mapped with C. tenuimanus found almost exclusively in the forested upper reaches, only in sympatry with C. cainii. An abrupt boundary of occurrence exists for C. tenuimamus between agricultural land use and state forest. A very small population of C. tenuimanus exists in the extreme lower reaches. It is proposed that extrinsic factors associated with the middle and lower reaches (changed water flows, presence of shelter, water pollution, fishing pressure, etc.) might account for the increased replacement of C. tenuimanus. Repeated mark-recapture within a sympatric population aimed to investigate replacement mechanisms based on differences in intrinsic factors. Although not overly powerful, results suggested C. cainii has a greater growth rate and earlier spawning period, both of which are attributes known to influence freshwater crayfish replacement elsewhere in the world. A conceptual flowchart based on interacting intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence the replacement of C. tenuimanus by C. cainii was constructed. This flowchart provides guidance in future research on replacement mechanisms and recovery actions for C. tenuimanus. C. tenuimanus was nominated as critically endangered to the Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management. This was accepted and is currently awaiting final Ministerial approval prior to formal gazettal. An Interim Recovery Team has been established and is led by the Department of Fisheries. Management recommendations are made with an emphasis on prioritising actions providing the most immediate and long-term advantage for C. tenuimanus. The Margaret River community is considered to be an important component in the overall recovery process.

L'emergence du personnage de pouvoir africain, dans la litterature romanesque, tant occidentale qu'afgricaine, est liee a une situation hjistorique issue des independances, a une curiosite accrue du public pour la politique et a l'originalite surtout d'une figure souplement definie par l'histoire, mais ouverte aussi sur l'aventure. La narration joue de cet antagonisme du reve et de la realite. Qui fait osciller les romans entre les deux poles opposes du temoignage et du recit onirique. Le personnage y exprime de maniere spectaculaire et emphatique les debats ideologiques lies a l'exercice d'un pouvoir, toujours sur le mode carnavalesque. Le temps des mutations permet l'incertitude d'une politique dont on peut lire les contradictions dans la diversite des choix operes, tant pour developper le territoire, que pour gerer le passage du mythe a l'histoire, ou pour construire un etat ou une nation a partir d'une societe encore heterogene. L'afrique reste un vaste "chantier" exploite par des aventurieres, qui offrent a l'imaginaire occxidental un riche support de fantasmes et a la fiction africaine lz triste spectacle de la barbarie humaine
The appearance of the african figure of pwer in both western and african prose fiction is due to several factors ; the historical situation resulting from the states attaining independence; the increased public interest in politics and, above all, originality of a character who or be broadly defined in historical terms but nevertheless leaves considerable scope for escapism. Prose narrative plays on this dichotomy of imagination and reality. Making the novel fluctuate between opposing poles of eye-witness account and dream sequence. The protagoniste expresses, in a manner that is both spectacular and grandiloquent. The different ideological arguments associated with the wielding of power; the latter always being treated in a gaily grotesque way. That it is a time of great changes helps to explain the political uncertainty and the contradictions that characterise the wide variety of options chosen in whatever area : in developing the country , in overseeing the transition fom myth to history, and in constructing a state a nation out of what is still a heterogeous society. Africa remains like some huge unworked quarry, exploited by adventurers to provide the western imagination with a wealh of fantasm and african fiction with the sorry spectacle of human barbarity

O objetivo desta dissertação consiste em demonstrar a existência de um \"labirinto\" na condição do \"ser marrano\" que está atrelado a uma situação de perseguição que se comprova pela comparação entre as causas despachadas nas visitações do Santo Ofício, e as causas efetivamente julgadas ou continuadas no âmbito do tribunal. Este labirinto é constituido por duas faces. Uma, objetiva, forma-se através das acusações pelo crime de judaísmo, pelos critérios de julgamento iterpostos na situação de julgamento, no ato de inquirição, no caso da perseguição nas visitações ou do julgamento no tribunal. Outra, subjetiva, reside na experiência de uma condição de divisão do próprio ego do marrano. Como decorrência desta perseguição, esta divisão atinge as estruturas sociais que lhe acessoram, modificando instâncias tais como a família e o grupo marrano em suas diversas configurações.
El objectivo de este trabajo consiste en demostrar la existencia de un \"labirinto\" en la condición del \"ser\" marrano ligado a una situación de persecución que se comprueba por la comparación entre las causas despachadas en las visitas del Santo Oficio y las causas efectivamente juzgadas o continuadas en el ámbito del tribunal. Este labirinto es constituido por dos anversos. Uno, objectivo, se forma través de las acusaciones por el crimen de judaísmo, por los criterios de juzgamiento iterpuestos en una situación de juzgamiento, en el acto de inquirición, en el caso de la persecución en las visitas o del juzgamiento en el tribunal. Otra, subjectiva, reside en la experiencia de una condición de división del propio ego del marrano. En decorrencia de esta persecución, esta división atinge las estructuras sociales que le acesoran, modificando instancias tales como la familia y el grupo marrano en sus diversas configuraciones.

La conduite, le contrôle et le devenir de l'interrogatoire posthume sont des questions qui agitent les Marrons ndjuka du Tapanahoni (Surinam) depuis une trentaine d'années. Après avoir été abolie au début des années 1970, cette pratique divinatoire présentée comme ancestrale et qui vise à établir les circonstances du décès d'un individu, a récemment fait l'objet d'une volonté de réhabilitation de la part de certains clans, laissant apparaître des lignes de clivages entre les divers protagonistes de ce qui s'avera, au fil de l'enquête, être un véritable débat politique centré autour du bien-fondé de la reprise de la pratique. En adoptant un point de vue qui visait à révéler tout d'abord la nature (politique) des enjeux de cette controverse, puis à saisir les logiques de la position des villageois parmi lesquels j'ai enquêté, j'ai cherché à expliciter, de manière dynamique, les modalités de l'exercice du pouvoir chez les Marrons ndjuka. Plus largement, ce travail interroge la façon dont un système politique peut prendre appui sur des référents religieux.

Feeding trials were conducted to compare the nutritional requirements of juvenile marron (Cherax tenuimanus) under four different cultural environments. The rearing environments included aquaria under controlled laboratory conditions, cages in purpose-built commercial ponds, purpose-built earthen ponds and battery culture called the intensive crayfish culture system (ICCS).High levels of dietary cod liver oil in the semi-purified diet depressed the specific growth rates of juvenile marron under laboratory conditions. The dietary lipid levels were reflected in the lipid levels of the hepatopancreas of the marron. Dietary fatty acid profiles were also reflected in the fatty acid profiles of the hepatopancreas and subsequently in the tail muscles. Under cage environment in a purpose-built pond, dietary supplementation with cod liver oil (4%) plus sunflower oil (4%) increased the total biomass of juvenile marron. The specific growth rate under these condition had a strong positive correlation with all condition indices measured in the study (dry and wet hepatosomatic indices, dry and wet tail muscles to body weight ratio and moisture content of the hepatopancreas and tail muscles). The lack of protein in formulated practical diets, under commercial farm conditions, did not significantly influence the specific growth of juvenile marron but a diet containing fish protein source and fish oil resulted in a significantly higher survival. Feeding a diet containing fish protein and fish oil resulted in significantly higher wet tail muscles to body weight ratio than was observed with other diets. The inclusion of plant protein in formulated diets had an impact on the pond environment due to significantly higher ammonia levels that resulted in lower survival. Juvenile marron fed with a protein free diet and those fed with a plant protein diet had significantly lower protein levels in their hepatopancreas compared to those fed with diets containing animal protein. Juvenile marron in the battery culture environment tolerated long periods of starvation, utilising energy sources from the hepatopancreas and then from the tail muscles.Results from one rearing environment could not be directly transferred to another rearing environment. Environmental variables, particularly temperature, nitrogen metabolites and natural productivity of the ecosystem greatly influenced the nutritional requirements of the juvenile marron under culture. Ambient temperature and nitrogen metabolites may exert stronger control on the productivity, and thus profitability, of the commercial marron farms than the inclusion of micronutrients in the formulated diet.Specific growth rates, biomass, and wet and dry tail muscles to body weight ratios can be used as indicators of nutritional effectiveness of the diet. Further research is required to identify the interaction between the natural productivity of the ecosystem and the need to incorporate essential nutrients in formulated diets for the optimization of the marron production under commercial environment.

The work herein aims at gaining deeper insights into the marron Cherax cainii haemocyte immunological responses. Haemocyte responses include morphologic characteristics, population changes, phagocytosis and nitric oxide production: evaluated in response to inflammatory stimuli from Gram negative bacteria and their endotoxin. The findings demonstrate that C. cainii haemocytes are involving in the pathogens elimination. The data is suggestive that there is one cell line forming three distinct haemocyte types of a contiguous nature.

Os holandeses ocuparam durante 24 anos o nordeste brasileiro: Pernambuco, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte e Itamaracá. (1630-1654). Nesse período, Pernambuco se transformou numa verdadeira metrópole, com uma vida cultural intensa, onde poetas, cientistas e filósofos tornaram o Brasil num centro intelectual único na América do Sul. Nesse contexto, os judeus puderam constituir uma comunidade com escolas, sinagogas e cemitério, dando sua contribuição ao enriquecimento da vida cultural da região. No ano de 1654, os portugueses reconquistaram o Nordeste e os holandeses foram expulsos. Junto com os holandeses, foram também expulsos cerca de 600 judeus, pois no império português só a religião católica era permitida. Após sofrerem várias vicissitudes durante a viagem, vinte e três brasileiros; homens, mulheres e crianças, conseguiram chegar à Nova Amsterdã, atual Nova Iorque. O início da vida foi difícil. Nova Iorque era então uma insignificante vila, semideserta, governada por um calvinista fanático, que impôs sérias dificuldades aos recém-chegados. Depois de numerosas atribulações, os vinte e três judeus conseguiram sobreviver exercendo um pequeno comércio que logo se expandiu. Depois da guerra pela independência norte-americana, os descendentes dos sefaraditas alcançaram plena cidadania. A religião deixou de ser empecilho. Os judeus não eram mais uma minoria tolerada, mas cidadãos norte-americanos plenos. Os brasileiros e seus descendentes espalharam-se por diversas regiões dos Estados Unidos, e se sobressaíram na luta pelos direitos civis, pela tolerância e liberdade. Os Henrique, os Lucena, os Andrade, os Costa, os Gomes, os Ferreira ajudaram a construir um novo mundo de cidadãos livres e iguais
The Dutch invaded and occupied the Brazilian Northeast (Pernambuco, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte and Itamaracá) for 24 years (1630-1624); In this period, Pernambuco evolved into a real metropolis, with an intense cultural life, where poets, scientists and philosophers transformed Brazil into an intellectual center unique in South America. In this context the Jews were able to constitute a community with schools, synagogues and a cemetery, and to give their contribution to the enrichment of the cultural life of the region. In the year of 1654 the Portuguese conquered the Northeast and expelled the Dutch. With them were also expelled about 600 Jews, because in the Portuguese Empire only Catholics were allowed. After a dangerous voyage, 23 jews from Brazil, men, women and children were able to arrive to New Amsterdam, today New York. The beginning of life in North America was hard. New Amsterdam was a small village, hardly populated and ruled by a fanatic Calvinist that imposed serious difficulties to the newly arrived. After various vicissitudes, the 23 sephardim were able to survive, by a small merchant business that soon grew up. After the American war of Independence, the descendants of these Jews obtained their citizenship. The religion was not anymore an obstacle. Jews were not anymore a tolerated minority, but North Americans citizens. The Brazilians and their descendants sprayed for various regions of the United States and were important in the struggle for the civil rights, for tolerance and freedom. The Henrique, Lucena, Andrade, Costa, Gomes and Ferreira helped to build a new world of free and equal citizens

The use of chemotherapeutants for disease control in aquaculture is not sustainable, thus the use of probiotics in aquaculture has gained popularity. Six strains of probiotic candidates were screened and assessed for their efficiency in marron culture. Bacillus mycoides, with its antagonism ability towards pathogenic bacteria of crayfish Vibrio mimicus and V. cholerae non-01 was selected after validating it in a series of laboratory based and commercial scale feeding trials.

Os textos da liturgia criptojudaica e a identidade marrana na primeira metade do século XX português: alteridade, virtualidade e complexidade. Pretendemos, partindo do estudo dos textos litúrgicos criptojudaicos do século XX, em Portugal, recolhidos e compilados por Samuel Schwarz e Barros Basto, traçar um perfil da identidade marrana. Para tal, basear-nos-emos na história dos criptojudeus e refletiremos sobre o novo paradigma identitário que surgiu após o batismo forçado dos judeus, no século XVI: os cristão-novos. Evidenciaremos as origens judaicas da liturgia criptojudaica e a sua génese complexa, recorrendo à análise das redes hipertextuais e à observação dos fenómenos de repetição, no seio da liturgia criptojudaica. De igual modo, debruçar-nos-emos sobre o conceito de reflexividade, constante na poética criptojudaica, tanto no diálogo com Deus como na própria liturgia, analisando a relação complexa do sujeito litúrgico com a divindade e com os seus correligionários, descrevendo as interferências comunicativas entre enunciadores e enunciatários. Ocupar-nos-á, ao longo deste estudo, a questão da alteridade, subjacente aos fenómenos linguísticos, discursivos, diegéticos e poéticos, bem como a virtualidade tangível e intrínseca do marranismo, que se relaciona intimamente com a manutenção da memória da fé e com a preservação do culto. Por fim, questionar-nos-emos acerca da ambivalência marrana e tentaremos entender os seus dilemas, partindo da análise das dicotomias observáveis na liturgia. Para tal, a noção de complexidade orientará a nossa investigação nos meandros da identidade marrana, em que nos interessarão as questões latentes de morte-renascimento, duplicidade e exiliência, intrinsecamente interligadas, como partes de um todo uniplural; Abstract: The texts of crypto-Judaic liturgy and Marrano identity in Portugal in the first half of the 20th century: alterity, virtuality and complexity. Starting from the study of crypto-judaic liturgical texts of the 20th century, in Portugal, collected and compiled by Samuel Schwarz and Barros Basto, we intend to draw a profile of Marrano identity. To this end, we will take into consideration crypto-Jewish history and reflect on the new identity paradigm that arose after the forced baptism of the Jews in the 16th century: the New-Christians. We will highlight the Jewish origins of crypto-Judaic liturgy and its complex genesis, by analyzing hypertextual networks and studying repetition phenomena within crypto-Judaic liturgy. Furthermore, we will dwell on the concept of reflexivity within crypto-Judaic poetics, both in the dialogues established with God and in the liturgy itself, analyzing the complex bond between the liturgical subject and the deity and his correligionists, describing communicative interference between enunciators and enunciatees. Throughout this study, we will approach the issue of alterity, underlying linguistic, discursive, diegetic and poetic phenomena, as well as the tangible and intrinsic virtuality of Marranism, which relates closely to the keeping of the faith’s memory and cult´s preservation. Finally, we will raise questions about Marrano ambivalence and try to understand its dilemmas, starting with the analysis of observable dichotomies in the liturgy. To this end, our investigation will be guided by the notion of complexity into the intricacies of Marrano Identity, in which will matter latent death-renaissance issues, duplicity and exilience, intrinsically interconnected, as parts of a uniplural whole.

Feeding trials were conducted to compare the nutritional requirements of juvenile marron (Cherax tenuimanus) under four different cultural environments. The rearing environments included aquaria under controlled laboratory conditions, cages in purpose-built commercial ponds, purpose-built earthen ponds and battery culture called the intensive crayfish culture system (ICCS).High levels of dietary cod liver oil in the semi-purified diet depressed the specific growth rates of juvenile marron under laboratory conditions. The dietary lipid levels were reflected in the lipid levels of the hepatopancreas of the marron. Dietary fatty acid profiles were also reflected in the fatty acid profiles of the hepatopancreas and subsequently in the tail muscles. Under cage environment in a purpose-built pond, dietary supplementation with cod liver oil (4%) plus sunflower oil (4%) increased the total biomass of juvenile marron. The specific growth rate under these condition had a strong positive correlation with all condition indices measured in the study (dry and wet hepatosomatic indices, dry and wet tail muscles to body weight ratio and moisture content of the hepatopancreas and tail muscles). The lack of protein in formulated practical diets, under commercial farm conditions, did not significantly influence the specific growth of juvenile marron but a diet containing fish protein source and fish oil resulted in a significantly higher survival. Feeding a diet containing fish protein and fish oil resulted in significantly higher wet tail muscles to body weight ratio than was observed with other diets. The inclusion of plant protein in formulated diets had an impact on the pond environment due to significantly higher ammonia levels that resulted in lower survival. Juvenile marron fed with a protein free diet and those fed with a plant protein diet had significantly lower protein ++
levels in their hepatopancreas compared to those fed with diets containing animal protein. Juvenile marron in the battery culture environment tolerated long periods of starvation, utilising energy sources from the hepatopancreas and then from the tail muscles.Results from one rearing environment could not be directly transferred to another rearing environment. Environmental variables, particularly temperature, nitrogen metabolites and natural productivity of the ecosystem greatly influenced the nutritional requirements of the juvenile marron under culture. Ambient temperature and nitrogen metabolites may exert stronger control on the productivity, and thus profitability, of the commercial marron farms than the inclusion of micronutrients in the formulated diet.Specific growth rates, biomass, and wet and dry tail muscles to body weight ratios can be used as indicators of nutritional effectiveness of the diet. Further research is required to identify the interaction between the natural productivity of the ecosystem and the need to incorporate essential nutrients in formulated diets for the optimization of the marron production under commercial environment.

A series of four experiments were conducted to investigate the role of an oil-based substrate to bioremediate water quality during marron aquaculture, and its effect on plankton communities, marron productivity and marron health. The selected substrate had varied effects in different culture environments in reducing concentrations of ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and orthophosphate, provided a habitat for heterotrophic bacteria, including Bacillus sp., and had no detrimental effects on marron or plankton communities during marron aquaculture.

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In this work we aimed to evaluate the effect of time and temperature of storage on the quality, chemical composition and functional properties of white and brown eggs from commercial hens aged 50 and 30 weeks, respectively. We conducted two experiments, and in each experiment 240 eggs, white (exp. 1) and brown (Exp. 2) eggs were randomly selected, with an average weight between 55 and 65g stored in natural environment and refrigerated for a period of 28 days. A completely randomized design was adopted in a factorial arrangement with two temperatures (ambient and refrigerated)and five storage periods (1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days) totaling 10 treatments with six replications and four eggs per experimental unit. The quality parameters evaluated were weight of egg, yolk, albumen and shell, yolk index, Haugh Unit, percentage of eggshell, albumen and yolk and pH of albumen and yolk. In the chemical composition analysis of albumen and yolk, we determined moisture, total lipids, protein, total solids and ash contents. The functional properties studied were foaming, foam stability, emulsion formation, time necessary to destabilize the emulsion and yolk color index. The storage time influenced negatively the parameters for both white and brown eggs with more marked influence on eggs stored under ambient condition. In case of changes, they were more intense in the first seven days of storage regardless of storage condition. The refrigerated conditions improved the stability of foams, decreased the amount of oil required to form emulsion and intensified the yolk color index. Storage under refrigeration guarantees the quality, chemical composition and functional properties of white and brown eggs, during 28-day study, extending the shelf life and hence the use by food industries.
Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a influência do tempo e temperatura de estocagem sobre a qualidade, composição química e propriedades funcionais de ovos brancos e marrons oriundos de aves comerciais com 50 e 30 semanas de idade respectivamente. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos e em cada avaliação, foram selecionados 240 ovos, brancos (Exp. 1) e marrons (Exp. 2), ao acaso, com peso médio entre 55 e 65g sendo armazenados em ambiente natural e sob refrigeração por um período de 28 dias. Foi adotado delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial, composto de duas temperaturas (ambiente e refrigeração) e cinco períodos de estocagem (1, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias) totalizando 10 tratamentos com seis repetições e quatro ovos por unidade experimental. Os parâmetros de qualidade avaliados foram peso do ovo, gema, albúmen e casca, índice de gema, Unidade Haugh, porcentagem de casca, albúmen e gema e pH de gema e albúmen. Para determinação da composição química foram determinados os teores de umidade, lipídios totais, proteína bruta, sólidos totais e cinzas tanto de albúmen quanto da gema. As propriedades funcionais estudadas foram capacidade de formação de espuma, estabilidade da espuma formada, capacidade de formação de emulsão, determinação do início da desestabilização da emulsão e índice de coloração da gema. O tempo de armazenamento influenciou negativamente sobre os parâmetros avaliados, tanto para ovos brancos quanto marrons, apresentando influência mais marcante sobre ovos mantidos sob condição ambiente. As modificações quando ocorreram, foram mais intensas nos primeiros dias de estocagem independentemente da condição de armazenagem. A refrigeração melhorou a estabilidade das espumas, diminuiu o volume de óleo necessário para formar emulsão e intensificou o índice de coloração das gemas. O armazenamento sob refrigeração garantiu a manutenção da qualidade, composição química e propriedades funcionais durante os 28 dias do estudo para ovos brancos e marrons, ampliando a vida de prateleira e consequentemente o uso pelas indústrias alimentícias.

Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link is a European sand binding plant which was introduced to South Africa in the 1870's for the purpose of dune stabilisation. Because of its known invasiveness along the west coast of North America, and the problems South African ecosystems experience with alien invader plants, it was deemed necessary to study the biology and ecology of this species in South Africa. The aim of this thesis is to establish the potential invasiveness of A. arenaria on Cape coastal dunes and assess whether its use for dune stabilisation is still justifiable. A. arenaria occurs nowadays between the Langebaan area on the west coast and Gonubie in the Eastern Cape. Although widespread, the grass appears to occur only in areas where it has been planted. Its unaided spread may be prevented by adverse climatic conditions. Studies on the community biology of South African A. arenaria communities as compared to indigenous dune plant communities and natural A. arenaria communities in Europe cannot confirm the aggressive behaviour that A. arenaria shows in California and Oregon. In South Africa, A. arenaria does not exert strong floristic control over other species or outcompete and replace them, neither does it alter the topography of South African beaches and dunes. It forms weaker species associations and tends to develop communities of little species variability along the coast, thereby proving its alienness in South Africa, but this does not imply its invasiveness. Studies on succession of A. arenaria stabilisation areas show that monospecific A. arenaria plantings can be succeeded by a species-rich indigenous dune scrub or dune fynbos within a few decades. Plant-parasitic nematodes have been recorded, which may play an important role in the succession of A. arenaria stands in South Africa as was observed in Europe. Monitoring of A. arenaria communities and indigenous communities over nearly three years shows that A. arenaria is not spreading and replacing indigenous plants but in fact rather being replaced by the latter. A. arenaria profits from a superior sand burial tolerance but is affected by adverse climatic factors, mostly the lack of rainfall and strong radiation. In comparison to the indigenous dune grasses Thinopyrum distichum and Ehrharta villosa, it does not show any superior demographic traits such as an unusually high growth rate or large aboveground biomass production. Although A. arenaria produces viable seed in South Africa, the indigenous grasses show better germination and seedling establishment in the field. This study indicates that A. arenaria is not invasive in South Africa, nor likely to become an invader species in the near future. However, more research is required to confirm these results and more caution recommended regarding the further use of this alien grass for dune stabilisation.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed December 7, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 307-318).

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)
A produ??o de nanoparticulas de prata com extratos naturais tem sido apontada como uma excelente alternativa para potencializar ou fornecer novas aplicabilidades aos extratos. Extratos de polissacar?deos sulfatados de algas (ASP) apresentam propriedades farmacol?gicas, por?m h? poucos relatos da produ??o de nanopart?culas de prata com extratos ricos em polissacar?deos sulfatados (SPN). Assim, neste trabalho sintetizou-se SPN de algas encontradas no Brasil: Spatoglossum schr?ederi, Dictyopteris justii, Sargassum filipendula e Dictyota mertensii. A obten??o dos extratos ricos em polissacar?deos ocorreu por prote?lise seguida por precipita??o com metanol. A s?ntese das diferentes nanopart?culas ocorreu com a adi??o de solu??es de prata 1 mM em solu??es dos diferentes polissacar?deos e mantidos em repouso. Posteriormente as amostras foram centrifugadas e liofilizadas. A forma??o SPN foi confirmada por espectroscopia UV/vis?vel, microscopia eletr?nica de varredura e microscopia de for?a at?mica. O tamanho das SPN foi de 108 ? 2 nm; 82 ? 1nm; 288 ? 52 nm; 104 ? 2 nm para S. schr?ederi; D. justii; S. filipendula; D. mertensii, respectivamente e se manteve est?vel por catorze meses, os potenciais zeta foram negativos e as formas das SPN foram esf?ricas. Os resultados de diversos testes in vitro mostraram que as SPN potencializam as atividades antioxidantes de ASP. As SPN tamb?m foram biocompat?veis com c?lulas normais 3T3 (fibroblastos murinicos). Por outro lado, SPN de S schr?ederi e de D. mertensii tiveram atividade citot?xica (~60%) frente as c?lulas de melanoma mur?nico (B16F10) e acredita-se que a maior atividade citot?xica destas SPN ocorram devido aos seus pequenos tamanhos. SPN tamb?m tiveram grande capacidade antibacteriana. Nanopart?culas de D. justii e S. filipendula tiveram os melhores resultados, sendo necess?rio somente 50 ?g/mL para a morte da bact?ria E. coli e 100 ?g/mL para a morte de S. aureus. Hipotet?za-se que esta atividade ocorra por libera??o de prata pelas SPN. SPN tamb?m foram capazes de induzir a produ??o de ?xido n?trico e citocinas com perfil semelhante a os seus respectivos ASP, com exce??o para SPN de S. schr?ederi. Em geral, os resultados revelaram que a s?ntese de SPN a partir das ASP potencializa efeitos antioxidantes, citot?xico e antibacteriano dos ASP, al?m de apresentar o mesmo efeito imunomodulador de seus respectivos ASP. Os dados obtidos levam a propor que a s?ntese de SPN constituiu-se como um poss?vel mecanismo potencializador de atividades biol?gicas.
The production of silver nanoparticle containing natural extracts has been identified as an excellent alternative to enhance or provide new applicability for these extracts. Sulfated polysaccharides-rich extracts (ASP) from seaweeds showed several pharmacological properties, but there are few reports of the production of silver nanoparticle with sulfated polysaccharides (SPN). Therefore, this paper we synthesized SPN from seaweeds founded in Brazil: Spatoglossum schr?ederi, Dictyopteris justii, Sargassum filipendula e Dictyota mertensii. The obtainment of polysaccharides rich extracts it occurred by proteolysis followed by methanol precipitation. The synthesis of various nanoparticles occurred with the addition of silver solution 1 mM on different polysaccharides solutions and kept at rest. Subsequently the samples were centrifuge and lyophilized. The SPN formation was confirmed by UV/ visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The size of SPN was 108 ? 2 nm; 82 ? 1nm; 288 ? 52 nm; 104 ? 2 nm for S. schr?ederi; D. justii; S. filipendula; D. mertensii, respectively. The nanoparticules remained stable for fourteen months, the Zeta potential were negative and forms of SPN were rounded. Data from various antioxidant in vitro tests showed that the SPN were more effective than ASP. The SPN were also biocompatible with the normal cells 3T3 (murine fibroblast). Moreover, SPN of S. schr?ederi and of D. mertensii had cytotoxic activity (~60%) against melanoma cells (B16F10). We believe that the increased of cytotoxic activity of these SPN occur due to their small size. SPN also had great antibacterial capacity. D. justii and S. filipendula nanoparticles had the best results, requiring only 50 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL for induces E. coli and S. aureus death. We hypothesized that this activity occurs by release of SPN?s silver. SPN also increase the nitric oxide and cytokines release from macrophages as similar profile to the respective ASP, except for S. schr?ederi SPN. In general, the results showed that SPN were more effective as antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic agents than their respective ASP, as well as, SPN have shown the same immunomodulation effect of the respective ASP. The results lead to propose that the SPN synthesis constituted as a possible potentiating mechanism of biological activities of ASPs.

El present treball es centra en l'estudi a diferents nivells dels carotenoides de les espècies marrons de Bacteris Verds del Sofre (GSB, de l'anglès Green Sulfur Bacteria). L'objectiu global ha estat el d'esbrinar quina és la funció d'aquests pigments dins l'aparell fotosintètic d'aquests microorganismes i aprofundir en el coneixement de la seva estructura i interaccions amb els altres pigments de l'aparell fotosintètic.
En primer lloc es va dissenyar un nou mètode de cromatografia líquida d'alta resolució (HPLC) per analitzar de manera més ràpida i precisa els carotenoides de diferents soques de GSB (Capítol 3). Aquest mètode es basa en una purificació prèvia dels extractes pigmentaris amb columnes d'alúmina per eliminar les bacterioclorofil·les (BCls). Això va permetre analitzar amb una elevada resolució i en tan sols 45 min de carrera cromatogràfica els diferents carotenoides i els seus precursors, així com les configuracions trans i cis dels seus isòmers. El segon mètode utilitzat va consistir en una modificació del mètode de Borrego i Garcia-Gil (1994) i va permetre la separació precisa de tot tipus de pigments, procedents tant de cultius purs com de mostres de caràcter complex. Un exemple concret foren uns paleosediments de la zona lacustre de Banyoles. En aquests sediments (0,7-1,5 milions d'anys d'antiguitat) es van detectar, entre d'altres pigments, carotenoides específics de les espècies marrons de GSB, la qual cosa va permetre confirmar la presència d'aquests bacteris a la zona lacustre de Banyoles ja des del Pleistocè inferior.
En aquest primer capítol també es van analitzar els carotenoides de Chlorobium (Chl.) phaeobacteroides CL1401 mitjançant cromatografia líquida acoblada a espectrometria de masses (LC-MS/MS), amb l'objectiu de confirmar la seva identificació i el seu pes molecular. A més, també es va avaluar l'efecte de la temperatura, la llum i diferents agents oxidants i reductors en la composició quantitativa i qualitativa dels carotenoides i les BCls d'aquesta espècie. Això va permetre confirmar el caràcter fotosensible de les BCls i que els isòmers trans/cis dels diferents carotenoides no són artefactes produïts durant la manipulació de les mostres, sinó que són constitutius de l'aparell fotosintètic d'aquests microorganismes.
El Capítol 4 inclou els experiments de fisiologia duts a terme amb algunes espècies de GSB, a partir dels quals es va intentar esbrinar la dinàmica de síntesi dels diferents pigments de l'aparell fotosintètic (BCl antena, BCl a i carotenoides) durant el creixement d'aquestes espècies. Aquestes investigacions van permetre monitoritzar també els canvis en el nombre de centres de reacció (CR) durant el procés d'adaptació lumínica. La determinació experimental del nombre de CR es va realitzar a partir de la quantificació de la BCl663, l'acceptor primari en la cadena de transport d'electrons dels GSB. L'estimació del nombre de CR/clorosoma es va realitzar tant a partir de dades estequiomètriques i biomètriques presents a la bibliografia, com a partir de les dades experimentals obtingudes en el present treball. El bon ajust obtingut entre les diferents estimacions va donar solidesa al valor estequiomètric calculat, que fou, com a promig, d'uns 70 CR per clorosoma.
En aquest capítol de fisiologia també es van estudiar les variacions en les relacions trans/cis pels principals carotenoides de les espècies marrons de GSB. Aquestes es van determinar a partir de cultius purs de laboratori i de poblacions naturals de GSB. Pel que fa als valors trobats en cultius de laboratori no es van observar diferències destacades entre el valor calculat a alta intensitat de llum i el calculat a baixa intensitat, essent en ambdós casos proper a 2. En els clorosomes aïllats de diferents soques marrons aquest quocient prengué un valor similar tant pels isòmers de l'isorenieratè (Isr) com pels del -isorenieratè (-Isr). En poblacions naturals de Chl. phaeobacteroides aquesta relació va ser també de 2 isòmers trans per cada isòmer cis, mantenint-se constant tant en fondària com al llarg del temps.
Finalment, en el Capítol 5 es presenta un marcador molecular que permet la identificació específica d'espècies marrons de GSB. Malgrat que inicialment aquest marcador fou dissenyat a partir d'un gen implicat en la síntesi de carotenoides (crtY, el qual codifica per a una licopè ciclasa) la seqüència final a partir de la qual s'han aconseguit els encebadors selectius està relacionada amb la família de proteïnes de les Policètid-ceto-sintases (PKT). Tot i així, l'eina dissenyada pot ser de gran utilitat per a la discriminació d'espècies marrons de GSB respecte les verdes en poblacions mixtes com les que es troben en ambients naturals i obre la porta a futurs experiments d'ecologia microbiana utilitzant tècniques com la PCR en temps real, que permetria la monitorització selectiva de les poblacions d'espècies marrons de GSB en ecosistemes naturals.
El presente trabajo se centra en el estudio a partir de distintos niveles de los carotenoides de las especies marrones de Bacterias Verdes del Azufre (GSB, del inglés Green Sulfur Bacteria). El objetivo global ha sido el de averiguar cual es la función de estos pigmentos en estos microorganismos así como ampliar los conocimientos de su estructura y interacciones con los otros pigmentos del aparato fotosintético.
En primer lugar se diseñó un método de cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC) para analizar de forma más precisa y rápida los carotenoides de distintas cepas de GSB (Capítulo 3). Este método se caracteriza por una purificación previa de los extractos pigmentarios mediante columnas de alúmina para eliminar las bacterioclorofilas (BCls). Esto permitió analizar con una elevada resolución y en tan sólo 45 min de carrera cromatográfica los distintos carotenoides y sus precursores, así como las configuraciones trans y cis de sus isómeros. El segundo de los métodos utilizado consistió en una modificación del método de Borrego y Garcia-Gil (1994) y permitió la separación precisa de todo tipo de pigmentos, procedentes tanto de cultivos puros como de muestras de carácter complejo. Un ejemplo concreto fueron los sedimentos antiguos de la zona lacustre de Banyoles. En estos sedimentos (0,7-1,5 millones de años de antigüedad) se detectaron, entre otros pigmentos, carotenoides específicos de las especies marrones de GSB, lo que permitió confirmar la presencia de estas bacterias en la zona lacustre de Banyoles ya des del Pleistoceno inferior.
En este primer capítulo también se analizaron los carotenoides de Chlorobium (Chl.) phaeobacteroides CL1401 mediante cromatografía líquida acoplada a espectrometría de masas (LC-MS/MS), con el objetivo de confirmar su identificación y su peso molecular. Además, también se analizó el efecto de la temperatura, la luz y distintos agentes oxidantes y reductores sobre la composición cuantitativa y cualitativa de los carotenoides y las BCls de esta especie. Estos experimentos permitieron confirmar el carácter fotosensible de las BCls y que los isómeros trans/cis de los distintos carotenoides no son artefactos producidos durante la manipulación de las muestras sino que son constitutivos del aparato fotosintético de estos microorganismos.
El Capítulo 4 incluye los experimentos de fisiología realizados con algunas especies de GSB, centrados en elucidar los mecanismos en la dinámica de síntesis de los distintos pigmentos (BCl antena, BCl a i carotenoides) durante el crecimiento de estas especies. Estas investigaciones permitieron monitorizar también las variaciones en el número de CR durante el proceso de adaptación lumínica. A partir de la cuantificación de la BCl663, el aceptor primario en la cadena de transporte de electrones en GSB, se calculó el número de CR. La estimación de la relación CR/clorosoma se llevó a cabo, primero a partir de datos estequiométricos y biométricos presentes en la bibliografía, y luego a partir de los datos experimentales de este trabajo. El buen ajuste entre las distintas estimaciones dio solidez al valor estequiométrico calculado, el cual fue, como promedio, de unos 70 CR por clorosoma.
En este capítulo de fisiología también se estudiaron las variaciones en las relaciones trans/cis entre los principales carotenoides de las especies marrones de GSB. Estas se determinaron a partir de cultivos puros de laboratorio y a partir de poblaciones naturales de GSB. Las relaciones calculadas para los cultivos no presentaron diferencias destacadas en función de las condiciones de iluminación de estos. En las dos condiciones estudiadas, alta y baja intensidad de luz, el valor de la relación trans/cis fue aproximadamente de 2. En clorosomas aislados de distintas cepas marrones de GSB la relación también fue aproximadamente de 2, tanto para el isorenierateno (Isr) como para el -isoreniearateno (-Isr). En poblaciones naturales de Chl. phaeobacteroides esta relación fue también de 2 isómeros trans por cada isómero cis, manteniéndose constante tanto en profundidad como a lo largo del tiempo.
Finalmente, en el Capítulo 5 se presenta un marcador molecular que permitió la identificación específica de especies marrones de GSB. A pesar que su diseño inicial fue a partir de un gen implicado en la síntesis de carotenoides (crtY, que codifica para una licopeno ciclasa) la secuencia final a partir de la cual se han obtenido los encebadores selectivos está relacionada con la familia de proteínas de las Policétido-ceto-sintasas (PKT). A pesar de todo, la nueva herramienta puede ser de gran utilidad para la discriminación de especies marrones de GSB respecto a las verdes en poblaciones mixtas como las que se encuentran en ambientes naturales y abre las puertas a futuros experimentos de ecología microbiana utilizando técnicas como la PCR en tiempo real, que permitiría la monitorización selectiva de las poblaciones de especies marrones de GSB en ecosistemas naturales.
This study is focused on the composition, distribution and function of carotenoids in the photosynthetic antenna of brown-coloured species of Green Sulfur Bacteria (GSB).
The first part of the work has focused on the development of two different reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods to study the diversity of carotenoids from different species of GSB (Chapter 3). We also introduced a pre-treatment of samples that provides a better resolution on the separation of all carotenoids including the all-trans and cis isomers, in a run time of 45 min. For complex pigment samples, such as untreated extracts or sediment pigment samples where a high diversity of pigments is suspected, we modified an existing method (Borrego and Garcia-Gil, 1994) to achieve the complete separation of all carotenoids as well as all the different bacteriochlorophylls (BChls) homologues and algal pigments. This modification was successfully applied for the detection and identification of pigments in ancient sediments (0.7-1.5 million years-old) from a quarry located in the lacustrine area of Banyoles. The detection of signature pigments for brown-coloured GSB confirmed the presence of GSB in the lacustrine area of Banyoles at least since mid-Pleistocene.
In this first part we also analyzed the carotenoids from Chlorobium (Chl) phaeobacteroides CL1401 by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to confirm their identification and determine their molecular mass. Besides, several experiments were done to evaluate the effect of temperature, light and different oxidising and reducing chemical agents in the quantitative and qualitative composition of carotenoids and BCls in Chl. phaeobacteroides CL1401. These results confirmed that BCls are easily photodamaged and that the all-trans and cis isomers are constitutive components of the photosynthetic apparatus of GSB and then they are not artefacts produced during sample manipulation.
Chapter 4 compiles a series of experiments carried out to elucidate the dynamics of pigment synthesis during growth of several species of GSB under different light conditions. Also these investigations allowed us to monitor the changes in the number of reaction centers (RC) during the light adaptation process. The number of RC was determined from the chromatographic quantification of BChl663, the primary acceptor in the electron transport chain in GSB. The estimation of RC per chlorosome was done according to both previous pigment stoichiometries and biometric values and from the experimental data obtained in this work. An average value of 70 RC per chlorosome was obtained. This value agrees with current models of pigment composition in the photosynthetic apparatus of GSB.
In this chapter the study of the evolution of trans/cis ratios for the main carotenoids in GSB during light adaptation is also included. This ratio was calculated for different strains and chlorosomes of GSB and also from natural populations of Chl. phaeobacteroides thriving in a meromictic lake. No differences were found for the trans/cis ratio between cultures grown at saturating and limiting light conditions (trans/cis ratio of 2). Furthermore, similar values were found in isolated chlorosomes of different brown-coloured strains of GSB and in natural populations. In this case the trans/cis ratio remained fairly constant throughout the water column and also along the studied growth period of the population.
Finally, in Chapter 5 we present a new molecular marker for the specific detection of brown-species of GSB. Although the designed primers originally targeted a gene involved in the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids (CrtY that encodes a lycopene cyclase), final sequence retrieved matches with a gene related to the Polyketide ketosynthases protein family. The precise function of this protein in GSB remains hitherto unknown. However, the availability of this molecular tool opens the door for future investigations on the microbial ecology of brown-coloured species of GSB using techniques as Real-time PCR to selectively monitor populations of these microorganisms in their natural habitats.

Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo, estudar, a morfologia das glândulas produtoras de veneno da aranha L intermedia, bem como esclarecer questões relacionadas ao perfil e funções dos oligossacarídeos conjugados às glicoproteínas deste veneno. A aranha marrom, do gênero Loxosceles, tornou-se de grande importância médica, devido aos acidentes de envenenamento (loxoscelismo) que vem ocorrendo em diferentes partes do mundo. As atividades biológicas do veneno da aranha marrom normalmente incluem lesões dermonecróticas no local da picada, acompanhadas por efeitos hemolíticos e hemorrágicos e também pelo quadro clínico de insuficiência renal aguda (IRA). Pelo uso de microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e de varredura, demonstrou-se que a organização das glândulas produtoras de veneno de Loxosceles intermedia seguem a arquitetura geral das glândulas de veneno de outras aranhas. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostrou que as glândulas de veneno são estruturas pares, situadas no cefalotórax e que descarregam seus produtos de secreção diretamente em um par de tubos ligados a cada quelícera. Usando-se microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, observou-se que as glândulas apresentam camadas de fibras de músculos estriados, em contato com uma membrana basal que separa a região muscular da camada epitelial. As células epiteliais possuem um citoplasma rico em retículo endoplasmático rugoso, mitocôndrias, complexo de Golgi e vesículas secretoras contendo o veneno, uma mistura complexa de proteínas. Com as técnicas de lectina-blotting, cromatografia de afinidade lectínica e tratamentos com glicosidases, detectou-se no veneno estruturas do tipo alta-manose N-ligadas, proteínas com resíduos de fucose N-Iigados e proteínas com resíduos de N-acetilgalactosamina O-ligados, mas ausência de glicosaminoglicanos ou estruturas complexas contendo galactose ou ácido siálico terminais. Com veneno deglicosilado enzimática ou quimicamente, demonstrou-se que a agregação plaquetária (atividade trombocitopênica), como também os efeitos fibronectinolítico e fibrinogenolítico (hemorrágicos), são açúcar-independentes quando comparados com os efeitos do veneno glicosilado. Uma análise através de zimograma copolimerizado em géis de gelatina, mostrou que a loxolisina B, uma metaloprotease gelatinolítica de 32-35 kDa, é uma glicoproteína do tipo alta-manose e que após uma N-deglicosilação enzimática teve seu peso molecular reduzido em aproximadamente 2 kDa e seu efeito gelatinolítico residual em 28%, quando comparado com a molécula glicosilada. Nesta condição apontou também uma atividade gelatinolítica dependente da glicosilação pós-traducional. O tratamento químico ou enzimático do veneno de L. intermedia (deglicosilação), reduziu significativamente seu efeito dermonecrótico quando testado experimentalmente em coelhos. Este dado sugere fortemente que resíduos de oligossacarídeos exercem um importante papel nos efeitos lesivos do veneno da aranha marrom e abre a possibilidade de se postular uma terapia tópica das lesões cutâneas, baseada em carboidratos.

Models to estimate UCS, Young’s modulus and tensile strength in Fortescue Metals Group Marra Mamba Cloudbreak and Christmas Creek iron ore were created. They use grade, density and shear velocity to provide detailed rock strength values to mine schedules. New methods to convert MASW to ultrasonic Vs and a new approach to increase standardisation of rock strength models are presented.

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Études romanes--Paris 4, 2001. Titre de soutenance : L'Inquisition et les judéoconvers en Basse Andalousie occidentale : les contours d'une histoire politique et sociale à la fin du XVe siècle.
En appendice, choix de documents. Bibliogr. p. 579-609. Index.

Aquatic polyculture has been recognised as a potential way of increasing the costeffectiveness of farming marron (Cherax tenuimanus), as it can lower average costs of production, increase system yields, and reduce economic risks associated with monoculture operations. Polyculture also increases ecological stability and assists recycling processes, which can result in synergistic benefits to participating species. In aquaculture, this synergism can result in increased profitability through advanced growth rates and/or reduced feed input. However, many of the inherent advantages of aquatic polyculture rely on cohabitants occupying distinct ecological niches within the system. In Western Australia, opportunities to multi-crop aquatic species are limited by species choice due to low natural diversity and strict translocation policies. This creates a situation where available aquaculture species exhibit overlaps in occupied niches. Effects of this overlap can include direct predation, increased intraspecific conflict, and competition for resources such as shelter and food. Prior to this study, silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) were identified as a prime candidate for duoculture with marron, based on favourable schooling and feeding characteristics, and preliminary trials demonstrated commercial benefits, including synergistic growth advantages to marron. However, investigations also showed that silver perch will predate on both small and moulting crayfish under certain conditions, and that growth of silver perch was inhibited when held in cages to prevent predation. The work reported in this thesis was undertaken to address the niche overlap existing between marron and silver perch, and therefore assist the marron industry in Western Australia in implementing appropriate management strategies for diversification.Research focussed on investigating the ecological issues underlying interspecific interactions in marron polysystems, with the eventual aim of presenting information that could assist system managers in determining optimal conditions required to reduce antagonistic relationships and maximise synergism, ultimately leading to higher yields. Seven trials were conducted in three culture systems (54L aquaria, 250L aquaria and 720m2 experimental ponds) examining the ability of marron to detect, recognise and respond to a range of information cues (chemical, visual, tactile) from two potential predators (silver perch and Murray cod), with and without competition from conspecific and heterospecific crayfish (Cherax albidus). The ability of marron to interpret and respond appropriately to these variables was tested under a range of system-specific conditions, including stocking density, stocking size, shelter/habitat complexity, food availability, light intensity and life stage. Cage culture conditions were also examined to determine if the addition of shelter would mediate growth inhibition previously recorded, and to determine the desired stocking regime to return market sized fish in one growth season (8 months). Results from laboratory research and field-based trials did not support the free-range culture of marron and silver perch, even where turbidity and habitat complexity is high. Although both male and female marron (various sizes) demonstrated an ability to detect and differentiate between chemical and visual cues from potential predators, avoidance responses were only displayed upon attack from predators, or following predation of conspecifics; and avoidance strategies employed by marron were relatively ineffective.Although marron showed some capacity to recognise an impending predatory threat, high initial mortalities and growth inhibition due to reduced foraging, would greatly reduce system yields. In addition, intraspecific competition between marron is likely to increase as avoidance responses would lead to high relative densities within shelters. The lack of avoidance behaviour displayed by marron when only visual and chemical cues from predators are present strongly supports cage culture of silver perch in marron ponds. As marron did not appear to alter their general behaviour (e.g. foraging) based on cues associated with silver perch held in cages they stand to benefit from cohabitation. Field-trials examining the pond culture of marron and caged silver perch demonstrated synergistic growth advantages to marron, compared to monoculture, and also identified several system variables that appear to improve polyculture production. The addition of bank shelters (within 1m of waters edge) was suggested to give marron a competitive advantage when moulting, expressed through growth and survival. Survival of marron was also increased in caged polyculture ponds, compared to monoculture, most likely due to increased health status (due to improved recycling) and/ or increased habitat complexity owing to the presence of fish cages. Growth inhibition previously reported when silver perch are held in cages was mediated to some degree by cage shelters, which appeared to increase feeding behaviour, reduce general anxiety and resulted in increased growth. The introduction of advanced silver perch fingerlings in order to produce market-sized fish in one growth season was also supported. However, it is recommended that cage culture dynamics require further elucidation if silver perch are to be commercially successful as a stand-alone crop using this growout strategy.Significantly, the synergistic growth advantages experienced by marron when grown with fish demonstrate value from polyculture even if fish are not depended on as a secondary income. In this case, other species may also provide similar advantages, and a native candidate such as freshwater cobbler (Tandanus bostocki) would also redress problems associated with translocation laws restricting the use of silver perch in some areas of Western Australia. As no density effects were recorded in any of the trials conducted for either species, further investigation into increased system loads is required. In addition, as nutrient loads, and thus phytoplankton density, usually increases proportionately with pond biomass it is recommended that an additional herbivorous species, for example white eye mullet (Mugil cephalus), be examined in conjunction with increased density trials. Field research reported in this thesis was carried out in earthen ponds utilising remediated water from a acidified mine lake. Over a three-year period water quality parameters were maintained within optimal ranges for marron and silver perch, and survival and growth of both species was comparable to industry levels. These results validate the effectiveness of mine-water treatment technology; and accordingly, results support commercial viability of crayfish polyculture utilising remediated acid mine water. The large water resources offered by the numerous artificial lakes created from open cut mining has the potential to sustain a large successful aquaculture industry for Collie (Western Australia), and in other areas with extension of water treatment technology.The incorporation of caged silver perch into marron ponds not only takes advantage of the inherent economic and risk-spreading benefits from a diversified management strategy, but also incorporates a number of within-system benefits due to synergism between species. The ecological approach to aquatic polyculture research reported in this thesis has elucidated key communication factors underlying interactions within crayfish polysystems, which is critical to a knowledge-based approach to system management.

Orientador: Emilia Pietrafesa de Godoi
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: O presente trabalho investiga o papel desempenhado pela memória em uma dinâmica identitária em curso na comunidade negra rural de Cambará, localizada na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Desde o início desta década, a referida comunidade vem reivindicando a identidade de remanescente de quilombo e o cumprimento das garantias constitucionais previstas, em legislação, a tais grupos, especialmente a titulação de suas terras. Para além da questão da mobilização da memória em contextos de reivindicações identitárias, busca-se perceber as dimensões de justiça presentes nas narrativas sobre o passado. Situam-se essas narrativas por meio da descrição dos diferentes contextos onde se deu a expressão de experiências, sem, contudo, reduzi-las a meras adequações ao contexto político contemporâneo
Abstract: The present work investigates the role played by memory in a dynamics of identity formation taking place in the rural black community of Cambará, located in the central region of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. The community has been claiming a maroon-descendant identity and compliance with the constitutional guarantees such groups are entitled to, especially land titling. Besides aiming at understanding how memory is activated in contexts of identity claim, this study focuses on the dimensions of justice found in narratives about the past. These narratives are situated by means of the description of the different contexts in which the expression of experiences occurred; an attempt is made not reduce these experiences to mere adaptations to the contemporary Brazilian political context
Mestrado
Mestre em Antropologia Social

Corymbia calophylla (marri), a keystone tree species in the global biodiversity hot spot of south-western Australia, is suffering decline and mortality due to canker disease caused by the endemic fungus Quambalaria coyrecup. Phytophthora species, fine root oomycete pathogens, are frequently isolated from the rhizosphere of dying C. calophylla, raising the possibility that a Phytophthora infection predisposes C. calophylla to this endemic canker pathogen by compromising its defence mechanisms. Field surveys conducted across the C. calophylla range, found Phytophthora to be present in the rhizosphere of C. calophylla. Five Phytophthora species (P. cinnamomi, P. elongata, P. multivora, P. pseudocryptogea and P. versiformis) were recovered from healthy and cankered C. calophylla. Phytophthora incidence was significantly higher in anthropogenically disturbed areas. Pot infestation trials were conducted where the C. calophylla plants were inoculated with the recovered Phytophthora species. A significant reduction in root volume and even seedling death were observed, demonstrating that Phytophthora can adversely affect C. calophylla health. In a follow-up trial, C. calophylla plants were inoculated with both P. cinnamomi and Q. coyrecup and subjected to a drought stress treatment. Results indicated that neither P. cinnamomi nor the drought stress treatments exacerbated the pathogenic effect of Q. coyrecup on the plants. During these trials, weekly reflectance spectroscopic measurements with a portable high-resolution spectroradiometer, were also taken to investigate its potential to track biochemical changes in the C. calophylla leaves due to these treatments. Reflectance values displayed differences between treatments, as well as a seasonal trend in the leaves. Bandwidths in the visible and shortwave infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum were demonstrated to be important regions for characterising C. calophylla response to the Phytophthora, Q. coyrecup, waterlogging and drought stress treatments. More work is required to identify the optimum wavelengths for C. calophylla. Once the optimum bandwidths have been determined, reflectance spectroscopy measurements can be scaled up to canopy level, using unmanned vehicles or fixed-wing aircraft; thus, aiding in the management of this canker disease in C. calophylla.

Six 90-day feeding experiments including outdoor commercial marron ponds trial were designed and conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Sel-Plex® as a source of organic selenium (OS) supplementation in marron, Cherax cainii (Austin, 2002). The effects were evaluated by measuring the growth performances, health indices, immunity responses and antioxidant enzyme activity and finally validated by comparing the marron performance results with other currently employed probiotics under outdoor commercial marron farm environment.Various marron sizes, mean initial weights of 3.6; 40 and 76 g, were used and reared inder laboratory conditions in the plastic cylindrical tanks with filtration, aeration; automatic heater and PVC pipes for shelter. The marron were fed at a rate of 3% of body weight every second day. Uneaten food and faeces were siphoned out before the next feeding and sufficient freshwater was added to maintain 70 L of water in every tank. During each experiment, water parameter such as temperature, pH, nitrate, nitrite and ammonia levels were measured once a week. To evaluate the effects of Sel-Plex® supplementation, growth and physiology parameters such as, initial and final weight; carapace and total length; specific growth rate (SGR); daily weight gain (DWG); average weekly gain (AWG); relative growth rate (RGR) and organosomatic indices were used as a tool to evaluate of OS supplementation on the marron‘s growth and health performance. Meanwhile, immune parameters such as total and differential haemocyte count (THC and DHC); neutral red dye retention time (NRRT); lysosomal membrane integrity and bacteraemia were also used as an indicator of the health of marron fed OS. Besides growth, physiological and immune indices, the health of digestive tract such as histology of midgut and hepatopancreas; condition of microvilli; amylase and protease activity of marron fed OS were assessed to examine the effects of OS supplementation.As selenium (Se) can be retained in the various tissues and influence on antioxidant enzymes activity, total Se retention in the hepatopancreas and muscle were determined in the backdrop of antioxidant enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and lipid peroxidase (LPO) measurements.Sel-Plex® supplementation of 0.1-0.3 g kg-1 showed improvements in survival, physiological and immunological responses in the marron. The optimum level of Sel-Plex® supplementation was found at 0.2 g kg-1 of feed which improved the survival, health and immune status of the cultured marron. Dietary inclusion of Sel-Plex® also enhanced the health of the digestive system as shown by a healthier midgut and hepatopancreatic condition in term of the number of microvilli and structural improvements, respectively. In addition, marron fed 0.2 g kg-1 of Sel-Plex® also improved the digestive enzyme activity and increased resistance ability of marron against Vibrio mimicus infections. Further, dietary 0.2 g kg-1 Sel-Plex® in the diet showed higher antioxidant enzymatic activity and improved lysosomal membrane integrity, reduced LPO and higher total soluble Se retention in the muscle of marron compared to inorganic form of Se and mannan oligosaccharide (MOS). Higher levels of dietary Sel-Plex®, however, led to increased stress in the cultured marron.The LC50-96h of Sel-Plex® was calculated at 166.28 g L-1, indicating that natural presence of OS in the water is not harmful to marron. The trial in commercial ponds found that pond-water temperature was significantly higher than the temperature under laboratory conditions resulting in higher growth performances. Further, THC and total soluble Se retention in the muscle of the marron fed any supplement were higher than in marron fed the control diet under outdoor commercial environment. The pond-reared marron fed OS had significantly higher SGR and total Se retention in the muscle tissues but lower THC than laboratory-reared marron. The DHC of marron fed OS did not show significantly difference (P>0.05) between pond-reared marron and laboratory-reared marron. The present research concludes that Sel-Plex® as a source of OS can be used as a dietary supplement to improve growth and health of marron. 0.2 g kg-1 of Sel-Plex® which approximately equates to 0.4 mg kg-1 OS is suggested to be added in the basal diet in order to attain the optimum benefit of OS.

Orientador: Fernando Antonio Lourenço
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: O período que antecede o golpe militar de 1964 foi marcado por profundas tensões sociais no campo brasileiro, com a intensa participação de grupos organizados demandando projetos de reforma agrária e acesso a direitos. Esta pesquisa propõe uma análise entre diferentes formas de luta colocadas em prática nos estados do Rio Grande do Sul e de Pernambuco entre o final da década de 1950 e início de 1960. O estado gaúcho foi palco de uma série de mobilizações que foram legitimadas pelas ações promovidas especialmente durante o governo de Leonel Brizola (1959-1963), por meio do recurso aos dispositivos legais existentes na Constituição do estado. Em Pernambuco emergiram as Ligas Camponesas, movimento que corporificou grande parte a luta pela reforma agrária no país à época, sedimentando espaço para o avanço de medidas como a sindicalização dos trabalhadores rurais, implantada durante o curto governo de Miguel Arraes (1963-1964). Assim, a tese busca apontar como diferentes formas de enfrentamento dos problemas no campo contribuíram direta ou indiretamente para a consolidação de instrumentos de luta que se mantiveram como fonte de resistência, mesmo depois do avanço da repressão imposta pelo regime militar
Abstract: The period before the military coup of 1964 was marked by profound social tensions in the Brazilian rural area, with the active participation of organized groups demanding land reform projects and access to rights. This research proposes an analysis of different forms of struggle put into practice in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Pernambuco between the late 1950s and early 1960s. The gaucho state was the scene for a series of demonstrations that were legitimized by the actions promoted especially during the administration of Leonel Brizola (1959-1963), by using existing legal provisions in the state constitution. In the state of Pernambuco emerged the Peasant Leagues (Ligas Canponesas), a movement that embodied much of the struggle for land reform in the country at the time, settling room for advanced measures, such as the unionization of agricultural workers, introduced in the short government of Miguel Arraes (1963-1964). Thus, the thesis seeks to identify how different ways of coping with problems in the rural area contributed directly or indirectly to the consolidation of instruments of struggle that remained as a source of strength even after the advance of repression imposed by the military regime
Doutorado
Ciencias Sociais
Doutor em Ciências Sociais

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The objetive of this academic work is to analyze and problematize a history of the Carnival of Recife in the period 1955-1964. At that time, organizing the reign of Momo became a political priority, for the administrators considered necessary to create public policies capable of solving a question that was a time of prominence in the newspapers of the city: to save the Carnival of Recife from the "decay". The 1950s is a milestone for historiography that analyzes the Carnival of Recife. Soon after the end of the celebrations of the 1955, the Municipality of the city, through the bill authored by the Alderman Antonio Batista de Sousa, tries to take to himself the organization of the party. According to some periodicals, the measure appears in the attempt to "save the reign of Momo", that according to the same, was "dying to the few". This way, in 1955, the mayor Djair Brindeiro sanctioned the law No. 3.346, of June 7, officializing the Carnival of the city, that happened to be organized by the Department of Documentation and Culture (DDC). This law had as its objective the promotion of tradition-oriented Carnival, thus preserving the clubs of frevo, maracatus and caboclinhos clubs. Among the measures proposed by law, financial assistance was provided to the blocks, samba schools and other Carnival associations that contributed to the animation and consolidation of the Recife Carnival. In this research we analyze the political and social disputes and the prohibitions to the practices considered subversive, that were common in the days of Momo. However, we also emphasize the resistance of the popular that equated to any kind of rule or prohibition.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar e problematizar a história do Carnaval do Recife no período de 1955-1964. Nessa época, organizar o reinado de Momo tornou-se uma prioridade política, pois os administradores julgavam necessário criar políticas públicas capazes de solucionar uma questão que há décadas era destaque nos periódicos da cidade: salvar o Carnaval do Recife da “decadência”. A década de 1950 é um marco para historiografia que analisa o Carnaval do Recife. Logo após o fim dos festejos momescos de 1955, a Prefeitura da cidade, através do projeto de lei de autoria do Vereador Antônio Batista de Sousa, tenta tomar para si a organização da festa. Segundo alguns periódicos, a medida surge na tentativa de “salvar o reinado de Momo”, que segundo os mesmos, estava “morrendo aos poucos”. Desse modo, em 1955, o prefeito Djair Brindeiro sancionou a lei Nº 3.346, de sete de junho, oficializando o Carnaval da cidade, que passou a ser organizado pelo Departamento de Documentação e Cultura (DDC). Essa lei tinha por objetivo a promoção do Carnaval voltado para a tradição, preservando assim os clubes de frevo, maracatus e os clubes de caboclinhos. Entre as medidas propostas pela lei, foi prevista uma ajuda financeira aos blocos, escolas de samba e demais agremiações Carnavalescas que contribuíssem para animação e consolidação do Carnaval do Recife. Nesta pesquisa analisamos as disputas políticas, sociais e as proibições às práticas consideradas subversivas, que eram comuns nos dias de Momo. No entanto, ressaltamos também a resistência dos populares que equiparavam-se a qualquer tipo de norma ou proibição.

Resumo: A linhaça, semente do linho (Linum usitatissimum Linaceae) contém elevado teor dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados oleico, linoleico e linolênico, os quais são considerados essenciais, por não serem sintetizados pelo organismo humano. Todavia, quando ingeridos através da alimentação contribuem para a prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares e para regulação hormonal. A identificação e quantificação de ácidos graxos presentes na linhaça é tradicionalmente realizada através de cromatografia gasosa. No entanto, esta técnica é demorada e requer procedimentos de extração prévia dos ácidos graxos. Análises de espectroscopia no infravermelho têm sido empregadas como ferramentas analíticas alternativas rápidas, seletivas, de simples operação e baixo custo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a possibilidade de utilização de análises de infravermelho, em substituição a análises de cromatografia gasosa, para quantificação dos ácidos graxos oleico, linoleico e linolênico, em sementes e farinhas de linhaça das variedades dourada e marrom. Análise de componentes principais (PCA) e processos de calibração multivariada, particularmente a regressão de mínimos quadrados parciais (PLSR), foram utilizados com o objetivo de desenvolver modelos para validação das determinações dos ácidos graxos oleico, linoleico e linolênico, através de espectroscopia no infravermelho, com Transformada de Fourier, no modo de reflectância difusa. Os dados de espectroscopia infravermelho foram utilizados na faixa entre 9.000 e 4.000 cm-1 para o infravermelho próximo (NIR), e de 4.000 e 750 cm-1 para o infravermelho médio (MID). Os modelos de regressão para previsão do teor de ácidos graxos em sementes apresentaram coeficientes de determinação mais elevados na região do NIR, com médias de erro padrão relativo de 0,80%, 1,61% e 0,63%, respectivamente, para os ácidos graxos oleico, linoleico e linolênico. Para as farinhas, a região do NIR forneceu modelos de regressão com maiores coeficientes de determinação (R2val = 0,99) tanto para o ácido oleico quanto para o ácido linolênico, com erro padrão relativo de 1,02% e 1,21%, respectivamente. Já para o teor de ácido linoleico o maior coeficiente de determinação (R2val = 0,88) foi obtido na região do infravermelho médio, sendo que o erro padrão médio relativo foi de 0,76%. Estes dados demonstram que análises de espectroscopia de infravermelho podem ser utilizadas para predição acurada do teor de ácidos graxos em sementes e farinhas de linhaça. Estes dados ainda demonstram que análises de infravermelho podem ser utilizadas como técnicas alternativas eficazes, rápidas e com menor custo para determinação de ácidos graxos em linhaça, em substituição a tradicionalmente utilizada cromatografia gasosa.

[EN] ABSTRACT Alternaria brown spot (ABS), caused by the 'tangerine' pathotype of Alternaria alternata, (Fr.) Keissl. is a serious disease in several mandarin cultivars such as 'Fortune', 'Nova' and other hybrids. Although the disease is widespread in the Mediterranean Basin, the epidemiology of the disease in semi-arid conditions is unknown. Epidemiological studies were conducted during two consecutive years in Spain. The presence of inoculum was studies on leaves, twigs and fruit on affected trees, as well as weeds and leaf litter was determined. The dynamics of airborne conidia of Alternaria were studied with a spore trap and by exposing plates of the semi-selective medium ARSA. The effect of environmental factors in the incidence of ABS was studied through exposure of trap plants. Conidia of Alternaria were continuously detected throughout the period of study and pathogenic isolates were obtained in all sampling dates. Affected leaves and shoots were considered the main source of inoculum, with 15-76% of pathogenic isolates. Pathogenic isolates were also found in leaf litter and weeds of the genus Sonchus. The pathogen survived in fallen immature leaves for up to 76 days. In contrast to humid areas, infections occurred mainly in spring and autumn, on weeks with rainfall >2.5 mm and average temperature >12.5°C. The infection efficiency of the pathogen was studied by inoculating plants of 'Fortune' and 'Nova' under different combinations of temperature (8-35°C) and wetness durations (8-48 hours). Disease incidence significantly increased with leaf wetness duration over 16 hours, decreased with temperatures below 12°C or above 27°C. No infections were observed at 35ºC. The incidence did not increase after a dry period of one hour in 'Fortune' and two hours in 'Nova'. Post-infection temperature had a significant effect in the incubation period of the pathogen. The two infection models obtained, the Alter-Rater model and a simple rule system (SRS) based on temperature and rainfall were evaluated using independent infection data obtained from trap plants exposed weekly in three orchards during 2011 to 2013. Model evaluation was performed using ROC curve analysis. None of the models evaluated was appropriate to predict infections in 'Fortune', in the case of 'Nova', the SRS model had a sensitivity of 0.93 and a specificity of 0.84. This model is currently implemented in the online platform 'gipcitricos' for the integrated management of ABS in Spain. Some studies indicate that flood irrigation could increase leaf wetness duration and the subsequent risk of infection, but there are no specific studies in citrus. Values of soil moisture content, leaf wetness duration, relative humidity, temperature and rainfall were recorded in three mandarin plots with flood irrigation and three plots with drip irrigation during 2012 and 2013. The average daily leaf wetness duration was 4-8 hours with a maximum of 20-23 hours. The dynamics of leaf wetness duration was analyzed by time series ARIMA model (1,1,1). The MAE of the models was 3.17 to 3.91 hours. The increase of leaf wetness duration was not associated with flood irrigations neither in graphical analysis of the residuals and tests or interventions. The increase in leaf wetness duration was associated only with some rain events.
[ES] RESUMEN La mancha marrón causada por un patotipo del hongo Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. es un factor limitante para algunas variedades de mandarina como 'Fortune', 'Nova' y otros híbridos. La información existente sobre la epidemiologia de la enfermedad procede de las regiones húmedas de Florida, y no puede extrapolarse a las zonas semi-áridas. Por ello se inició un estudio para caracterizar la epidemiología de la mancha marrón en las condiciones de España durante dos años consecutivos. Se determinó la presencia de inóculo en las hojas, brotes y frutos de los árboles afectados, en la hojarasca del suelo y las malas hierbas. Para ello se siguió la dinámica de las conidias de Alternaria en el aire con un capturador y se realizaron exposiciones de placas con medio semi-selectivo ARSA. Se estudió también el efecto de diversos factores ambientales en la incidencia de la enfermedad a través de exposición de plantas trampa. Las hojas y brotes afectados constituyeron la principal fuente de inoculo, con 15-76% de aislados patógenos. Se detectaron también aislados patógenos en la hojarasca y en malas hierbas del género Sonchus. El patógeno sobrevivió en hojas inmaduras caídas al suelo hasta los 76 días. Se detectaron conidias de Alternaria en el aíre de forma continua. Se identificaron colonias patógenas en todas las exposiciones de medio semi-selectivo. Las infecciones de las plantas trampa se observaron principalmente en primavera y otoño, en semanas con precipitaciones >2.5 mm y temperatura media >12.5°C. Se estudió la eficiencia infectiva del patógeno mediante la inoculación de plantas de 'Fortune' y 'Nova' bajo diferentes combinaciones de temperatura (8-35°C) y duraciones de humectación foliar (8-48 horas). Se estudió el efecto de los períodos interrumpidos de humectación foliar sobre la infección y también la influencia de la temperatura en la duración del período de incubación. La incidencia de la enfermedad se incrementó con humectaciones foliares superiores a 16 horas, descendió de con temperaturas inferiores a 12ºC y 27ºC, apenas se detectaron infecciones a 35ºC. La incidencia se detuvo con un período seco de una hora en 'Fortune' y dos horas en 'Nova'. La temperatura tuvo un efecto significativo en la duración del periodo de incubación. Se evaluaron los modelos Alter-Rater y un modelo empírico simple (SRS) basado en temperatura y pluviometría con datos obtenidos en exposiciones de plantas trampa durante los años 2011 a 2013. La evaluación de los modelos se realizó mediante análisis de curvas ROC. Ninguno de los modelos evaluados se consideró adecuado para predecir las infecciones en 'Fortune'. En 'Nova', el modelo SRS permitió predecir los periodos semanales de infección con una sensibilidad de 0,93 y una especificidad de 0,84. Este modelo se ha implementado en la web 'gipcitricos' del IVIA para la gestión integrada de la mancha marrón en cítricos. Algunos estudios indican que el riego por inundación podría incrementar la duración de la humectación foliar y el riesgo de infección, pero no existe ninguna referencia específica en cítricos. Se realizó un estudio durante los años 2012 y 2013 en tres parcelas de mandarina con riego por inundación y otras tres con riego localizado. En cada parcela se registraron los valores del contenido de humedad del suelo, duración de humectación foliar, humedad relativa, temperatura y pluviometría. El promedio de la duración de la humectación foliar diaria fue de 4-8 horas y la máxima de 20-23 horas. La dinámica de la duración de la humectación foliar se analizó mediante un modelo de series temporales ARIMA (1,1,1). En los análisis gráficos de los residuos no se detectó ninguna asociación entre los riegos por inundación y la duración de humectación foliar.
[CAT] RESUM La taca marró causada per un patotip del fong Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. es un factor limitant per a algunes varietats de mandarina com 'Fortune', 'Nova' i altres híbrids. La informació existent sobre l'epidemiologia de la malaltia procedix de les regions humides de Florida, i no pot extrapolar-se a les zones semi-áridas. Per això es va iniciar un estudi per a caracteritzar l'epidemiologia de la taca marró en les condicions d'Espanya durant dos anys consecutius. Es va determinar la presència d'inòcul en les fulles, brots i fruits dels arbres afectats, en la fullaraca del sòl i les males herbes. Es va seguir la dinàmica de les conidies d'Alternaria en l'aire amb un capturador i es van realitzar exposicions de plaques amb medi semi-selectiu ARSA. Es va estudiar també l'efecte de diversos factors ambientals en la incidència de la malaltia mitjançant l'exposició de plantes trampa. Les fulles i brots afectats van constituir la principal font d'inòcul, amb el 15-76% d'aïllats patògens. Es van detectar també aïllats patògens en la fullaraca i en males herbes del gènere Sonchus. El patogen va sobreviure en fulles immadures caigudes a terra fins als 76 dies. Es van detectar conidies d'Alternaria en l'aire de forma contínua. Es van identificar colònies patògenes en totes les exposicions de medi semi-selectiu. Les infeccions de les plantes trampa es van observar principalment a la primavera i tardor, coincidint en setmanes amb precipitacions >2.5 mm i temperatura mitjana >12.5°C. Es va estudiar l'eficiència infectiva del patogen mitjançant la inoculació de plantes de 'Fortune' i 'Nova' amb diferents combinacions de temperatura (8-35°C) i duracions d'humectació foliar (8-48 hores). Es va estudiar l'efecte dels períodes interromputs d'humectació foliar sobre la infecció i també la influència de la temperatura en la duració del període d'incubació. La incidència de la malaltia es va incrementar amb humectacions foliars superiors a 16 hores, va descendir de amb temperatures inferiors a 12ºC y 27ºC, a penes es van detectar infeccions a 35ºC. La incidència es va detindre amb un període sec d'una hora en 'Fortune' i dos hores en 'Nova'. La temperatura va tindre un efecte significatiu en la duració del període d'incubació. Es van avaluar les models Alter-Rater i un model empíric simple (SRS) basat en temperatura i pluviometria amb dades obtinguts en exposicions de plantes trampa realitzades en tres parcel·les durant els anys 2011 al 2013. L'avaluació dels models es va realitzar amb anàlisi de corbes ROC. Cap dels models avaluats es va considerar adequat per a predir les infeccions en 'Fortune', en 'Nova', el model SRS va permetre predir els períodes setmanals d'infecció amb una sensibilitat de 0,93 i una especificitat de 0,84. Este model s'ha implementat en la web 'gipcitricos' de l'IVIA per a la gestió integrada de la taca marró en cítrics. Alguns estudis indiquen que el reg per inundació podria incrementar la duració de la humectació foliar i el risc d'infecció, però no hi ha cap referència específica en cítrics. Es va realitzar un estudi durant els anys 2012 i 2013 en tres parcel.les de mandarina amb reg per inundació i altres tres amb reg localitzat. En cada parcel.la es van registrar els valors del contingut d'humitat del sòl, duració d'humectació foliar, humitat relativa, temperatura i pluviometria. La mitjana de la duració de la humectació foliar diària va ser de 4-8 hores i la màxima de 20-23 hores. La dinàmica de la duració de la humectació foliar es va analitzar per mitjà d'un model de sèries temporals ARIMA (1,1,1). El MAE dels models va ser de 3,17-3,91 hores. En les anàlisis gràfics dels residus no es va detectar cap associació entre els regs per inundació i la duració d'humectació foliar. Els augments en la duració de la humectació foliar es van relacionar únicament amb alguns esdeveniments de pluja.
Bassimba, DDM. (2015). Epidemiología de la mancha marrón de las mandarinas causada por Alternaria alternata. Desarrollo de estrategias de control eficientes [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/54111
TESIS

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Nanopart?culas de prata (AgNPs) possuem diversas aplica??es biom?dicas, dentre elas destaca-se o potencial antiproliferativo. In?meros tipos de s?ntese de nanopart?culas de prata encontram-se descritos na literatura, no entanto, um tipo de s?ntese menos agressiva e mais economicamente vi?vel, a s?ntese verde, tem ganhado import?ncia dentre as demais. Neste processo de s?ntese ? necess?rio o uso de um agente redutor e estabilizante que n?o sejam t?xicos para as c?lulas animais e para o meio ambiente. Nesse contexto, a associa??o de biomol?culas de origem marinha com atividades biol?gicas j? descritas, como os polissacar?deos ?cidos de algas, ?s AgNPs ganham import?ncia. Muitos polissacar?deos ?cidos (PA) extra?dos de algas marinhas destacam-se por exibir diversas atividades, como exemplo as fucanas da alga Spatoglossum schr?ederi. Estas fucanas apresentam atividade antioxidante, antiangiog?nica, antitumoral, dentre outras. Devido aos poucos relatos de s?ntese de AgNPs envolvendo polissacar?deos de algas, este trabalho teve por objetivo sintetizar AgNPs com uma fra??o rica em ?cido alg?nico e fucana A da alga S. schr?ederi por um processo de s?ntese verde, e testar as AgNPs obtidas frente ? linhagem de melanoma B16F10. Os PA da alga S. schr?ederi foram extra?dos por um processo de digest?o proteol?tica e fracionados com acetona. A fra??o de maior rendimento e rica em ?cido alg?nico e fucana A, a F0.5 v, foi empregada para a s?ntese das AgNPs. A caracteriza??o das AgNPs obtidas contemplou a an?lise de absor??o de luz UV, composi??o qu?mica, di?metro m?dio, polidispers?o, potencial zeta, espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR) e a espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS), microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia de for?a at?mica (MFA). As an?lises por espectroscopia de UV-vis?vel na faixa entre 400 e 440 nm confirmaram a forma??o das AgNPs, estas apresentaram di?metro de 196 ? 13 nm, valores de polidispers?o abaixo de 0,4 e potencial zeta negativo. As dosagens qu?micas, o FTIR e o EDS revelaram que a maior parte das AgNPs ? composta por polissacar?deos ?cidos. As imagens obtidas por MEV e MFA indicaram um formato esf?rico para as AgNPs. A atividade antiproliferativa foi avaliada pelo m?todo do MTT frente ?s linhagens celulares B16F10 e fibroblastos 3T3, e por citometria de fluxo foi investigado sua a??o na morte e no ciclo celular. As AgNPs afetaram a capacidade de redu??o do MTT das linhagens 3T3 e B16F10, sendo esta mais evidenciada para a B16F10, pois as AgNPs (0,5 mg/mL) conseguiram reduz?-la em torno de 50%, enquanto a prata i?nica e a F0.5 v em nenhuma das concentra??es influenciaram na redu??o do MTT. As an?lises por citometria de fluxo apontaram uma elevada taxa de marca??o para anexina V e iodeto de prop?dio para as c?lulas B16F10 expostas ?s AgNPs, al?m de um aumento na porcentagem das c?lulas em Sub-G1 em detrimento ?s outras fases. Estudos adicionais s?o necess?rios para elucidar completamente o mecanismo de a??o antiproliferativo das AgNPs e descobrir outras propriedades da fra??o que s?o intensificadas pela s?ntese de nanopart?culas. Entretanto, pode-se concluir que ? poss?vel sintetizar AgNPs com polissacar?deos ?cidos de S. schr?ederi usando um m?todo verde e que essas AgNPs apresentaram atividade antiproliferativa mais pronunciada que seus percussores.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have several biomedical applications, among them the antiproliferative potential. Numerous types of synthesis of silver nanoparticles are found in the literature, however, a type of synthesis less aggressive and more economically viable, a green synthesisl, has gained value among the others. In this synthesis process, it is necessary to use a reducing agent and stabilizer which are non-toxic to animal cells and to the environment. In this context, an association of biomolecules of marine origin with biological activities already described, such as the polysaccharide acids of algae, to the AgNPs gain importance. Many acidic polysaccharides (PA) extracted from marine algae are distinguished by their different activities, such as the algae Spatoglossum schr?ederi. These fucans have antioxidant, antiangiogenic, antitumor activity, among others. Due to the few reports of AgNPs synthesis involving algae polysaccharides, the objective of this work was to synthesize AgNPs with a rich fraction of alginic acid and fucan A from the S. schr?ederi algae by a green synthesis process and to test the AgNPs obtained on the lineage of melanoma B16F10. The PA of the S. schr?ederi algae was extracted by a proteolytic digestion process and fractionated with acetone. The higher yield fraction rich in alginic acid and fucan A, F0.5 v, was used for synthesis of the AgNPs. The characterization of the AgNPs obtained contemplated an analysis of UV light absorption, chemical composition, average diameter, polydispersity, zeta potential, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dispersive energy spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The analyzes by UV-visible spectroscopy in the range between 400 and 440 nm confirmed the formation of AgNPs, they presented 196 ? 13 nm diameter, polydispersion values below 0.4 and negative zeta potential. The chemical dosages, FTIR and EDS revealed that most AgNPs are composed of acidic polysaccharides. The images obtained by SEM and AFM indicated a spherical format for AgNPs. The antiproliferative activity was evaluated by the MTT method against B16F10 cell lines and 3T3 fibroblasts, and by flow cytometry, its action on death and cell cycle was investigated. The AgNPs affected the ability to reduce MTT from the 3T3 and B16F10 lineages, but these were evidenced for a B16F10, the AgNPs (0.5 mg/mL) were able to reduce by around 50%, while a silver ion and F0.5 v at any of the concentrations influenced the reduction of MTT. Flow cytometry analyzes indicated a high labeling rate for annexin V and propidium iodide for the B16F10 cells exposed to AgNPs, in addition to an increase in the percentage of cells in SubG1 in detriment to the other phases. Additional studies are needed to fully elucidate the mechanism of antiproliferative action of AgNPs and to discover other properties of the fraction that are enhanced by the synthesis of nanoparticles. However, it can be concluded that it is possible to synthesize AgNPs with acidic polysaccharides from S. schr?ederi using a green method and that these AgNPs showed more pronounced antiproliferative activity than their precursors.