Tesis sobre el tema "Maore"

Cette thèse étudie d’un point de vue pragmatiste la médiatisation comme problème public de la « crise migratoire » mahoraise consécutive à « l’immigration clandestine » qui provoque des naufrages dans les eaux de Maore (Mayotte), une île des Comores sous administration française. Cette thèse conçoit les problèmes publics comme une expérience humaine sensible d’une crise de la situation collective que réalisent des individus et associations qui se constituent en publics et dont l’engagement de ces derniers dans une dynamique de visibilisation du problème qui les affecte va transformer celui-ci en une évidente préoccupation des pouvoirs publics. Dans la constitution du problème public de la crise migratoire, la presse joue un rôle central, dans la mise en visibilité des récits d’adhésion, d’approbation ou d’indifférence qui rassemblent les différents acteurs de cette crise. Avec une approche pragmatiste, cette étude essaie de répondre à cette problématique essentielle : Comment le problème de la « crise migratoire » à Maore s’est-il constitué ? Comment la presse écrite participe-t-elle à cette configuration et, comment représente-t-elle la conflictualité sociale qui le caractérise depuis son émergence dans l’espace public ? Quelle est la position de la presse française et comorienne dans le traitement de la « crise migratoire » et sur l’instauration du « Visa Balladur », responsable de plus 10 000 morts entre 1995 et 2012. L’hypothèse fondamentale de notre réflexion est que les problèmes publics, comme celui de la « crise migratoire » mahoraise, constituent un élément capital dans la transformation de la société mahoraise et comorienne.Cette recherche s’inscrit dans une démarche méthodologique basée sur les observations directes, des entretiens pour la reconstitution des récits et témoignages menés auprès des victimes et journalistes, dans les îles Comores, complétée par un corpus médiatique des discours des acteurs politiques et de la société civile de Comores et de France
This thesis studies according to a pragmatist point of view the media coverage as a public problem of the “migratory crisis” in Mayotte following “illegal immigration” which causes shipwrecks in the waters of Maore (Mayotte), an island of the Comoros under French administration. This thesis conceives the public problems as a sensitive human experience of a crisis of the collective situation carried out by individuals and associations who constitute themselves as publics and whose engagement of the latter in a dynamic of visibility of the problem that affects them will transform this one in an obvious preoccupation of the public authorities. In the constitution of the public problem of the migration crisis, the press plays a central role, in making visible the stories of adhesion, approval or indifference which bring together the different actors of this crisis. With a pragmatist approach, this study tries to answer this essential problem : How did the problem of the "migration crisis" in Maore come about ? How does the written press participate in this configuration and how does it represent the social conflict that has characterized it since its emergence in the public space ? What is the position of the French and Comorian press in the treatment of the “migration crisis” in Maore and on the establishment of the “Visa Balladur”, responsible for more than 10,000 deaths between 1995 and 2012. The fundamental hypothesis of our reflection is that public problems, such as that of the “migration crisis” in Mahora, constitute a capital element in the transformation of Mahorese and Comorian society. This research is part of a methodological approach based on direct observations, interviews for the reconstruction of stories and testimonies conducted with victims and journalists, in the Comoros Islands, supplemented by a media corpus of speeches by political actors and civil society of Comoros and France

Magister en Psicología, mención Psicología Clínica Infanto Juvenil
El presente estudio intentó develar la maternidad en contextos de adicción, por medio de entrevistas y observaciones etnográficas de dos mujeres madres con dependencia al consumo de sustancias, que iniciaron tratamiento de rehabilitación en un Programa Ambulatorio Intensivo de la III Región de Atacama. El estudio desarrolló un diseño cualitativo, que contempló observaciones etnográficas y entrevistas en profundidad a madres, familiares y miembros del equipo de salud tratante; con el propósito de comprender las prácticas de cuidado y los discursos sobre la maternidad. Mediante las observaciones etnográficas se buscó conocer las prácticas de cuidado a sus hijos, tanto en la vida cotidiana de su hogar y como en su proceso de rehabilitación. A su vez, por medio de las entrevistas se buscó conocer sus discursos sobre la maternidad, así como la visión de quienes participan de los procesos de rehabilitación de estas mujeres (red de apoyo familiar y equipo de salud mental tratante). Los resultados sugieren que las madres experimentan la maternidad de forma compleja, reestructurando su proyecto de vida e intentando avenirse con esta nueva identidad. La maternidad es valorada por el equipo de salud, de acuerdo a los resultados de su proceso terapéutico. Las madres realizan prácticas de cuidado hacia sus hijos, incluso en períodos de consumo. El rol de la familia muestra dos aristas, como apoyo y obstaculizador para el cuidado de los hijos y el proceso de rehabilitación

Te Ao o te Whaikōrero, the �world of Māori oratory�, explores the complexity of ̂Māori oratory, both past and present. What makes whaikōrero more than merely a theatrical speech is the origin and function of the various components, the rites associated with the selection and qualification of its exponents, and its delivery. This thesis delves into the underlying philosophies inherent in whaikōrero which impact on, and are influenced by, a diverse range of systems within the Māori world, its culture, etiquette, and belief system. We must also recognise the effect of colonisation and urbanisation on Māori practices. Whaikōrero is tragically undermined by some of its �performers� and observers alike, and possibly, through ignorance, arrogance and complacency, a sense of disregard has developed about its true value. The effect of this is whaikōrero of inferior quality. With this in mind, this thesis expounds the �underlying philosophies� of whaikōrero through both oral and literary sources, as well as objective and subjective discussion. The chapters illustrate the inter-tribal, intra-tribal, and individual variations which make each delivery of whaikōrero unique. The thesis begins with the origin of whaikōrero, after which modes of learning and the acquisition of whaikōrero are discussed. This provides the basis to discuss the locations where whaikōrero takes place and who is permitted to deliver whaikōrero. Having designated the people to deliver whaikōrero and their �space� for delivery there is an exploration of the speaker, and the attributes which qualify a particular individual, or the type of delivery that is acceptable. The issue of �quality�, or lack of it, is of paramount importance in terms of the mana of the individual performer, and the people (s)he represents. The range of information discussed up to this point is historical and tracks the evolution of whaikōrero to the present; the conclusion, therefore, also addresses some of the issues raised which are potentially challenging in regard to current adherence to custom and etiquette. This opens the window into the future of whaikōrero, and what adaptations may lie ahead. Perhaps with broader, and more in-depth discussion, and in particular, the explanation of the diversity of whaikōrero, this thesis will provide a) a means by which the spirit of older whaikōrero can be reinvested in the modern context by current and potential orators, and b) raise the awareness of speakers whereby they themselves can seek excellence in their own whaikōrero. Perhaps with an invigorated approach to both the delivery, observance, and a more informed appreciation of whaikōrero, there will be a resurgence of excellence in whaikōrero.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio-Econômico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração.
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Estudo da gestão pública sobre a cultura popular no bairro da Madre Deus em São Luís do Maranhão, analisando a relação entre governo do Estado e comunidade ao influenciar na organização da produção cultural. Apresentando-se como uma política de intervenção populista sobre a cultura popular, visando a retroalimentação do modelo político patrimonialista ao investir na infra-estrutura física e transformar o espaço cultural em produto turístico e de manipulação ideológica dos bens culturais.

Las células madre cancerosas (CSCs) se pueden originar tanto por la transformación de las células madre normales como a partir de progenitores o células diferenciadas con capacidad de auto-renovación. La hipótesis de las CSCs propone que una subpoblación específica de células es la responsable de mantener el tumor. Esta hipótesis se ha demostrado en una amplia variedad de tumores, incluidos los gliomas. Nestina y CD133 se utilizan como marcadores para la detección de las células madre neurales. En el presente estudio, un total de 20 tumores caninos fueron diagnosticados histopatológicamente como gliomas, de acuerdo con la clasificación internacional de neoplasias del sistema nervioso central en humanos. Posteriormente fueron estudiados mediante inmunohistoquímica (IHC) usando Nestina y CD133 como marcadores de precursores neurales; Neu-N, Doblecortina (DCx) y βIII tubulina como marcadores neuronales; proteína ácida glial fibrilar (GFAP), Vimentina, proteína S-100 y proteína Olig2 como marcadores neurogliales y Ki67 como marcador de proliferación celular. Estos tumores se caracterizaron neuropatologicamente como: oligodendogliomas (grado II), oligodendrogliomas anaplásicos (grado III), glioma mixto (grado II) y glioblastomas (grado IV). La evaluación IHC reveló una positividad mayor de Nestina y CD133 en tumores de alto grado. Olig2 fue expresada en la mayoría de los tumores. La positividad para GFAP fue mayor en el glioma mixto y los glioblastomas. Los marcadores de neurona diferenciada fueron negativos, mientras que en algunos gliomas de alto grado se detectó positividad para DCX. Nuestros resultados están de acuerdo con la hipótesis de las CSCs, confirmando la presencia de precursores neurales en los gliomas caninos sobretodo en los de grado más alto. Posteriormente, el estudio in vitro de células extraídas de áreas del centro y periferia de gliomas caninos permitieron evaluar la capacidad de proliferación, expansión y superviviencia de los progenitores neurales en estos tumores. Se obtuvieron neuroesferas de todas las muestras correspondientes al centro del tumor indicando la existencia de precursores neurales en tumores de todos los grados de glioma canino. Además, la cantidad de células capaces de proliferar se vio incrementada en los tumores de mayor grado, indicando la posible influencia de estos precursores neurales en su comportamiento maligno. Los precursores neurales aislados de todas las muestras con capacidad de expansión fueron capaces de diferenciar en las tres líneas neurales indicando su multipotencialidad. Estos resultados demostraron la participación de progenitores neurales en los gliomas caninos, de acuerdo con el segundo criterio de demostración de la hipótesis de las CSCs. En paralelo se estudiaron las células madre neurales en fases post-natales del cerebro de perro adulto. Para ello se estudió la citoarquitectura de su principal nicho, la zona subventricular (SVZ) anterior la cual ha sido ampliamente descrita en humanos y especies murinas. Mediante el estudio histológico, immunohistoquímico, ultraestructural y cultivo celular, se confirmo la presencia de células neurales multipotentes en nichos neurogénicos estructural y celularmente similares a los descritos en otras especies. Además, la arquitectura de estos componentes es similar a la descrita en humanos, probablemente relacionado con una complejidad similar de las estructuras encefálicas. Por último, se identificaron cadenas de neuroblastos migradores asociados a estructuras vasculares fuera de la SVZ indicando la elevada capacidad de migración y adaptabilidad de las células madre neurales residentes en el encéfalo y comparable con eventos similares descritos en otras especies de mamíferos incluyendo la especie humana. Los resultados de los estudios llevados a cabo en esta tesis doctoral concluyen que el perro puede ser un modelo animal relevante en futuros estudios relacionados con la identificación de nuevas dianas terapéuticas en el campo de la oncología, así como un modelo a considerar en estudios relacionados con la neurogénesis en el individuo adulto.
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) can originate both from the transformation of normal stem cells as progenitors or from more differentiated cells that have acquired capacity for self-renewal. The hypothesis of the CSCs proposes that a specific subpopulation of cancer stem cells is responsible for maintaining the tumor. This hypothesis has been demonstrated in a wide variety of tumors, including gliomas. Nestin and CD133 are used as markers for the detection and study of neural stem cells. In the present study, a total of 20 canine brain tumors were diagnosed as glioma, according to the international classification of tumors of the central nervous system in humans. They were studied by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using Nestin and CD133 as markers of neural precursors; Neu-N, doublecortin (DCx) and βIII tubulin as neuronal markers; glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, S-100 protein and protein Olig2 as glial markers and Ki67 as a marker for cell proliferation. These tumors were neuropathologically classified as: oligodendogliomas (Grade II), anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (Grade III), mixed glioma (grade II) and glioblastomas (grade IV). IHC evaluation showed higher positivity for Nestin and CD133 in high-grade gliomas (HGG). Olig2 was expressed in most tumors, whereas positivity for GFAP was higher in the mixed glioma and glioblastomas. Differentiated neuron markers were negative, while in some HGGs DCX positivity was detected. Our results are in agreement with the CSCs hypothesis, confirming the presence of undifferentiated neural precursors in canine gliomas. Subsequently, tissue grafts extracted from areas of the center and periphery of canine gliomas were cultured in vitro by neurosphere assay in order to assess the ability of proliferation, expansion and survival of the neural progenitors. Neurospheres of all samples corresponding to the center of the tumor were obtained indicating the existence of neural precursors in tumors of all grades of canine glioma. Furthermore, the amount of cells capable of proliferating was increased in HGGs, indicating the possible influence of these neural precursors in their malignant behavior. The neural precursors isolated from all samples were able to differentiate into three neural lines indicating their multipotentiality. These results demonstrated the involvement of neural progenitors in canine gliomas, according to the second criteria for demonstration of the hypothesis of CSCs. In parallel neural stem cells from normal postnatal adult dog brain phases were studied. The cytoarchytecture of its main niche it was studied in the adult brain. This corresponds to the subventricular zone (SVZ) which has been widely described in human and murine species. By histological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and cell culture studies, the presence of multipotent neural cells in SVZ was confirmed, residing in neurogenic niches and structurally and cellularlly similar to those described in other mammalian species. Moreover, the architecture of these components was similar to that described in humans, probably related with complexity similar brain structures, which could be related to adult neurogenesis related processes. Finally, chains of migratory neuroblasts associated with vascular structures outside the SVZ indicated a high migration capability and adaptability of resident neural stem cells in the brain of adult and comparable with similar events described in other mammalian species including humans. The results of the studies performed in this thesis conclude that the dog can be a relevant animal model in future related to the identification of new therapeutic targets in the field of comparative oncology studies, as well as a model to consider in studies and the progress of studies related to neurogenesis in the adult individual.

La present tesi doctoral descriu la configuració del complex proteic de BRAVO en el nínxol de cèl·lules mare d'Arabidopsis. També demostra que BRAVO-WOX5-BES1 formen part d'una xarxa organitzadora que comprèn heterodímeros de BRAVO-WOX5, i que junts mantenen la quiescencia en els nínxols de cèl·lules mare de l'arrel. I tot això està controlat pels BRs. Aquestes dades proporcionen nous coneixements sobre l'organització de la divisió del centre quiescente en les arrels vegetals. Es va investigar la composició del complex proteic BRAVO de l'arrel primària d'Arabidopsis in vivo mitjançant tècniques de InmunoPrecipitación i cromatografia líquida/masses. Però a causa de la baixa expressió nativa de BRAVO, ens vam veure obligats a realitzar un examen exhaustiu dels possibles interactores de BRAVO en llevat, per a aconseguir augmentar la sensibilitat del nostre enfocament. Les anàlisis van revelar que BRAVO, un membre de la família R2R3 MYB, interactua amb una proteïna de la superfamília homeobox. Aquest treball demostra que BRAVO, a més d'interaccionar amb WOX5, també ho fa amb BES1 i TPL. El resultat va ser confirmat mitjançant tècniques moleculars in vitro per assajos de Y2H i també in vivo utilitzant FRET-FLIM i BiFC en fulles de Nicotiana benthamiana. Les nostres dades proporcionen evidències d'interacció directa de BRAVO amb WOX5, i al mateix temps, proposem que tots dos podrien formar part del complex transcripcional BES1/TPL en el SCN, i tot això regulat mitjançant BRs. Vam mostrar que la interacció de BES1-TPL és essencial per a la divisió del QC en el nínxol de cèl·lules mare de l'arrel. L'augment dels nivells de BR indueix la divisió del QC mitjançant un mecanisme controlat amb precisió per BRAVO. Els resultats estableixen que TPL regula la divisió de cèl·lules del QC a través de la supressió mediada per BES1 de BRAVO, i en resposta als BRs. A més, mitjançant una anàlisi genètic i matemàtic revelem que la interacció de BRAVO i WOX5 és essencial per a determinar el destí de les cèl·lules mare. De particular interès és el fet que BRAVO i WOX5 es reforcen mútuament en el nínxol de cèl·lules mare d'arrel. Això és sorprenent, ja que els nivells de WOX5 estan regulats per BRs de manera oposada que ho són en BRAVO. Un anàlisi exhaustiu del patró d'expressió de tots dos gens en els mutants KO simples i dobles, secunda que BRAVO és necessari per a mantenir els nivells normals de WOX5 en el QC. A més, les nostres dades són coherents amb el fet que WOX5 pot induir l'expressió de BRAVO, però només en el seu domini natiu. D'acord amb la nostra hipòtesi, el nostre model matemàtic prediu que WOX5 es reprimeix transcripcionalmente i al mateix temps activa l'expressió de BRAVO, tenint en compte la formació de heterodímeros i del complex. En aquest escenari, les interaccions del model indiquen que BRAVO no pot activar l'expressió WOX5 fora del seu domini, d'acord amb els resultats. Vam mostrar una xarxa reguladora de les nostres interaccions predita pel model matemàtic. A més, en augmentar la concentració de BR observem una major correlació entre les concentracions de proteïnes BRAVO i WOX5 quan un d'ells està absent, però no quan falten tots dos. Aquest mecanisme podria ser un mecanisme de compensació. I finalment, en l'últim capítol, aprofundim en l'evolució de BRAVO i de WOX5 amb l'objectiu de comprendre l'organització primitiva i la funció del nostre SCN actual en l'arrel.
La presente tesis doctoral describe la configuración del complejo proteico de BRAVO en el nicho de células madre de Arabidopsis. También demuestra que BRAVO-WOX5-BES1 forman parte de una red organizadora que comprende heterodímeros de BRAVO-WOX5, y que juntos mantienen la quiescencia en los nichos de células madre de la raíz. Y todo esto está controlado por los BRs. Estos datos proporcionan nuevos conocimientos sobre la organización de la división del centro quiescente en las raíces vegetales. Se investigó la composición del complejo proteico BRAVO de la raíz primaria de Arabidopsis in vivo mediante técnicas de Inmuno-precipitación y cromatografía líquida/masas. Pero debido a la baja expresión nativa de BRAVO, nos vimos obligados a realizar un examen exhaustivo de los posibles interactores de BRAVO en levadura, para conseguir aumentar la sensibilidad de nuestro enfoque. Los análisis revelaron que BRAVO, un miembro de la familia R2R3 MYB, interactúa con una proteína de la superfamilia homeobox. Este trabajo demuestra que BRAVO, además de interaccionar con WOX5, también lo hace con BES1 y TPL. El resultado fue confirmado mediante técnicas moleculares in vitro por ensayos de Y2H y también in vivo utilizando FRET-FLIM y BiFC en hojas de Nicotiana benthamiana. Nuestros datos proporcionan evidencias de interacción directa de BRAVO con WOX5, y al mismo tiempo, proponemos que ambos podrían formar parte del complejo transcripcional BES1/TPL en el SCN, y todo esto regulado mediante BRs. Mostramos que la interacción de BES1-TPL es esencial para la división del QC en el nicho de células madre de la raíz. El aumento de los niveles de BR induce la división del QC mediante un mecanismo controlado con precisión por BRAVO. Los resultados establecen que TPL regula la división de células del QC a través de la supresión mediada por BES1 de BRAVO, y en respuesta a los BRs. Además, mediante un análisis genético y matemático revelamos que la interacción de BRAVO y WOX5 es esencial para determinar el destino de las células madre. De particular interés es el hecho de que BRAVO y WOX5 se refuerzan mutuamente en el nicho de células madre de raíz. Esto es sorprendente, ya que los niveles de WOX5 están regulados por BRs de forma opuesta que lo son en BRAVO. Un análisis exhaustivo del patrón de expresión de ambos genes en los mutantes KO simples y dobles, apoya que BRAVO es necesario para mantener los niveles normales de WOX5 en el QC. Además, nuestros datos son coherentes con el hecho de que WOX5 puede inducir la expresión de BRAVO, pero sólo en su dominio nativo. De acuerdo con nuestra hipótesis, nuestro modelo matemático predice que WOX5 se reprime transcripcionalmente y a su vez activa la expresión BRAVO, teniendo en cuenta la formación de heterodímeros y del complejo. En este escenario, las interacciones del modelo indican que BRAVO no puede activar la expresión WOX5 fuera de su dominio, de acuerdo con los resultados. Mostramos una red reguladora de nuestras interacciones predicha por el modelo matemático. Además, al aumentar la concentración de BR observamos una mayor correlación entre las concentraciones de proteínas BRAVO y WOX5 cuando uno de ellos está ausente. Pero no cuando faltan ambos. Este mecanismo podría ser un mecanismo de compensación. Y finalmente, en el último capítulo, profundizamos en la evolución de BRAVO y de WOX5 con el objetivo de comprender la organización primitiva y la función de nuestro SCN actual en la raíz.
The present PhD thesis dissertation describes the configuration of BRAVO protein complex in Arabidopsis stem cell niche, while demonstrates that BRAVO-WOX5-BES1 are part of a main regulator network that comprises BRAVO-WOX5 heterodimers, and together contribute to cell specific regulation of BR-controlled quiescence in root stem cell niches. The current data provide new insights into the QC division organization in plant roots. It was investigated the composition of BRAVO protein complex from Arabidopsis primary root in vivo by IP and LC-MS/MS techniques. Giving the low expression of native BRAVO, we conducted an exhaustive screening for BRAVO interactors in Yeast to increase the sensitivity of our approach. The analyses revealed that BRAVO, a member of the R2R3 MYB family, interact with a homeobox superfamily protein. The work further demonstrate that BRAVO interacts with WOX5, BES1 and TPL. This result was confirmed by molecular techniques in vitro by Y2H assays and in vivo using FRET-FLIM and BiFC in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Our data provides evidences of BRAVO directly interaction with WOX5, and at the same time both could be part of the BES1/TPL transcriptional complex at the SCN trough the BR signalling cascade. We display that the interaction of BES1-TPL is essential for the QC division in root SCN. Increasing BR levels induce QC division through a fine mechanism which is accurately controlled by BRAVO. The results establish that TPL regulates QC cell division through BES1-mediated suppression of BRAVO, and in response to BRs, the last step seems to be the promotion of the QC division. By a genetical and a mathematical analysis, we revealed that BRAVO and WOX5 interaction is essential for stem cell fate. Of particular interest is the fact that BRAVO and WOX5 reinforce each other at the root stem cell niche. This was surprising, since WOX5 levels are oppositely regulated by BRs than in BRAVO. The exhaustive analysis of the expression pattern of both genes in all the simple and double KO mutants, support that BRAVO is required to maintain normal WOX5 levels in the QC. In addition our data are coherent with the fact that WOX5 can induce BRAVO expression but only in the BRAVO native domain. Consistent with our hypothesis, a mathematical model predicted that WOX5 transcriptionally represses itself and activates BRAVO expression, taking in account the heterodimers and complex formation. In this scenario, the model interactions indicate that BRAVO is unable to activate WOX5 expression outside of its domain, in agreement with the results of the BRAVO overexpression line. We show a regulatory network of our interactions predicted by the mathematical model. We added the protein fold changes predicted by this model when changing the BR concentrations due to the BR signalling cascade in different situations and we observed better correlation of BRAVO and WOX5 protein concentrations when one of them are absent. But not when both are out. The exact reasons for these differences are not clear. This mechanism could be a compensation mechanism. And finally, in the last chapter, we delve into evolution with the aim to comprehend the primitive organisation and function of our present root SCN.

The Decade of Maori Development (1984-1994) stimulated the re-emergence of distinctly Maori approaches to progressing their own advancement. Maori health promotion is one such approach that has a central concern for improving Maori health outcomes. A range of Maori collectives are providing what they claim to be distinctly Maori health promotion initiatives. However, Maori health promotion has a pragmatic orientation, and this has, at least in part, led to conceptual and theoretical under-development. There is an almost complete lack of empirically and theoretically sound work to conceptualise Maori health promotion. This research programme has focused on identifying the defining characteristics of Maori health promotion. The primary data source for this research programme was three case studies of Maori health promotion interventions. Tipu Ora - a Maori community-based well-child programme; the Plunket Kaiawhina Service - a national Maori focussed initiative located within a mainstream service; and, the Wairarapa Maori Asthma Project - a tribally-based asthma management initiative. The main source of data in each of the case studies was in-depth open-ended interviews with programme participants and stakeholders. Data was also drawn from document review and archival records. The findings of this research indicate that Maori health promotion is based on a broad concept of health, which can be expanded as the basis for a more general argument for Maori advancement. Maori health promotion is the process of enabling Maori to increase control over the determinants of health and strengthen their identity as Maori, and thereby improve their health and position in society. Its defining characteristics have been identified in this research programme, and presented in �Kia uruuru mai a hauora�, a framework for Maori health promotion. The Framework has the potential to provide the basis for a more consistent and rigorous approach to Maori health promotion practice, policy, purchasing, and research. Aspects of the Framework may also have wider application to generic health promotion and other indigenous peoples� approaches to health promotion. This study concludes that Maori health promotion draws primarily on the heritage and new knowledge that arises from Maori and Western experiences. However, it remains grounded in the distinctive concepts and values of Maori worldviews. Maori health promotion is a distinctly Maori process, in step with and indigenous health promotion, but primarily on the determination of Maori to be Maori.

This thesis explores the customary freshwater fishing rights of the New Zealand Maori through detailed examination of Maori evidence as to the nature and extent of these rights, and of Pakeha interpretations based upon both observation and upon Maori evidence. Most of the recorded evidence from Maori who exercised customary fishing rights in the nineteenth century was given in Pakeha institutions, notably the Native Land Court. The legal, political and intellectual context in which Maori gave their evidence is important for an understanding of Pakeha interpretations constructed from Maori evidence, and for the analysis of this evidence. In the first part of the thesis, modern reinterpretations of customary Maori rights (based on both traditional Maori knowledge and recent research) are examined for an understanding of Maori concepts of their freshwater fishing rights. The development of successive Pakeha interpretations of Maori customary rights from the beginnings of Pakeha settlement is then traced and contextualized. Particular attention is paid to the Native Land Court minutes, the most comprehensive source for Maori statements on fishing rights. The impact of the Court on the way Maori gave evidence and on Pakeha interpretations of Maori tenure and rights, the Court's legislative framework and key methodological issues are analysed. The second part of the thesis comprises four local case studies, which use Court evidence given by Maori to analyse in depth the nature and extent of freshwater fishing rights. Wairarapa Moana provides examples of both a large seasonal eel fishery, and a smaller-scale fishery in the fringing swamps. Lake Taupo is an example of a large lake fishery with a range of species, while the Whanganui River had a large and varied river fishery. The themes explored include the derivation oftitIe and rights, the scale of fishing rights, relationships between land and fisheries, and issues of property rights, management and control.

A whakapapa of the marae Whakapapa, a Maori word, is often abstracted to the English language as the word genealogy. Whakapapa however has a more subtle and comprehensive meaning in Maori. In that language it has complex connotations of genealogical lines, yes, but also the history of the people involved and perhaps most importantly, the inter-relationships between those people. Degrees of consanguinity are all important when establishing relationships within Te Ao Maori - the Maori world. Marae, the basis of this thesis, is another Maori word. A marae, at its simplest, might be referred to as an agglomeration of separated, functional buildings on an area of reserved land, usually deemed to be sacral to some extent. Marae have an ancient history both in New Zealand Maori culture, but really originating at least in part, in the older cultures from which our Maori culture was eventually derived, from other, earlier settled, Pacific Islands. This thesis then is a genealogy, a sort of cultural history of marae, but is based on the idea and Maori sense of the whakapapa and so partakes of the nuances involved. It is these additional complexities that are referred to by the use of the word whakapapa in the title of this thesis. This thesis investigates the lineage of the marae, tracing it back to legendary roots, but it also examines the relationships between the components of the marae and also the place the marae has established within Maori (and other) communities. Beyond the historical forms of the marae that this thesis investigates are the other aspects that delineate what a marae really is. It is not simply a group of buildings at all, although this is a common non-Maori understanding of its disposition. A marae is a tapu or sacred space, and within or nearby that space are buildings whose form, function and meaning have only come to their present conjunction in (written) historic times. What makes the marae is the combination of the people and the ritual that is involved on a marae, the marae space and lastly, the physical buildings. The buildings, particularly carved houses, have additional meaning that they lend to the thread of the story. They themselves represent the whakapapa of the marae, and specifically of the hapu (or sub-tribe) who inhabit that marae. They do this by direct representation, but also by analogy and by spiritual means that are little dealt with in most literature. Ancestors in Te Ao Maori are deemed to exist within the very fabric of the building and have a renewed or continuing existence that is created in the first instance by a melange of ritual and belief. This thesis discusses both the usage of ritual to create such physical interjacence, utilised in modern times within whare (houses), and the continued use of regular ritual on marae for human functions. It is only together that a complete modern marae is created. With any of these elements missing the marae form is truncated or lessened and diminished in some ways. So, marae which have been recreated in preserved forms, such as those in museums, are discussed at length in this thesis, by contrast with marae in regular usage for 'traditional' purposes. In essence then, this is an investigation of the marae, but in terms, manners and ways, which have not always been fully or comprehensively dealt with before.

Come spesso accade, il tempo e le circostanze cambiano, e quella che fu ideata come città ideale, la città giardino all’italiana dove ville e villini si perdevano nella pineta, si troverà a fare i conti con le due guerre mondiali e con una società che cambia, dove gli abitanti stagionali di élite per i quali era stata ideata convivranno con i nuovi cittadini-turisti con hotel ed edifici multipiano. Di fronte al mare, un’infinita distesa di stabilimenti balneari realizzati in pochissimi anni senza alcuna regola se non quella di saturare al massimo la porzione di concessione data loro dall’Amministrazione Comunale inibiscono quasi completamente la visione del mare. Un piccolo spazio di risulta si frastaglia tra la netta recinzione delle strutture alberghiere e il caotico bordo creato dall’accostamento delle varie concessioni marittime con vuoti e pieni in costante disallineamento gli uni dagli altri. Da queste osservazioni, dalla necessità di ristabilire un contatto con il mare, quello che un tempo era un luogo di passeggiate, pubblico ed accessibile a tutti, nasce l’idea di questo progetto di tesi. Al di là del canalino, la prima parte del secondo arenile vede il costituirsi di una fascia tra città consolidata e spiaggia configurando uno spazio pubblico sopraelevato, una passeggiata lungomare, al di sotto della quale poter ripensare e ricollocare gli spazi per gli stabilimenti balneari. In connessione con la passeggiata, un anello infinito, una piazza circolare, inclinata fino a permetterci di arrivare a toccare l’acqua, configura un nuovo spazio per accogliere attività temporanee per la comunità. Nella seconda parte del secondo arenile, laddove l’erosione marina minaccia fortemente la porzione litoranea, viene proposta una rinaturalizzazione ristabilendo il sistema dunale, partendo dalla porzione ancora esistente in corrispondenza della ex Colonia Varese.

This study explores post-contact changes to the ordinary Maori whare. The main physical characteristics of the ordinary whare at contact are identified by accessing archaeological and written 18th century ethnographic data. Changes in the ordinary whare in the period from contact to 1940 are discussed. Evidence from historical archaeology, written 19th century ethnographic accounts and from previous academic research is considered. In addition, changes in the ordinary whare are highlighted, based on evidence from an empirical survey of whare depicted in sketches, paintings, engravings and photographs. Rigorous statistical analysis was beyound the scope of a Master�s thesis, however trends in the data are presented. A range of these are reproduced illustrating the text. After changing gradually for 130 years, the ordinary Maori whare appears to have been widely replaced by European-style houses in the early decades of the 20th century. In Aotearoa/New Zealand in the 1990s, it is apparent that Maori culture has survived the 220 or so years since contact. These years entailed increasing contact between Maori and European. In mid 20th century academic studies of Maori communities, European-style houses were found to have been used in line with continuing Maori conceptions. This evidence indicates that traditional ideas were transferred to European-style houses. The gradual changes in the whare prior to the 20th century indicate that it was a conservative social construction of space conforming to expectations about vernacular architecture generally. But the process by which Maori culture was maintained and reproduced was complicated that further study of Maori conceptions of space within the home is required.

This thesis is concerned with cervical cancer amongst New Zealand women, particularly Maori women. Maori women have an alarmingly high incidence of cervical cancer, approximately three times higher than non-Maori women. Maori women experience one of the highest rates of cervical cancer in the world. Chapter one, two and three form the introductory section of the thesis, Section A. Chapter one provides an overview of cervical cancer incidence in the world, followed by a more detailed analysis of the occurrence of cervical cancer in New Zealand and a discussion of the aetiological factors of cervical cancer. Cervical screening is discussed in Chapter two. The ethnic differences in incidence and mortality of cervical cancer between Maori and non-Maori and possible reasons for these differences are studied in Chapter three. Section B consists of the original work undertaken. A pilot study (Chapter four) was conducted to trial the methods for the national study (Chapter five). The national study was a retrospective review of the cervical smear histories of Maori women first diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer over a recent two year period in order to investigate why Maori women have not had their disease detected by screening and treated at the intraepithelial stage. Maori women�s knowledge of and attitudes towards cervical screening were obtained in a survey in Ruatoria (Chapter six). Section C concludes with a chapter (Chapter seven) on the conclusions and recommendations based on the material reviewed and the work undertaken.

This thesis explores the ambivalent nature of Maori political theory as expressed through the writings of Donna Awatere in her publication Maori Sovereignty. Consequently it traces the intellectual history of Maori political thought with a particular emphasis on how Maori have traditionally perceived and advanced their ‘sovereignty’ and its equivalent term, ‘tino rangatiratanga’. The reason for this emphasis is to show how Awatere changed Maori perception of their tino rangatiratanga when she coined the phrase ‘Maori Sovereignty’ in 1982. This work offers an insider’s account into New Zealand’s ‘movements of unity’ that had occurred during the 1970’s and 1980’s based on Awatere’s personal experiences and involvement in various groups. Further it sets out to capture the influences and events that led Awatere to write Maori Sovereignty in order to demonstrate how she had advanced Maori understanding of their tino rangatiratanga. In addition, its attempts to broaden Maori understanding of their tino rangatiratanga by analysing Awatere’s political theory in juxtaposition with global trends, more specifically, the decolonisation and nationalistic processes that occurred in the decades following World War Two. This thesis argues that Maori Sovereignty differed greatly from any other work previously written by both Maori and Pakeha as it challenged existing interpretations of how Maori had perceived and had advanced their tino rangatiratanga. Subsequently, Maori Sovereignty has carved its place as one of New Zealand’s most debated and misunderstood publication to ever come out of the 1980’s and because of this, the lack of proper analysis has given cause for this thesis.

La responsabilité personnelle du maire. Elu politique, le maire a une indépendance institutionnelle et une irresponsabilité politique de principe. Ses pouvoirs importants et les faiblesses du système décisionnel municipal contribuent à une sanction pénale substitutive d'une sanction politique. Une réorganisation de l'exécutif local et l'instauration de sa responsabilité politique permettent de remédier à ce glissement pénal. Agent public, le maire est soumis à un régime de responsabilité administrative induisant une responsabilité civile et pénale pour faute personnelle. La judiciarisation pénale générale du droit de la responsabilité emporte pour le maire une évolution répressive de sa mise en cause. La redéfinition précise des concepts de faute personnelle, faute civile et infraction pénale permet une responsabilité civile revalorisée et une responsabilité pénale cantonnée. Les missions d'intérêt général du maire justifient en outre un aménagement processuel pénal
A mayor is a personality elected on a political level. He benefits by an institutional independence, and in principle, he is politically irresponsible. His important power, and the weaknesses of the municipal decision making process, end in a penal sanction which is a subtitute for a political responsability. A new organization of the local executive and a creation of a political responsability, allow to remedy for this penal shift. In his capacity as public agent, the mayor is submitted to the rules of an administrative responsability, on the basis of a personal offence. The responsability rules, on the penal law level, conduct to a general penal judicial system, which leads, for the mayor, to a repressive evolution of his involvement. Redefining and precisely, the concepts of personal offence, civil offence and penal violation, means to allow a reasserted civil responsability and a penal confined responsability. Moreover, the mayor's tasks based on general interest justify a conversion of the penal process

The goal of this study was to review Maori oral health services utilising a kaupapa Maori framework. The aims of the study were to identify the issues in the development, implementation and operation of Maori dental health services within each of the three types of Maori health providers (mainstream, iwi-based, partnership). The three Maori oral health services are: (i) Te Whare Kaitiaki, University of Otago Dental School, Dunedin. (ii) Te atiawa Dental Service, New Plymouth. (iii) Tipu Ora Dental Service, in partnership with the School Dental Service, Lakeland Health, Rotorua. Method: A literature review of kaupapa Maori research was undertaken to provide the Maori framework under which this study was conducted. The kaupapa Maori methodology utilised the following criteria: (i) Rangatiratanga: The assertion of Maori leadership; (ii) Whakakotahitanga: A holistic approach incorporating Te Whare Tapa Wha; (iii) Whakapapa: The origins and development of oranga niho; (iv) Whakawhanuitanga: Recognising and catering for the diverse needs of Maori; (iv) Whanaungatanga: Culturally appropriate forms of relationship management; (v) Maramatanga: Raising Maori awareness, health promotion and education; and (vi) Whakapakiri: Recognising the need to the build capacity of Maori health providers. Ethical approval was granted by the Otago, Bay of Plenty and Taranaki Ethics Committees to undertake interviews and focus groups with Maori oral health providers in Dunedin, Rotorua and New Plymouth. Information was also sought from advisors and policy analysts within the Ministry of Health. A valuable source of information was hui korero (speeches and/or discussion at Maori conferences). An extensive literature was undertaken including an historical search of material from private archives and the now defunct Maori Health Commission. Results: An appropriate kaupapa Maori methodology was developed which provided a Maori framework to collate, describe, organise and present the information on Maori oral health. In te ao tawhito (the pre-European world of the Maori) there was very little if any dental decay. In te ao hou (the contemporary world of the Maori) Maori do not enjoy the same oral health status as non-Maori across all age groups. The reasons for this health disparity are multifactorial but include the social determinants of health, life style factors and the under-utilisation of health services. In order to address the disparities in Maori oral health, Maori providers have been very eager to establish kaupapa Maori oral health services. The barriers to the development, implementation, and operation of a kaupapa Maori oral health service are many and varied and include access to funding, and racism. Maori health providers have overcome the barriers through two strategies: firstly, the establishment of relationships within both the health sector and the Maori community; and secondly, through their passion and commitment to oranga niho mo te iwi Maori (oral health for all Maori). The outcome of this review will contribute to Maori health gain through the recognition of appropriate models and strategies which can be utilised for the future advancement of Maori oral health services, and hence to an improvement in Maori oral health status. Conclusion: This review of Maori oral health services has found that there are oral health disparities between Maori and non-Maori New Zealanders. In an effort to overcome these disparities Maori have sought to provide kaupapa Maori oral health services. Whilst there is a diversity in the provision of Maori oral health services, kaupapa Maori services have been developed that are appropriate, effective, accessible and affordable. They must have the opportunity to flourish.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a storybook retell technique to facilitate vocabulary acquisition in children educated in Māori immersion class settings. A second aim of the study was to explore the cultural responsiveness and pedagogical appropriateness of the intervention approach and the importance of relationship building (whakawhanaungatanga) to successful interventions. Nine children participated in the study. These children (aged between 5 and 8 years) were recruited from two Kura Kaupapa Māori settings in differing urban areas in New Zealand. The children entered the study on a rolling basis in groups of three. The first three participants to enter the study were recruited from the one classroom on the basis of their demonstrating specific language impairment (SLI). The second group of three participants attended a different classroom and these participants were recruited into the study as a result of identified delayed reading development (RD). The third group of three participants from a third classroom was selected as the participants exhibited typical spoken and written language development (TD). The intervention technique utilized in this study adopted a structured approach to teaching the meaning of pre selected vocabulary items that were embedded in class story books. Three different books were selected and each book was read by the teacher to the whole class three times during a one week period. The target vocabulary was highlighted each time it occurred in the story through the following techniques: an adult definition was given for the word, an antonym or synonym was given, and the meaning was acted out by the teacher or the picture detailing the meaning of the word in the book was highlighted. A single subject research design using pre-intervention, intervention and post intervention assessment probes for the target vocabulary items was employed to examine the effectiveness of the intervention in teaching the children the targeted vocabulary. Teacher interviews were also carried out to assess the appropriateness of the intervention in relation to the philosophy of the Kura Kaupapa and its pedagogical appropriateness and cultural responsiveness. The results suggested that the children in all three groups (SLI, RD and TD) made moderate gains in the acquisition of the target vocabulary supporting the hypothesis that targeting vocabulary in story book retelling at a whole class level will lead to acquisition of the vocabulary by the participants' exposed to the intervention. However, using a Two Standard Deviation method to evaluate the significance of each participant's change, the gains made for the RD and SLI participants were not significant. The TD participants did demonstrate a significant difference in the number of words correct. The teachers of the participants involved in the study reported positively on the effectiveness and appropriateness of the intervention for inclusion within the Kura Kaupapa and classroom programme. In particular, teachers' reported that as the intervention included each child in the class (as opposed to a withdrawal intervention model) the intervention was more appropriate for the philosophy of the Kura Kaupapa. The teachers' also reported the effectiveness of the intervention for the development of collaboration and relationship building between the teacher and researcher (a speech-language therapist. The data showed that the intervention investigated in this study was culturally responsive and pedagogically appropriate. It could be included as a component of the class programme as it was responsive to the philosophy of the Kura Kaupapa. The participants' did make moderate gains in the acquisition of the vocabulary (although not at a level to be considered significant for children with delayed development). Further research is necessary to explore the effectiveness of what may potentially be a useful intervention to enhance vocabulary development for children in Kura Kaupapa.

This thesis seeks to acknowledge and address the concerns that Maori people voice about research into their lives. The present study shows that Maori people are concerned that the power and control over research issues of initiation, benefits, representation, legitimation and accountability are addressed by the imposition of the researcher�s agenda, concerns and interests on the research process. Such dominance of a Western orientated discourse is being challenged by a pro-active, Kaupapa Maori research approach. This approach is part of the revitalisation of Maori cultural aspirations, preferences and practices as a philosophical and productive educational stance and resistance to the hegemony of the dominant discourse in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Kaupapa Maori research is collectivistic, and is orientated toward benefiting all the research participants and their collectively determined agendas. Kaupapa Maori Research is based on growing concensus that research involving Maori knowledge and people needs to be conducted in culturally appropriate ways, ways that fit Maori cultural preferences, practices and aspirations in order to develop and acknowledge existing culturally appropriate approaches in the method, practice and organisation of research. This thesis examines how a group of researchers have addressed the importance of devolving power and control in the research exercise in order to promote self-determination (tino Rangatiratanga) of Maori people. In the thesis I have talked with researchers who have accepted the challenge of positioning themselves within the discursive practice that is Kaupapa Maori. As a result, this thesis examines how such positionings challenge what constitutes a process of theory generation within the context of Aotearoa/New Zealand. This thesis further seeks to examine a way of knowing that reflects what meanings I can construct from my positioning within an experiential Kaupapa Maori research matrix. My position within this matrix resulted from critical reflections on my participation in a research group with an agreed-to agenda, my participation within the projects considered in the narratives in this thesis, my talking with other research participants in the form termed "interviews as chat" and from our constructing joint narratives about their/our attempts to address Maori concerns about research in their practice. The broad methodological framework used in the thesis is narrative inquiry for such an approach allows the research participants to select, recollect and reflect on stories within their own cultural context and language rather than in that chosen by the researcher. In other words, the story teller maintains the power to define what constitutes the story and the truth and the meaning it has for them. Further, this thesis seeks to investigate my own position as a researcher within a co-joint reflection on shared experiences and co-joint construction of meanings about these experiences, a position where the stories of the other research participants merged with my own to create new stories. Such collaborative stories go beyond an approach that simply focusses on the cooperative sharing of experiences and focusses on connectedness, engagement, and involvement with the other research participants within the cultural world view/discursive practice within which they function. This thesis seeks to identify what constitutes this engagement and what implications this has for promoting self determination/agency/voice in the research participants by examining concepts of participatory consciousness and connectedness within Maori discursive practice. Whakawhanaungatanga (establishing relationships in a Maori context), is used metaphorically to give voice to a culturally positioned means of collaboratively constructing research stories in a �culturally conscious and connected manner�. The thesis explains that there are three major overlapping implications of whakawhanaungatanga as a research strategy. The first is that establishing and maintaining relationships is a fundamental, often extensive and ongoing part of the research process. This involves the establishment of �whanau of interest� through a process of �spiral dicourse�. The second is that researchers understand themselves to be involved somatically in the research process; that is physically, ethically, morally and spiritually and not just as a �researcher� concerned with methodology. Such positionings are demonstrated in the language/metaphor used by the researchers in the stories described in this thesis. The third is that establishing relationships in a Maori context addresses the power and control issues fundamental to research, because it involves participatory research practices, in this context, termed �Participant Driven research�.

One of the most fundamental events in the history of life is the origin of mitochondria. It was firstly proposed by Ivan Wallin, and later popularized by Lynn Margulis, as part of the endosymbiotic theory, that mitochondria initially arose from free-living bacteria that invaded eukaryotic cells (Wallin, 1922; Sagan, 1967). As a consequence, a mutually beneficial relationship was formed, where the eukaryote delivered protection and nutrients to the prokaryote and, in return, the prokaryote provided additional energy to its host by encoding the gene products essential for the energy-generating process known as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). However, as this relationship became permanent over time, OXPHOS became indispensable to its host and the mitochondrion lost its autonomy, causing many of the mitochondrial genes to be transferred to the nuclear genome. The mammalian mitochondria has retained only a small subset of 37 genes in the form of a circular DNA molecule with a size of approximately 16.6 kb, including 13 essential subunits of the electron transport chain (ETC) (Anderson et al, 1981). Thus, these mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded genes rely on nuclear encoded proteins for their transcription, processing and translation. Defects in the production or stabilization of these mtDNA-encoded subunits can lead to OXPHOS dysfunction, contributing to diverse types of human diseases, including different types of cancer, cardiomyopathies and neurodegenerative conditions (Chandra and Singh, 2011; Breuer et al, 2013). Therefore, it has become of vital importance to understand and explore the regulatory mechanisms involved in controlling mitochondrial function. The identification and study of novel proteins that might enable particular mitochondrial functions will allow for the identification of new candidate genes for the molecular diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders. Exonuclease 3’-5’ domain containing 2 (EXD2) is a nuclear encoded gene that has been described to promote homologous recombination by facilitating DNA end resection (Broderick et al, 2016). Here we report that EXD2 is targeted to the mitochondria and it’s critical for normal metabolism. We found that EXD2 interacts with Complex I of the ETC and the mitoribosome and its depletion impairs mitochondrial translation, leading to a defective OXPHOS, accumulation of ROS and reduced ATP production. In Drosophila melanogaster, we observed that EXD2 deficiency leads to premature stem cell attrition in the female germline and an extension in lifespan that can be rescued by an antioxidant diet. Together, our results define EXD2 as a mitochondrial regulator of translation and OXPHOS activity, that is required for germline stem cell maintenance and suggest that it could be a candidate gene for human metabolic disorders.
Las mitocondrias son orgánulos celulares con una función bioenergética, biosintética y de señalización. A pesar de tener su propio genoma, las mitocondrias requieren genes codificados en el núcleo para su correcto funcionamiento. Nuestro trabajo se centra en el estudio de una proteína no caracterizada llamada Exonuclease 3’-5’ domain like 2 (EXD2), codificada por un gen nuclear que ha sido previamente asociado con la recombinación y reparación del daño en el DNA. Curiosamente, observamos que EXD2 localiza en la mitocondria y que su reducción en los niveles de expresión resulta en un consumo de oxígeno más bajo, defectos en el metabolismo y mtDNA reducido. EXD2 no parece asociarse con proteínas de replicación conocidas y su reducción no afecta la replicación del mtDNA. En cambio, encontramos que EXD2 interacciona con diferentes subunidades del Complejo I de la cadena de transporte electrónico y el mitoribosoma y que su reducción afecta la traducción mitocondrial causando anormalidades metabólicas. Un mal funcionamiento de EXD2 en Drosophila conlleva a defectos en el desarrollo, un desgaste prematuro de las células madre germinales (GSCs) y problemas de fertilidad, los cuales son acompañados de un incremento significante de esperanza de vida. Todos los fenotipos pueden ser revertidos con una dieta anti- oxidante, apoyando la idea de que la reducción de EXD2 genera estrés oxidativo. Finalmente, observamos que una deficiencia en EXD2 afecta al crecimiento de tumores de mama en xenoinjertos, posiblemente por la rendición de células dependientes de glutamina o sensibles a hipoxia. Nuestra hipótesis es que EXD2 afecta a la traducción mitocondrial, y su inhibición resulta en una deficiencia en la fosforilación oxidativa y una acumulación de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS). Proponemos que las mutaciones en EXD2 podrían subyacer a una enfermedad metabólica sin diagnosticar y ello podría tener una aplicación como biomarcador o diana en cáncer humano.

Explora la relación madre-nana desde la perspectiva de la madre. Se realizó un estudio de caso múltiple, en el que participaron cuatro madres trabajadoras, siendo un estudio fenomenológico. Se recogió la información a través de una entrevista conversacional, una observación libre de interacción madre-nana-bebé y una entrevista semi-estructurada. Para el análisis de resultados de los casos, la información se sistematizó en ejes temáticos que emergieron de la data, siendo los siguientes: la construcción de la identidad materna como madre que trabaja y la relación de la madre con la nana; asimismo se planteó un contenido transversal que recogió elementos del vínculo de las madres con sus propios cuidadores. Uno de los hallazgos de la investigación es la relación entre la madre y la nana, en las cuales se actualizan contenidos de la relación de las madres con sus propios cuidadores cuando era niña. Otro de los hallazgos encontrados es la nana como intermediaria en la relación del niño con la madre.

More is becoming known about the importance of sleep to health, with inadequate sleep recognised as a significant public health issue. Sleep clinics have reported disproportionate numbers of Māori and Pacific peoples with more severe obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS), raising concerns about accessibility of services and possible differences in prevalence between ethnic groups. Prevalence information on sleep disorders in Aotearoa is needed to assess its public health impact and plan for population health care needs. This thesis presents a national study examining the prevalence of OSAS symptoms and risk factors among Maori and non-Maori adults in Aotearoa. This project is also situated within the wider scope of ethnic inequalities in health between Maori and non-Maori and is concerned with making a positive contribution to Maori health and the elimination of disparities. Kaupapa Maori Research (KMR) is the underlying methodology that drives this study. As such, it assumes a Maori norm, and prioritises Maori needs. A Maori/non-Maori analytical framework is used that distinguishes Maori as tangata whenua, addresses Maori health needs as well as non-Maori, and enables the monitoring of guarantees as outlined by the Treaty of Waitangi. The goals of this thesis were to estimate the prevalence of OSAS symptoms and risk factors among Maori and non-Maori adults in New Zealand, and to examine independent predictive variables for specific OSAS symptoms. An objective was also to contribute to KMR through designing and undertaking a KMR project using a quantitative method, with the development of concepts for use in other areas of research. In April 1999, a short questionnaire was sent to a sample of 10000 New Zealands (5500 of Maori descent and 4500 non-Maori participants to enable research questions to be examined with equal statistical power for both groups. The results demonstrate that the prevalence of OSAS symptoms and risk factors, particularly among non-Maori, are comparable to other international studies, indicating that OSAS is likely to be a common problem among adults in Aotearoa. Furthermore, the results suggest that Maori are significantly more likely to suffer from OSAS than non-Maori, with higher rates of symptoms and risk factors of OSAS among both men and women. As an area of medicine that is under-serviced in Aotearoa, the results provide important information with which to plan for population needs. There are a number of health implications from this study, relating specifically to the diagnosis and management of OSAS in Aotearoa, and to Maori health and the elimination of disparities. These are multi-levelled and include health service implications across the continuum of care, from specialist sleep services to primary care; public health implications that involve preventive measures and broader determinants of health; and KMR principles that can be applied to interventions and health research in general. As a KMR project the implications and recommendations focus on Maori health research in general. As a KMR project the implications and recommendations focus on Maori health gain and addressing disparities in health. This is consistent with Maori health rights, and a population approach that considers health inequalities and the role of wider determinants of health and health services.

La terapia celular de células madre pluripotentes o embrionarias utilizada por la medicina regenerativa es un protocolo recientemente aplicado. Estas células, son derivadas de la masa celular interna (MCI) del estadio de blastocisto y son capaces de diferenciarse en todos los linajes celulares del cuerpo. Por otro lado, el tratamiento de enfermedades crónicas como el cáncer requiere de potentes fármacos que, en ocasiones, producen efectos no deseados. Ciclofosfamida (CP) es una droga anticancerígena alquilante que, entre otras cosas, provoca como efecto secundario infertilidad. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue revertir dicho efecto negativo, mediante terapia celular, utilizando células de la MCI al diferenciarse in vivo en células madre germinales (CMG). Se utilizaron blastocistos de ratones albinos Swiss Rockefeller obtenidos a las 90 h post cópula. La MCI fue aislada mediante inmunocirugía y luego trasplantada a los túbulos seminíferos de ratones receptores C57BL, a los que previamente se les disminuyó drásticamente la línea germinal con CP (220mg/kg pc). Los animales receptores fueron mantenidos por 35 días en un bioterio en condición estándar; luego los animales fueron sacrificados por dislocación cervical, se extrajeron los testículos para evidenciar la colonización y diferenciación de la MCI mediante cortes histológicos seriados. La evaluación comprobó colonización intraluminal y presencia de minitúbulos (2%) en el 62.5% de los receptores transplantados. Se demostró que las células de la MCI tienen la capacidad de colonizar túbulos seminíferos de ratones adultos de diferentes cepas. Palabras claves: Colonización intraluminal, Masa Celular interna, Células Madre Pluripotentes, Células Madre Germinales, Minitúbulos.
Cellular therapy with embryonic or pluripotent stem cells used by regenerative medicine is a newly implemented protocol. These cells are derived from the blastocyst stage inner cell mass (ICM) and are capable of differentiating into all the body cell lineages. On the other hand, chronic diseases treatment such as cancer requires powerful drugs that sometimes cause unwanted effects. Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an alkylating anticancer drug that, among other things, causes infertility as a side effect. The aim of this research was reverse this negative effect by cell therapy using ICM to differentiate in vivo to germ stem cell (GSC). Swiss Rockefeller albino mice blastocyst stage embryos obtained 90 hours post coitus were used. The MCI was isolated by immunosurgery and then transplanted to the seminiferous tubules of recipient mice C57BL, which were previously germ line decreased drastically with CP (220mg/kg pc). The recipient animals were kept for 35 days in standard animal room conditions, after the animals were sacrificated by cervical dislocation; testes were removed to show the ICM colonization and differentiation by serial histological sections. The evaluation found the intraluminal colonization and presence of minitubules (2%) in the transplant recipients (62.5%). It is shown that the ICM cells have the ability to colonize seminiferous tubules of adult mice of different strains. Key words: Intraluminal Colonization, Inner Cell Mass, Pluripotent Stem Cells, Germ Stem Cells, Minitúbules.
Tesis

Maori identity has changed as a result of many factors including colonisation, assimilation and social change. Traditional Maori identity is constructed within whanau, hapu and iwi relations. As Maori have moved away from traditional iwi areas, the traditional forms of identification as Maori have been challenged. Maori whanau with at least two generations present, were interviewed using open-ended questions. Interviews were then transcribed and coded to ascertain important features of Maori identity. This research shows that Maori participants identified with most of the traditional forms of Maoridom such as the importance of land, language, whakapapa and traditions. The Treaty of Waitangi has become a form of identification for some Maori, particularly urban Maori. There were also some differences between generations within whanau and between rural and urban Maori. Grounded theory was used within the scope of this research as it was deemed to be more reflective of Maori realities than conventional (i.e., Western) psychological theories. Maori participants indicated concern with some themes within New Zealand society that have a negative impact on Maori identity. Social expectations, negative stereotypes and commercialism were major concerns for Maori. Issues with education, power, money and finance and politics were also deemed of great concern and a threat to a positive Maori identity. Participants also commented on the need for more positive role models for young Maori and the need for bicultural initiatives to improve Maori and Pakeha relations. Recommendations are that there should be more money focused on positive initiatives rather than focusing on prisons and welfare. There should also be more emphasis on the Treaty of Waitangi in education with emphasis on why it is important in New Zealands history.

Ko te kookoomuka te raakau i tunua ai te moa. (There is a proper use for everything and only by means of correct useage can the optimum result be obtained) This thesis proposes a model for research into traditional Maori kaupapa. Maori Studies is interdisciplinary in that it combines aspects of a considerable number of other disciplines and adds a further perspective of its own. However, despite the cross-overs with, for example, Anthropology, History, Linguistics, Art History, etc., Maori Studies provides its own unique, emic prespective which adds both depth and breadth to the study. Accordingly, research into kaupapa Maori requires a Maori model which draws from associated disciplines, forms interpretations according to the Maori world view and integrates all the various forms of evidence so that gaps in one area may be filled from another. Some steps towards resolution are proposed where the different forms of evidence seem to contradict, rather than complement each other. In particular the etic versus emic approach is examined with a view. Accordingly, the thesis will include an approach to the analysis and incorporation of traditional information available from: interviews; art; waiata; whakataukii; placenames; whakapapa; manuscripts and early census figures as well as the publised sources which are available. All must be compared with the contemporary oral record of past events, especially since much Maori tradition is political in nature, and the political perspective can change over time ("The Maori Camel"-paper presented to Pouhere Korero/NZHA Conference February 1996). (One of the particular strengths of Maori language material such as placenames, waiata, whakapapa, and whakatauki is that they have usually been repeated verbatim, often by people who hadn�t the language ability to change them. Therefore, like manuscripts they are frozen in time; unlike contemporary oral evidence where stories are retold in each generation.) The case studies look at the traditional Maori perspective on each of the topics and compares it with any research which has been done in Non-Maori ways. (For example, in Case Study 1., Maori knowledge which has been gathered by following the model proposed in this thesis is compared with botanical knowledge about cabbage trees.) Maori language material is not translated but handled in the original and discussed in Maori when a more productive discussion is thus facilitated, therefore resulting in a bi-lingual thesis. For Maori Studies to be fully accepted as having the same mana as other academic disciplines requires full acceptance of the bilingual nature of Maori Studies. However, in the iterests [sic] of wider accessibility, the majority of the discussion will be in English.

Aquesta tesi doctoral descriu diversos avenços conceptuals per a la comprensió molecular de la senyalització de brassinosteroides en el nínxol de cèl·lules mare de l’arrel d’Arabidopsis thaliana. Els brassinoesteroides són les hormones esteroides de les plantes que juguen un paper important en el creixement i desenvolupament vegetal. En l’arrel primària d’Arabidopsis, els brassinoesteroides estan involucrats en el desenvolupament del meristem i manteniment de les cèl·lules mare. Les cèl·lules mare són les cèl·lules més indiferenciades, aquestes es van dividint i diferenciant per generar els diferents tipus cel·lulars de l’arrel. Aquests processos estan estretament controlats per factors interns i externs. El baix nombre de cada població de cèl·lules mare fa complicat el seu estudi de manera individual, per tant, el desenvolupament de mètodes amb resolució per estudiar tipus cel·lulars i fins i tot cèl·lules individuals representa una oportunitat única per investigar aquesta població cel·lular tan escassa. En aquesta tesi doctoral, utilitzem una estratègia multidisciplinària, que inclou genètica, anàlisi transcriptòmica i models matemàtics, per identificar les característiques moleculars de les cèl·lules mare de l’arrel enfocant-nos en el paper dels brassinoesteroides en aquestes cèl·lules. Defectes en els processos de creixement i desenvolupament vegetal generalment són deguts a defectes en el creixement de l’arrel principal. Com que la quantificació precisa de la longitud de l’arrel requereix molt de temps, en aquesta tesi doctoral es descriu el desenvolupament de l’eina MyROOT per a la mesura d’arrels d’Arabidopsis d’una manera semiautomàtica (Capítol 2). A més a més, els resultats presentats en aquesta tesi revelen quin és el paper dels brassinoesteroides en el nínxol de cèl·lules mare. Mitjançant una estratègia de biologia de sistemes s’ha estudiat el paper del factor de transcripció BRAVO, regulat per brassinoesteroides, juntament amb WOX5 en el creixement i desenvolupament de l’arrel (Capítol 3). Igualment, una aproximació específica per tipus cel·lulars ha revelat la resposta transcripcional mediada per BRAVO al centre quiescent i en les cèl·lules mare vasculars adjacents (Capítol 4). Finalment, l’ús de seqüenciació massiva de l’RNA (RNAseq) amb resolució cel·lular ha estat implementat per generar el primer atles transcriptòmic del nínxol de cèl·lules mare de l’arrel. Aquesta aproximació ha permès identificar les característiques moleculars de les cèl·lules mare i la presència de diferents poblacions d’aquestes en el domini d’expressió de BRAVO (Capítol 5). Aquesta tesi doctoral avança en el coneixement de les cèl·lules mare de les plantes i posa de manifest la necessitat d’estratègies multidisciplinàries per descobrir processos fonamentals de el desenvolupament vegetal.
Esta tesis doctoral reporta avances conceptuales en la respuesta molecular mediada por la ruta de señalización de los brasinoesteroides en el nicho de células madre de Arabidopsis thaliana. Los brasinoesteroides son las hormonas esteroideas de las plantas y juegan un papel importante en el crecimiento y desarrollo vegetal. En la raíz primaria de Arabidopsis, los brasinoesteroides están involucrados en el desarrollo del meristemo y mantenimiento de las células madre. En el nicho de células madre, las células madre son las células más indiferenciadas que se van dividiendo y diferenciando para generar los distintos tipos celulares de la raíz. Estos procesos están estrechamente controlados por factores internos y externos. El bajo número de cada población de células madre hace complicado su estudio individualmente, por lo tanto, el desarrollo de métodos con resolución para estudiar tipos celulares e incluso células individualmente representa una oportunidad única para investigar esta población celular tan escasa. En esta tesis doctoral, utilizamos una estrategia multidisciplinar, que incluye genética, análisis transcriptómicos y modelos matemáticos, para identificar las características moleculares de las células madre de la raíz y enfocándonos al papel de los brasinoesteroides en esas células. Defectos en procesos de crecimiento y desarrollo vegetal se reflejan generalmente en defectos en el crecimiento de la raíz principal. Como la cuantificación precisa de la longitud de la raíz requiere mucho tiempo, en esta tesis doctoral se describe el desarrollo de la herramienta MyROOT para la medida de raíces de Arabidopsis de una forma semiautomática (Capítulo 2). Además, los resultados presentados en esta tesis revelan el papel de los brasinoesteroides en el nicho de células madre. Una estrategia de biología de sistemas revela el papel del factor de transcripción BRAVO, regulado por brasinoesteroides, junto con WOX5 en el crecimiento y desarrollo de la raíz (Capítulo 3). Igualmente, una aproximación específica para tipos celulares revela la respuesta transcripcional mediada por BRAVO en el centro quiescente y en las células madre vasculares adyacentes (Capítulo 4). Por último, el uso de RNAseqs con resolución celular ha sido implementado para generar el que creemos es el primer atlas transcriptómico del nicho de células madre de la raíz. Esta aproximación ha permitido identificar las características moleculares de las células madre y la presencia de diferentes poblaciones de estas células en el dominio de expresión de BRAVO (Capítulo 5). Esta tesis doctoral avanza en el conocimiento de las células madre de las plantas y pone de manifiesto la necesidad de estrategias multidisciplinares para descubrir procesos fundamentales del desarrollo vegetal.
This PhD thesis dissertation reports a number conceptual advances for the molecular understanding of brassinosteroid signaling in the root stem cell niche of Arabidopsis thaliana. Brassisnosteroids are the plant steroid hormones that play important roles in plant growth and development. In the Arabidopsis primary root, brassinosteroids are involved in meristem development and stem cell maintenance. At the root stem cell niche, stem cells are the more undifferentiated cells that divide and differentiate to give rise to the distinct cell types of the root. These processes are tightly controlled by internal and external factors. The low number each stem cell population makes it difficult to study them individually, therefore, the advent of cell-type and single-cell specific approaches represents a unique opportunity to investigate this rare cell population. In this PhD thesis, we used an interdisciplinary approach, including genetics, transcriptomics analysis and mathematical modelling, to identify the molecular signatures of the root stem cells with a focus on the role of brassinosteroid hormones in those cells. Defects in growth and development processes is often reflected in abnormal primary root growth. As the accurate quantification of plant primary root length is time consuming, in this PhD dissertation, we describe the development of MyROOT software for the semi-automatic measurement of Arabidopsis primary roots (Chapter 2). In addition, the results presented in this thesis uncover the role of brassinosteroids in the stem cell niche. A systems biology approach revealed a role of the brassinosteroid-mediated BRAVO transcription factor together with WOX5 in overall root growth and development (Chapter 3). Moreover, cell-type specific transcriptomic analysis uncover the transcriptional response mediated by BRAVO in the QC and adjacent vascular stem cells (Chapter 4). Finally, the use of single-cell RNAseq has been implemented to generate to our knowledge the first transcriptomic atlas of the root stem cell niche. This approach allowed to characterize the molecular signatures of the stem cells and to find novel stem cell populations within the BRAVO expression domain (Chapter 5). Overall, the present PhD thesis advances in the understanding of stem cells in plants and expose the necessity of multidisciplinary approaches to uncover fundamental biological questions in plant development.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Biologia i Biotecnologia Vegetal

Clementine multi-spectral data have been used to investigate the geological history of lunar basalts in Mare Humorum, southeast Oceanus Procellarum and Mare Serenitatis. These data have enabled 109 discrete basaltic units to be identified in Mare Humorum and southeast Oceanus Procellarum, while 48 units have been identified in and around Mare Serenitatis. The ages of a number of these units have been inferred by correlating their crater densities with the densities of units from which returned radiometrically-dated samples were collected. Histograms are presented showing that the most extensive volcanic activity in these areas occurred in the Upper Imbrian Period. The depth of basalt has been estimated at locations where an impact has penetrated through to the underlying highland material. The minimum depth of basalt has been inferred from the depth/diameter relationship for a number of impacts which have only penetrated the basalt. These actual and minimum depths have been used to infer the cross sections of Mare Humorum and Mare Serenitatis. These profiles have been used to estimate the minimum volume of basalt in each basin. Evidence is presented from Clementine TiO2 wt% data that vertical, rather than lateral transport of ejecta, is a more efficient method of contaminating basalts with highland material. It is suggested that vertical contamination produces a coarse correlation between the depth of basalt and TiO2 wt%. The possibility of using TiO2 wt% data to imply the depth of a sequence of basaltic lava flows is examined. The extent of lava flows from a number vents in the Herigonius region has been investigated using variations in TiO2 wt% on the walls of rilles. It is also shown that particular sections of the rilles were probably fed from separate sources and these have been identified.

Il titolo della tesi mette in luce uno dei problemi che Palermo deve affrontare dall'imminente secondo dopoguerra: il rapporto tra il mare e la città. Il mare a Palermo non si vede, non se ne percepisce il rumore e l'odore. Tutto il litorale palermitano si trova costellato di edificazioni abusive e di muri che ne nascondono la vista. Il mare, oggi, viene percepito solo come un limite oltre il quale l'espansione edilizia non è riuscita a spingersi. Tutto l'area tra la città costruita e la battigia diventa così uno spazio residuale; uno spazio di nessuno o di abitanti abusivi stagionali. La Palermo degli anni 50, molto colpita dai bombardamenti, viene ricostruita da zero e le macerie delle case distrutte vengono riversate lungo tutta la costa sud. Questi detriti hanno portato alla trasformazione orografica e sociale del litorale con la formazione di 3 promontori: detti i "mammelloni", che hanno sostituito il precedente lungomare, sabbioso e balneare. Con il passare degli anni questi promontori sono diventati luoghi di terzo paesaggio, in conflitto tra la natura che cerca di riappropriarsene e il singolo che trova legittimo buttare ciò che non gli serve più, come se questo fosse il tappeto sotto cui si accumula tutta la polvere della città. Uno spazio sotto al quale sono presenti ricordi di un periodo difficile: la guerra. Il nostro progetto vede la strada come il filo della collana che terrà insieme tutte le perle: una serie di fatti urbani che si sviluppano fra i "mammelloni" e le aree costiere. La strada in questione è via Messina Marine, l'antico collegamento tra Palermo e Messina. Questo intervento vuole essere un punto di partenza dove poter ricominciare a vivere il mare. Il mare deve tornare ad essere il centro della vita cittadina e turistica essendo, da sempre, il fulcro della realtà economica e sociale di Palermo. Città e il mare devono tornare ad essere una cosa sola.

Orientador: Osvair Vidal Trevisan
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-22T22:43:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cortes_JohnFreddyPinilla_M.pdf: 10095949 bytes, checksum: dec2322d659b6530feb18d4edeeb095d (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997
Resumo: Este trabalho modela o efeito da maré oceânica em reservatórios, acoplando as equações de escoamento em meio poroso deformávei cora as teorias geomecânicas. Como resultado do acoplamento, destaca-se a importância de se conceituar corretamente a compressibilidade sob as várias configurações possíveis de carregamento. Inicialmente são considerados os modelos básicos de reservatório infinito, fechado e reaiimentado. Mostra-se como é possível obter uma superposição de efeitos na solução dos modelos básicos através de uma transformação simples na variável da solução. Posteriormente, as variáveis do problema são adimensionalizadas e são considerados os efeitos de poço, conforme enfoque dado na análise de testes. A solução para um reservatório infinito com efeitos de maré é obtida no espaço de Laplace e então invertida numericamente usando o método de Crump. Os resultados são incorporados nas curvas típicas convencionais e validados com testes simulados e reais. Finalmente, são propostas práticas alternativas para serem integradas ao estudo de testes que sofrem influência da maré
Abstract: This work models the oceanic tidal effect on reservoirs by coupling geomeciianic principles with equations for fluid {low in a deformable porous media. The coupling revealed the importance of establishing properly the system compressibility under the various possible configurations of the loading system, The basic models for infinite reservoir, constant outer-pressure reservoir and closed reservoir were considered. If was verified that it \\&$ possible to apply the superposition of effects on the solution for the basic models by earring a simple transformai!on on the solution variable. The problem was treated by in the contex of test analysis, concerning dimensionaless form of variables and the inclusion of well effects The solution for the infinite reservoir including tidal effects was obtained in the Laplace space and was inverted numerically by using Crump's routine. The results were incorporated to conventional type curves, and were validated by comparison with real and simulated pressure test data, finally., alternate practices were suggested to integrate the welt test analysis in reservoirs affected by the tidal effect
Mestrado
Mestre em Engenharia de Petróleo

The consequences of drug use and benefits of methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) were investigated in a random sample of Maori and non- Maori injecting drug users in Christchurch, Aotearoa New Zealand. Eighty- five injecting drug users (IDUs) who had been on MMT for a mean time of 57 months were interviewed and followed up over an average 18 month period. Markov models were used to model cohorts of IDUs, changes in their health states and the effects of MMT and anti-viral therapy on morbidity and mortality. The savings in life from reductions in drug overdoses were used as the main outcome measure in cost-effectiveness analysis. Cost-utility and cost-benefit analysis were also used to provide additional information on the costs and outcomes of treatment. Comparisons were made between: (a) MMT alone; (b) MMT provided with conventional combination therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV); and (c) MMT provided with anti-viral therapy with pegylated interferon. The monetary costs of drug use and benefits of MMT were similar for Maori and non-Maori. However, Markov modelling indicated that MMT is associated with greater savings in life for Maori than for non-Maori. Further, Maori IDUs identified the main personal costs of drug use as being loss of their children and loss of marriage or partners. Large reductions in use of opioids and benzodiazipines were reported at interview, compared with before starting MMT. The participants also reported large reductions in crime and stabilisation of their lifestyles. Improvements in the general health of IDUs om MMT were reported. However, 89% were positive for HCV infection, which was identified as the major physical health problem affecting IDUs in New Zealand. Few IDUs had received anti-viral therapy for HCV infections, despite having stabilised on MMT. This study investigated the benefits of providing anti-viral therapy for HCV to all patients meeting treatment criteria. The cost-effectiveness of MMT alone was estimated at $25,397 per life year saved (LYS) for non- Maori men and $25,035 for non-Maori women IDUs (costs and benefits discounted at 3%). The incremental effects of providing anti-viral therapy for HCV to all eligible patients were to save extra years of life, as well as to involve additional costs. The net effect was that anti-viral therapy could be provided, at a similar level of cost-effectiveness, to all patients who meet HCV treatment criteria. Cost-effectiveness could be improved if IDUs could be stabilised on MMT five years earlier at an average age of 26 instead of the current age of 31 years. The cost-effectiveness of treatment with pegylated interferon was similar to that for conventional combination therapy because there were incremental savings in life as well as increased treatment costs. Costs per LYS were estimated to be lower for Maori than for non-Maori, reflecting ethnic differences in mortality. Sensitivity analysis revealed that provision of MMT with anti-viral treatment remained cost-effective under varying assumptions of mortality, disease progression and compliance with treatment. the main problems that were not improved during MMT were continuing use of tobacco and cannabis, low participation in paid employment, only three participants had received specific treatment for their HCV infections. Cost-benefit analysis using a conservative approach showed a ratio of the benefits to the costs of MMT of 8:1. Benefits were demonstrated in terms of large reductions in crime. Benefit to cost ratios were similar for the different policy examined, as well as for both Maori and non-Maori IDUs.

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor
Determina las diferencias estructurales y ultraestructurales, entre las células madre de cáncer de mama triple negativo (CMTN) y las células madre mesenquimales derivadas de tejido adiposo. La separación de células con el fenotipo CD44+/CD24-, se realiza para las líneas celulares MDA-MB 436 y MDA-MB 231 mediante la técnica de separación inmunomagnética que emplea perlas magnéticas marcadas con monoclonales específicos para este fenotipo (Miltenyi), para lo cual utiliza el separador magnético MACS (Miltenyi) y las columnas MS (Miltenyi). Se encuentran diferencias morfológicas mediante microscopia electrónica de transmisión y microscopia electrónica de barrido entre las CMC y los otros inmunofenotipos seleccionados CD44+/CD24+ y CD44-/CD24-. Entre estas diferencias están la forma esférica y menor tamaño (13µm) de las CMC de la línea celular MDA-MB 436 en comparación a los otros inmunofenotipos. Se encuentran entre las células de la línea MDA-MB 436 que experimentan, transición de células mesenquimales a células epitelial (TME), y las células madre mesenquimales derivadas. Recomienda estudios a nivel de expresión e inmunomarcaje para corroborar la TME.
Tesis

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Médico Veterinario
Las células madre mesenquimales (CMM) son células indiferenciadas con alta capacidad proliferativa y de diferenciación multipotente hacia líneas celulares mesodérmicas que incluyen osteocitos, condrocitos y adipocitos. Estudios recientes indican que las CMM poseen adicionalmente capacidad de diferenciación hacia linajes celulares no mesodérmicos como el hepatogénico. El objetivo del presente estudio fue inducir diferenciación in vitro hepatogénica de CMM aisladas desde médula ósea fetal bovina. Las CMM fueron aisladas en base a su adherencia al plástico desde médula ósea aspirada desde fetos bovinos (n=3) y posteriormente cultivadas in vitro bajo condiciones hepatogénicas por un periodo de 28 días. Durante este periodo se analizó la expresión de los genes hepato-específicos Albúmina (ALB) y α-Fetoproteína (α-FP), de pluripotencia NANOG y la producción de metabolitos hepáticos Glicógeno, Urea y Albúmina. El análisis por PCR cuantitativo (Q-PCR) permitió detectar un aumento (P<0,05) en la expresión de ALB y α-FP (331 y 60 veces el valor del día 0, respectivamente) en CMM diferenciadas el día 28 de cultivo. En esta etapa también se detectaron mayores (P<0,05) niveles de Albúmina (1213 versus 232,9 µg/ml del control) y Urea (8,2 versus 5,5 mg/dl del control) en cultivos de CMM diferenciadas. La presencia de la proteína α-FP y de Glicógeno también fue detectada en estas células. Estos resultados indican que las CMM aisladas desde médula ósea fetal bovina poseen potencial de diferenciación hepatogénico bajo condiciones in vitro
Financiamiento: Proyecto Fondecyt N° 11100205

L'elaborato affronta il tema del bilinguismo e vuole mettere in luce gli aspetti più salienti di tale fenomeno. Il primo capitolo illustra le varie definizioni del fenomeno in letteratura e vengono inoltre presentate le varie dimensioni di classificazione utili a definire il soggetto bilingue come il grado di competenza linguistica, l'età e il contesto di acquisizione. Il secondo capitolo ha l'intento di sfatare i falsi miti che ruotano intorno al bilinguismo, nonché illustrare gli innumerevoli vantaggi che l'acquisizione di due lingue in età infantile apporta. Il terzo capitolo prende in analisi le tipologie di famiglie bilingui e si concentra su alcuni aspetti del linguaggio negli individui bilingui. Questa ultima analisi è stata possibile grazie alla collaborazione di una madre e di sua figlia bilingue italiano-olandese, che hanno accettato di sottoporsi ad una breve intervista.

Although already known that Maori were over-represented in terms of Work-Related Fatal Injury, because of flawed identification processes, both in numerator and denominator data, little progress has been made in understanding the true extent, nature and distribution of work-related fatal injury among Maori. The present study aimed to more accurately describe the problem, identifying specific circumstances associated with Maori deaths that will assist in developing preventive strategies for Maori. Coronial files with an ICD 9-CM E-Code between E800 and E989 and a decedent aged 15-84, were reviewed as part of the study of all New Zealand work-related fatal injuries occurring between 1985 and 1994. Basic descriptive and causal information concerning each incident were abstracted and coded. Maori were identified within this dataset by either the classification recorded upon death certificates or if they were identified as Maori within Coroners files. In all, 91 Maori deaths were identified within the 817 work-related fatalities. Notably, agreement between the data sources used to identify ethnic status was only around 52%. Crude rates were significantly higher for Maori and did not show the significant linear decline across years, compared with the non-Maori rates. Rates adjusted for employment patterns based on ethnicity did not differ. Specific event sequences leading to death were examined by age industry and occupational group for both Maori and non-Maori workers. This study is the first to specifically investigate work-related injury for Maori. It confirms that overall inequities exist, and that they are largely due to differing employment patterns between Maori and non-Maori.

This study is an attempt to interrogate the shared terrain of academic Maori Studies, Treaty of Waitangi praxis (where �praxis� is defined as the practical use of reason and the resonable use of practice - in contrast to purely theoretical activity) and the University system in this country. In this wide ranging �interrogation�, I will employ a dialectical method of analysis where each of the major Articles of the Treaty are assigned a particular �role� in the Thesis because it represents the central �University� or Kawanatanga Problematic; that Article 2 (Tino Rangatiratanga-Chieftainship) is the Antithesis because it represents the �Maori� contradiction or the Tino Rangatiratanga Mandate; and that Article 3 (Kotahitanga-Unity and Association) is the Synthesis because it represents Treaty Praxis� or the Kotahitanga Solution. This study (like the Treaty) has been organised into five appropriate Parts: Part A (The Preamble) provides the overture for the study, and, as such, contextualises the methodological framework and theoretical paradigms in, on and around which the rest of the study is located. Part B (The Kawanatanga Problematic) will attempt to articulate the struggle of Maori Studies in academia by problematising Kawanatanga (as is the case in most of the scholarship on this critical aspect of the Treaty). Part C (The Tino Rangatiratanga Mandate) will outline three major neglected areas of Tino Rangatiratanga in academia: such as the agency of Maori staff, students and communities; and the status of language and of knowledge taonga (treasures). Part D (The Kotahitanga Solution) will attempt to synthesise Treaty praxis within the debate by outlining and evaluating a number of Treaty principles and examples. Part E (Post-Script) will summarise the personified (signatory) aspects of the study and will also attempt to articulate a possible future for Maori Studies. It is hoped that the analytical framework employed in this study and will also attempt to articulate a possible future for Maori Studies. It is hoped that the analytical framework employed in this study will assist in clarfying (i) the nature of the struggle of a �minority-culture� subject (Maori Studies) within (ii) a �majority-culture� institution (the University), and (iii) the promise of bicultural synthesis (or Treaty praxis) as a means of mediating this struggle. It is also hoped that this thesis will be a contribution to that ongoing debate.

This exploratory research examined the contributing influence of a range of contextual and individual variables on the prediction of education, occupation and income aspirations for Maori. Such variables included parental support, parental aspirations, personality, socioeconomic status, age, and Treaty of Waitangi claims settlements. Of particular interest was determining whether Treaty of Waitangi settlements to Maori had influenced the aspirations of individual Maori affiliated to such iwi, compared to those Maori affiliated to iwi that had not received settlement. Two studies were conducted. A small qualitative study of ten Maori was first performed to ascertain participant subjective experiences related to their aspirations. In the second larger study, 225 Maori completed a questionnaire designed to determine participant aspirations and the variables that may influence them. Multiple regression analyses revealed that, education aspirations were predicted by parental education aspirations and age; occupation aspirations were predicted by parental occupation aspirations; and income aspirations were predicted by iwi settlement status. This last finding however was treated with caution. It is hoped that that the present study of variables influencing the aspirations of Maori will provide a comprehensive reference base of comparison for any future related research.

Memoria para optar al título de Periodista
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A nadie le importa el aborto. Todos discuten sobre la defensa de la vida, la protección a los derechos humanos y una buena parte muestra su certificado de buena gente recordando su lucha contra la violación de los derechos humanos en dictadura. Nuestros dirigentes políticos siempre sienten la obligación de garantizar su irrestricta protección a la vida. A nadie le importa el aborto. El debate se centra en el inicio de la vida, en la necesidad de su protección, en la moral y en la maternidad. A nadie le importa cómo, cuándo y por qué una mujer abortó. Qué poderosas razones tiene para decidir, a pesar de todos los riesgos que implica, someterse a una intervención así. No se formula la pregunta sobre qué demandas insatisfechas esconden las cifras de aborto. Demandas por educación sexual, por métodos anticonceptivos, por cambios culturales que permitan efectivamente ejercer el derecho a la sexualidad y a la maternidad. Si eso fuera lo que importara, ya se habrían puesto sobre la mesa las alternativas para enfrentarlo. Un buen ejemplo de ello es que la polémica por el aborto se ha centrado en aquel de carácter terapéutico. No podemos hablar sino de polémica, pues no estamos en presencia de un debate abierto e informado. Cuando Ricardo Lagos era candidato a la presidencia, se manifestó dispuesto a reponer el aborto terapéutico. Pero propuso una serie de condiciones para ello. Sería necesaria la opinión de tres médicos y debería practicarse en un hospital público. ¿Cuál es la razón para esta alternativa? ¿Por qué no requerir la opinión de 5 ó 10 médicos o de una junta médica? ¿Dónde queda mi derecho a elegir si sólo puedo practicarme un aborto en un hospital público? ¿Y si mi ginecólogo atiende en una clínica? Si el escándalo se desata sólo por un debate pequeño, simple y esporádico sobre el aborto terapéutico, ¿podríamos discutir acaso la viabilidad de despenalizar el aborto a todo evento? En la presente investigación nos hemos asomado al aborto desde la educación sexual. Hace 40 años el Estado y la sociedad en su conjunto asumieron que este era un enorme problema de salud pública, impulsando un programa de planificación familiar en todos los consultorios, con información abierta y para todos. Y las estadísticas de aborto y de las muertes que éste causaba comenzaron a bajar en picada. Mientras, a principios del siglo XXI, todos los años se embarazan cerca de 40 mil adolescentes. Y desde 1990 a la fecha, se ha registrado un aumento meteórico de más del 40% de los embarazos en menores de 15 años. Son muchachas que aún no han terminado su formación física ni psicológica. Muchas veces ni siquiera han salido del colegio. En los últimos 30 años no ha habido ni una sola iniciativa masiva, sistemática e integral de educación sexual, vacío que la Concertación tampoco ha llenado en los últimos diez años. El único intento por parte del gobierno fueron las Jornadas de Conversación en Afectividad y Sexualidad, más conocidas como Jocas. Éstas son un programa de tres días, que se realizan a petición de los colegios, y en las que se hablan temas relacionados a la educación sexual, la afectividad y la fecundidad en base a las inquietudes de los propios alumnos. Sin embargo, se produjo un escándalo y diversos actores calificaron la intención del gobierno por proponer educación en esta materia como autoritaria. Y lo peor es que la polémica sólo inhibió cualquier intento por mejorar en este tema. Entonces, si ni siquiera podemos hablar de educación sexual, cómo vamos a discutir sobre aborto. Se rechaza la promoción abierta del condón, de los anticonceptivos orales, de los dispositivos intrauterinos, se rechaza la liberalización de la esterilización. Entonces, ¿cómo queremos evitar el aborto? Pero además, ¿qué pasa con la violación? ¿Con un feto inviable? ¿Con una maternidad en la pobreza, la cesantía, la violencia del marido? Y, por último, ¿qué pasa con la que piensa distinto? ¿Hay espacio para ella? Ante estos casos extremos, se propone como alternativa al aborto la entrega en adopción del hijo no deseado. Pero ¿puede una mujer casada, con tres hijos, con un hogar bien armado, entregar a un cuarto hijo en adopción? ¿Qué explicación le da al resto de sus hijos? ¿Que el bebé murió en el hospital? ¿Que se lo robaron en el camino? Puede que para algunas mujeres la adopción sea una posibilidad viable. Pero ninguna alternativa es la solución para todos los casos. No estamos hablando de aborto. Estamos hablando de pobreza, de que las parejas no quieren tener más hijos, de que las causas por las que se aborta son muchísimas y complejas. No estamos hablando de castigar el aborto, estamos hablando de castigar a mujeres, dueñas de casas, empleadas, con más de un hijo y pobres, pues el castigo no llega a todos. Cuando se levantan críticas contra el aborto, se asume como verdad revelada que la maternidad es una bendición. Pero entonces aparece como legítimo preguntarse si acaso lo es para todas las mujeres. Ahora, cuando se habla de proteger la vida del que está por nacer, ¿cómo es que tal protección se materializa? ¿Qué se le ofrece para que venga al mundo y en qué condiciones recibiremos a esa nueva criatura? ¿Cómo es que la sociedad se desentiende luego de esa vida sagrada? La defensa de la vida se queda en la forma: lo sacro por lo sacro. En el rito. La liturgia de la maternidad. El acto bautismal de la maternidad. Y después ¿qué? Siempre ha habido y siempre habrá aborto. En todas las culturas y por infinidad de medios. Lo que varía es la valoración que las sociedades tienen al respecto, cómo lo consideran: ¿cómo un delito? ¿cómo un método anticonceptivo? ¿cómo un derecho de la mujer? No está demás preguntarse si acaso la cobertura y la información de métodos anticonceptivos no sería mejor y más abierta si es que nuestra clase dirigente se atendiera en los consultorios, como debe hacerlo la enorme mayoría de la población. La presente investigación sólo busca proporcionar algunos antecedentes para reflexionar sobre el tema del aborto. Pero sobre todo para dialogar en torno a la educación sexual y a las posibilidades ciertas para una madre en nuestra sociedad. No tenemos la pretensión de agotar el tema. Es una puerta abierta para iniciar un debate, desprejuiciado, informado.

The need to improve animal welfare and control companion animal populations is necessary for South Africa, especially in impoverished communities lacking resources and education to care for their pets responsibly. These programmes are often multi-dimensional in nature and aim to improve animal welfare in different ways. Sterilisation is often the first step but is not enough. Consequently, education is often used in combination, to teach responsible pet care and ownership to pet owners. By increasing their understanding and knowledge of animals it is hoped that the pets’ overall quality of life and welfare improve. The following dissertation presents the findings of an evaluation conducted for the Mending Mamre Mass Education and Sterilisation Programme. This programme had four components: surgical sterilisation of pets and feral cats, basic veterinary care, education sessions and the rehoming of stray dogs. Three evaluations were performed (as requested by the clients): a programme theory evaluation of the education sessions, a process evaluation to understand why some residents refused sterilisation and an outcome evaluation to measure if the pets’ living conditions and body scores had changed 16 months after the programme. Overall, the results of the programme theory evaluation demonstrated that: the activities and outcomes of the education sessions were consistent with similar programmes but the two causal pathways underlying the programme are not plausible. The results of the process evaluation highlighted that the most common reason why pet owners refused sterilisation was due to fear. Finally, the results of the outcome evaluation indicated mixed results; with an increase observed in the pets’ physical wellbeing but an overall decrease observed in their quality of living conditions. With the results, the evaluator was able to make recommendations to the client and highlight considerations for programme improvement. Overall this study contributes to the paucity of research on evaluations of animal welfare interventions at the community level.

L’impératif de protection de l’environnement, tel que garanti par la Charte de l’environnement, pouvait paraître porteur d’aspirations ambitieuses propres à réformer les pratiques administratives et les conditions d’exercice du pouvoir, afin notamment de renforcer le potentiel environnemental des acteurs publics. Mais, à l’échelle de la commune, pourtant pertinente, dans l’exercice de polices, pourtant prometteuses, l’ambition affichée ne semble pas avoir produit les effets escomptés. Il n’y a pas eu de revalorisation de l’ordre public général permettant une préservation globale de l’environnement à l’échelon communal. Et de manière générale, l’adaptation des mécanismes de la police municipale à la matière environnementale semble laborieuse et s’opérer avec lenteur. Il en est ainsi tant en raison de la logique de l'indépendance des législations qui a longtemps guidé le juge, que de l'interprétation restrictive qu'il fait de l'obligation d'agir ou encore de sa vision étroite du concours de police qui se traduit par le développement des polices étatiques exclusives. La marginalisation du maire est de nouveau accentuée par le développement de l'intercommunalité. Et sa contribution à la mise en œuvre du principe de participation est encore trop limitée pour que le maire puisse voir son rôle revalorisé en matière environnementale
Guaranteed by the French Charter of the environment, the requirement for environmental protection might have been understood as the promise of ambitious aspirations likely to reform administrative practices and conditions of exercise of power, in order to particularly strengthen the environmental potential of public actors. But, on a town scale, yet effective, in the exercise of police competences, yet promising, the ambition does not seem to have the desired effect. There has not been any revaluation of the general public order enabling a global conservation of the environment at the municipal level. And generally, the adaptation of the municipal police mechanisms to environmental matters seems laborious and operates slowly. This is the result of the logic of independence of legislation that had long guided the judge, of the restrictive interpretation of the obligation to act that he has been making; or of his narrow view of the combination of police competences, resulting in the development of exclusive state competences. Its marginalization is emphasized by the development of intercommunity administrations. And its contribution to the implementation of the principle of participation is too limited so that the mayor could see his role in environmental matters upgraded

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Sydney, 2000.
Title from title screen (viewed July 29, 2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy to the Dept. of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts. Bibliography: leaves 185-189. Also available in print form.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Sydney, 2000.
Title from title screen (viewed July 29, 2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy to the Dept. of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts. Bibliography: leaves 185-189. Also available in print form.

Death and disposition of remains are universal problems that touch every culture. Although every culture organises and packages dying and death each manages disposition in a different way. When Māori die in Australia it tests the strength of their resolve to be Māori and differentiate between cultural and national identities and their veneer of Australian-ness. This research engages with constructivism, grounded theory and kaupapa Māori frameworks in order to determine factors that influence repatriation of cremated Māori remains to New Zealand. At the core of this research is the attribution of identity to cremated remains (cremains) as it determines how they will be treated and cared for. Interment decisions have significant cultural and economic impacts, but the main contribution of this thesis is these decisions may redefine Māori cultural and spiritual conceptions of deceased and so homelands. Data was collected for a period of six months through an online questionnaire deployed through social media. From this questionnaire eight people self-nominated for in-depth interviews to determine the reasons for their decisions, however only six people provided consent. Interviews were transcribed and coded and organised into themes. Although this is a small sample size and not generalizable, it is indicative and leaves scope for a much broader study. Analysis indicated Māori transmigrants are making decisions about tangihanga (funerals) and interment of cremains under difficult circumstances. All the while they were either disconnected from family, tikanga (cultural protocols) and a society that values deceased or connected to tikanga that was disrupted by the colonial project. As transmigrants, Māori tend to cremate because the cost of burial is too expensive and repatriation of a body is unachievable with a limited disposable income. Interment in either country appears to be determined by the strength of connections to family, kainga (homelands) and ancestors on either side of the Tasman Sea. This generated internal conflict and divided loyalty between both countries. This thesis is about how death practices are disrupted by migration and are forced to evolve. Although difficult, this thesis has determined that people participating in this research attributed an identity and an afterlife to cremains. They are recognised as tūpuna, still protected, watched over, and secreted away to be safe from harm.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Arts Research (MARes)
School of Hum, Lang & Soc Sc
Arts, Education and Law
Full Text

La Grande Madre è un’immagine archetipica, una figura di femminilità ancestrale che si manifesta nella psiche e nella vita del genere umano sin dagli albori. La sua immagine emerge dal mito e percorre i secoli insinuandosi nell’immaginario collettivo, incarnandosi nei personaggi femminili generati dalla creazione artistica. Anche il teatro accoglie l’archetipo della Grande Madre: partendo dalle donne della tragedia greca, i caratteri archetipici si mantengono, con sfumature diverse, fino al melodramma ottocentesco.

Scholars do not deny that the piiwhiri involves musical movements, but few sources adequately emphasize how intimately the piiwhiri and music are intertwined. Instead of defending a position that has not been directly challenged, but rather skimmed over, this thesis aims to define the what, how, and why questions surrounding the inseparable relationship between music and the powhiri. The goals are to pinpoint the role music plays in the Maori powhiri ceremony and to recognize that the ceremony itself would lose its effectiveness without the use of Maori music