Tesis sobre el tema "Manganese silicate"

Bibliography: pages 143-151.
Sugilite, a purple mineral belonging to the milarite group, occurs in the lower manganese orebody at Wessels Mine, in the Kalahari Manganese Field. This orebody was formed in the lowermost manganiferous horizon of the Hotazel Member of the Voelwater Jasper Formation, part of the volcanogenic sedimentary iron formation of the Griqualand West Sequence. At Wessels Mine, which is located northwest of Kuruman in the northwestern Cape Province, evidence of a widespread and pervasive hydrothermal event which took place around 1300 Ma is found in the form of upgrading of the manganese-ore horizons and the formation of zoned silicate-mineral assemblages. The presence of unusual minerals such as glaucochroite, iron akermanite, xonotlite and hydrogarnets of various types constrains the main phase of metamorphism to between 400 and 450 °C in a low pressure, hydrous environment with XCO2 ≤ 0,02. All the minerals which occur in these assemblages are described and discussed in terms of their chemistry and formation.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Energy storage technologies are rapidly being developed due to the increased awareness of global warming and growing reliance of society on renewable energy sources. Among various electrochemical energy storage technologies, high power supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries with excellent energy density stand out in terms of their flexibility and scalability. However, supercapacitors are handicapped by low energy density and batteries lag behind in power. Supercapatteries have emerged as hybrid devices which synergize the merits of supercapacitors and batteries with the likelihood of becoming the ultimate power sources for multi-function electronic equipment and electric/hybrid vehicles in the future. But the need for new and advanced electrodes is key to enhancing the performance of supercapatteries. Leading-edge technologies in material design such as nanoarchitectonics become very relevant in this regard. This work involves the preparation of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), pristine and zinc doped lithium manganese silicate (Li2MnSiO4) nanoarchitectures as well as their composites with hydroxylated graphene (G-ol) and carbon nanotubes (CNT).
2023-12-01

Doctor Educationis
Energy storage technologies are rapidly being developed due to the increased awareness of global warming and growing reliance of society on renewable energy sources. Among various electrochemical energy storage technologies, high power supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries with excellent energy density stand out in terms of their flexibility and scalability. However, supercapacitors are handicapped by low energy density and batteries lag behind in power. Supercapatteries have emerged as hybrid devices which synergize the merits of supercapacitors and batteries with the likelihood of becoming the ultimate power sources for multi-function electronic equipment and electric/hybrid vehicles in the future. But the need for new and advanced electrodes is key to enhancing the performance of supercapatteries. Leading edge technologies in material design such as nanoarchitectonics become very relevant in this regard. This work involves the preparation of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), pristine and zinc doped lithium manganese silicate (Li2MnSiO4) nanoarchitectures as well as their composites with hydroxylated graphene (G-ol) and carbon nanotubes (CNT).
2023-12-02

Magister Scientiae - MSc (Chemistry)
This research was based on the development and characterization of graphenised lithium iron phosphate-lithium manganese silicate (LiFePO4-Li2MnSiO4) hybrid cathode materials for use in Li-ion batteries. Although previous studies have mainly focused on the use of a single cathode material, recent works have shown that a combination of two or more cathode materials provides better performances compared to a single cathode material. The LiFePO4- Li2MnSiO4 hybrid cathode material is composed of LiFePO4 and Li2MnSiO4. The Li2MnSiO4 contributes its high working voltage ranging from 4.1 to 4.4 V and a specific capacity of 330 mA h g-1, which is twice that of the LiFePO4 which, in turn, offers its long cycle life, high rate capacity as well as good electrochemical and thermal stability. The two cathode materials complement each other's properties however they suffer from low electronic conductivities which were suppressed by coating the hybrid material with graphene nanosheets. The synthetic route entailed a separate preparation of the individual pristine cathode materials, using a sol-gel protocol. Then, the graphenised LiFePO4-Li2MnSiO4 and LiFePO4-Li2MnSiO4 hybrid cathodes were obtained in two ways: the hand milling (HM) method where the pristine cathodes were separately prepared and then mixed with graphene using a pestle and mortar, and the in situ sol-gel (SG) approach where the Li2MnSiO4 and graphene were added into the LiFePO4 sol, stirred and calcined together.
2021-04-30

Orientador: Alexandre Mesquita
Resumo: Os materiais nanoestruturados vêm sendo extensivamente estudados, não somente pelas novas propriedades e suas possíveis aplicações tecnológicas, mas também pela busca de uma melhor compreensão dos aspectos físicos e químicos. Em relação a materiais semicondutores, estudos da estrutura em escala nanométrica tem recebido considerável interesse em razão do efeito de tamanho que exibem. Semicondutores nanocristalinos apresentam propriedades eletrônicas intermediárias entre aqueles de estrutura molecular e sólidos macrocristalinos e são objeto de intensa pesquisa, apresentando uma grande diversidade de aplicações quando na forma nanoestruturada. Dentre esses materiais, o silicato de zinco (Zn2SiO4) puro ou dopado tem recebido atenção em razão de notáveis propriedades fundamentais, versatilidade e potencial para diversas aplicações tecnológicas. Nesse contexto, essa dissertação teve como objetivo realizar a síntese e a caracterização de Zn2SiO4 puro e dopado com átomos de manganês e sua correlação com propriedades fotoluminescentes. Neste trabalho, foi utilizado o método químico de preparação conhecido por co-preciptação. Deste modo, a caracterização morfológica foi realizada através da técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura de alta resolução (FEG-MEV), a qual demonstra um aglomerado de grãos, tornando a determinação do tamanho do mesmo difícil. As propriedades estruturais das nanopartículas, bem como suas propriedades físicas e químicas, foram determinadas através das técn... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Nanostructured materials have been extensively studied, not only for new properties and their possible technological applications, but also for a better understanding of the physical and chemical aspects. With regard to semiconductor materials, nanoscale structure studies have received considerable interest because of the size effect they exhibit. Nanocrystalline semiconductors have intermediate electronic properties between those of molecular structure and macrocrystalline solids and are the subject of intense research, presenting a great diversity of applications when in nanostructured form. Among these materials, pure or doped zinc silicate (Zn2SiO4) has received attention because of its remarkable fundamental properties, versatility and potential for various technological applications. In this context, this dissertation aimed to synthesize and characterize pure and doped Zn2SiO4 with manganese atoms and its correlation with photoluminescent properties. In this work, the chemical preparation method known as co-precipitation was used. Thus, the morphological characterization was performed by the high resolution scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) technique, which demonstrates a grain cluster, making the size determination difficult. The structural properties of nanoparticles, as well as their physical and chemical properties, were determined by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence techniques, with which it is possible to observe the formation of na... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species), such as H2O2, HO● and O2-●, are naturally produced by the metabolism of living beings. However, they can appear in large quantities in the case of certain diseases (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, sclerosis, cancer). Overproduction of ROS leads to higher cell mortality. Some microorganisms have an Mn-based enzyme capable of catalyzing the disproportionation reaction of H2O2 into O2 and H2O. Several molecules have been synthesized to reproduce this process, however very few of them are active in aqueous environment. Recently, polynuclear synthetic Mn species have been introduced into mesoporous silica to protect them from the environment. Thus, these complexes of Mn are stable and even see their catalytic activity increase. In order to persevere in this way, this thesis presents new compounds of formula [Mn(bpy)(AntCO2)2]n and [{Mn(bpy)(AntCO2)}2(µ-AntCO2)2(µ-OH2)] for MnII (chain and dinuclear respectively) and [Mn4O2(AntCO2)6(bpy)2(ClO4)2] for MnIII (tetranuclear) based on this concept. These compounds have two types of ligands, 2,2'-bipyridine, commonly found for similar compounds and 9-anthracene carboxylate, a fluorescent ligand added for theragnostic purposes. The resolution of the crystal structure of the MnII dinuclear compound shows a compression along the axis on the direction of the monodentate anthracene carboxylate. Moreover, by hydrolysis the one- dimensional system can be converted to the dinuclear compound. In the synthesis of the Mn(III) compound some oxidation of the anthracene is observed and two organic compounds are obtained, an anthraquinone and an ester formed by reaction between the quinone and the carboxylate. The manganese compounds were inserted into silica nanoparticles (NPs), resol (a polyphenol resin) -silica and carbon-silica hybrids in order to allow their vectorization and to study the compatibility of hybrid NPs with this type of system. This work explores the magnetic properties of the complexes and the luminescent properties of the coordination compounds and materials. The Mn(II) compounds show weak antiferromagnetic interaction, and the best way to differentiate these compounds is by EPR spectroscopy: the chain shows a unique band at g~2 while for the dinculear compound the spectrum is more complex, with several features at low fields. Magnetic properties of the Mn(III) compound confirms that it is a tetranuclear with butterfly type geometry with stronger antiferromagnetic interaction between the central ions than between central-terminal ions. The study of the porosity of the materials and the quantification of the presence of manganese inside the materials shows a good incorporation rate of the compounds. However it seems that the compounds are not present homogenously inside the support and that they are broken into smaller units. This is confirmed with the study of the magnetic properties of the hybrid [Mn]@NPs materials. In addition, fluoresecence measurement show that both the support and the compounds are luminescent but that both emission are strongly quenched when the compounds are inside the nanoparticles. The study of the optic properties of the materials show that a large amount of the compounds is released when the loaded silica and carbon-silica nanoparticles are redispersed in ethanol. However, resol-silica nanoparticles seem a lot more efficient to retain the complexes inside and apparently do not need further functionalization to achieve this goal. Finally, some preliminary test of disproportionation of H2O2 catalyzed by the manganese systems show low to moderate activity of Mn compounds in acetonitrile and paves the way for optimizing hybrid systems in aqueous media.

Les ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species), tels H2O2, HO● et O2-●, sont produites naturellementpar le métabolisme des êtres vivants. Cependant, elles peuvent apparaître en trop grandesquantités dans le cas de certaines maladies (Alzheimer, Parkinson, scléroses, cancers). Lasurproduction de ROS conduit à une mortalité des cellules plus élevée.Certains micro-oragnismes possèdent une enzyme à base de Mn capable de catalyser laréaction de dismutation du H2O2 en O2 et H2O. Plusieurs molécules ont été synthétisées pourreproduire ce procédé, cependant très peu d'entre elle sont actives en environnement aqueux.Récemment, des espèces synthétiques du Mn ont été introduites dans des silicesvoient même leur activité catalytique augmenter. Afin de perséverer dans cette voie, cettethèse présente de nouveaux composés de MnII (dinucléaire et chaîne) et MnIII(tetranucléaire) basés sur ce concept. Ils sont dotés de ligands fluorescents, ajoutés pour desfin théragnostiques. Ces composés ont été insérés dans des nanoparticules (NPs) de silice ethybrides carbone-silice afin, de permettre leur vectorisation et d'étudier la compatibilité desNPs hybrides avec ce type de système.Le travail fourni explore les propriétés magnétiques des complexes, les propriétésluminescentes des composés et matériaux et montre la bonne insertion des composés dans lesNPs hybrides, ne nécessitant pas, contrairement aux NPs de silice pure, de fonctionnalisationsupplémentaire pour la rétention des complexes. Il met aussi en évidence l'activité descomposés du Mn dans l'acétonitrile et ouvre des pistes pour une optimisation des systèmeshybrides en milieu aqueux.Le travail fourni explore les propriétés magnétiques des complexes, les propriétésluminescentes des composés et matériaux et montre la bonne insertion des composés dans lesNPs hybrides, ne nécessitant pas, contrairement aux NPs de silice pure, de fonctionnalisationsupplémentaire pour la rétention des complexes. Il met aussi en évidence l'activité descomposés du Mn dans l'acétonitrile et ouvre des pistes pour une optimisation des systèmeshybrides en milieu aqueux
ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species), such as H2O2, HO● and O2-●, are naturally produced by themetabolism of living beings. However, they can appear in large quantities in the case of certaindiseases (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, sclerosis, cancer). Overproduction of ROS leads to highercell mortality.Some microorganisms have an Mn-based enzyme capable of catalyzing the disproportionationreaction of H2O2 into O2 and H2O. Several molecules have been synthesized to reproduce thisprocess, however very few of them are active in aqueous environment. Recently, synthetic Mn species have been introduced into mesoporous silica to protect themfrom the environment. Thus, these complexes of Mn are stable and even see their catalyticactivity increase. In order to persevere in this way, this thesis presents new compounds ofMnII (dinuclear and chain) and MnIII (tetranuclear) based on this concept. They havefluorescent ligands (9-anthracene carboxylate), added for theragnostic purposes. Thesecompounds were inserted into silica nanoparticles (Nps), resol (a polyphenol resin) -silica andcarbon-silica hybrids in order to allow their vectorization and to study the compatibility ofhybrid NPs with this type of system.This work explores the magnetic properties of the complexes, the luminescent properties of thecompounds and materials and shows the good insertion of the compounds into the hybrid NPs,not requiring, in contrast to pure silica NPs, additional functionalization for the retention of thecomplexes. It also highlights the activity of Mn compounds in acetonitrile and paves the wayfor optimizing hybrid systems in aqueous media

The present thesis reports on the transmission electron microscopy structure characterization of semiconducting thin films of higher manganese silicides (HMS or MnSi1.7) grown on (001)Si by different UHV deposition methods (the template method, reactive deposition and surfactant mediated reactive deposition). In this work electron diffraction technique was applied for the fist time to reveal the HMS phase growing in thin MnSi1.7 films. The obtained results suggest the presence of the shortest in c-axis length HMS phase, namely Mn4Si7, within our experiments. It has been shown that growth of epitaxial Mn4Si7 grains can be achieved by the template technique. In particular, the influence of the template thickness on the silicide layer quality has been investigated. It has been found that deposition of a thin Mn layer of 0.8 nm nominal thickness at room temperature prior to the Mn/Si codeposition at 550°C causes the formation of a silicide template that leads to the preferred epitaxial Mn4Si7 growth with (110)[4-41]Mn4Si7 || (001)[110]Si. Silicide crystallites of two additional orientation relations, (3-38)[-443]Mn4Si7 || (001)[110]Si and (001)[110] Mn4Si7 || (001)[110]Si, were present at the same template thickness to a lesser extent. Due to the crystal symmetry of Mn4Si7 and Si the epitaxial Mn4Si7 growth on (001)Si leads to the formation of a number of Mn4Si7 domains for each observed orientation. Additional experiments were carried out using the reactive deposition process. It has been shown that the deposition of Mn onto (001)Si at substrate temperatures higher then 600°C leads to the formation of large silicide islands growing with the major part of their elongated grains parallel to <110>Si. XRD investigations show the observed silicide grains to exhibit the following texture: (110)Mn4Si7 || (001)Si. The found island morphology of Mn4Si7 films can be modified by the deposition of about one monolayer of Sb (surfactant) onto (001)Si prior to the Mn-deposition. This process results in an increase of the silicide island density by about two orders of magnitude and decrease of the silicide grain dimensions to nanometer range. Furthermore, in the presence of Sb the silicide layers grow with the preferential orientation: (100)[010]Mn4Si7 || (001)[100]Si. The observed changes in the morphology and orientation of the Mn4Si7 layers can be explained by the reduced diffusion of Mn and Si atoms in the presence of the Sb overlayer
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Struktur von dünnen MnSi1.7-Schichten, die mit verschiedenen UHV-Herstellungsmethoden (template-Verfahren, reaktive Abscheidung und surfactant gesteuerte Abscheidung) auf (001)Si hergestellt wurden, mittels Elektronenmikroskopie charakterisiert. Die Ergebnisse der Elektronenbeugung an dünnen Mangansilicid-Schichten können vollständig interpretiert werden, wenn von den bekannten höheren Mangansiliciden (HMS) das Mn4Si7 als einzige vorliegende Phase angenommen wird. Der Hauptteil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den mittels template-Verfahren abgeschiedenen Mn4Si7-Schichten. In diesen Experimenten wurde der Einfluss der template-Dicke auf die Morphologie und Orientierung der hergestellten Schichten untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, dass bei der Abscheidung von einer dünnen Mn-Schicht mit einer nominalen Dicke von 0,8 nm bei Raumtemperatur und weiterer Mn/Si-Koabscheidung bei einer Substrattemperatur von 550°C nahezu geschlossene Silicidschichten mit der bevorzugten Orientierungsbeziehung (110)[4-41]Mn4Si7 || (001)[110]Si entstehen. Weiterhin wachsen bei dieser template-Dicke Mn4Si7-Kristallite mit den Orientierungsbeziehungen: (3-38)[-443]Mn4Si7 || (001)[110]Si und (001)[110] Mn4Si7 || (001)[110]Si. Bei jeder gefundenen Orientierungsbeziehung treten beim Wachstum von Mn4Si7 auf (001)Si mehrere Domäne auf. Zusätzliche Experimente wurden unter Verwendung der reaktiven Schichtabscheidung durchgeführt. Sie verdeutlichen, dass bei reaktiver Abscheidung von Mn auf (001)Si ab einer Substrattemperatur von 600°C ein Wachstum von Mn4Si7-Inseln entlang den [110]-Richtungen des Siliciums erfolgt. XRD-Untersuchungen zeigen, dass diese Inseln die folgende Textur haben: (110)Mn4Si7 || (001)Si. Durch eine Modifizierung der Si-Oberfläche mit einer bis zu einer Monolage dicken Sb-Schicht (surfactant) kann das Mn4Si7-Inselwachstum beeinflusst werden. Die dabei gefundene Erhöhung der Mn4Si7-Inseldichte wird hier auf die reduzierte Mn- und Si-Diffusion zurükgeführt. Weiterhin wurde gefunden, dass dieser Abscheidungsprozess Mn4Si7-Kristallite der bevorzugten Orientierung (100)[010]Mn4Si7 || (001)[110]Si liefert

Cette étude porte sur la cristallochimie du manganèse dans les silicates ferromagnésiens, clino-amphiboles et phyllosilicates 2:1, abordée par voie expérimentale en milieu hydrothermal, sous différentes conditions de température, de pression, et de fugacité d'oxygène qui conditionnent ses états de valence. La caractérisation des phases et assemblages obtenus a été réalisée par diffraction des rayons X, microsonde électronique, microscopie électronique à balayage, absorption optique, analyses thermogravimétriques, spectrométries infrarouge et Raman, et spectrométrie d'absorption X (EXAFS).

Le manganèse, qui possède plusieurs états de valence, se traduisant par des valeurs de rayon ionique variées, est susceptible d'occuper différents sites dans les silicates ferromagnésiens, comme dans les oxydes et bien d'autres composés.

Dans les clino-amphiboles, de type trémolite, et de type richtérite prise comme modèle des clino-amphiboles sodi-calciques, comme dans les phyllosilicates 2:1, talc, phlogopite et clintonite, l'importance des contraintes stériques sur la capacité d'incorporation du manganèse et sa possible distribution dans les différents sites des structures concernées a été démontrée. La multiplicité des sites aptes à accueillir le manganèse permet sa distribution sur l'ensemble des sites octaédriques M1,2,3 et antiprisme pseudo-cubique M4 des clino-amphiboles, comme des phyllosilicates 2:1 en sites M1 et M2 et potentiellement en position interfoliaire.

Cette étude montre que le manganèse divalent peut effectivement se distribuer sur l'ensemble des sites M dans la manganocummingtonite, équivalent manganifère de la trémolite. Dans les clino-amphiboles de type richtérite, synthétisées en conditions oxydantes, la présence du manganèse en sites octaédriques M1,2,3 provoque un changement d'état de valence 2+ ® 3+, qui entraîne une non-protonation locale voire totale de l'amphibole, comme dans la ungarettiite, NaNa2( )Si8O22O2, décrite dans le milieu naturel, et dont les conditions de stabilité ont été déterminées au cours de ce travail.

De même, dans les phyllosilicates, on montre la possibilité d'occupation de différents sites par Mn2+, les sites M, mais aussi le site interfoliaire dans la clintonite. Dans le talc, le remplacement de Mg2+ par Mn2+ est restreint à moins de 20%, pour des raisons d'adaptation dimensionnelle entre couches tétra- et octaédriques. Par contre, la souplesse structurale des micas permet une incorporation plus élevée de Mn2+. L'association du manganèse divalent avec des éléments de plus faible taille, tels que l'aluminium, le magnésium ou le zinc, dans les micas de type phlogopite, permet, pour des raisons stériques, de stabiliser leur structure. En conditions oxydantes, Mn3+, de plus faible rayon ionique que Mn2+, contribue aussi à cette adaptation, comme dans la norrishite, K( Li)Si4O12, ce qui entraîne, comme dans les amphiboles, une non-protonation.

Dans le cadre de l'etude des composes oxygenes multisites du manganese, l'exploration des systemes ln-mn-si-o et ln-mn-ge-o a ete entreprise et a permis d'isoler cinq nouvelles phases: la#4mn#5si#4o#2#2, cemn#2ge#4o#1#2, prmnogeo#4, lnmnge#1#. #5si#0#. #5o#2#2 (ln = nd, sm) et gdmnge#2o#7. La richesse des degres d'oxydation du manganese et la diversite des polyedres de coordination qu'il adopte, conduisent a des charpentes variees. La structure de gdmn#2o#7 est originale. Les structures des autres composes sont isotypes ou apparentees a des phosphates, silicates et germanates connus. La#4mn#5si#4o#2#2 presente l'originalite de stabiliser les degres d'oxydation +2, +3 et +4 du manganese. Ceci a ete confirme par une etude par spectroscopie de perte d'energie des electrons transmis (eels). L'existence de feuillets mno#2 de type rutile dans ce compose a motive la preparation de la#4v#5si#4o#2#2, lequel presente la valence mixte v (iii/iv). L'etude du comportement magnetique des phases la#4m#5si#4o#2#2 (m = mn, v), revele des systemes complexes combinant des reseaux de dimensionnalites differentes qui s'interprenetrent. A cela s'ajoute une modulation de la localisation electronique en fonction de la nature du metal de transition. Le ferromagnetisme faible semble caracteriser cette famille de composes. La#4mn#5si#4o#2#2 a fait l'objet d'une etude, sur poudre, par diffraction des neutrons. Les particularites des proprietes magnetiques des ions lanthanides, compliquent l'interpretation des mesures effectuees pour les composes prmnogeo#4 et lnmnge#1#. #5si#0#. #5o#7

Valoriser l'énergie perdue sous forme de chaleur par les moteurs thermiques en électricité via desgénérateurs thermoélectriques permettrai de diminuer l'empreinte carbone des transports routiers. Unesélection des matériaux basée sur des critères de performance, de coût et de développement durable aconduit au choix du siliciure de manganèse MnSi (semi-conducteur de type p). En s'appuyant sur uneapproche couplant la métallurgie et la chimie du solide, ce travail revisite l'état de l'art sur ces alliageset révèle les relations entre la structure (inco/commensurabilité), la microstructure et le procédé. Unemeilleure compréhension de ces liens a permis d'acquérir un contrôle plus précis des microstructures,et par conséquent d'optimiser les propriétés thermoélectriques, et a conduit à la mise au point d'unenouvelle voie de synthèse pour MnSi. De plus, la production de matériaux purs et texturés a permisde mettre en évidence l'isotropie des propriétés de transport de la phase MnSi. Enfin, cette étudesuggère une relation entre la texture des joints de grains et la ségrégation dans des alliages dopés,ouvrant de nouvelles perspectives pour améliorer les propriétés thermoélectriques
Generating electricity from waste heat by means of thermoelectric generators may represent a very interestingopportunity to significantly reduce the impact of road transportation. In this context, HigherManganese Silicide (HMS) based alloys are studied as p-type semiconductors to achieve a sustainablescale-up of this technology. Through a strategy coupling metallurgy and solid state chemistry, thiswork revisits the knowledge on HMS and reveals the relationship between the phases, the microstructureand the manufacturing process. This systematic study has lead to the establishment of designguidance to maximize the performance and thus, to a new synthesis route. In addition, the productionof grain oriented and highly pure HMS materials evidences the isotropy of the transport properties ofHMS. Finally, this study suggests a relationship between grain boundary texture and segregation indoped-HMS, opening new directions for enhancing thermoelectric properties

Le formaldéhyde est un Composé Organique Volatil (COV) fréquemment retrouvé dans les environnements intérieurs. Son oxydation catalytique totale en produits inoffensifs pour l'homme a été étudiée et de nouveaux matériaux catalytiques à base d’oxyde de manganèse (Mn) ont été développés au cours de travail de thèse. Dans une première partie, différents paramètres pour la synthèse du catalyseur ont été étudiés afin d'optimiser la dispersion d'oxydes de manganèse au sein de la mésoporosité d'une silice organisée (SBA-15) par une méthode originale d’infiltration à l’état fondu des espèces de Mn. Il a été montré que si l’agent structurant du support était conservé pendant l’étape d’infiltration, les espèces d’oxyde de manganèse se trouvaient hautement divisées dans la mésoporosité de la silice. Cependant en raison d’un faible degré d’oxydation moyen du Mn, les catalyseurs obtenus par cette méthode d’infiltration ne présentaient pas une activité optimale dans l’oxydation catalytique du formaldéhyde. Dans une seconde partie, il a été montré que l’extraction partielle de l’agent structurant avant l’infiltration du Mn avait permis une très bonne dispersion des espèces de Mn tout en limitant leur réduction chimique au cours de l’activation du catalyseur. Enfin un traitement acide du Mn déjà infiltré au sein de la silice a permis une augmentation du degré d’oxydation du Mn et une amélioration des propriétés texturales des matériaux catalytiques. Ces deux approches pré et post-infiltration du Mn au sein d’un support silicique ont conduit à des catalyseurs Mn/SBA-15 beaucoup plus performants dans l’oxydation catalytique totale du formaldéhyde
Formaldehyde is a Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) usually found in indoor environments. Total catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde to human harmless products has been studied and new catalytic materials based on manganese oxides (Mn) have been developed during thesis work. In a first part, different parameters for the synthesis of the catalyst were studied in order to optimize the dispersion of manganese oxides within the mesoporosity of organized silica (SBA-15) by an original method of infiltration at the melted state of Mn species. It has been shown that if the template of the support was preserved during the infiltration step, the manganese oxide species were highly divided in the mesoporosity of the silica. However, due to a low average oxidation state of Mn, the catalysts obtained by this infiltration method did not exhibit optimal activity in the catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde. In a second part, it was shown that the partial extraction of the structuring agent before the infiltration of Mn had allowed to a very good dispersion of the Mn species while limiting their chemical reduction during the catalyst activation step. Finally, an acid treatment of the Mn species already infiltrated within the silica has allowed an increase in the average oxidation state of the Mn and an improvement in the textural properties of the catalytic materials. These two pre- and post-infiltration approaches of Mn in a silicic carrier have led to Mn / SBA-15 catalysts which are much more efficient in the total catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde

The objective of this work is the synthesis of model material for manganese dioxygenase which is an enzyme that oxidizes catechol-like substrates with dioxygen. Our strategy comprises three main steps that form the different chapters of this thesis: - Synthesis and characterization of manganese(II) complexes with tridentate ligands. - Optimization of a microwave-assisted synthesis of a mesoporous silica. - Functionalization of these materials and complex grafting, as well as preliminary catalytic tests. The ligands used are tertiary amines containing an alkyne arm and two coordinating arms with functions such as pyridine, imidazole or carboxylate. The complexes were crystallized and/or characterized by IR, EPR, SQUID and cyclic voltamperometry. Microwave synthesis, based on the conditions of classical hydrothermal synthesis, allowed us to reduce the synthesis time from one day to two hours. The quality of these new materials was verified by IR, TGA, BET and powder XRD. These materials are then bi-functionalized using a molecular stencil patterning mehod with a an azide function for complex grafting via click chemistry and a function pyridine or trimethylsilyl to control the coordinating ability of the metal environment. These complexes and materials are active in catechol oxidation with O2.

L’objectif de cette thèse est la synthèse de composés de manganèse et de matériaux hybrides qui soient intéressants du point de vue bioinorganique et magnétique. Pour accomplir ce but, nous avons découpé la stratégie en trois étapes constituant les différents chapitres de ce manuscrit :(a) Synthèse et caractérisation des composés moléculaires de manganèse et l’étude de leurs propriétés magnétiques.Nous avons réussi à obtenir la structure cristalline des vingt-trois nouveaux composés de Mn de différentes nucléarités, d’état d’oxydation II, III ou IV. Nous avons étudié les propriétés magnétiques de ces composés et nous avons établi des corrélations magnéto-structurales. Les composés de MnII ont été aussi étudiés par spectroscopie RPE.(b) Synthèse et caractérisation des matériaux hybrides basés sur des composés moléculaires de manganèse insérés dans de la silice mésoporeuse. Les composés moléculaires sélectionnés ont été insérés dans de la silice mésoporeuse (du type MCM-41). Les complexes de Mn dans les supports ont été caractérisés par ATG, XPS, ICP-OES, spectroscopie IR et mesures magnétiques. (c) Étude des propriétés catalytiques des composés moléculaires et des matériaux hybrides.Une famille de composés moléculaires obtenus dans cette thèse sont des modèles structuraux et fonctionnels de la catalase à Mn, une enzyme présente dans certaines bactéries, ayant des propriétés antioxydantes (H2O2 « scavenger »). L’activité catalase pour ces composés et les matériaux hybrides dérivés a été étudiée dans l’acétonitrile et dans l’eau
The main objective of this work is the synthesis of manganese compounds and hybrid materials that may be relevant from a bioinorganic and magnetic point of view. The developed strategy comprises three main steps that form different sections in this thesis:(a) Synthesis and characterization of molecular manganese compounds and study of the magnetic propertiesThe crystal structure of twenty-three new Mn compounds of different nucleartities were obtained in which the Mn oxidation state is II, III, or IV. The magnetic properties of all these compounds were profoundly studied and they have been rationalized with their structural and electronic parameters. The MnII compounds were also studied with EPR spectroscopy. (b) Synthesis and characterization of hybrid materials based on molecular manganese compounds inside mesoporous silica.Selected molecular compounds were inserted inside mesoporous silica (MCM-41 type). The Mn complexes inside the supports were characterized with TGA, XPS, ICP-OES, IR spectroscopy, and magnetic measurements.(c) Study of the catalytic properties of both molecular compounds and hybrid materials.A family of the molecular compounds obtained in this work are structural and functional models of the Mn catalase, an enzyme found in some bacteria with antioxidant properties (H2O2 scavenger). The catalase activity for these compounds and the hybrid materials was studied in acetonitrile and water

Dans cette thèse, des formations des germaniures de manganèse et des disiliciures de cobalt en couche minces ont été étudié comme la structure et chimie. Dans le système Mn-Ge, deux nouvelles relations entre des grains du Mn5Ge3 et (111)Ge ont été identifiées. De plus, il a été montré que la pureté du Mn5Ge3 dans les couches déposées par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron dépend du mécanisme de croissance. Une diffusion réactive donne du Mn5Ge3 presque pure tandis qu’une réaction non-diffusive donne du Mn5Ge3 qui contient la plupart des impuretés de la pulvérisation cathodique magnétron. Dans CoSi2 qui a été formé d’une configuration Co/Ti/Si, une ségrégation du Ti a été détectée dans les joints de grains du CoSi2. En outre, la distribution du Ti ségrégé a été caractérisée d’être inhomogènes. Pour étudier la ségrégation dans les joints de grains systématiquement, une méthode a été développé qui permet de corréler des investigations structurelle et chimie à l’échelle atomique sur un et le même échantillon dans les joints de grains sélectionnes. Finalement, une méthode a été proposée pour quantifier une ségrégation dans les points triple
Germanide and silicide thin films have application in different field such as thermoelectricity, magnetism and/or microelectronics. This PhD thesis study the formation, structure and chemistry of Mn5Ge3 thin films, which is interesting due to its ferromagnetic property for possible spintronic devices, and of CoSi2 thin films, which are used as contact materials. Two new epitaxial relationships between Mn5Ge3 grains and (111)Ge have been identified. The chemical purity of Mn5Ge3 has been related to the deposition by magnetron sputtering: Mn5Ge3 thin films grown by reactive-diffusion are relatively pure while the significant incorporation of impurities in Mn5Ge3 grown by non-diffusive reaction is beneficial for the ferromagnetic property. Ti segregation to CoSi2 grain boundaries has been quantified in CoSi2 grown from a Co/Ti/Si thin film. Additionally, an inhomogeneous distribution of Ti at CoSi2 grain boundary has been related to the defect density. A method has been developed for correlative structural and chemical investigations at the atomic scale on selected interfaces. Finally, a method to quantify the triple junction segregation has been proposed

Tesis presentada a la Universidad de Chile para optar al grado de Magíster en Química área de Especialización en Químico Minero Metalúrgico y Memoria para optar al Título de Químico
En esta investigación se estudió la síntesis y caracterización de nuevos adsorbentes de bajo costo correspondientes a dióxido de manganeso con propiedades magnéticas (mag-MnO2) y silicatos de calcio nano-estructurados magnetizados (mag-NanoSCH). Estos adsorbentes fueron aplicados en soluciones acuosas ácidas para remover algunos contaminantes inorgánicos propios de las aguas de mina. La síntesis de mag-MnO2 se logró mediante la reacción química de KMnO4, MnCl2, KOH y la adición de magnetita, la cual le confiere las propiedades magnéticas. Para mag-NanoSCH se realizó empleando Ca(OH)2, una solución acuosa de silicato de sodio (Na2SiO3) y magnetita. En este caso particular, se sintetizaron dos compósitos en dos proporciones, 1:1 y 2:1 en relación NanoSCH/Fe3O4. Las síntesis fueron rápidas, eficientes y reproducibles. Los adsorbentes fueron caracterizados empleando diversas metodologías. Estos resultaron tener un núcleo cristalino formado por la magnetita y una cubierta de características amorfas, con tendencia a la aglomeración de partículas. Presentan además una razonable gran área superficial, conformando una estructura en la cual se disponen de un gran número de sitios activos disponibles para la adsorción. Se evidenció mediante VSM que la saturación magnética para los compósitos adsorbentes es suficientemente alta, lo que asegura una muy eficiente separación de ellos desde el refino acuoso producido. Los adsorbentes presentaron una adecuada estabilidad química al contactarlos con soluciones acuosas ácidas. El adsorbente mag-MnO2, presentó un excelente comportamiento para remover los iones metálicos Pb+2, Cd+2, Cu+2 y Zn+2 a pH superiores a 3,0, mediante un mecanismo de intercambio iónico entre el ion metálico y los H+ existentes en la superficie del adsorbente. Con respecto a las especies aniónicas (molibdatos y arseniatos), estas se favorecen a un pH ≤ 2, mediante un mecanismo de atracción electroestática y formación de pares iónicos. Se realizaron pruebas de equilibrio y de cinética de adsorción con el adsorbente mag-MnO2, para los iones metálicos y los oxianiones. En equilibrio, se obtuvieron valores altos de qmax para la mayoría de los adsorbatos y los resultados experimentales se ajustaron bien al modelo de la isoterma de Langmuir al utilizar soluciones simples mono-elementales. Sin embargo, es posible observar que al utilizar matrices complejas polielementales y reales, los datos experimentales de equilibrio de adsorción se ajustan mejor mediante el modelo de Freundlich. La cinética inicial de adsorción fue rápida para prácticamente todos los contaminantes, siendo sus resultados bien explicados por un modelo de pseudo-segundo-orden. Complementariamente se estudió la posibilidad de reutilizar este compósito en más de un ciclo de adsorción. En ese sentido, se determinó que contactando el adsorbente cargado con los contaminantes removidos con una solución acuosa ácida de pH 2,0, se logra un alto grado de desorción de ellos, posibilitando la reutilización del adsorbente al menos en 4 ciclos de adsorción-desorción, sin pérdida significativa de la capacidad de adsorción de los compósitos sintetizados. El mag-MnO2 fue efectivamente capaz de remover en forma colectiva los iones metálicos y especies aniónicas presentes en soluciones acuosas multicomponentes. Las pruebas hidrometalúrgicas exploratorias utilizando mag-NanoSCH mostraron la gran capacidad de adsorción que presentan estos adsorbentes tanto en relación NanoSCH/Fe3O4 1:1 como 2:1, presentando un comportamiento eficaz para soluciones acuosas de pH entre 1,0 a 6,0, lográndose elevados porcentajes de adsorción y capacidades de carga para todas las especies iónicas estudiadas. El empleo de ambos tipos de adsorbentes (mag-MnO2 y mag-NanoSCH) frente a una matriz acuosa que simula un agua ácida de mina, contenedora de múltiples contaminantes presentes en variadas concentraciones, demostró ser muy eficiente mediante el uso combinado en tándem de mag-NanoSCH/mag-MnO2, logrando obtener refinos con contenidos de los polutantes que están bajo la norma ambiental dictaminada en el decreto supremo 90/2000 de descarga de aguas a cuerpos fluviales
The synthesis and characterization of new low-cost adsorbents corresponding to manganese dioxide with magnetics properties (mag-MnO2) and magnetized nano-structured calcium silicates (mag-NanoSCH) were studied. These adsorbents were applied in acid aqueous solutions in order to remove some inorganic contaminants normally found in mine waters. The synthesis of mag-MnO2 was accomplished by the chemical reaction of KMnO4, MnCl2, KOH and the addition of magnetite, which gives to it magnetic properties. The synthesis of mag-NanoSCH was conducted by means of the chemical reaction between Ca(OH)2 an aqueous solution of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and magnetite. In this particular case, two composites were synthetized in two proportions, 1:1 and 2:1 in rate to NanoSCH/Fe3O4. The synthesis was fast, efficient and reproducible. The adsorbents were characterized using different methodologies. These results show that they possess a crystalline nucleus formed by magnetite and a cover of amorphous characteristics having tendency to the particles agglomeration. Moreover, they present a great reasonable high surface area that generate a structure with a large number of active sites available to be adsorbed. The magnetic saturation showed by VSM was high enough for the adsorbents, which ensured an efficient separation of them from the refine. The adsorbents presented an adequate chemical stability towards acid aqueous solutions. The adsorbent mag-MnO2 presented an excellent behavior for adsorbing the metallic ions Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+ y Zn2+ at pH higher than 3.0 through a mechanism of ion exchange between the metal ionic and H+ existent in the surface of the adsorbent. Regarding to the anionic species (arsenates and molybdates), the adsorption is favored at pH ≤ 2 through a mechanism of electrostatic attraction and the formation of ionic pairs. Tests of equilibrium and kinetics adsorption were carried out with the adsorbent mag-MnO2, for the metal ions and the oxyanion. In tests of equilibrium, high values of qmax were obtained for most of the adsorbates and the experimental results adjusted well the Langmuir model when mono-elemental solutions were used. However, when more complex and real aqueous matrices are utilized, experimental data are best fitted using Freundlich isotherm. The initial kinetics of adsorption was fast for almost all the contaminants, whose results were well explained for a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Additionally, the possibility of reusing the adsorbent in more than one adsorption cycle was studied. In this sense, it was determined that contacting the adsorbent charged with the removed contaminants with and acid aqueous solution of pH 2.0, a high grade of desorption was achieved, which enabled the reuse of the adsorbent in at least four cycles of adsorption-desorption, without a significant loss of adsorption capacity. The composite mag-MnO2 could effectively remove in a collective way the metal ions and anionic species existent in multicomponent aqueous solutions. The hydrometallurgical exploratory tests using the magnetized nano-structured calcium silicates showed a great adsorption capacity that these adsorbents present, both NanoSCH/Fe3O4 1:1 and 2:1. They presented an effective behavior for aqueous solutions of pH among 1.0 to 6.0, being measured high percentages of adsorption and loading capacities for all the ionic species that were studied. The use of both types of adsorbents prepared in this study, in a consecutive way, first NanoSCH/Fe3O4 followed of use of mag-MnO2, for treating an aqueous matrix that simulate an acidic mine water containing multiple contaminants in different concentrations was highly efficient. In a practical way, were obtained refines whose final contents of the main components accomplish with the environmental norm described in the supreme decree 90/2000 of Chilean government concerning water discharge in fluvial bodies
FONDECYT Nº 1140331

L'objectif de cette thèse est la synthèse d'un matériau modèle de la dioxygénase à manganèse, une enzyme oxydant des cycles aromatiques type catéchol grâce au dioxygène. Pour ce faire, nous avons découpé notre stratégie trois étapes constituant les différents chapitres de ce manuscrit : - La synthèse et la caractérisation des complexes de manganèse(II) avec des ligands tridentates. - L'optimisation d'une synthèse de silice mésoporeuse par micro-onde. - La fonctionnalisation des matériaux et le greffage des complexes, ainsi que les tests catalytiques préliminaires.Les ligands utilisés sont des amines tertiaires avec un bras alcyne et deux coordinants type pyridine, imidazole ou carboxylate. Ces complexes ont été cristallisés et/ou caractérisés par IR, RPE, SQUID et voltampérométrie cyclique. La synthèse par micro-onde, basée sur des conditions de synthèse hydrothermale classiquenous a permis de réduire le temps de synthèse d'un jour à deux heures. La qualité de ces nouveaux matériaux a été vérifiée par IR, ATG, BET, et DRX sur poudre. Ces matériaux sont ensuite bifonctionnalisés en utilisant une méthode de pochoir moléculaire avec une fonction azoture pour le greffage du complexe via "click-chemistry" ainsi qu'une fonction pyridine ou triméthylsilyle pour créer un environnement coordinant ou non proche du métal.Ces complexes et matériaux sont actifs dans l'oxydation du catéchol
The objective of this work is the synthesis of model material for manganese dioxygenase which is an enzyme that oxidizes catechol-like substrates with dioxygen. Our strategy comprises three main steps that form the different chapters of this thesis: - Synthesis and characterization of manganese(II) complexes with tridentate ligands. - Optimization of a microwave-assisted synthesis of a mesoporous silica. - Functionalization of these materials and complex grafting, as well as preliminary catalytic tests. The ligands used are tertiary amines containing an alkyne arm and two coordinating arms with functions such as pyridine, imidazole or carboxylate. The complexes were crystallized and/or characterized by IR, EPR, SQUID and cyclic voltamperometry. Microwave synthesis, based on the conditions of classical hydrothermal synthesis, allowed us to reduce the synthesis time from one day to two hours. The quality of these new materials was verified by IR, TGA, BET and powder XRD. These materials are then bi-functionalized using a molecular stencil patterning mehod with a an azide function for complex grafting via click chemistry and a function pyridine or trimethylsilyl to control the coordinating ability of the metal environment. These complexes and materials are active in catechol oxidation with O2

The research presented in this thesis concerns experimental studies of thin manganese silicide and germanide layers, grown by solid phase epitaxy on the Si(111)7×7 and the Ge(111)c(2×8) surfaces, respectively. The atomic and electronic structures, as well as growth modes of the epitaxial Mn-Si and Mn-Ge layers, were investigated by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES), core-level spectroscopy (CLS), and scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM and STS). The magnetic properties of the Mn-Ge films were investigated by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). The Mn-Si layers, annealed at 400 °C, showed a √3×√3 LEED pattern, consistent with the formation of the stoichiometric monosilicide MnSi. Up to 4 monolayers (ML) of Mn coverage, island formation was observed. For higher Mn coverages, uniform film growth was found. Our results concerning morphology and the atomic and electronic structure of the Mn/Si(111)-√3×√3 surface, are in good agreement with a recent theoretical model for a layered MnSi structure and the √3×√3 surface structure. Similar to the Mn-Si case, the grown Mn-Ge films, annealed at 330 °C and 450 °C, showed a √3×√3 LEED pattern. This indicated the formation of the ordered Mn5Ge3 germanide. A strong tendency to island formation was observed for the Mn5Ge3 films, and a Mn coverage of about 32 ML was needed to obtain a continuous film. Our STM and CLS results are in good agreement with the established model for the bulk Mn5Ge3 germanide, with a surface termination of Mn atoms arranged in a honeycomb pattern. Mn-Ge films grown at a lower annealing temperature, 260 °C, showed a continuous film at lower coverages, with a film structure that is different compared to the structure of the Mn5Ge3 film. XMCD studies showed that the low-temperature films are ferromagnetic for 16 ML Mn coverage and above, with a Curie temperature of ~250 K.

Le formaldéhyde est une molécule gazeuse qui pollue l’air intérieur des habitations. On le retrouve également en air industriel lorsqu’il est utilisé comme matière première. Ce polluant est très néfaste pour l’Homme. L’objectif de cette thèse a été de développer des matériaux catalytiques peu onéreux destinés à la transformation de ce polluant à basse température en produits inoffensifs pour l’homme. Dans une première partie, les effets de différents paramètres de synthèse ont été étudiés dans le but d’optimiser la dispersion d’oxydes de manganèse dans la mésoporosité d’une silice organisée (SBA-15). Si l’agent structurant du support est conservé pour l’infiltration du précurseur de manganèse (méthode des sels fondus sans solvant), et si le temps de traitement hydrothermal est optimisé, alors les particules d’oxydes de manganèse sont hautement divisées dans la mésoporosité de la silice qui reste ouverte. Ces particules d’oxyde de manganèse sont très actives et très sélectives en dioxyde de carbone et en eau pour la réaction d’oxydation du formaldéhyde. La performance catalytique de ses nouveaux matériaux se compare directement à celle obtenue avec un matériau de référence (1%Pt/TiO2). Dans une deuxième partie, des oxydes de manganèse massiques ont été modifiés par broyage réactif, à partir d’un matériau commercial (α-MnO2) peu actif. Il a été démontré que l’énergie des broyages successifs permettait : (i) une diminution de la taille de domaine cristallin du matériau initial, et (ii) une augmentation significative de sa surface spécifique, qui a pu être directement reliée à l’amélioration des performances catalytiques du matériau pour l’oxydation totale du formaldéhyde
Formaldehyde is found either in indoor air or in industrial atmosphere due to its use as raw material for manufacture industry (especially wood and furniture industry). This pollutant has recognized dramatic harmful effects on human health. The objective of the Ph.D. is to develop new low cost and efficient materials for the catalytic elimination of formaldehyde at low temperature.The first step of the Ph.D. work concerned the dispersion of manganese oxide in organized silica host (SBA-15), with a systematic study of the preparation parameters on the final materials properties. From this study, we demonstrated that the use of a hybrid structure directing agent / silica host as support, in the case of melt infiltration impregnation, is an efficient way to favor divided manganese oxide formation with maintain of the accessibility to active sites. So obtained materials are highly active and selective to CO2, for the formaldehyde catalytic oxidation. Activities obtained are directly comparable to this obtained over reference platinum catalyst. The second part of the Ph.D. was devoted to the study of bulk manganese oxide modification. Objective is, starting from a commercial poorly efficient material, to achieve the production of active manganese oxide, using a simple solvent free process. The developed approach, in two grinding steps, involved: (i) the reduction of crystal size, down to few nanometers (with high energy ball milling process), (ii) the development of accessible surface (with low energy ball milling process). The catalytic activity was directly related to the improvement in textural properties over the material

La preparation de catalyseurs heterogenes hybrides organiques-inorganiques pour les reactions d'epoxydation a ete realisee par greffage covalent de complexes du manganese dans le reseau mesoporeux de silices nanostructurees. Le controle de la selectivite des reactions de greffage sur le materiau mesoporeux est effectue par un traitement de la surface inorganique avec l'hexamethyldisilazane en phase vapeur. Ce traitement assure aussi une plus grande dispersion des complexes sur la surface et contribue a la limitation des interactions entre centres metalliques voisins. Le mecanisme de greffage sur la surface des silices mesoporeuses nanostructurees a ete determine par rmn mas. Il met en jeu les groupements siloxanes et silanols isoles qui constituent les zones hydrophobes de la surface de ces materiaux. L'evaluation des complexes greffes dans la catalyse d'epoxydation des olefines montre que ces systemes mesoporeux hybrides sont des supports interessants pour la catalyse heterogene d'oxydation. L'epoxydation enantioselective a aussi ete abordee par ancrage covalent d'un complexe mangano-tetraazamacrocycle chiral. Le 1r,2r-phenyloxypropylene est ainsi obtenu a partir du trans--methylstyrene avec un exces enantiomerique eleve.

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The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of lecithin, starch and silicon may have in the efficiency of foliar feeding, that is: Can these products really contribute to the absorption and translocation of minor nutrients? Can the source of nutrient, sulfate and chelate, influence the result? The experiment was carried out under greenhouse condition at Univerdidade Federal de Goiás (Jataí unit)/GO, set in a completely randomized design, with six replications, four factors in study and two levels each, making a 2x2x2x2 factorial arrangement , totalizing 16 treatments. Moreover, it was added a control as an additional treatment, totalizing then, 102 experimental units. Each experimental unit was constituted by a vase of collard green plant. The treatments consisted of 2 minor nutrient sources (sulfate and chalate) and of absence and presence of three substance added to the spray solution: lecithin dewaxed (L), a commercial silicon surfactant (S), and stanch (A). After analyses of the leaves, 30 days after de pulverization, it was clear that the amount of zinc and manganese was influenced by the adjutants and kind of fertilizer. The use of lecithin increased the absorption of zinc sulfate whereas the use of silicon increased only the absorption of zinc chalate. Both chelate and sulfate increased the absorption of manganese. The starch drove to a reducing absorption of zinc chelate.
O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da lecitina, amido e silicone sobre a eficiência da adubação foliar, utilizando-se sais e quelatos como fonte de micronutrientes. Para isso foi realizado um experimento onde se avaliou os efeitos da adição de diferentes adjuvantes em relação à absorção e translocação de zinco e manganês na forma de sais e quelatos. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições, com quatro fatores em estudo e dois níveis cada, perfazendo um fatorial 2x2x2x2, totalizando dezesseis tratamentos. Além dos tratamentos, foi adicionado testemunha como tratamento adicional, perfazendo, assim, um total de 102 parcelas. Cada parcela foi constituída por um vaso contendo uma planta de couve manteiga. Os tratamentos constaram de combinações entre 2 fontes (sulfato e quelato) e de presença ou ausência de três substâncias na calda de pulverização: lecitina de soja desengordurada (L), um siliconado comercial (S) e gel de amido de mandioca (A). A determinação dos efeitos constituiu-se na análise do teor de zinco e manganês nas folhas novas 30 dias após a pulverização. A adição de lecitina aumentou a absorção do zinco aplicado na forma de sulfato ao passo que o produto siliconado aumentou a absorção apenas do zinco quelatizado. Tanto a lecitina quanto o produto siliconado, quando adicionados a calda de pulverização, aumentaram o teor de manganês. O gel de amido não aumentou a absorção de nenhum micronutriente, levando até mesmo a uma redução do da absorção do quelato de zinco.

L'évaluation des capacités non-destructives de la Microscopie Raman en Archéologie est la ligne directrice de ce travail de recherche. Trois domaines ont été choisis afin d'estimer les avantages et les limites d'une telle technique d'analyse ; il s'agit de l'étude 1) des pigments issus des peintures préhistoriques, 2) des produits de corrosion de métaux d'origine archéologique et 3) des vitraux (le verre, la coloration et l'altération). Les résultats plus ou moins « positifs » selon les domaines, mettent en
évidence, par exemple, les capacités de la MR à distinguer les oxydes de Mn du carbone dans les peintures noires préhistoriques ou encore, la facile identification de l'hématite ; ils permettent également de distinguer assez facilement les différentes phases
d'altérations existantes sur les métaux corrodés (sulfates, oxydes, chlorures...). Enfin, si l'étude du verre et des colorations en surface offrent des résultats assez positifs (complexes de type : PbCrO4.PbO), l'identification de la coloration dans la masse des vitraux par des colloï des métalliques reste plus complexe. La fluorescence constitue
également un des désavantages certain de cette méthode. Toutefois, la réussite de cette technique, dans le domaine de l'archéometrie, où elle est encore peu appliquée, permet d'entrevoir un avenir prospère et une utilité incontestable pour les archéologues,
restaurateurs et conservateurs.

Face à la masse croissante de données, le stockage d'informations est devenu un enjeu d'importance capitale. Dans le domaine de l'adressage magnétique de l'information, la découverte de complexes de coordination se comportant comme des aimants classiques a réellement suscité un vif intérêt. Ces aimants moléculaires (Single-Molecule ou Single-Chain Magnet) montrent des hystérésis magnétiques leur conférant un effet de mémoire, laissant entrevoir la possibilité d'adresser un bit d'information à une molécule. Ainsi, la conception et l'étude des propriétés physiques de nouveaux composés à base d'aimants moléculaires sont devenues le centre de nombreux travaux de recherche à travers le monde. La mise en forme de ces objets en vue d'applications futures dans des dispositifs technologiques est également un sujet en plein essor. Dans le contexte actuel, le travail présenté ici reprend ces deux aspects. Une première partie est dédiée à l'organisation unidimensionnelle d'aimants moléculaires dans des silices mésoporeuses de type MCM-41 et SBA-15. Le travail présenté montre clairement toutes les difficultés de conception et d'étude de tels matériaux hybrides magnétiques. Les premiers résultats obtenus indiquent que les molécules-aimants sont détruites lors de l'insertion dans la silice. Toutefois, la mise en place d'un protocole de synthèse et de caractérisation efficace de tels matériaux est très positive et laisse la voie ouverte à de nombreuses nouvelles recherches dans ce domaine. La deuxième partie concerne la synthèse de nouveaux aimants moléculaires et leur utilisation pour former des réseaux de coordination 1D et 2D. La stratégie employée a permis l'obtention de nouvelles molécules-aimants dont l'étude magnétique a révélé des phénomènes quantiques rares tels les interférences de phases ou l'"exchange-bias quantum tunnelling". Egalement sept réseaux unidimensionnels et deux composés bidimensionnels ont été synthétisés. L'étude détaillée des propriétés magnétiques de trois de ces réseaux unidimensionnels composés de molécules-aimants en interaction antiferromagnétique, a montré des comportements très intéressants. D'une part, pour la première fois la relaxation lente de l'aimantation a été mise en évidence dans des composés antiferromagnétiques. D'autre part, fait encore inédit, l'analyse de cette relaxation montre clairement la polydispersité en taille des chaînes. L'étude préliminaire des propriétés magnétiques des autres réseaux de molécules-aimants permet d'ores et déjà de montrer qu'ils possèdent des comportements atypiques.

Au Mexique, le mot tepetate désigne certains horizons indurés de cendres volcaniques, à consistance de roche, mis à nu par l'érosion anthropique des sols. Les tepetates étudiés ici se localisent au piémont de la Sierra Nevada, dans une zone climatique semi-aride à saison sèche de 5 à 6 mois et pluviosité de 600 à 800 mm/an. La consistance dure à l'état sec s'explique par le fait que le matériau originel du tepetate est un tuf. La cohésion de la matrice est renforcée par l'empilement des minéraux argileux (interstratifiés 1:1/2:1) en plaquettes orientées face à face. Un drainage restreint a provoqué l'accumulation d'argiles illuviées et éventuelle d'oxyhydroxydes de fer et de manganèse, qui colmatent une partie des macropores et des fissures. L’intercalation de silice non cristalline (gel, opale A) a renforcé l'arrangement déjà compact hérité du tuf. La présence d'argiles 2:1 smectitiques et le cycle annuel des saisons humide et sèche sont responsables de la variation des propriétés du tepetate de type fragipan, à savoir: dureté à l'état sec, friabilité et plasticité à l'état humide

La thermothérapie consiste à soigner un tissu cancéreux par la chaleur, par destruction directe de la tumeur (thermoablation) ou amélioration de traitements radiothérapeutiques ou chimiothérapeutiques (hyperthermie). Une des voies les plus prometteuses de thermothérapie consiste à utiliser l'échauffement de nanoparticules magnétiques La0. 75Sr0. 25MnO3 ont été synthétisées par voie Pechini. Ces nanoparticules présentent un échauffement magnétique autorégulé, c'est-à-dire que lorsque la température du milieu s'approche de leur température de Curie, les nanoparticules perdent leur capacité d'échauffement, empêchant tout risque de chauffage excessif. L'influence des conditions de synthèse de ces particules, ainsi que de la fréquence et de l'amplitude du champ magnétique sur l'échauffement de ces particules a été étudiée. L'appareil d'induction multifréquence, construit au cours de cette thèse, devrait à court terme permettre de mieux comprendre les phénomènes d'échauffement magnétique de ces particules. Les nanoparticules La0. 75Sr0. 25MnO3 ont été encapsulées dans de la silice par voie Stöber puis aminées par ajout d'aminosilanes : cette modification de surface ouvre de nombreuses possibilités (furtivité des nanoparticules vis-àvis dusysthème immunitaire par greffage de polyoxyéthylène, ciblage de cellules-cibles par greffage de ligands appropriés, etc. ). Un polymère thermosensible à base de poloxamers, capable de piéger des molécules-tests à "basse" température et de les libérer sous l'effet de l'échauffement magnétique, a été synthétisé et les premiers tests de libération de colorant sous l'effet de l'échauffement magnétique de nanoparticules La0. 75Sr0. 25MnO3 piégées dans ce gel se sont révélés très prometteurs.

Dans le cadre d'une action préventive, la mesure de la dose interne pulmonaire est plus pertinenteque la mesure de l'exposition atmosphérique car la dose interne est la quantité de toxique pouvantinteragir avec les cellules de l'épithélium respiratoire. En santé-travail, le dosage urinaire est fréquemmentutilisé mais il ne représente que le résultat final de l'épuration de multiples organes. Lecondensat d'air exhalé (EBC) est le liquide obtenu de façon non invasive après refroidissement del'air expiré d'un sujet au repos. Ce liquide est constitué de l'aérosolisation du liquide recouvrantl'épithélium respiratoire du compartiment alvéolaire et aussi du compartiment trachéobronchique oubronchique. Nous proposons d'utiliser l'EBC comme une approche alternative pour la surveillancebiologique des salariés. Les modèles cinétiques d'épuration pulmonaire actuels montrent que lesparticules déposées dans le compartiment alvéolaire ont une épuration très lente. Nous avons doncvoulu savoir si l'EBC était une matrice reflétant l'exposition pulmonaire en particules inhalées.Objectifs : 1) évaluer la faisabilité de la détection de particules minérales ou métalliques dans l'EBCde salariés exposés, 2) corréler la concentration de ces particules dans l'EBC avec les concentrationsatmosphériques de ces particules obtenues pendant le poste de travail et avec les dosages urinaires.Matériel et Méthode : Nous avons analysé les EBC de salariés issus de trois secteurs d'activitéprofessionnelle. La 1ère étude concernait un salarié d'une unité de broyage de muscovite atteintd'une infiltration pulmonaire diffuse. La 2ème étude était une étude " exposé/non-exposé "concernant un groupe de soudeurs utilisant la technique " metal inert gaz " (MIG). La 3ème étudeétait une étude " exposé/non-exposé " de salariés exposés à des composés solubles de bérylliumdans le secteur de l'aluminerie dans 2 entreprises différentes.RésultatsEtude n°1 : L'analyse minéralogique de l'EBC a retrouvé des particules ayant le même profil spectralen spectrométrie Raman que les particules prélevées dans l'atmosphère de l'entreprise. L'analyseminéralogique du parenchyme pulmonaire a montré la présence d'une concentration élevée departicules compatibles avec des particules de muscovite.Etude n°2 : Les concentrations de manganèse et de nickel dans l'EBC (Mn-EBC, Ni-EBC) dosées parICP-MS étaient significativement plus élevées chez les soudeurs que chez les témoins alors que cettedifférence n'était pas significative pour le Mn urinaire (Mn-U). Les concentrations de Mn-EBC et deNi-EBC ne sont pas corrélées avec leur concentration respective dans l'urine. Les régressionslinéaires ont trouvé des coefficients significativement positifs entre les concentrations de Mn-EBC,Ni-EBC, Ni-U et Cr-U et les indices d'exposition cumulée.Etude n°3 : Les concentrations de béryllium et d'aluminium dans l'EBC (Be-EBC, Al-EBC) étaientsignificativement plus élevées chez les sujets de l'entreprise n°1 que chez les témoins alors que leursconcentrations dans les urines ne l'étaient pas. Les régressions linéaires ont trouvé des coefficientssignificativement positifs entre les concentrations de Be-EBC et celle d'Al-EBC mais aussi entre lesconcentrations de Be-EBC et l'indice d'exposition cumulée. Les concentrations d'Al-EBC et Al-Uétaient significativement plus élevées chez les sujets de l'entreprise n°2 que chez les témoins. [...]

碩士
國立成功大學
電機工程學系碩博士班
95
Transition and rare-earth ions doped zinc silicates are efficient lumi- nescent materials. Mn2+ doped Zn2SiO4 phosphors emit green light when excited by UV light or cathode ray. These materials have been widely in- vestigated in cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and plasma display panels due to their high luminescence efficiency. Similarly, Zn2SiO4：Eu3+ has strong emission in the red, and that make it applicable to TV and CRT screen. In this thesis,We studied manganese and europium ion doped zinc silicates by solid state reaction in air atmosphere, and investigated the characterrization of luminescence and structure in zinc silicates with different dopant amount. There is an efficient green light when the man- ganese doped is 4mol%. Similarly, the efficient red light is happened when the europium doped is 5mol%. Zn2SiO4:Mn2+ is efficient lumine- scent materials when the lasting temperature is 12hr. Last, we studied that the influence of luminescence in zinc silicates by different original material of manganese. The luminescence property of MnO in zinc silicates is better than MnCO3, but that is not effects the emission spectra.

碩士
國立成功大學
化學系碩博士班
100
Part 1. Synthesis of Mesoporous Manganese-silicate by Inorganic Template Method Manganese-silicate of high surface area and large porosity can be easy obtained from a hydrothermal treatment on a mixture of Mn(OH)2 or Mn3O4 precipitates and mesoporous silica under alkaline conditions. For the preparation of Mn(OH)2 precipitates, different base sources results in different Mn(OH)2(S) composites. Using Na2CO3(aq), the Mn(OH)2 nanoparticles are generated, which can be used as inorganic template to reconstruct with mesoporous silica to form manganese-silicate nanofoam structure. In contrast, using NaOH(aq) as base source got the Mn3O4 hexagonal platelets or strips. After reconstruction with silicate from mesoporous silica, the mesoporous manganese-silicates in hexagonal platelets, strips or spheres were synthesized instead. To achieve a more convenient and cheap method for the synthesis of manganese-silicate, we used sodium silicate or rice husk (with around 12 wt.% silica) as silica source to replace the mesoporous silica. The results demonstrate that the mesostructured manganese-silicate can also be prepared by using different silica sources. These resulted mesostructures usually have large BET surface areas of 400-600 m2/g and pore size around 4.0–5.0 nm. Further investigation of their mercury sorption ability shows that the manganese-silicates are indeed good candidates as absorbents for the sorption of mercury in flue gas. This synthetic process can be extended to prepare other metal-silicate structures. With different metal oxide, the mesoporous metal-silicates can have potential applications in adsorption, catalysis, battery materials and gas sensors. Part 2. Synthesis of Mesoporous Nickel Hydroxide by Hydrothermal Method Surfactant-templating method has been widely used to prepare the mesostructural inorganics, especially for silicas. Because of fast condensation rate and high crystallization energy, mesostructural metal oxides templated by surfactant were seldom reported. Herein, we provided a facile hydrothermal method to synthesize mesostructural Ni(OH)2 by using Pluronic P123, F127 and polyethylene oxides as template. Changing reaction temperature, alkaline source or surfactant can prepare the mesostructural Ni(OH)2 in different morphologies (e.g. nanosheets or urchin-like spheres). The mesostructural Ni(OH)2 products have high surface areas about 230 m2/g. We found that the urchin-like spheres can also be synthesized without adding surfactants. Moreover, the prepared mesostructural Ni(OH)2 samples possesses relatively larger surface areas about 350 m2/g but lower crystallinity. The NiO hierarchical architecture remains their original morphologies after calcination. The as-obtained urchin-like NiO spheres demonstrate a high catalytic activity toward N2O decomposition. The N2O conversion percentage increases with the increase of temperature, and a 100% N2O conversion was attended at temperature of around 400oC. In brief, with a well control on the reaction composition, mesoporous NiO catalysts can be easily synthesized and the mesostructural NiO displays great potential in environmental pollutants cleanup.

Several arsenate and silicate compounds with interesting structural features have been synthesized by the molten salt flux method. These new materials were characterized by single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, and elemental analysis. The compounds generally have an open-framework structural network, although some also exhibit layer-like or quasi-low-dimensional features. In the arsenate family of compounds, two copper arsenates, BaCuAs$\sb2$O$\sb7$ and $\rm Na\sb7Cu\sb4(AsO\sb4)\sb5,$ as well as two isomorphous manganese arsenates, NaMn$\sb4$(AsO$\sb4)\sb3$ and KMn$\sb4$(AsO$\sb4)\sb3,$ were synthesized and characterized. In the silicate system, two isostructural copper silicate chlorides, $\rm Na\sb2Rb\sb2Cu\sb4Si\sb{12}O\sb{29}Cl\sb2$ and $\rm Na\sb2Cs\sb2Cu\sb4Si\sb{12}O\sb{29}Cl\sb2,$ were successfully identified. Our study of structure/property correlations should prove insightful toward a better understanding of the conducting mechanism in technologically important metallic/magnetic oxides and in the development of new materials with desired applications.

A project studied wetting of iron, nickel and platinum by molten MnO-SiO2 (MS) and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CAS) slags of eutectic composition to contribute to understanding of wetting behaviour of solid metal-molten oxide systems relevant to steelmaking. Novel results of dynamic wetting behaviour by the sessile drop method were obtained under strongly reducing atmosphere (oxygen partial pressure 10-20 -- 10-18 atm). Terminal contact angles (after 240 min) for MS slag were: for iron substrates -5??2??(1350??C), 9+-2?? (1390??C), 6+-2 (1450??C); nickel -- 3+-2??(1350 and 1390??C); and platinum --15+-2??(1350 and 1390??C), 12+-2??(1450??C). Contact angles with CAS slag were: iron -- 55+-2??(1350??C), 60+-2?? (1390??C), 44+-2?? (1450??C); nickel -- 59+-2??(1350??C), 60+-2?? (1390??C); and platinum -- 15+-2?? (1350, 1390 and 1450??C). Values for interfacial tension, work of adhesion, spreading parameter (S) and interaction coefficient (Ф) were also determined. Work of adhesion for all three substrates with MS slag changed in a very narrow range 910 - 930 mJ/m2. Interfacial tension with this slag was 1,480 mN/m for Ni at 1350-1390??C, and 1,880-1,890 mN/m for Pt in the temperature range 1,350-1,450??C. For iron, interfacial tension was 1,720 mN/m at 1350??C (γ-Fe); it decreased to 1590-1580 mN/m with increasing temperature to 1390 and 1450??C (-Fe). Lower work of adhesion and higher interfacial tension was found for metals with CAS slag. Wetting properties of Pt substrate with MS slag were close to that with CAS slag, while Fe and Ni substrates showed better wetting by MS slag in comparison with CAS slag. This was attributed to higher reactivity of Fe and Ni with MS slag, particularly reduction of MnO. Although MnO was also reduced in reaction with Pt, oxygen adsorption in contact with both slags was a major factor governing wettability of Pt. Dissolution of manganese in nickel and platinum substrates at elevated temperatures modified the interface chemistry, causing formation of a liquid alloy phase. Degree of silica reduction from MS slag was much smaller in comparison with MnO reduction (negligible for Pt); it was very minor from CAS slag. Concentration profiles of Mn and Si across the interface and along the metal surface were used to estimate diffusion coefficients. Diffusion along metal surfaces was generally higher by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude than across the interface. Reduction of oxides and adsorption of oxygen modify the metal-oxide interface, making wetting dynamic. They have a profound on interfacial properties.

The present thesis reports on the transmission electron microscopy structure characterization of semiconducting thin films of higher manganese silicides (HMS or MnSi1.7) grown on (001)Si by different UHV deposition methods (the template method, reactive deposition and surfactant mediated reactive deposition). In this work electron diffraction technique was applied for the fist time to reveal the HMS phase growing in thin MnSi1.7 films. The obtained results suggest the presence of the shortest in c-axis length HMS phase, namely Mn4Si7, within our experiments. It has been shown that growth of epitaxial Mn4Si7 grains can be achieved by the template technique. In particular, the influence of the template thickness on the silicide layer quality has been investigated. It has been found that deposition of a thin Mn layer of 0.8 nm nominal thickness at room temperature prior to the Mn/Si codeposition at 550°C causes the formation of a silicide template that leads to the preferred epitaxial Mn4Si7 growth with (110)[4-41]Mn4Si7 || (001)[110]Si. Silicide crystallites of two additional orientation relations, (3-38)[-443]Mn4Si7 || (001)[110]Si and (001)[110] Mn4Si7 || (001)[110]Si, were present at the same template thickness to a lesser extent. Due to the crystal symmetry of Mn4Si7 and Si the epitaxial Mn4Si7 growth on (001)Si leads to the formation of a number of Mn4Si7 domains for each observed orientation. Additional experiments were carried out using the reactive deposition process. It has been shown that the deposition of Mn onto (001)Si at substrate temperatures higher then 600°C leads to the formation of large silicide islands growing with the major part of their elongated grains parallel to <110>Si. XRD investigations show the observed silicide grains to exhibit the following texture: (110)Mn4Si7 || (001)Si. The found island morphology of Mn4Si7 films can be modified by the deposition of about one monolayer of Sb (surfactant) onto (001)Si prior to the Mn-deposition. This process results in an increase of the silicide island density by about two orders of magnitude and decrease of the silicide grain dimensions to nanometer range. Furthermore, in the presence of Sb the silicide layers grow with the preferential orientation: (100)[010]Mn4Si7 || (001)[100]Si. The observed changes in the morphology and orientation of the Mn4Si7 layers can be explained by the reduced diffusion of Mn and Si atoms in the presence of the Sb overlayer.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Struktur von dünnen MnSi1.7-Schichten, die mit verschiedenen UHV-Herstellungsmethoden (template-Verfahren, reaktive Abscheidung und surfactant gesteuerte Abscheidung) auf (001)Si hergestellt wurden, mittels Elektronenmikroskopie charakterisiert. Die Ergebnisse der Elektronenbeugung an dünnen Mangansilicid-Schichten können vollständig interpretiert werden, wenn von den bekannten höheren Mangansiliciden (HMS) das Mn4Si7 als einzige vorliegende Phase angenommen wird. Der Hauptteil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den mittels template-Verfahren abgeschiedenen Mn4Si7-Schichten. In diesen Experimenten wurde der Einfluss der template-Dicke auf die Morphologie und Orientierung der hergestellten Schichten untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, dass bei der Abscheidung von einer dünnen Mn-Schicht mit einer nominalen Dicke von 0,8 nm bei Raumtemperatur und weiterer Mn/Si-Koabscheidung bei einer Substrattemperatur von 550°C nahezu geschlossene Silicidschichten mit der bevorzugten Orientierungsbeziehung (110)[4-41]Mn4Si7 || (001)[110]Si entstehen. Weiterhin wachsen bei dieser template-Dicke Mn4Si7-Kristallite mit den Orientierungsbeziehungen: (3-38)[-443]Mn4Si7 || (001)[110]Si und (001)[110] Mn4Si7 || (001)[110]Si. Bei jeder gefundenen Orientierungsbeziehung treten beim Wachstum von Mn4Si7 auf (001)Si mehrere Domäne auf. Zusätzliche Experimente wurden unter Verwendung der reaktiven Schichtabscheidung durchgeführt. Sie verdeutlichen, dass bei reaktiver Abscheidung von Mn auf (001)Si ab einer Substrattemperatur von 600°C ein Wachstum von Mn4Si7-Inseln entlang den [110]-Richtungen des Siliciums erfolgt. XRD-Untersuchungen zeigen, dass diese Inseln die folgende Textur haben: (110)Mn4Si7 || (001)Si. Durch eine Modifizierung der Si-Oberfläche mit einer bis zu einer Monolage dicken Sb-Schicht (surfactant) kann das Mn4Si7-Inselwachstum beeinflusst werden. Die dabei gefundene Erhöhung der Mn4Si7-Inseldichte wird hier auf die reduzierte Mn- und Si-Diffusion zurükgeführt. Weiterhin wurde gefunden, dass dieser Abscheidungsprozess Mn4Si7-Kristallite der bevorzugten Orientierung (100)[010]Mn4Si7 || (001)[110]Si liefert.

The present thesis deals with the fabrication, optimization of growth process and characterization of silicon based materials with molecular beam epitaxy. Two material systems are investigated in the course of this work: silicon/silicon suboxide multilayer structures and mono manganese silicide thin films. Mono manganese silicide (MnSi) is grown on Si(111) substrates with an hydrogen passivated surface, that is prepared by wet chemical processes. The growth start is performed by deposition of an amorphous Mn wetting layer that is subsequently annealed to form a MnSi seed layer on which the MnSi molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is achieved. An amorphous or a crystalline Si cap layer is deposited onto the MnSi film to finalize the growth process and protect the sample from oxidation. With Raman spectroscopy it is shown that the crystalline cap layer is in fact single crystalline silicon. Results of x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirm the growth of mono manganese silicide in contrast to other existing manganese silicide phases. In addition, in-plane and out-of-plane residual strain, and twinning of the MnSi thin film is detected with x-ray diffraction of symmetric and asymmetric reflections. Orientation between the Si substrate and the MnSi film is determined with the parallel lattice planes MnSi(210) and Si(511). Transport measurements show a T^2 dependence of the resistivity below 30K and metallic behavior above, a magneto resistance of 0.9% and an unusual memory like effect of the resistance for an in-plane magnetic field sweep measurement. Silicon/Silicon suboxide (SiOx) multilayer structures are grown on Si(100) by interrupting the Si growth and oxidizing the surface with molecular oxygen. During oxidation the RHEED pattern changes from the Si(2x1) reconstruction to an amorphous pattern. When silicon growth is resumed a spotty RHEED pattern emerges, indicating a rough, three dimensional surface. The rough surface can be smoothed out with Si growth at substrate temperatures between 600°C and 700°C. Measurements with transmission electron microscopy show that a silicon suboxide layer of about 1nm embedded in single crystalline silicon is formed with the procedure. Multilayer structures are achieved by repeating the oxidation procedure when the Si spacer layer has a smooth and flat surface. The oxygen content of the suboxide layers can be varied between 7.6% and 26.8%, as determined with secondary ion mass spectrometry and custom-built simulations models for the x-ray diffraction. Structural stability of the multilayer structures is investigated by x-ray diffraction before and after rapid thermal annealing. For temperatures up to 1000°C the multilayer structures show no modification of the SiOx layer in x-ray diffraction
Die vorgelegte Arbeit handelt von der Herstellung siliziumbasierter Materialien mittels Molekularstrahlepitaxie, der Charakterisierung der Proben und der Optimierung der Wachstumsprozesse. Zwei Materialsysteme werden in dieser Arbeit behandelt: Silizium/Siliziumsuboxid Vielschichtstrukturen und dünne Schichten Mono-Mangansilizid. Mono-Mangansilizid (MnSi) wird auf Wasserstoff passivierten Si(111)-Substraten gewachsen. Für den Wachstumsstart wird eine amorphe Schicht Mangan auf den Si-Wafer abgeschieden und anschließend getempert. Dieser Prozess erzeugt eine ultra dünne Schicht MnSi, die als Keimschicht für das Wachstum dient. Zum Abschluss des Wachstums wird die MnSi-Schicht mit einer amorphen oder einkristallinen Deckschicht vor dem Oxidieren an der Luft geschützt. Das einkristalline Überwachsen der MnSi-Schicht ist mittels Ramanspektroskopie bestätigt. Röntgendiffraktometrie und Ramanspektroskopie bestätigen, dass es sich bei der gewachsenen Schicht um MnSi handelt und nicht um die manganreiche oder siliziumreiche Phasen von Mangansilizid. Anhand der Röntgendiffraktometrie von symmetrischen und asymmetrischen Reflektionen wird die laterale und vertikale Restverspannung gemessen, zusätzlich wird die Entstehung von Zwillingen in der Schicht gezeigt. Die Orientierung der MnSi-Schicht relativ zum Si Substrat ist anhand der parallelen Netzebenen MnSi(210) und Si(511) bestimmt. Transportmessungen an den Schichten zeigen unterhalb von 30K eine T^2-Abhängigkeit des spezifischen Widerstands, oberhalb metallisches Verhalten. Der Magneto Widerstand der MnSi Schicht beträgt 0.9%. Bei einem Magnetfeldsweep in der Schichtebene wird ein kurioses, dem Memory-Effekt ähnliches Verhalten beobachtet. Silizium/Siliziumsuboxid (SiOx)-Vielschichtstrukturen werden auf Si(100) Substraten gewachsen. Das Siliziumwachstum wird unterbrochen und die Probenoberfläche mit molekularem Sauerstoff oxidiert. Dabei verändert sich das RHEED-Muster von der Si-(2x1) Rekonstruktion zu einem amorphen Muster. Das Siliziumwachstum wird nach der Oxidation fortgesetzt und im RHEED entsteht dabei ein Punktmuster das von einer rauen, drei-dimensionalen Oberfläche zeugt. Durch Siliziumwachstum bei Substrattemperaturen zwischen 600°C und 700°C wird die Oberfläche wieder geglättet. Aufnahmen mit dem Transmissionselektronenmikroskop zeigen, dass bei diesem Wachstum eine 1nm dicke SiOx-Schicht eingebettet zwischen einkristalline Siliziumschichten entsteht. Wenn die Siliziumoberfläche wieder glatt ist, kann durch wiederholen der Wachstumssequenz eine Vielschichtstruktur hergestellt werden. Der Sauerstoffgehalt der hergestellten Suboxidschichten wurde mittels Sekundärionen-Massenspektrometrie und eigens zu diesem Zweck angepassten Röntgendiffraktometrie-Simulationen auf 7.6% bis 26.8% bestimmt. Die strukturelle Stabilität der Proben wurde mit Röntgendiffraktometrie vor und nach kurzem Hochtemperaturtempern untersucht. Bei Temperaturen bis 1000°C kann mittels Röntgendiffraktometrie keine Änderung der Si/SiOx Vielschicht-Strukturen festgestellt werden

This thesis describes the growth and characterization of epitaxial MnSi thin films on Si substrates. The interest in this material system stems from the rich magnetic phase diagram resulting from the noncentrosymmetric B20 crystal structure. Here neighboring spins prefer a tilted relative arrangement in contrast to ferro- and antiferromagnets, which leads to a helical ground state where crystal and spin helix chirality are linked [IEM+85]. This link makes the characterization and control of the crystal chirality the main goal of this thesis. After a brief description of the material properties and applied methods, the thesis itself is divided into four main parts. In the first part the advancement of the MBE growth process of MnSi on Si\((111)\) substrate as well as the fundamental structural characterization are described. Here the improvement of the substrate interface by an adjusted substrate preparation process is demonstrated, which is the basis for well ordered flat MnSi layers. On this foundation the influence of Mn/Si flux ratio and substrate temperature on the MnSi layer growth is investigated via XRD and clear boundaries to identify the optimal growth conditions are determined. The nonstoichiometric phases outside of this optimal growth window are identified as HMS and Mn\(_5\)Si\(_3\). Additionally, a regime at high substrate temperatures and low Mn flux is discovered, where MnSi islands are growing incorporated in a Si layer, which could be interesting for further investigations as a size confinement can change the magnetic phase diagram [DBS+18]. XRD measurements demonstrate the homogeneity of the grown MnSi layers over most of the 3 inch wafer diameter and a small \(\omega\)-FWHM of about 0.02° demonstrates the high quality of the layers. XRD and TEM measurements also show that relaxation of the layers happens via misfit dislocations at the interface to the substrate. The second part of the thesis is concerned with the crystal chirality. Here azimuthal \(\phi\)-scans of asymmetric XRD reflections reveal twin domains with a \(\pm\)30° rotation to the substrate. These twin domains seem to consist of left and right-handed MnSi, which are connected by a mirror operation at the \((\bar{1}10)\) plane. For some of the asymmetric XRD reflections this results in different intensities for the different twin domains, which reveals that one of the domains is rotated +30° and the other is rotated -30°. From XRD and TEM measurements an equal volume fraction of both domains is deduced. Different mechanisms to suppress these twin domains are investigated and successfully achieved with the growth on chiral Si surfaces, namely Si\((321)\) and Si\((531)\). Azimuthal \(\phi\)-scans of asymmetric XRD reflections demonstrate a suppression of up to 92%. The successful twin suppression is an important step in the use of MnSi for the proposed spintronics applications with skyrmions as information carriers, as discussed in the introduction. Because of this achievement, the third part of the thesis on the magnetic properties of the MnSi thin films is not only concerned with the principal behavior, but also with the difference between twinned and twin suppressed layers. Magnetometry measurements are used to demonstrate, that the MnSi layers behave principally as expected from the literature. The analysis of saturation and residual magnetization hints to the twin suppression on Si\((321)\) and Si\((531)\) substrates and further investigations with more samples can complete this picture. For comparable layers on Si\((111)\), Si\((321)\) and Si\((531)\) the Curie-Weiss temperature is identical within 1 K and the critical field within 0.1 T. Temperature dependent magnetoresistivity measurements also demonstrate the expected \(T^2\) behavior not only on Si\((111)\) but also on Si\((321)\) substrates. This demonstrates the successful growth of MnSi on Si\((321)\) and Si\((531)\) substrates. The latter measurements also reveal a residual resistivity of less then half for MnSi on Si\((321)\) in comparison to Si\((111)\). This can be explained with the reduced number of domain boundaries demonstrating the successful suppression of one of the twin domains. The homogeneity of the residual resistivity as well as the charge carrier density over a wide area of the Si\((111)\) wafer is also demonstrated with these measurements as well as Hall effect measurements. The fourth part shows the AMR and PHE of MnSi depending on the angle between in plane current and magnetic field direction with respect to the crystal direction. This was proposed as a tool to identify skyrmions [YKT+15]. The influence of the higher C\(_{3\mathrm{v}}\) symmetry of the twinned system instead of the C\(_3\) symmetry of a B20 single crystal is demonstrated. The difference could serve as a useful additional tool to prove the twin suppression on the chiral substrates. But this is only possible for rotations with specific symmetry surfaces and not for the studied unsymmetrical Si\((321)\) surface. Measurements for MnSi layers on Si\((111)\) above the critical magnetic field demonstrate the attenuation of AMR and PHE parameters for increasing resistivity, as expected from literature [WC67]. Even if a direct comparison to the parameters on Si\((321)\) is not possible, the higher values of the parameters on Si\((321)\) can be explained considering the reduced charge carrier scattering from domain boundaries. Below the critical magnetic field, which would be the region where a skyrmion lattice could be expected, magnetic hysteresis complicates the analysis. Only one phase transition at the critical magnetic field can be clearly observed, which leaves the existence of a skyrmion lattice in thin epitaxial MnSi layers open. The best method to solve this question seems to be a more direct approach in the form of Lorentz-TEM, which was also successfully used to visualize the skyrmion lattice for thin plates of bulk MnSi [TYY+12]. For the detection of in plane skyrmions, lamellas would have to be prepared for a side view, which seems in principle possible. The demonstrated successful twin suppression for MnSi on Si\((321)\) and Si\((531)\) substrates may also be applied to other material systems. Suppressing the twinning in FeGe on Si\((111)\) would lead to a single chirality skyrmion lattice near room temperature [HC12]. This could bring the application of skyrmions as information carriers in spintronics within reach. Glossary: MBE Molecular Beam Epitaxy XRD X-Ray Diffraction HMS Higher Manganese Silicide FWHM Full Width Half Maximum TEM Tunneling Electron Microscopy AMR Anisotropic MagnetoResistance PHE Planar Hall Effect Bibliography: [IEM+85] M. Ishida, Y. Endoh, S. Mitsuda, Y. Ishikawa, and M. Tanaka. Crystal Chirality and Helicity of the Helical Spin Density Wave in MnSi. II. Polarized Neutron Diffraction. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 54(8):2975, 1985. [DBS+18] B. Das, B. Balasubramanian, R. Skomski, P. Mukherjee, S. R. Valloppilly, G. C. Hadjipanayis, and D. J. Sellmyer. Effect of size confinement on skyrmionic properties of MnSi nanomagnets. Nanoscale, 10(20):9504, 2018. [YKT+15] T. Yokouchi, N. Kanazawa, A. Tsukazaki, Y. Kozuka, A. Kikkawa, Y. Taguchi, M. Kawasaki, M. Ichikawa, F. Kagawa, and Y. Tokura. Formation of In-plane Skyrmions in Epitaxial MnSi Thin Films as Revealed by Planar Hall Effect. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 84(10):104708, 2015. [WC67] R. H. Walden and R. F. Cotellessa. Magnetoresistance of Nickel-Copper Single-Crystal Thin Films. Journal of Applied Physics, 38(3):1335, 1967. [TYY+12] A. Tonomura, X. Yu, K. Yanagisawa, T. Matsuda, Y. Onose, N. Kanazawa, H. S. Park, and Y. Tokura. Real-Space Observation of Skyrmion Lattice in Helimagnet MnSi Thin Samples. Nano Letters, 12(3):1673, 2012. [HC12] S. X. Huang and C. L. Chien. Extended Skyrmion Phase in Epitaxial FeGe(111) Thin Films. Physical Review Letters, 108(26):267201, 2012
Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Wachstum und der Charakterisierung dünner epitaktischer MnSi Schichten auf Si Substraten. Das Interesse an diesem Materialsystem liegt insbesondere im reichhaltigen magnetischen Phasendiagramm begründet, welches aus der nicht zentrosymmetrischen B20 Kristallstruktur des MnSi resultiert. Im Gegensatz zu Ferro- oder Antiferromagneten bevorzugen benachbarte Spins sich unter einem Winkel zueinander auszurichten, was zu einem helikalen Grundzustand führt in dem die Händigkeit von Kristallstruktur und Spin-Helix aneinander gekoppelt sind [IEM+85]. Diese Kopplung macht die Charakterisierung und Kontrolle der Händigkeit der Kristallstruktur zum Hauptziel dieser Arbeit. Nach einer kurzen Beschreibung der Materialeigenschaften und der angewendeten Methoden ist die Arbeit selbst in vier Hauptteile aufgeteilt. Im ersten Teil ist sowohl die Verbesserung des Molekularstrahlepitaxie-Wachstumsprozesses von MnSi auf Si\((111)\) Substrat, als auch die grundlegende strukturelle Charakterisierung beschrieben. Hierbei ist die Verbesserung der Substratgrenzfläche mit Hilfe eines angepassten Vorbereitungsprozesses erläutert, welche die Basis für glatte, geordnete dünne MnSi Schichten bildet. Auf dieser Basis ist der Einfluss des Mn/Si Fluss-Verhältnisses sowie der Substrattemperatur mittels Röntgenbeugung dargestellt und ein optimales Wachstumsfenster identifiziert. Die nicht stöchiometrischen Phasen außerhalb dieses Wachstumsfensters sind MnSi\(_{1.75-x}\) (HMS) sowie Mn\(_5\)Si\(_3\). Zusätzlich tritt bei hohen Substrattemperaturen und niedrigem Mn Fluss eine Phase auf, in der MnSi Inseln, eingebettet in eine Si Schicht, wachsen. Diese könnten von weiterführendem Interesse sein, da die Größenbeschränkung das magnetische Phasendiagramm beeinflussen kann [DBS+18]. Röntgenbeugungsmessungen zeigen die Homogenität der gewachsenen MnSi Schichten über einen Großteil des 3\ Zoll Wafer Durchmessers sowie die hohe Qualität mittels einer kleinen \(\omega\)-Halbwertsbreite von ungefähr 0.02°. Röntgenbeugungs- und Transmissionselektronenmikroskopiemessungen zeigen außerdem, dass die MnSi Dünnschichten mittels Fehlversetzungen an der Grenzfläche zwischen Dünnschicht und Substrat relaxieren. Der zweite Teil befasst sich mit der Händigkeit der Kristallstruktur. Azimutale \(\phi\)-Messungen asymmetrischer Röntgenbeugungsreflexe zeigen Kristallzwillingsdomänen welche \(\pm\)30° zum Substrat rotiert sind. Die Kristallzwillingsdomänen lassen sich vermutlich als rechts- und links-händiges MnSi identifizieren, welche durch eine Spiegelung an der \((\bar{1}10)\) Ebene verbunden sind. Anhand der unterschiedlichen Intensität mancher Reflexe für unterschiedliche Händigkeit wird außerdem gezeigt, dass eine der Domänen um +30° und die andere Domäne um -30° rotiert ist. Mithilfe der Röntgenbeugung und Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie wird außerdem der gleiche Volumenanteil der Kristallzwillinge demonstriert. Verschieden Mechanismen zur Unterdrückung dieser Kristallzwillingsdomänen werden untersucht und die erfolgreiche Unterdrückung gelang mit Hilfe des Wachstums auf chiralen Si Substraten, nämlich Si\((321)\) und Si\((531)\) Substraten. Hier ist mit azimutalen \(\phi\)-Messungen der asymmetrischen Röntgenbeugungsreflexen eine Unterdrückung von bis zu 92% demonstriert. Die erfolgreiche Unterdrückung der Kristallzwillingsdomänen ist ein wichtiger Schritt zur vorgeschlagenen Nutzung von MnSi in Spintronik-Anwendungen, wie in der Einleitung erläutert. Aufgrund dessen befasst sich der dritte Teil nicht nur mit den magnetischen Eigenschaften der dünnen MnSi Schichten, sondern auch damit, wie die Unterschiede für Schichten mit Kristallzwillingsdomänen und mit deren Unterdrückung sind. Im ersten Abschnitt ist anhand von Magnetometriemessungen gezeigt, dass sich die MnSi Dünnschichten prinzipiell so verhalten, wie es aus der Literatur zu erwarten ist. Das Verhalten von Sättigungs- und Restmagnetisierung deutet auf die Unterdrückung der Kristallzwillingsdomänen auf Si\((321)\) und Si\((531)\) Substraten hin, wobei das Gesamtbild mittels einer erweiterten Probenserie vervollständigt werden kann. Für vergleichbare MnSi Dünnschichten auf Si\((111)\), Si\((321)\) und Si\((531)\) ist die Curie-Weiss Temperatur innerhalb von 1 K und das kritische Magnetfeld innerhalb von 0.1 T identisch. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit des Magnetowiderstands zeigt das zu erwartende \(T^2\) Verhalten nicht nur auf Si\((111)\), sondern auch auf Si\((321)\). Dies zeigt das erfolgreiche Wachstum von MnSi auf Si\((321)\) und Si\((531)\). Die letzteren Messungen ergeben außerdem einen Restwiderstand von weniger als der Hälfte für MnSi auf Si\((321)\) im Vergleich zu Si\((111)\). Dies kann durch die geringere Anzahl an Domänengrenzen erklärt werden und zeigt die erfolgreiche Unterdrückung einer Kristallzwillingsdomäne. Mit Hilfe der Restwiderstände und Hall-Messungen ist die Homogenität des Restwiderstandes und der Ladungsträgerdichte über einen großen Bereich des Wafers gezeigt. Im vierten Teil werden der Anisotrope Magnetwiderstand und der Planare Hall Effekt für MnSi abhängig von den Winkeln von Stromrichtung und Magnetfeld im Bezug auf die Kristallrichtung untersucht. Dies wurde als Werkzeug zur Identifikation der Skyrmionenphase vorgeschlagen [YKT+15]. Der Einfluss der höheren C\(_{3\mathrm{v}}\) Symmetrie des Kristallzwillingssystems und nicht der C\(_3\) Symmetrie des B20 Einzelkristalls ist gezeigt Der Unterschied könnte ein nützliches zusätzliches Werkzeug für die Demonstration der Kristallzwillingsunterdrückung sein. Dies ist allerdings nur für die Rotation mit spezifischen symmetrischen Oberflächen möglich und nicht für die untersuchte unsymmetrische Si\((321)\) Oberfläche. Messungen von MnSi Dünnschichten auf Si\((111)\) oberhalb des kritischen Magnetfeldes zeigen die Abnahme der Anisotropie-Parameter für den Anisotropen Magnetwiderstand und den Planaren Hall-Effekt für steigenden Widerstand, wie aus der Literatur zu erwarten [WC67]. Auch wenn ein direkter Vergleich zu den Parametern für Dünnschichten auf Si\((321)\) nicht möglich ist, können die größeren Parameterwerte bei Si\((321)\) mit der reduzierten Streuung an Domänengrenzen erklärt werden. Die Analyse unterhalb des kritischen Magnetfeldes, der Bereich in dem eine mögliche Skyrmionenphase zu erwarten wäre, wird durch magnetische Hysterese verkompliziert. Nur ein Phasenübergang beim kritischen Magnetfeld kann deutlich gezeigt werden. Damit bleibt die Frage zur Existenz der Skyrmionen in den MnSi Dünnschichten weiter offen. Die beste Möglichkeit diese Frage zu klären wäre ein direkterer Ansatz in Form von Lorentz-Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie, welche schon erfolgreich genutzt wurde um das Skyrmionengitter in dünnen Platten aus Volumenkristall MnSi zu visualisieren [TYY+12]. Für die Detektion von Skyrmionen in der Schichtebene müssten Lamellen für eine Seitenansicht präpariert werden, was prinzipiell möglich erscheint. Die gezeigte erfolgreiche Unterdrückung von einem der Kristallzwillinge für MnSi Schichten auf Si\((321)\) und Si\((531)\) sollte außerdem auf andere Materialsysteme übertragbar sein. Die Kristallzwillingsbildung in FeGe auf Si\((111)\) zu unterdrücken würde zu einem Skyrmionengitter mit einer einzigen Händigkeit bei annähernd Raumtemperatur führen [HC12]. Dies könnte Skyrmionen als Informationsträger in der Spintronik in greifbare Nähe bringen. Bibliographie: [IEM+85] M. Ishida, Y. Endoh, S. Mitsuda, Y. Ishikawa, and M. Tanaka. Crystal Chirality and Helicity of the Helical Spin Density Wave in MnSi. II. Polarized Neutron Diffraction. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 54(8):2975, 1985. [DBS+18] B. Das, B. Balasubramanian, R. Skomski, P. Mukherjee, S. R. Valloppilly, G. C. Hadjipanayis, and D. J. Sellmyer. Effect of size confinement on skyrmionic properties of MnSi nanomagnets. Nanoscale, 10(20):9504, 2018. [YKT+15] T. Yokouchi, N. Kanazawa, A. Tsukazaki, Y. Kozuka, A. Kikkawa, Y. Taguchi, M. Kawasaki, M. Ichikawa, F. Kagawa, and Y. Tokura. Formation of In-plane Skyrmions in Epitaxial MnSi Thin Films as Revealed by Planar Hall Effect. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 84(10):104708, 2015. [WC67] R. H. Walden and R. F. Cotellessa. Magnetoresistance of Nickel-Copper Single-Crystal Thin Films. Journal of Applied Physics, 38(3):1335, 1967. [TYY+12] A. Tonomura, X. Yu, K. Yanagisawa, T. Matsuda, Y. Onose, N. Kanazawa, H. S. Park, and Y. Tokura. Real-Space Observation of Skyrmion Lattice in Helimagnet MnSi Thin Samples. Nano Letters, 12(3):1673, 2012. [HC12] S. X. Huang and C. L. Chien. Extended Skyrmion Phase in Epitaxial FeGe(111) Thin Films. Physical Review Letters, 108(26):267201, 2012

碩士
國立交通大學
材料科學與工程學系所
102
Metal silicide nanowires (NWs) are of great interesting materials with diverse physical properties. Among these silicides, manganese silicides nanostructures have been attracted wide attention due to their several potential applications, including microelectronics, optoelectronics, spintronics and thermoelectric devices. In this work, we exhibited the formation of pure manganese silicide and manganese silicide/silicon nanowire heterostructures through solid state reaction with line contacts between manganese pads and silicon NWs. The growth process, structure and composition analysis of manganese silicide NWs have been investigated by in-situ transmission electron microscopy (in-situ -TEM) and spherical aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (Cs-corrected STEM), respectively. The growth rates and the formation of manganese silicide phase under thermal effect were systematically studied. Additionally, we added Al2O3 as the surface oxide on the growth of MnSi nanowire. We find that oxide-shell not only enhance the silicide/Si epitaxial growth but also effect the diffusion process in silicon nanowire. Furthermore, we have investigated the electron transport properties of the Mn silicide/silicon/Mn silicide nanowire heterostructures based devices. In addition to fundamental science, the significant study would be helpful for future processing techniques in nanotechnology and related applications.

碩士
國立中央大學
材料科學與工程研究所
105
Higher manganese silicide (HMS) is considered to be a promising p-type thermoelectric material for use in intermediate-temperature power generation. It is well known that HMS exist as several incommensurable phases such as Mn4Si7, Mn11Si19, Mn15Si26, Mn27Si47, and all of these compounds are Nowotny chimney phases exhibiting tetragonal crystal structure. Thermoelectric performance is improved through compositional optimization by doping or substitution. In this work, we prepared polycrytstalline HMS with Sn additions by arc melting and subsequent spark plasma sintering (SPS). The phases, composition, and microstructures of the Sn-doped polycrystalline HMS bulk were investigated. In this study, we select doped-Sn ratio of 0.1at%, 0.5 at%, 1 at%, and 1.5at%. After SPS, we measured the thermoelectric properties of sintered bulk sample from 323K to 773K. We found that the thermal conductivity was significantly improved when the Sn was 0.1at%. The HMS with Sn has the best the ZT is 0.1at%.

A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg for the Degree of Master of Science in Engineering. Johannesburg, 1975
Medium- and low- carbon ferromanganese are produced by the silicotherm ic redixction of slags containing MnO, Because of its importance in the production of refined ferromanganese, the reaction between a premelted Mamatwan manganese ore and various ferromanganese «silicide reducing alloys has been studied with and without additions of fluxing agents. This relatively low grade manganese ore is partially self-fluxing and it is necessary to optimize the amounts and timing of fluxing additions during the production of refined ferromanganese to ensure both efficient electric furnace operation and manganese extraction from the premelt. Therefore, throughout the laboratory investigation, emphasis has been placed on the implications for industrial practice, Alloys containing different silicon concentrations were added to a premelted sample of Mamatwan ore before the sample was introduced into a molybdenum-wound resistance furnace,. The reaction was carried out under an argon atmosphere and the parameters varied were reaction time reaction temperature, alIoy~to*ore ratio, fluxing additions and the silicon contents of the reducing alloy. The effect of stirring of the reacting melt was also examined. The highly exothermic nature of the reactions involved in this investigation constituted a m ajor obstacle to any attempt to maintain close control of temperature in the system. This also adversely affected the possibilities of carrying out controlled equilibrium and kinetic studies in this slag-m etal system* Because of the highly exothermic reaction, temperature appeared to have little effect on the rates of manganese transfer to the metal and silicon transfer to the slag and an apparent equilibrium was rapidly approached, Limits were determined for the favourable effects of fluxing additions and manganese recoveries declined as the CaQ"to~MgO ratio decreased for any percentage of basic flux additions, As the silicon content of the alloy was progressively increased, the recovery of manganese i passed through a maximum and subsequently decreased, Similar results ■were obtained with variations in the a lloy-to-ore ratio/ When aluminium was used as a reducing agent together with silicon, substantial increases in manganese recovery were achieved because the aluminoi >- „ , ,o « resection displaced the apparent equilibrium. The s.ilicor • ’»■* . . of the resulting alloy was above the specifications for refine ' : cioo .anganese. Stirring of the reacting melts decreased the manganese . .-tcovery and this result conflicts with the results of a previous investigation but may be explained by theexotherrnic nature of the silicon reduction reaction. The results obtained when used in conjunction with other physicochem ical data related to this slag^metal system suggest optimum slag compositions fo r m ore efficient manufacture of m edium- and low -carbon ferromanganese ■fom vlamatwan ore, -

碩士
國立成功大學
材料科學及工程學系
103
In order to study nanoscale manganese silicide materials in physical properties and potential application, synthesis techniques of nanostructure must be developed. In this work, we report a chemical reaction method to synthesize higher manganese silicide nanowires. Dense silicon nanowire arrays fabricated by chemical etching reacted with MnCl2 precursor by novel double tube method. In double tube system, if we carefully controlled argon flow rate and ambient pressure, it will be able to efficiently increase vapor pressure of source and stable source vapor provided. It is crucial that high quality higher manganese silicide nanowire were obtained with original nanostructures preserved by using double tube method. Characterization of nanowires were investigated by XRD, SEM, TEM and phase identification were performed by HRTEM, FFTs, SAED achieved single crystalline nanowire of actual HMS phase Mn27Si47 with tetragonal structure. Magnetic properties measurement show that Mn27Si47 nanowire exhibited ferromagnetic with enhanced Curie temperature compared with bulk HMS phase, and field emission measurement show excellent field enhancement factor 3307 with nanowires 20 μm long.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
106
In Taiwan, coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) are the primary emission sources of NOx and mercury. NOx caused environmental problem like the photochemical smog, acid rain and secondary PM2.5. Mercury has been received great concerns because of the high toxicity and stability in the atmosphere. Because the presence of metallic species could improve the activity of porous catalysts, the CuOx-MnOx/SiO2 was prepared through the silicate-exfoliation method for control of elemental mercury (Hg0) and NO in simulated coal-combustion flue gases in this study. Compared with the co-precipitation method, the silicate-exfoliation method could cause a high metal loading with uniform metal dispersion on the silica surface. The specific molar ratios of Cu/Mn/Ce = 5/5/0, 2/8/0, 8/2/1, and 6/4/1 were chosen to incorporate with the adequate amount of silicate (molar ratio of metal oxides/silicate = 1). The 77K N2 adsorption results indicated that the presence of Cu and Mn oxides increased the specific surface area due to the synergistic effect between Cu-Mn oxides and silicates; additionally, this effect caused the uniform dispersion of metal oxides on the catalyst surface, confirmed by the XRD results. NH3-TPD results showed that Cu2Mn8 had the largest desorption peak area, possibly leading to the sample’s greater performance in NO control. The TEM diagram proved the reconstruction of the surface structure after the incorporation of metal oxides with SiO2. H2-TPR results showed that a single reduction peak was observed on the tested materials except for Cu2Mn8. This reduction peak was attributed to the eletronic transfer between the Cu and Mn cations. The similar synergistic effect resulted in the higher Mn4+ ratio shown in the XPS results. Cu2Mn8 showed the best NO removal efficiency at the temperature range from 250 to 350°C. The Hg0 removal efficiency of Cu2Mn8 was around 30% after the 15-h test. The modification of cerium did not show to improve the NO and Hg0 removal. However, the great resistance in SO2 poisoning was shown over the Cu6Mn4Ce1; in contrast, the addition of cerium enhanced the NO removal efficiency at 250-350°C. These experimental results suggest that the synergistic effect of Cu-Mn mixed oxides in silicate leads to the higher specific area and well dispersion of metal oxides, but inhibits the activity of manganese oxides.

Transition Metal Silicides (TMS) are well known refractory materials because of their high thermal and structural stability at elevated temperature. In addition TMS materials are known for their moderate thermoelectric applications at high temperature since they exhibit superior semiconducting behavior. But TMS materials have relatively higher thermal conductivity which limits their applications in the field of thermoelectrics. So it is important to reduce their thermal conductivity to enhance conversion efficiency. In this regard, the work is performed to reduce the thermal conductivity of selected silicides such as CrSi2, MnSi2, and β-FeSi2 through alloys scattering and nano-structuring by mechanical alloying. A brief introduction about basic principles of thermoelectricity and related parameters are described in the chapter 1. Thermoelectric material’s figure of merit (zT) depends on the ratio of carrier charge transport and thermal energy transport. The conversion efficiency can be significantly enhanced by increasing the zT value. This chapter discusses the methods to increase the zT and list out some of the state-of-art of thermoelectric materials which possesses high zT value. Chapter 2 covers the preparation of selected silicides, such as CrSi2, MnSi2 and β-FeSi2, and the characterization techniques used to define the thermoelectric performance. In this chapter the suitability and the performance of transition metal silicides for high temperature thermoelectric application are discussed. In summary, the objective of the thesis has been framed. Chapter 3 deals with thermoelectric properties of pure and Mn, Al doped chromium disilicide (CrSi2). This chapter has been divided into three parts and discussed the effect of composition variation (CrSi1.90-2.10), point defects (by introducing Al at Si site), and mass-fluctuation scattering (by co-substitution of Mn and Al) on thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline CrSi2 in the temperature range of 300K-800K. In the first part, it is observed that CrSi2 has a homogeneity range of CrSi1.95-CrSi2.02. The secondary phases evolve above and below this homogeneity range. These secondary phases significantly scatter phonons and reduce the thermal conductivity. In the second part, Al has been introduced at Si site in CrSi2 and creates the point defects which is also scatter the short wavelength phonons and lead to low thermal conductivity. The third part explores the influence of co-substitution of Mn at Cr site and Al at Si site on lattice thermal conductivity. Here, substitution of Al creates point defects and addition of Mn leads to mass fluctuation scattering. These combined effects result in huge reduction in lattice thermal conductivity and thereby enhanced the zT. Chapter 4 deals with efforts of nano-structuring the CrSi2 through Mechanical Alloying (MA) using SS (stainless steel) and WC (Tungsten Carbide) milling media. The effects of two milling media on crystallite size reduction are discussed. It is seen that as milling time increases the rate of crystallite size reduction also increases. The X-ray diffraction studies of hot pressed pellets show the formation of secondary metallic phase like Cr1-xFexSi from SS milled samples and CrSi from WC milled samples. It indicates that CrSi2 gains metallic Fe atoms during mechanical alloying and the secondary phases are formed. As milling time increases it is observed that weight loss from the milling balls also increases. The Fe content coming from SS ball forms a solid solution with CrSi phase. The transport properties like resistivity, Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity were measured for milled samples from 300K-800K. It is observed that formation of the secondary metallic phase reduces resistivity and Seebeck coefficient of overall ceramics. Very large reduction in thermal conductivity was found for samples which were 15hrs-WC-milled (7.4 W/m.K at 375K) due to increased phonon scattering by grain boundaries. The 15hrs-SS-milled samples show thermal conductivity ~10 W/m.K which is considerably low as compared to the as-cast CrSi2 (13.5 W/m.K). This chapter explores the structural studies and mechano-chemical decomposition of CrSi2. In addition, the influences of mechanical milling media and micron size secondary phase on transport properties of CrSi2 are also discussed. Chapter 5 deals with the influence of microstructures of MnSi2 densified by hot uni-axial pressing (HP) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) on thermoelectric properties. The effects of these densification processes on arresting the grain growth during sintering are explored. The powder X-ray diffraction studies show higher manganese silicide (HMS) with secondary Si phase. The SEM and EPMA results confirmed the presence of Si phase. The TEM micrographs are shown the particle size distribution of HMS to be <200nm with fine precipitates of Si, of 5-10nm size, in the HMS matrix. The ball milled samples of MnSi2 showed increase in resistivity and Seebeck coefficient with large reduction in total thermal conductivity as compared to that seen in as-cast sample. The SPS densified samples show lower thermal conductivity, with reduction by about 52%, as compared to HP sample’s (45%) reduction for same conditions. An enhancement in zT by 73% could be achieved for the SPS densified for 2 min at 1060˚C. Chapter 6 examines (i) the decomposition of α–FeSi2, generally known as α-Fe2Si5, (eutectoid reaction) into β-FeSi2 with Si dispersoids (ii) formation of β-FeSi2 from ε-FeSi and α-Fe2Si5 (peritectoid reaction). This is accompanied by a discussion of the microstructural effect on thermoelectric properties. Prolonged annealing of peritectoid composition decomposes the α– FeSi2 phase, replaces the ε–FeSi phase, and forms pure β-FeSi2 whereas eutectoid composition of α–FeSi2 decomposes into lamellar structure of β-FeSi2 and Si dispersions. The aging heat treatment carried out for composition prepared from eutectoid reaction at various temperatures (600°C, 700°C, 800°C and 850°C for duration of 100hrs, 10hrs, 4hrs and 10hrs, respectively) below the equilibrium eutectoid temperature were found to have fine and homogenous dispersions of Si particles. The XRD and SEM studies confirmed the presence of a secondary Si phase on the matrix of β-FeSi2 for the heat treated eutectoid composition. The excess Si phase in β-FeSi2 increases the resistivity and Seebeck coefficient by the reducing carrier concentration of system as compared to those that of pure β-FeSi2, which is prepared from peritectoid composition. The samples heat treated at 600°C showed relatively low thermal conductivity as compared to that of β-FeSi2. This chapter gives a route map for reducing the thermal conductivity by micro structural engineering through Si dispersions on β-FeSi2. In addition, this comparison of two the decomposition processes and its influence on the microstructure and thermoelectric properties is made. Chapter 7 summarizes the key conclusions of the work performed in this thesis. The work reported in this thesis has been carried out by the candidate as a part of Ph.D training programme. He hopes that this would constitute a worthwhile contribution to the field of thermoelectrics for understanding the (i) effect of alloy scattering, (ii) mass fluctuation scattering, (iii) and nano-structuring of transition metal silicides for high temperature thermoelectric materials.

碩士
國立成功大學
化學工程學系
107
This study reports that the Lewis acid-base properties of peroskite-type LaMnO3 and LaFeO3 can be adjusted by immobilizing them on silica. Bulk LaMnO3 and LaFeO3 were strong base catalyst due to unsaturated-coordinated oxygen on the surface, While, after supported them on silica, the basic properties of bulk materials were diluted and simultaneously acidities improved due to the increased amounts of tetravalent B-site cations. Ethanol reactivity was performed to reflect the different acid-base properties of bulk and silica-supported LaMnO3 and LaFeO3. Under differential analysis conditions, bulk perovskites were active in base-catalyzed reactions such as reverse aldolization and Tishchenko reaction, while silica-supported perovskites were active in aldolization and dehydration. We also notice the higher aldolization activity over LaMnO3/SiO2 than that of LaFeO3/SiO2, the different activity was attributed to existence of excess mobile oxygen on the surface of LaMnO3/SiO2, forming aldolization-active Lewis acid (Mn4+)-base (nonstoichiometric oxygen) pair sites while these sites were absent in LaFeO3/SiO2 which was enriched with oxygen vacancies.

博士
國立中興大學
化學系所
100
There are two topics in this dissertation: (1) core-shell synthesis of a spherical, mesoporous silica/metal nanocomposite: metal/PVP@MCM-41 (metal=Pt, Ag), and (2) hydrothermal synthesis of manganese oxide with novel architectures. Nanoparticles can be used in many applications such as optics, electricity, magnetism and catalysis because of nanoparticles containing special physical and chemical properties. In this dissertation, we proposed a facile synthesized process in a single step to combine metal nanoparticles with porous material MCM-41 to produce Metal/PVP@ MCM-41 without modification to any organic ligand on the surface of nanoparticles to link the porous support by sol-gel method. The core-shell approach, whereby nanoparticles enclosed by protecting agents are grown in the channels of porous materials, is of considerable technological importance for improving the lifetime and reusability of catalysts. Herein, we describe the direct synthesis of spherical, mesoporous, nano-sized metal composites (Metal/PVP@MCM-41) via core-shell approach. This work also indicates that the high surface area of the metal nanoparticles can be maintained for long periods of time at the catalyst’s operating temperature. Our work continues in the design of stable, nanoparticles and their use as reusable catalysts. Manganese oxides had been investigated as important transitional metal oxide material because of specific properties, diversity of crystal structure and various kinds of morphologies. The physical and chemical features can be adjusted by the oxidation state, crystalline, channel type and shape to design for specific applications. There are many synthetic methods for producing different kinds of manganese oxides. However, these methods such as sol-gel, redox precipitation, template replica, spray pyrolysis and electrochemical deposition have some disadvantages like, long reaction time, crystal structure and shape not controllable, complicated steps, expensive process and difficult to large-scale synthesis. We proposed a facile, fast and low cost producing process and combined with surfactant-based supramolecular templates to produce different shapes manganese oxides by hydro/solvothermal method. Thanks to the properties and architecture of manganese oxide we prepared, like wormhole-like giant cavities, exceptional thermal stability and intrinsic electrical conductivity, they should be expected to display better performance in the application of semiconductor catalysts and supports, energy storage, and electrochemical applications. This synthetic method can be further expanded to the preparation of other manganese oxide-based materials with various morphologies in order to meet diverse applications.

MnSi(111) films were grown on Si(111) substrates by solid phase epitaxy (SPE) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) to determine their magnetic structures. A lattice mismatch of -3.1% causes an in-plane tensile strain in the film, which is partially relaxed by misfit dislocations. A correlation between the thickness dependence of the Curie temperature (TC) and strain is hypothesized to be due to the presence of interstitial defects. The in-plane tensile strain leads to an increase in the unit cell volume that results in an increased TC as large as TC = 45 K compared to TC = 29.5 K for bulk MnSi crystals. The epitaxially induced tensile stress in the MnSi thin films creates an easy-plane uniaxial anisotropy. The magnetoelastic coefficient was obtained from superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry measurements combined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) data. The experimental value agrees with the coefficient determined from density functional calculations, which supports the conclusion that the uniaxial anisotropy originates from the magnetoelastic coupling. Interfacial roughness obscured the magnetic structure of the SPE films, which motivated the search for a better method of film growth. MBE grown films displayed much lower interfacial roughness that enabled a determination of the magnetic structure using SQUID and polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR). Out-of-plane magnetic field measurements on MBE grown MnSi(111) thin films on Si(111) substrates show the formation of a helical conical phase with a wavelength of 2?/Q = 13.9 ± 0.1 nm. The presence of both left-handed and right-handed magnetic chiralities is found to be due to the existence of inversion domains that result from the non-centrosymmetric crystal structure of MnSi. The magnetic frustration created at the domain boundaries explains an observed glassy behaviour in the magnetic response of the films. PNR and SQUID measurements of MnSi thin films performed in an in-plane magnetic field show a complex magnetic behaviour. Experimental results combined with theoretical results obtained from a Dzyaloshinskii model with an added easy-plane uniaxial anisotropy reveals the existence of numerous magnetic modulated states that do not exist in bulk MnSi. It is demonstrated in this thesis that modulated chiral magnetic states can be investigated with epitaxially grown MnSi(111) thin films on insulating Si substrates, which offers opportunities to investigate spin-dependent transport in chiral magnetic heterostructures based on this system.