Artículos de revistas: "Mali (South Asian people)"

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Tuck, Andrew, Kamaldeep Bhui, Kiran Nanchahal y Kwame McKenzie. "Suicide rates for different religious groups in the South Asian origin population in England and Wales: a secondary analysis of a national data set". International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 8, n.º 4 (21 de diciembre de 2015): 260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-09-2013-0019.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to calculate the rate of suicide in different religious groups in people of South Asian origin in the UK. Design/methodology/approach – A cross-sectional, secondary analysis of a national data set. A name recognition algorithm was used to identify people of South Asian origin and their religion. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated using this data and data from the national census. Setting: a population study of all those who died by suicide in England and Wales in 2001. Participants: all cases of suicide and undetermined intent identified by the Office for National Statistics for England and Wales. Findings – There were 4,848 suicides in the UK in 2001 of which 125 (2.6 percent) were identified as people of South Asian origin by the algorithm. The suicide rate for all people of South Asian origin was 5.50/100,000 compared to 9.31/100,000 for the population of England and Wales. The age SMR for those whose names were of Hindu, Muslim or Sikh origin were 0.88, 0.47 and 0.85, respectively. Female South Asians have lower rates of suicide, than their South Asian male counterparts. Research limitations/implications – Religious classification by the computerized program does not guarantee religious affiliation. The data set were confined to one year because religion was not collected prior to the 2001 census. Originality/value – The rates of suicide for South Asian sub-populations in the UK differ by gender and religion.

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Murphy, Bridget, Sameera Talegawkar, Farhan Mohsin, Supriya Lal, Samantha Harris, Mia Blatt y Niyati Parekh. "Health Behaviors, Food Purchasing, and Meal Preparation in a Sample of South Asian Adults in America: A Pilot Study". Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (junio de 2021): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab038_047.

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Abstract Objectives South Asians are the fastest growing ethnic population in the United States (U.S.). However, there remains a dearth of culturally relevant diet research in this ethnic minority. examining South Asians living in the U.S. Our objective was to assess health behaviors, food purchasing, and meal preparation habits of in a convenience sample of South Asian adults living in the U.S. Methods For this pilot study, adults aged ³18 years who self-identified as South Asian and living in the U.S. were recruited via e-mail and social media platforms (n = 66). Information on socio-demographics, household food security, food shopping and meal preparation, smoking, physical activity, and alcohol consumption was collected via a Qualtrics survey using a virtual platform. Results Respondents had a mean age of 29.8 years (±8.6), were mostly female (82%), and had earned a Bachelor's degree or higher (91%). Respondents lived across the U.S., with 65% in the Northeast region. Approximately 88% of respondents met criteria for being food secure. Sixty-nine % of people surveyed reported eating or preparing South Asian meals at home 3 or more times per week and 75% reported living near a South Asian food store and visiting it 1–2 times per month. Participants reported sharing food purchasing responsibilities with a spouse or another family member, but were the primary person preparing food in the household. A majority of participants never smoked (91%) and 39% reported never drinking alcohol. Most participants (85%) reported always or very often using South Asian herbs and spices (such as cumin, coriander, garam masala, and turmeric) in their cooking. Conclusions Most respondents in this pilot study of South Asians living in the U.S. maintained culturally relevant culinary practices, including South Asian meal preparation and consumption and regular use of herbs and spices. Results from this survey will provide a greater context of health behaviors; the food purchasing and meal preparation data will provide a framework for the development of culturally inclusive diet assessment tools that incorporate traditional and western food items, including herbs and spices that are often absent in current tools. Funding Sources None.

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Badruddoja, Roksana. "Queer Spaces, Places, and Gender: The Tropologies of Rupa and Ronica". NWSA Journal 20, n.º 2 (junio de 2008): 156–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ff.2008.a246761.

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Much queer theory in America is based on white male experience and privilege, excluding people of color and severely limiting its relevance to third-world activism. Within the last decade and a half, chronicles from gay lesbian bisexual transgender intersex queer (GLBTIQ) communities within the South Asian diaspora in the United States have appeared, but the richness and contradictions that characterize these communities have been stifled. Too often, the limitations due to undertheorized South Asian-American lesbian, bisexual, and transsexual histories—compounded by a queer canon overwrought with the East/West and tradition/modern equations—render queer South Asian-Americans as a monolithic homogenous category with little or no agency. In this paper, I visit paradoxes, difficulties, unity, and diversity by unraveling the lives of two gender-queeridentified second-generation South Asian-American “women,” Rupa and Ronica. This article addresses the ways in which an often invisible and marginalized group—gender-queer second-generation South Asian-Americans—accepts, manipulates, and resists hegemonic powers. I accomplish this by presenting partial data from a year-long cross-national feminist ethnographic study conducted in 2004.

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Wales, Jackie, Nicola Brewin, Raghu Raghavan y Jon Arcelus. "Exploring barriers to South Asian help-seeking for eating disorders". Mental Health Review Journal 22, n.º 1 (13 de marzo de 2017): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mhrj-09-2016-0017.

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Purpose Referrals to specialist eating disorder (ED) services from the South Asian (SA) community are under-represented, despite research suggesting that disordered eating attitudes and behaviours of SA people are similar to the population in general. The purpose of this paper is to identify the reasons for this and sought to inform ways to encourage help-seeking. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative methodology was used to investigate barriers to help-seeking for EDs among the SA community. A key informant focus group was conducted with clinicians working within the local specialist ED service (participants n=16, 12 female, 4 male). Six focus groups were conducted with members of the SA community in Leicester, UK (participants n=28, 23 female, 5 male), recruited from a local university, two charities and Children, Young People and Family Centres. Findings A number of themes emerged as possible factors for delaying early access to help: lack of knowledge about EDs and their potential seriousness, ideals regarding body shape, family living circumstances and the role of food in the community. Participants acknowledged stigma among their community associated with mental health issues, including EDs and concerns about confidentiality when approaching services, particularly primary care. Originality/value General practitioners and specialist services need to be aware of the potential barriers to help-seeking for EDs as early specialist help is recommended for effective treatment. An educational campaign around EDs specifically designed with the SA community in mind may improve awareness, reduce stigma and promote early help-seeking.

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Santorelli, Gillian, Michael McCooe, Trevor A. Sheldon, John Wright y Tom Lawton. "Ethnicity, pre-existing comorbidities, and outcomes of hospitalised patients with COVID-19". Wellcome Open Research 6 (16 de febrero de 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16580.1.

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Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in thousands of deaths in the UK. Those with existing comorbidities and minority ethnic groups have been found to be at increased risk of mortality. We wished to determine if there were any differences in intensive care unit (ICU) admission and 30-day hospital mortality in a city with high levels of deprivation and a large community of people of South Asian heritage. Methods: Detailed information on 622 COVID-19-positive inpatients in Bradford and Calderdale between February-August 2020 were extracted from Electronic Health Records. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore the relationship between ethnicity with admission to ICU and 30-day mortality, respectively accounting for the effect of demographic and clinical confounders. Results: The sample consisted of 408 (70%) White, 142 (24%) South Asian and 32 (6%) other minority ethnic patients. Ethnic minority patients were younger, more likely to live in deprived areas, and be overweight/obese, have type 2 diabetes, hypertension and asthma compared to white patients, but were less likely to have cancer (South Asian patients only) and COPD. Male and obese patients were more likely to be admitted to ICU, and patients of South Asian ethnicity, older age, and those with cancer were less likely. Being male, older age, deprivation, obesity, and cancer were associated with 30-day mortality. The risk of death in South Asian patients was the same as in white patients HR 1.03 (0.58, 1.82). Conclusions: Despite South Asian patients being less likely to be admitted to ICU and having a higher prevalence of diabetes and obesity, there was no difference in the risk of death compared to white patients. This contrasts with other findings and highlights the value of studies of communities which may have different ethnic, deprivation and clinical risk profiles.

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Santorelli, Gillian, Michael McCooe, Trevor A. Sheldon, John Wright y Tom Lawton. "Ethnicity, pre-existing comorbidities, and outcomes of hospitalised patients with COVID-19". Wellcome Open Research 6 (30 de junio de 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16580.2.

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Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in thousands of deaths in the UK. Those with existing comorbidities and minority ethnic groups have been found to be at increased risk of mortality. We wished to determine if there were any differences in intensive care unit (ICU) admission and 30-day hospital mortality in a city with high levels of deprivation and a large community of people of South Asian heritage. Methods: Detailed information on 582 COVID-19-positive inpatients in Bradford and Calderdale between February-August 2020 were extracted from Electronic Health Records. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore the relationship between ethnicity with admission to ICU and 30-day mortality, respectively accounting for the effect of demographic and clinical confounders. Results: The sample consisted of 408 (70%) White, 142 (24%) South Asian and 32 (6%) other minority ethnic patients. Ethnic minority patients were younger, more likely to live in deprived areas, and be overweight/obese, have type 2 diabetes, hypertension and asthma compared to white patients, but were less likely to have cancer (South Asian patients only) and COPD. Male and obese patients were more likely to be admitted to ICU, and patients of South Asian ethnicity, older age, and those with cancer were less likely. Being male, older age, deprivation, obesity, and cancer were associated with 30-day mortality. The risk of death in South Asian patients was the same as in white patients HR 1.03 (0.58, 1.82). Conclusions: Despite South Asian patients being less likely to be admitted to ICU and having a higher prevalence of diabetes and obesity, there was no difference in the risk of death compared to white patients. This contrasts with other findings and highlights the value of studies of communities which may have different ethnic, deprivation and clinical risk profiles.

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Patel, Aniruddh P., Minxian Wang, Uri Kartoun, Kenney Ng y Amit V. Khera. "Quantifying and Understanding the Higher Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Among South Asian Individuals". Circulation 144, n.º 6 (10 de agosto de 2021): 410–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.052430.

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Background: Individuals of South Asian ancestry represent 23% of the global population, corresponding to 1.8 billion people, and have substantially higher risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease compared with most other ethnicities. US practice guidelines now recognize South Asian ancestry as an important risk-enhancing factor. The magnitude of enhanced risk within the context of contemporary clinical care, the extent to which it is captured by existing risk estimators, and its potential mechanisms warrant additional study. Methods: Within the UK Biobank prospective cohort study, 8124 middle-aged participants of South Asian ancestry and 449 349 participants of European ancestry who were free of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease at the time of enrollment were examined. The relationship of ancestry to risk of incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease—defined as myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, or ischemic stroke—was assessed with Cox proportional hazards regression, along with examination of a broad range of clinical, anthropometric, and lifestyle mediators. Results: The mean age at study enrollment was 57 years, and 202 405 (44%) were male. Over a median follow-up of 11 years, 554 of 8124 (6.8%) individuals of South Asian ancestry experienced an atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease event compared with 19 756 of 449 349 (4.4%) individuals of European ancestry, corresponding to an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.03 (95% CI, 1.86–2.22; P <0.001). This higher relative risk was largely consistent across a range of age, sex, and clinical subgroups. Despite the >2-fold higher observed risk, the predicted 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease according to the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Pooled Cohort equations and QRISK3 equations was nearly identical for individuals of South Asian and European ancestry. Adjustment for a broad range of clinical, anthropometric, and lifestyle risk factors led to only modest attenuation of the observed hazard ratio to 1.45 (95% CI, 1.28–1.65, P <0.001). Assessment of variance explained by 18 candidate risk factors suggested greater importance of hypertension, diabetes, and central adiposity in South Asian individuals. Conclusions: Within a large prospective study, South Asian individuals had substantially higher risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease compared with individuals of European ancestry, and this risk was not captured by the Pooled Cohort Equations.

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Eto, Fabiola, Miriam Samuel, Rafael Henkin, Meera Mahesh, Tahania Ahmad, Alisha Angdembe, R. Hamish McAllister-Williams et al. "Ethnic differences in early onset multimorbidity and associations with health service use, long-term prescribing, years of life lost, and mortality: A cross-sectional study using clustering in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink". PLOS Medicine 20, n.º 10 (27 de octubre de 2023): e1004300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004300.

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Background The population prevalence of multimorbidity (the existence of at least 2 or more long-term conditions [LTCs] in an individual) is increasing among young adults, particularly in minority ethnic groups and individuals living in socioeconomically deprived areas. In this study, we applied a data-driven approach to identify clusters of individuals who had an early onset multimorbidity in an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse population. We identified associations between clusters and a range of health outcomes. Methods and findings Using linked primary and secondary care data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD (CPRD GOLD), we conducted a cross-sectional study of 837,869 individuals with early onset multimorbidity (aged between 16 and 39 years old when the second LTC was recorded) registered with an English general practice between 2010 and 2020. The study population included 777,906 people of White ethnicity (93%), 33,915 people of South Asian ethnicity (4%), and 26,048 people of Black African/Caribbean ethnicity (3%). A total of 204 LTCs were considered. Latent class analysis stratified by ethnicity identified 4 clusters of multimorbidity in White groups and 3 clusters in South Asian and Black groups. We found that early onset multimorbidity was more common among South Asian (59%, 33,915) and Black (56% 26,048) groups compared to the White population (42%, 777,906). Latent class analysis revealed physical and mental health conditions that were common across all ethnic groups (i.e., hypertension, depression, and painful conditions). However, each ethnic group also presented exclusive LTCs and different sociodemographic profiles: In White groups, the cluster with the highest rates/odds of the outcomes was predominantly male (54%, 44,150) and more socioeconomically deprived than the cluster with the lowest rates/odds of the outcomes. On the other hand, South Asian and Black groups were more socioeconomically deprived than White groups, with a consistent deprivation gradient across all multimorbidity clusters. At the end of the study, 4% (34,922) of the White early onset multimorbidity population had died compared to 2% of the South Asian and Black early onset multimorbidity populations (535 and 570, respectively); however, the latter groups died younger and lost more years of life. The 3 ethnic groups each displayed a cluster of individuals with increased rates of primary care consultations, hospitalisations, long-term prescribing, and odds of mortality. Study limitations include the exclusion of individuals with missing ethnicity information, the age of diagnosis not reflecting the actual age of onset, and the exclusion of people from Mixed, Chinese, and other ethnic groups due to insufficient power to investigate associations between multimorbidity and health-related outcomes in these groups. Conclusions These findings emphasise the need to identify, prevent, and manage multimorbidity early in the life course. Our work provides additional insights into the excess burden of early onset multimorbidity in those from socioeconomically deprived and diverse groups who are disproportionately and more severely affected by multimorbidity and highlights the need to ensure healthcare improvements are equitable.

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Deb, Mitrajit, Pinaki Adhikary, Petr Sláma, Zdeněk Havlíček, Petr Řezáč, Parimal C. Bhattacharjee y Shubhadeep Roychoudhury. "Aggressive Behavior of Phayre’s Leaf Monkeys Towards Domestic Dogs in Cachar District of Assam, India". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, n.º 4 (2015): 1105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563041105.

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Phayre’s leaf-monkeys (Trachipithecus phayrei) or Phayre’s langurs are old world monkeys that inhabit South-East Asian tropical forests. The species is under a severe threat due to large scale habitat destruction and disturbances by people living near the habitat of langurs. The present study recorded the aggressive behavior of male langurs towards domestic dogs in the Cachar district of Assam. Response of each member in the troop was observed. The sophisticated behavior of males in safeguarding the weaker members was observed. In conclusion, the harassment by domestic dogs may result in the expulsion of Phayre’s langurs from their native habitat.

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Cheng, Shao-Yi, Cheng-Pei Lin, Helen Yue-lai Chan, Diah Martina, Masanori Mori, Sun-Hyun Kim y Raymond Ng. "Advance care planning in Asian culture". Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 50, n.º 9 (6 de agosto de 2020): 976–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyaa131.

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Abstract Ageing has been recognized as one of the most critically important health-care issues worldwide. It is relevant to Asia, where the increasing number of older populations has drawn attention to the paramount need for health-care investment, particularly in end-of-life care. The advocacy of advance care planning is a mean to honor patient autonomy. Since most East Asian countries are influenced by Confucianism and the concept of ‘filial piety,’ patient autonomy is consequently subordinate to family values and physician authority. The dominance from family members and physicians during a patient’s end-of-life decision-making is recognized as a cultural feature in Asia. Physicians often disclose the patient’s poor prognosis and corresponding treatment options to the male, family member rather to the patient him/herself. In order to address this ethical and practical dilemma, the concept of ‘relational autonomy’ and the collectivism paradigm might be ideally used to assist Asian people, especially older adults, to share their preferences on future care and decision-making on certain clinical situations with their families and important others. In this review article, we invited experts in end-of-life care from Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan to briefly report the current status of advance care planning in each country from policy, legal and clinical perspectives. According to the Asian experiences, we have seen different models of advance care planning implementation. The Asian Delphi Taskforce for advance care planning is currently undertaken by six Asian countries and a more detailed, culturally sensitive whitepaper will be published in the near future.

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Barde, Robert y Gustavo J. Bobonis. "Detention at Angel Island". Social Science History 30, n.º 1 (2006): 103–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013407.

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Between 1910 and 1940 the Angel Island Immigration Station was the primary port of entry for Asians into the United States, the place of enforcement of the Chinese Exclusion Act and other anti-Asian immigration policies. Even in the absence of substantiating data, it is frequently asserted that almost all entering Chinese were detained at Angel Island and that they were detained for weeks, months, even years. This article presents the first empirical evidence on how long people arriving at San Francisco were detained at the Angel Island Immigration Station. The use of newly discovered data on passengers of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company (PMSS) for the period 1913-19 adds an empirical basis to our understanding of how immigration laws were administered in classifying and detaining aliens seeking to enter the United States, which arrivals were detained at Angel Island, and for how long. Results show that many Chinese were not detained at all; there was great variation in length of detention for Chinese who were detained; only some of this variation can be explained by the type of “exempt” status claimed for admission under the Chinese exclusion laws; Japanese arrivals had an even higher incidence of detention; and many detainees were either non-Asian, had come on ships from Central or South America, or were not “immigrants” at all.

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Nanjunda, Dr. "Perceptions and knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases among rural people in India: Some ground realties". South East Asia Journal of Public Health 3, n.º 2 (17 de agosto de 2014): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v3i2.20040.

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) have become a serious public health issue among the rural people in India because of a unique health culture and health seeking behavior. Most rural people are suffering from different types of STDs because of cultural fabrics, poverty, illiteracy, ignorance and poor access to effective treatment. The World Health Organization has also warned that India could be the next nation with the highest number of unreported STD cases, resulting in devastating consequences. This current study, conducted in a rural part of the Hassan district of Karnataka, South India, examined the perceptions and knowledge regarding STDs among rural people. A focus group study conducted among selected purposive samples of both infected (with STD) and non-infected rural people. This study has found that STDs were more prevalent among people in the age group of 25-28 years (50.6%)male respondents (62.6%), people with a low level of literacy (42.2%), professional truck drivers (38.6%), people in the lower income groups (64%), and unmarried people (56%). This study also found vaginites and herpes are the most common types of STDs found among the respondents. The majority of the respondents were not aware about the onset and symptoms of the STDs. People were too shy to seek treatment even from the local healers. Effective public health policies and health promotion programs should be developed regarding the holistic and inclusive health development for the rural people with special references to STDs. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v3i2.20040 South East Asian Journal of Public Health Vol.3(2) 2013: 47-51

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Gul, M. y R. Faruqui. "Gender Difference in Parental Psychiatric Morbidity in the Aftermath of 2005 South Asian Earthquake". European Psychiatry 24, S1 (enero de 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71027-2.

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Background:The South Asian Earthquake of 2005 had a devastating impact on family lives; almost 76,400 people lost their lives, and thousands more sustained disabling injuries.Study design:An epidemiological study, to study psychiatric morbidity amongst parents of deceased children, was carried out at Balakot, Pakistan. The area was chosen due to much lesser migration of the original inhabitant to other part of the country. The study was carried out in April-May 2006, six months after the earthquake.Method:80% of the eligible population participated in the study. The psychiatric instruments that were used in the study included, Pakistan Anxiety & Depression Questionnaire, Hopkins Symptoms Check list- 25 (Urdu-Version) and Rater administered DSM-IV, PTSD questionnaire (Urdu) for diagnosis of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The assessment schedules were administered by medical students, trained to administer above instruments and questionnaires.Results:133 subjects participated in the study. Participants mean age was 39 years. Amongst the participants, 20% lost their spouse in the earthquake. There was statistically significant difference in the prevalence of probable diagnosis of depression or anxiety disorder between the male and female population as assessed by PADQ (P< 0.01). Mean HSCL-25 anxiety and depression sub-scale scores also showed a statistically significant gender difference (P< 0.01). 49% met the DSM-IV criteria for diagnoses of PTSD. A higher proportion of female population suffered from PTSD (P< 0.01).Conclusion:The recognition of gender difference in psychiatric morbidity in disaster affected areas has important implications for emergency serviced delivery and long term planning of service provision.

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Ubhi, Mandeep, Shirish Dubey, Caroline Gordon, Tochukwu Adizie, Tom Sheeran, Kerry Allen, Rachel Jordan et al. "Understanding the impact of systemic lupus erythematosus on work amongst South Asian people in the UK: An explorative qualitative study". Lupus 30, n.º 9 (6 de junio de 2021): 1492–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09612033211022816.

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SLE has a range of fluctuating symptoms affecting individuals and their ability to work. Although South Asian (SA) patients are at increased risk of developing SLE there is limited knowledge of the impact on employment for these patients in the UK. Understanding ethnicity and disease-specific issues are important to ensure patients are adequately supported at work. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients of SA origin to explore how SLE impacted on their employment. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data which are reported following COREQ guidelines. Ten patients (8 female; 2 male) were recruited from three rheumatology centres in the UK and interviewed between November 2019 and March 2020. Patients were from Indian (n = 8) or Pakistani (n = 2) origin and worked in a range of employment sectors. Four themes emerged from the data: (1) Disease related factors; (2) Employment related factors; (3) Cultural and interpersonal factors impacting on work ability; (4) Recommendations for improvement. Patients’ ability to work was affected by variable work-related support from their hospital clinicians, low awareness of SLE and variable support from their employers, and cultural barriers in their communities that could affect levels of family support received. These findings highlight the need for additional support for SA patients with SLE in the workplace.

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Gholizadeh, Pourya, Moussa Sanogo, Amadou Oumarou, Maad Nasser Mohamed, Yacouba Cissoko, Mamadou Saliou Sow, Pasquale Pagliano et al. "Fighting COVID-19 in the West Africa after experiencing the Ebola epidemic". Health Promotion Perspectives 11, n.º 1 (7 de febrero de 2021): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2021.02.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) dissemination occurred from December 2019 and quickly spread to all countries. Infected patients with COVID-19 have had a wide range of symptoms, ranging from mild to severe illness. The most mortality was observed in patients with underlying disease and over 45 years. World statistics have shown that the COVID-19 outbreak is most expanded in Middle Eastern, West Asian, European, North, and South American countries, and is least expanded in African countries. Therefore, the aim of the paper was the evaluation of six African countries including Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Guinea, Togo, and Djibouti to find why this disease is least expanded in African countries. Study was conducted by Questioner for countries health organizers to define their different aspect exposure and fight with COVID-19 including epidemiology, clinical aspects of the disease, case definitions, diagnosis laboratory confirmation, and referral of cases by the portal of entry, case management, and disease prevention in these countries. According to this opinion review, due to the low international flights and low domestic travel, the spread, and prevalence of COVID-19 was low and the return of the immigrants of these countries has caused the spread of COVID-19 among these countries. Experience, preparation, and impact of previous infections epidemic such as the Ebola virus epidemic would have beneficial, which have promoted certain reflexes among people that cause low dissemination in these countries.

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Majumder, Md Anwarul Azim. "World Health Statistics 2011: How does Bangladesh compare with other South-East Asian countries?" South East Asia Journal of Public Health 1, n.º 1 (8 de enero de 2013): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v1i1.13206.

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The World Health Statistics 2011 compiles the health and related data of its member states including a summary of the progress made towards achieving the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and associated targets. This analysis examined data for Bangladesh and compares with the other ten member states of the WHO South-East Asia region. From the analysis, it is evident that considerable progress is being made to improve the health of the people of Bangladesh. Nevertheless, there remain many areas of concern over health development and provision of healthcare delivery and financing. In Bangladesh, annual population growth rate and adolescent fertility rate are higher than regional averages. Life expectancy and mortality rates are not impressive in comparison to other regional countries. Overall burden of cause-specific mortality and morbidity is higher; however reported cases of selected infectious diseases are lower than regional average. In terms of health service coverage, in one hand some real concerns were noted (e.g. poor antenatal coverage and availability of skilled health personnel etc.) and on the other hand some achievements were accomplished (e.g. vaccination of measles, DTP3 etc.). Increasing number of underweight children and smoking among male adults are also the key areas of concerns. Bangladesh ranks in the bottom quartile of healthcare spending in the region; the percentage of GDP allocation for health is 3.3% which is far below the level needed to scale up essential health interventions. The country has also relatively few healthcare personnel and hospital beds, and health inequality is observed in the provision of health care delivery which is most prominent in lower socio-economic groups. With regards to health-related MDGs, except child mortality, other target may not be met. Findings from these cross-national comparisons can inform national policy, highlight areas where Bangladesh could improve, and yield benchmarks for improved healthcare performance.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v1i1.13206 South East Asia Journal of Public Health 2011:1(1)

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Fonseca De Freitas, D., M. Khondoker, J. Nazroo, R. Hayes y K. Bhui. "Ethnic inequalities in multiple comorbidities among people with psychosis". European Psychiatry 65, S1 (junio de 2022): S340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.864.

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Introduction Studies have shown ethnic inequalities in health, with a higher incidence of illnesses among people of some minoritised ethnic groups. Furthermore, it has been observed that people with severe mental illnesses have a higher risk for multimorbidity. However, no study has investigated ethnic disparities in comorbidity in people with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Objectives This study investigates potential ethnic disparities in physical health comorbidity in a cohort of people with psychosis. Methods Using a cross-sectional design, we identified service-users of the South London and Maudsley NHS Trust who were diagnosed with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder between 2007 and 2020. We assessed the prevalence of asthma, bronchitis, diabetes, hypertension, low blood pressure, overweight or obesity, and rheumatoid arthritis. Latent class analyses were used to investigate distinct profiles of comorbidity. Multinomial regression was then used to investigate ethnic disparities in these profiles. The regression model was adjusted for gender, age, neighbourhood deprivation, smoking and duration of care. Results On a sample of 23,418 service-users with psychosis, we identified two classes of comorbidity: low comorbidity and multiple comorbidities. Compared to the White British ethnicity, a higher risk for multiple comorbidities was observed for people with any Black background, Indian, Pakistani, Asian British, and mixed-race ethnicities. Furthermore, Black African women had a significantly higher risk for multiple comorbidities than their male counterparts. Conclusions Ethnic disparities are observed in multiple comorbidities among people with psychosis. Further research is needed to understand the impact of these disparities, especially in relation to mortality. Disclosure No significant relationships.

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Plowright, Poh Sim. "The Art of Manora: an Ancient Tale of Feminine Power Preserved in South-East Asian Theatre". New Theatre Quarterly 14, n.º 56 (noviembre de 1998): 373–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00012458.

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When is a widely-known fairy tale more than a story? Poh Sim Plowright recently went to South Thailand and North Malaysia to examine the relevance of the ‘birdwoman’ folk tale to the lives of the villagers1 in those two regions. Here the local people still participate in a ritual dramatization of a story which for them represents a crucial renewal of life in their yearly calendar – a celebration of the roots of feminine magical power which goes back to the ancient historical south-east Asian practice by which a victorious ruler would carry back as booty to his kingdom the wives and dancers of the vanquished. Since most of the members of these royal harems were mediums gifted with special powers of healing and communicating with spirits, they were seen as valuable additions to a ruler's aura of divinity – and consequently to his terrestrial power. More importantly, the theatrical art form known as Manora, which enshrines the ‘birdwoman’ tale, is said to have been founded by two royal female trance mediums, regarded as primal healers and guardians of a life-renewing elixir: thus, each performance also serves as a shamanic and healing ritual. The performances here described by Poh Sim Plowright also have links with drama in China and Japan, and at the end of her article she explores the powerful connection with W. B. Yeats's celebrated ‘birdwoman’ play, At the Hawk's Well, which features a ‘Hawk’ Woman guarding a ‘well of miraculous water’ against male intrusion. Poh Sim Plowright is Director of the Centre for the Study of Noh Drama and Lecturer in Oriental Drama at Royal Holloway College, University of London.

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19

Chan, Jonathan, Xiang Li Tan, Bjorn Thomas, Aaron Hughes, Rebecca McCarthy, Soha Tawfik, Sasha Dhoat et al. "SG10 Ichthyosis vulgaris in a South Asian population with atopic eczema: prevalence, clinical phenotypes and filaggrin variants". British Journal of Dermatology 191, Supplement_1 (28 de junio de 2024): i185—i186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjd/ljae090.392.

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Abstract Ichthyosis vulgaris (IV) affects up to 1 in 250 people, presenting with a spectrum of severity. Loss-of-function filaggrin variants cause IV and are implicated in atopic eczema (AE). Variants have not been widely investigated in people of South Asian ancestry. We aimed to investigate its prevalence, phenotype and link to loss-of-function (LoF) variants in a Bangladeshi cohort. British Bangladeshi patients with AE and aged 0–30 years were recruited between May 2018 and December 2020. Targeted gene sequencing was undertaken using DNA from saliva. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios of the LoF variant for each pattern. Statistical analysis performed with R v4.3.1 (R Foundation, Vienna, Austria). In total, 568 patients had suitable data for analysis: 318 were male (56%), the mean age was 10.2 years, the mean Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure was 12.6, and the mean Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) was 7.2. Overall, 175 (31%) had ichthyosis. Four patterns were identified: (i) smooth, (ii) hyperlinear, (iii) diamond scales and (iv) hyperkeratotic. Hyperlinear may represent a precursor form of IV, but for the current analyses types (iii) and (iv) were classed as IV. When compared with the smooth pattern, odds ratios (ORs) demonstrated significant association between LoF variants and diamond scale [OR 2.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.43–4.14, P = 0.001)] and hyperkeratotic patterns (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.27–4.48, P = 0.007). Significant differences were seen between leg patterns in EASI (P < 0.001), corneometry (P < 0.001; Kruskal–Wallis test) and palmar pattern (P < 0.001; χ2-test). Prominent diamond palmar pattern had the strongest association with IV (OR 5.49, 95% CI 2.61–11.9, P < 0.001). The 10 most common variants in patients with both IV and AE, vs. AE only are seen in the Table. In summary, IV is common (31%) in Bangladeshi patients with AE, four patterns exist, and severe phenotypes show strong links to LoF variants. Future work should explore the specific variants in IV, the effect of climate on masking subtle phenotypes, and examination of healthy controls to distinguish subtle patterns as normal variants or IV.90 patients (out of 175, 51%) with AE and IV with LoF variants123 patients (out of 393, 31%) with AE only with LoF variantsFilaggrin variantNumber with variantFilaggrin variantNumber with variantc.7031C>gG, S2344*18c.7031C>gG, S2344*17c.2282_2285del, S761Cfs*3615c.2282_2285del, S761Cfs*3614c.3191G>A, W1064*10c.2976_2977del, R992Sfs*317c.2767_2768insT, S923Ffs*27c.2767_2768insT, S923Ffs*25c.3418C>T, R1140*7c.3191G>A, W1064*5c.2476C>T, R826*6c.3424del, Q1142Kfs*445c.2976_2977del, R992Sfs*315c.7339C>T, R2447*5c.3424del, Q1142Kfs*444c.1501C>T, R501*4c.2185C>T, Q729*2c.2185C>T, Q729*4c.6986_6987del, R2329Tfs*372c.2476C>T, R826*421 other variants36 other variants

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Biswas, Sudipti. "SUITABILITY OF REFERENCE STANDARDS TO INTEGRATE ERGONOMICS IN ARCHITECTURE: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN BANGLADESH". Architecture and Engineering 8, n.º 4 (29 de diciembre de 2023): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-4-3-18.

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Introduction: Buildings are a very important part of our lives because we spend so much time there. A primary job of an architect is to assure that the buildings we live in accommodate the human activities that take place within them. Therefore, anthropometric datasets are important tools for the architect. Unfortunately, anthropometric datasets relevant to the functions that take place in buildings are relatively scarce, even as part of the architect’s academic experience. Architects mostly depend on a few reference standards that may not fit the local population. The purpose of the research described here is to contribute to the filling of this gap with an anthropometric dataset for the Bangladeshi population that can serve as a source of data in the field of architecture. Methods: Body measurements of 130 people, 66 male and 64 female, are taken at 38 different postures. The postures are selected from the reference standards and considering the local practice. Then the measurements are examined with descriptive statistics and compared with the reference standards to check the differences. Results: This comparison indicates that the Bangladeshi people are considerably smaller; therefore, the practiced reference standards are not appropriate for Bangladesh, and presumably South Asia. Further research is required for a comprehensive anthropometric database. The presented dataset can serve as a source of data for the design of residential and other buildings in Bangladesh as well as other South Asian countries.

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21

Borgohain, Bhaskar, Cherry M. Tariang, J. P. Darjee, Arnest Marbaniang, Ozing Komut, Gangarani Angom, Robert S. Marak et al. "A report on injuries and illnesses among athletes and games officials during XII South Asian Games-2016, Shillong, India". International Journal of Research in Orthopaedics 3, n.º 5 (24 de agosto de 2017): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2455-4510.intjresorthop20173937.

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Background: The 12th South Asian Games (SAG) was held from February 5-16, 2016 in Guwahati and Shillong. International level mega-events bring people of different background to a single geographic location after extensive travel. Surveillance and measures for primary and secondary prevention of injuries and illnesses by the organizers and host country is highly desirable. There is no such previous published report on South Asian games. The study was conducted with the aim to analyse the medical arrangements and report injuries and illnesses in athletes and games officials during the South Asian Games-2016 at Shillong venue.Methods: : It is a retrospective study from all daily records of injuries and illnesses reported to the principal referral hospital designated to treat all significant injuries and illnesses for games officials and athletes from all eight participating countries staying in Shillong.Results: Eight major sports were conducted in Shillong that included Badminton, Boxing, Football, Judo, Taekwondo and Wushu. The average age of the injured athletes or ill officials combined was 27.5 years. Male to female ratio was approximately 7:3. There were a total of 65 injuries (59.6%) out of 109 hospital visits including six dislocations involving the upper limbs, but only one athlete required hospitalization. Athletes from three major contact sports namely taekwondo, football and wushu dominated the injured list. A significant number of games officials had injuries and medical illnesses, some requiring hospitalization.Conclusions: Thorough planning for befitting medical care arrangements is indispensable for successful conduct of any major sports event. Significant training, sensitization, preparedness, knowledge-based manpower and infrastructure are needed for adequate medical coverage before, during and after the schedule of any major sports events.

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22

Chan, Jonathan, Xiang Li Tan, Bjorn Thomas, Aaron Hughes, Soha Tawfik, Sasha Dhoat, Ravinder Atkar et al. "P083 Ichthyosis vulgaris in a South Asian population with atopic eczema: prevalence, clinical phenotypes and filaggrin variants". British Journal of Dermatology 191, Supplement_1 (28 de junio de 2024): i53—i54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjd/ljae090.110.

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Abstract Ichthyosis vulgaris (IV) affects up to 1 in 250 people, presenting with a spectrum of severity. Loss of function (LoF) filaggrin variants cause IV and are implicated in atopic eczema (AE). These have been widely investigated in White European populations but not in South Asian patients. Studies suggest that 2.5–37% patients with AE have IV. We aimed to investigate its prevalence, phenotype and link to LoF variants in Bangladeshi patients. British Bangladeshi patients with AE aged 0–30 years were recruited from secondary care between May 2018 and December 2020. Targeted gene sequencing was undertaken using DNA from saliva. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models estimated odds ratios of LoF variants for each pattern. Statistical analysis performed with R (v4.3.1; R Foundation, Vienna, Austria). In total, 568 patients had suitable data for analysis: 318 were male (56%), the mean age was 10.2 years, mean Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure was 12.6, and mean Eczema Area and Severity Index was 7.2. Overall, 175 (31%) had ichthyosis. Four patterns were identified: (i) smooth (clear), (ii) hyperlinear, (iii) diamond scales and (iv) hyperkeratotic. Hyperlinear may represent a subtle or precursor form of IV, but for current analyses types three and four were classed as IV. Patients with hyperkeratosis had the lowest mean vitamin D (21.3 nmol L−1) and corneometry (22.4 AU). When compared with smooth pattern, odds ratios (ORs) demonstrated significant association between LoF variants and diamond scale (OR 2.42, 95% confidence interval 1.43–4.14; P = 0.001) and hyperkeratosis (OR 2.37, 95% confidence interval 1.27–4.48; P = 0.007). The top 10 variants in patients with both IV and AE, vs. AE only are seen in the Table. In summary, IV is common (31%) in Bangladeshi patients with AE, four patterns exist, and severe phenotypes show strong links to LoF variants. Future work should further explore specific LoF variants in IV, the effect of climate on masking subtle phenotypes, and examination of healthy controls to distinguish subtle patterns as normal variants or IV.TableTop 10 filaggrin LoF variants seen in patients with AE and IV, and AE only90/175 patients (51%) with AE and IV with LoF variants.123/393 patients (31%) with AE only with LoF variantsLoF filaggrin variantPatients with LoF variantLoF filaggrin variantPatients with LoF variantc.7031C>G, S2344*18c.7031C>G, S2344*17c.2282_2285del; S761Cfs*3615c.2282_2285del; S761Cfs*3614c.3191G>A; W1064*10c.2976_2977del; R992Sfs*317c.2767_2768insT; S923Ffs*27c.2767_2768insT; S923Ffs*25c.3418C>T; R1140*7c.3191G>A; W1064*5c.2476C>T; R826*6c.3424del; Q1142Kfs*445c.2976_2977del; R992Sfs*315c.7339C>T; R2447*5c.3424del; Q1142Kfs*444c.1501C>T; R501*4c.2185C>T; Q729*2c.2185C>T; Q729*4c.6986_6987del; R2329Tfs*372c.2476C>T; R826*421 other variants36 other variants

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23

Hasan, Md Mahamud, Kanchan Chakma, Saikat Bhattacharjee, Mohammad Abul Hasnat y Sharif Akhteruzzaman. "Genetic landscape of the people of Bangladesh depicted with 17 Y-Chromosome-Specific microsatellites". Bioresearch Communications 10, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2024): 1482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brc.v10i2.74500.

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Seventeen microsatellite loci from the non-recombining region of the human Y chromosome were typed using AmpFlSTR® Yfiler® PCR amplification systems in 404 male subjects belonging to the three largest ethnic groups in Bangladesh. A total of 150 haplotypes from the Chakma, 144 from the Tripura, and 110 from the Khasia were detected with a corresponding discrimination capacity of 73.885%, 65.563%, and 81.250%, respectively. The highest allele frequency of 0.828 was detected in DYS391 locus in the Tripuras, while the lowest allele frequency of 0.009 was detected at the same locus for the Chakma population. The highest gene diversity (0.964) was observed at DYS385a/b locus in the Khasias, while the lowest gene diversity (0.301) was detected at DYS391 locus in Tripuras population. The overall haplotype diversity for the studied populations was 0.986141. Both the Neighbour-Joining tree and pairwise genetic distances showed that Chakma lies closer to a clade consisting of Tripuras (Khagrachari, Bangladesh) and Tripuri (Tripura, India). In contrast, the Khasias demonstrated a close affinity with the Oraon (Chhattisgarh, India), followed by the Santals. The Y-STR haplotype matching probabilities within and between populations demonstrated that the Chakma, Tripura, and Khasia were 100% genetically distinct. The studied ethnic populations exhibited higher frequency for haplogroups L and Q as opposed to haplogroups R1a, H, and L found in the mainstream Bengali population. The Median-joining networking showed haplogroups L and R1a have the most compact clustering within populations, followed by haplogroups Q and H. The presence of haplogroup R1a suggests that Bengali may have originated through west-to-east migration, whereas haplogroups L and Q distribution in the studied tribes reveal a very significant affinity with the South-East Asian populations and may have shared a common ancestral origin with the Mongoloid stock populations. Bioresearch Commu. 10(2): 1482-1488, 2024 (July)

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Rashid, Sk Mamun Ar y SK Moazzem Hossain. "Stroke and Coronary Heart Diseases, Global and Asian Trend and Risk Factors -A Perspective". Medicine Today 34, n.º 1 (24 de abril de 2022): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v34i1.58671.

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Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the world, accounting for 30% of deaths globally. CVD is a group of conditions affecting the functions of the heart, blood vessels or both. The major cardiovascular diseases include coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, hypertension, heart failure and peripheral vascular diseases. Distribution of CHD and stroke is different in different regions of the world, especially western high-income, Asian and other countries. The Asian prevalence also not homogenous. Estimated number of deaths due to CVD worldwide will projected to 23.4 million, comprising 35% of all deaths in 2030. Significant increase in prevalence of coronary heart diseases (CHD) have been observed in the Asia including Bangladesh, but stroke in some regions of the world. Objectives: (1) Identification of cases and risk factors in different geographical area (2) Reduction of morbidity and mortality by proper treatment and management of modifiable risk factors. Materials and Methods: This observational study was done through using evidence from the published study articles of CVD in national and international journals, electronic databases such as MEDLINE, EMBESE and PUBMED. We also manually checked references of relevant publications of stroke and CHD. Study period: Jan2019-Dec2019. Results: Approximately 940 million people in the high income countries, where CHD is the dominant form of CVD which is 2–5 times higher than stroke. In the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Italy, France and Spain CVD death rates are very low. The highest death CHD rate is in Finland, Ireland, Scotland, Norway, Sweden of the European countries. In Eastern Europe and most of the Asia, the rate of coronary arterial diseases are rapidly increasing. Japan the Asian high income country the death ratio of stroke and CHD is 3:1.The East Asia and the pacific including China CVD is the major cause of death, where stroke dominating. People in South Asia including India and Bangladesh the coronary diseases are increasing alarmingly, where CVD death increase 30%over the preceding decade and the dominant form is CHD. In the central Asia, specially Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan both CHD and stroke are very high. In Latin America death from CHD (35%) higher than stroke (29%). In the Middle East and North Africa, CHD responsible for 17% and stroke 7%of all death. Conclusion: Asian countries have disproportionately high morbidity and mortality from stroke with increasing tendency to CHD, but CHD in Western countries which may be due to complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors, smoking, hypertension and metabolic abnormalities. Death rate is higher in male sex from both CHD and stroke worldwide. Medicine Today 2022 Vol.34(1): 27-35

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Gupta, Juhi y Vipul Jain. "Knowledge, attitude, and practices of areca nut and betel quid chewing among the adult population – A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study". SRM Journal of Research in Dental Sciences 15, n.º 1 (enero de 2024): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/srmjrds.srmjrds_127_23.

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ABSTRACT Background: The use of areca nut also known as supari or chaali is an age-old tradition and very popular in people living in South Asian countries. However, in general, people know very little about its ill effects. Aims: This study aimed to examine knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the health risks associated with chewing areca nuts and betel quid among the adult population and to evaluate the knowledge about its possible role as a contributing factor in oral cancer among the adult population. Materials and Methods: The unicentric cross-sectional survey was conducted on 1644 adult subjects belonging to the adult population of Aligarh and nearby places between March 2021 and December 2021. We analyzed the data using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 22. Results: The overall average age of the participants was 39.32 ± 14.18. The male-to-female ratio was 2:1. Among the study subjects, 54% were betel nut or betel quid chewers. Only 30.8% knew that areca nut may cause oral cancer and with low knowledge related to its systematic effect. Conclusion: Areca nut is a known carcinogenic agent and carries the risk of cancer even if it is used alone. However, information about the systemic ill effect especially its carcinogenic effect is very low among the general population.

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Mamdani, Kaneez Fatima, Munazza Madani y Sultana Shaheen. "Knowledge Of And Attitude Towards Reproductive Health Among Female Adolescence (Aged 15-19 Years): A Study Of Lower Hunza". Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 2, n.º 1 (8 de septiembre de 2009): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v2i1.351.

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The reproductive health of adolescents is of growing concern all over the world. At the global level, many young people get involved in sexual activities and risk sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV or involvement in unintended pregnancy. Young people every where reach puberty earlier and marry later than in the past. As a result, youth are sexually mature for a longer period of time prior marriage. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing is a major concern and is associated with a range of outcomes detrimental to teen’s health, including complications of pregnancy, illegal and unsafe abortions and death, especially in less developed nations. Fifteen million women age 15-19, give birth every year, 13 million belonging to less developed countries. Over all, 33 percent women from less developed countries give birth before the age of 20 -varying from 8 percent in East Asia to 55 percent in West Africa- (UNFPA; 2000). Adolescent girls in many South Asian settings are unlikely to have much exposure or physical access to outside world. Few services cater to their needs for health care, nutrition, vocational skills, economic opportunities or information. Sizeable proportions of women in south Asia marry well before 18, and early pregnancy further exacerbates their poor reproductive health. This paper examines the knowledge and attitude of female adolescence aged 15-19 years about their reproductive health in Lower Hunza, Northern Areas of Pakistan. First part of this paper comprises introduction of adolescence and reproductive health, its worldwide and Pakistani situation. The second part of the paper consists of hypotheses and key concepts of the study and the third comprises methodology and statistical analysis of the hypotheses. The last section consists of conclusions and recommendation for the improvement of knowledge and awareness programmes for female adolescents as they are more vulnerable than male.

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Chevy, Elizabeth T., Emilia Huerta-Sánchez y Sohini Ramachandran. "Integrating sex-bias into studies of archaic introgression on chromosome X". PLOS Genetics 19, n.º 8 (14 de agosto de 2023): e1010399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010399.

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Evidence of interbreeding between archaic hominins and humans comes from methods that infer the locations of segments of archaic haplotypes, or ‘archaic coverage’ using the genomes of people living today. As more estimates of archaic coverage have emerged, it has become clear that most of this coverage is found on the autosomes— very little is retained on chromosome X. Here, we summarize published estimates of archaic coverage on autosomes and chromosome X from extant human samples. We find on average 7 times more archaic coverage on autosomes than chromosome X, and identify broad continental patterns in this ratio: greatest in European samples, and least in South Asian samples. We also perform extensive simulation studies to investigate how the amount of archaic coverage, lengths of coverage, and rates of purging of archaic coverage are affected by sex-bias caused by an unequal sex ratio within the archaic introgressors. Our results generally confirm that, with increasing male sex-bias, less archaic coverage is retained on chromosome X. Ours is the first study to explicitly model such sex-bias and its potential role in creating the dearth of archaic coverage on chromosome X.

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Verma, Rakhi. "Environmental Degradation in the Nepalese Society: An Eco-Critical Approach". European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, n.º 4 (5 de julio de 2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejsocial.2023.3.4.471.

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The paper aims to explore the direct or indirect link between the patriarchal Nepalese society and the degradation of Nepal’s forestry and environment. The males of Nepal have been dominating and disrespecting women as the inferior sex for centuries, and thereby treating natural resourses as feminine, weak to be manipulated and consumed objectively for their benefits. The research tool taken to carry out the research is eco-feminism. To notice the relationship between gender and natural resources of Nepal, the theoretical concerns of such eco-feminist critics as Greta Gaard and Vandana Shiva are chiefly focused on. The Nepalese society, like most of the South-Asian societies, is a male-dominated society. It exploits both women and nature regarding them to be inferior. The chief finding is that the natural resources of Nepal such as air, water, green fields, climate, land, forestry, minerals, environment, and the species of Nepal have been getting threatened because of the Nepalese patriarchal society. The Nepali people exploit nature as carelessly as they have been exploiting women. It is assumed that the research scholars interested in exploring Nepalese society from the perspective of eco-feminism can take the article as a reference.

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Korenromp, Eline L., Keith Sabin, John Stover, Tim Brown, Leigh F. Johnson, Rowan Martin-Hughes, Debra ten Brink et al. "New HIV Infections Among Key Populations and Their Partners in 2010 and 2022, by World Region: A Multisources Estimation". JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 95, n.º 1S (1 de enero de 2024): e34-e45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000003340.

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Background: Previously, The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS estimated proportions of adult new HIV infections among key populations (KPs) in the last calendar year, globally and in 8 regions. We refined and updated these, for 2010 and 2022, using country-level trend models informed by national data. Methods: Infections among 15–49 year olds were estimated for sex workers (SWs), male clients of female SW, men who have sex with men (MSM), people who inject drugs (PWID), transgender women (TGW), and non-KP sex partners of these groups. Transmission models used were Goals (71 countries), AIDS Epidemic Model (13 Asian countries), Optima (9 European and Central Asian countries), and Thembisa (South Africa). Statistical Estimation and Projection Package fits were used for 15 countries. For 40 countries, new infections in 1 or more KPs were approximated from first-time diagnoses by the mode of transmission. Infection proportions among nonclient partners came from Goals, Optima, AIDS Epidemic Model, and Thembisa. For remaining countries and groups not represented in models, median proportions by KP were extrapolated from countries modeled within the same region. Results: Across 172 countries, estimated proportions of new adult infections in 2010 and 2022 were both 7.7% for SW, 11% and 20% for MSM, 0.72% and 1.1% for TGW, 6.8% and 8.0% for PWID, 12% and 10% for clients, and 5.3% and 8.2% for nonclient partners. In sub-Saharan Africa, proportions of new HIV infections decreased among SW, clients, and non-KP partners but increased for PWID; elsewhere these groups' 2010-to-2022 differences were opposite. For MSM and TGW, the proportions increased across all regions. Conclusions: KPs continue to have disproportionately high HIV incidence.

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Nkurunziza, Magnifique, Zandile June-Rose Mchiza y Yanga Zembe. "Meals on Wheels: Promoting Food and Nutrition Security among Older Persons in Cape Town, South Africa". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, n.º 3 (31 de enero de 2023): 2561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032561.

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Food insecurity (FI) prevails in Sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, in South Africa, although many people, including the elderly, are vulnerable to FI, little is known about the experiences of older persons (OPs) with FI and the interventions thereof. In South Africa, Meals on Wheels Community Service (MOWCS) provides readymade home meal deliveries for OPs through 209 branches across the country. Therefore, this study investigated MOWCS’ role in the promotion of food security among the OPs at the Brooklyn branch, Cape Town. The study was grounded within the food security framework and focused on the availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability of food at Brooklyn MOWCS. Using qualitative research methods, 10 semi-structured interviews and one focus group discussion (N = 5) were conducted with Brooklyn MOWCS beneficiaries, in addition to three key personnel interviews conducted with staff. Data were analysed using Open Code 4.03. The findings showed Brooklyn MOWCS as a stable source of affordable and nutritious meals to OPs. The portion size satisfied hunger; occasionally, one portion sufficed for two meals. Respondents admitted the meal ingredients represented various food groups and rated them as “healthy”. However, some financial challenges hindered the extension of MOWCS services to the wider community. For instance, they only had three paid employees and were overcrowded within church premises. Findings also showed race and gender disparity among respondents; 90% were White and 10% were of Mixed Ancestry, with no Black or Asian OPs represented, and only 10% were male. These outcomes are typical of the current ethnic profile of the overall Brooklyn MOWCS beneficiaries in SA. This calls, therefore, for such interventions to be extended to all South African demographic groups as an initiative to alleviate food and nutrition insecurity among all OPs.

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Jentrick, Arun. "Women-Headed Households: Diversity and Dynamics in Post-Conflict Settings in South Asia". International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, n.º V (2023): 1264–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.70596.

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Women-headed households have been reported to be emerging more than ever before in both developing and developed countries due to many reasons, from different factors affecting households in a country to regional and global determinants. This paper unpacks the diversity and dynamics of women-headed households in post-conflict contexts in South Asian countries, with a focus on Sri Lanka and Nepal using a feminist approach. Women-headed households have been reported to face higher levels of poverty than male-headed households in South Asia. There are compelling reasons to anticipate that a group of people who already experience social inequality because of their gender might also experience economic hardship. This paper discusses the challenges women face when heading households, their vulnerabilities, as well as their methods of overcoming the challenges as they take up household responsibilities in the absence of men. This paper also gives accounts of women heading households from their perspectives on how they manage the day-to-day running of the household and the challenges they face in a post-conflict setting. It concludes that the emergence of women-headed households are not only the result of conflict and that they are not a temporary aberration. The paper highlights the need to understand women-headed households in their unique settings, considering many factors that could influence their socioeconomic behaviour. Many of the household surveys fall short of analyzing the complexities associated with women-headed households and fail to identify uniqueness. Therefore, this paper argues the need for qualitative ethnographic data to understand the complexities of women-headed households. Ethnicity and cultural backgrounds need to be considered when analysing data on women-headed households as their dealings and experiences differ in the way these factors play in. This paper also emphasises the need for development practitioners to pay attention to the prevailing understandings of household headship and agency when devising policies to assist women-headed households.

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Zirra, Alexandra, Aaron Ben-Joseph, Tahrina Haque, David Gallagher, Caroline Budu, Brooke Frances, Cristina Simonet y Alastair Noyce. "091 The East London Parkinson’s disease project – engaging a diverse population in research". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 93, n.º 9 (12 de agosto de 2022): e2.41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2022-abn2.135.

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BackgroundParkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and the burden appears to be growing fastest in middle-low and low income countries. In the majority of obser- vational studies of PD, White, well-educated and affluent participants are over-represented.AimsOur aim was to engage a diverse group of people with Parkinson disease (PwP) from East London and build a research platform for previously under-represented groups.MethodsWe created a register of PwP from the Royal London Hospital which includes approximately 400 patients. In parallel, we have recruited participants to the East London Parkinson’s disease (ELPD) project; a case-control study of phenotype, genotype and biomarker characteristics. Clinical manifes- tations, UPDRS scores, data on non-motor symptoms, as well as biospecimens (buccal and skin swabs, serum samples) have been obtained.Results145 patients and 80 controls have been recruited so far. The mean age of PwP was 67.81 (SD 10.4); 62% were male and 59% identified as being from South Asian or Black ethnicity. The most common presenting symptom was tremor (55.9%), followed by gait impairment (16.6%).ConclusionThe ELPD project is a platform study for under-represented patients with PD which provides important opportunities for collaboration and research to improve health inequalities.

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Vansintjan, Aaron, Nguyen Hong Van, Le Quynh Chi y Nguyen Thanh Tu. "Adaptation strategies used by low-income residents affected by land use changes in Hanoi, Vietnam". Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - NUCE 13, n.º 1 (31 de enero de 2019): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.nuce2019-13(1)-08.

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Since Vietnam shifted to a market-economy in the 1980s, Hanoi has seen rapid urban expansion similar to that of other South East Asian cities - involving megaprojects, luxury developments, rural-to-urban migration, informal housing construction, and escalating speculation. Researchers have considered how unemployment and the disruption of community life followed the urbanization of rural areas. However, little has been said about how people adjusted their everyday life to cope with the changes. Through in-depth interviews, focus groups, participatory observation, oral histories, and surveys, this research investigated the adaptation strategies of low-income residents in the face of land use changes that are beyond their control. The main research site is Tay Ho district - previously a conglomeration of agricultural villages that has, in the past 20 years, witnessed rapid transformation through large-scale infrastructures, luxury housing, and smaller lodgings built individually for migrant workers. Four main adaptation strategies used by residents have been identified. First, people turn to food as a safety net. Running small street stalls, selling goods in local markets, and delivering to restaurants are common. Second, as farms transform into roads and buildings, people take advantage of public space to garden and socialize with neighbours. Third, gender division is significant as women are often excluded from the male-dominated land inheritance system and the formal economy, so they turn to informal trade, which offers autonomy and helps to develop social connections. Fourth, as land is confiscated and compensated by a lump sum of cash, people build social capital to persevere. This paper suggests that, in the context of rising globalization, the urbanization of the countryside, and the need to ensure the sustainability and inclusivity of cities, urban planners and policy-makers should take into account the way by which low-income residents continue to rely on environmental and social capital to adapt to changes. Keywords: urbanization; informality; adaptation; resilience; environmental capital; social capital; privatization. Received 18 July 2018, Revised 09 September 2018, Accepted 18 December 2018

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Naha, Dipanjan, Suraj Kumar Dash, Abhisek Chettri, Akashdeep Roy y Sambandam Sathyakumar. "Elephants in the neighborhood: patterns of crop-raiding by Asian elephants within a fragmented landscape of Eastern India". PeerJ 8 (2 de julio de 2020): e9399. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9399.

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Loss of forest cover, rise in human populations and fragmentation of habitats leads to decline in biodiversity and extinction of large mammals globally. Elephants, being the largest of terrestrial mammals, symbolize global conservation programs and co-occur with humans within multiple-use landscapes of Asia and Africa. Within such shared landscapes, poaching, habitat loss and extent of human–elephant conflicts (HEC) affect survival and conservation of elephants. HEC are severe in South Asia with increasing attacks on humans, crop depredation and property damage. Such incidents reduce societal tolerance towards elephants and increase the risk of retaliation by local communities. We analyzed a 2-year dataset on crop depredation by Asian elephants (N = 380) events in North Bengal (eastern India). We also explored the effect of landscape, anthropogenic factors (area of forest, agriculture, distance to protected area, area of human settlements, riverine patches and human density) on the spatial occurrence of such incidents.Crop depredation showed a distinct nocturnal pattern (22.00–06:00) and majority of the incidents were recorded in the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Results of our spatial analysis suggest that crop depredation increased with an increase in the area of forest patches, agriculture, presence of riverine patches and human density. Probability of crop depredation further increased with decreasing distance from protected areas. Villages within 1.5 km of a forest patch were most affected. Crop raiding incidents suggest a deviation from the “high-risk high-gain male biased” foraging behavior and involved proportionately more mixed groups (57%) than lone bulls (43%). Demographic data suggest that mixed groups comprised an average of 23 individuals with adult and sub adult females, bulls and calves. Crop depredation and fatal elephant attacks on humans were spatially clustered with eastern, central and western parts of North Bengal identified as hotspots of HEC. Our results will help to prioritize mitigation measures such as prohibition of alcohol production within villages, improving condition of riverine patches, changing crop composition, fencing agriculture fields, implement early warning systems around protected areas and training local people on how to prevent conflicts.

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Karim, Rezaul, KM Umashankar, Jayeeta Mukherjee, Ramya Cristy, Bhaskarananda Seal, Chaitali D. Ray, Sambhunath Bandyopadhyay y Jhuma Biswas. "Epidemiology of Male Infertility at a Tertiary Hospital in Eastern India". Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 8, n.º 2 (2016): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1397.

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ABSTRACT Introduction The prevalence of infertility in the general population is 15 to 20%. Of this, the male factor is responsible for 20 to 40%. In Indian couples seeking treatment, the male factor is the cause in approximately 23% of the cases. In a World Health Organization multicenter study, 45% of infertile men were found to have either oligozoospermia or azoospermia. A study from a tertiary care hospital in India reported 58% azoospermia and 24% oligozoospermia in infertile men. Aims and objectives To analyze the epidemiology of male infertility. Results In this study of 100 cases of male infertility, 64% of the patients are in the age group 25 to 35 years, 31% of the patients are in the age group of >35 to 45 years, 4% of the patients are in the age group of more than 45 years, and 1% of the patients are in the age group of <25 years. Of the total patients, 34% (n = 37) are business people, 5% (n = 5) are clerks, 2% (n = 2) are contractors, 13% (n = 13) are drivers, 2% (n = 2) are factory workers, 6% (n = 6) are farmers, 5% (n = 5)are government workers, 3% (n = 3) each are hotel workers and jute mill workers, and 2% (n = 2) each are laborers, painters, and tea stall workers. Conclusion Male infertility is multifactorial: Age, occupation, and habits have a significant impact on the seminal parameters. Modifiable behaviors like cessation of smoking and alcohol are cost-effective in normalizing the semen parameters and thereby restoring fertility. How to cite this article Umashankar KM, Mukherjee J, Cristy R, Seal B, Karim R, Ray CD, Bandyopadhyay S, Biswas J. Epidemiology of Male Infertility at a Tertiary Hospital in Eastern India. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2016;8(2):101-106.

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Pohrel, Ava Upadhyay, A. Acharya y A. Yadav. "Pattern of Morbidity and Mortality due to Road Traffic Accident at College of Medical Sciences, Chitwan, Nepal". Journal of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences 1, n.º 2 (20 de diciembre de 2018): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbpkihs.v1i2.22077.

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Background: Road traffic accident (RTA) which is recognized as a public health problem is one of the fastest growing epidemics in the South-East Asian Region. Every hour, 40 people in the region die as a result of collision. Objectives: To estimate the morbidity and mortality of RTA victims and also to assess the pattern of the RTAs at College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study including 100 RTA victims who attended College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur during 2013. Results: Majority of RTA victims were male (76%) and in the age group between 20 and 39 years (48%). Maximum numbers of accidents occurred between 12 noon to 12 midnight (79%). More accident occurred on Friday (23%). Most of the RTAs occurred on motor bike (42.0%) and the most common nature of accident was through collision of the vehicle and fall/slide of moving vehicle (56.0%). Abrasion was the most common injury occurred during the RTA (91%). Almost two-thirds of the victims had laceration, nearly half had swelling and 26% had fractures. Four percentages of victims had fatality. Bad condition of road (37.0%) and speedy driving (23.0%) were the leading causes of RTA. There were 15.0% of victims who were under the influence of alcohol in RTA. Conclusion: There was high number of male victims with motorbike as the major contributor. Abrasion, laceration and fatality were found. Bad condition of road, speed driving and alcohol habit during driving were found to be the leading causes of RTA.

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Hira, Rajmohon, Md A. Wadud Miah y Devraj Hira Akash. "Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Rural Adults (>_31years) in Bangladesh". Faridpur Medical College Journal 13, n.º 1 (24 de agosto de 2018): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/fmcj.v13i1.38013.

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Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and serious non- communicable diseases all over the world. It is the leading cause of death, disability, and economic loss, and it is identified as a major threat to global development. Among the adults (age 20-79 years) with diabetes in the top five South East Asian countries, Bangladesh is in the second position. The number of people with diabetes in Bangladesh was 5.10 million in 2013, which is expected to increase to 8.20 million by 2035. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in a rural population aged >_ 31 years living at a village in the district of Bagerhat, Bangladesh, and to aware the people of the area about diabetes and to detect diabetes early for early care to prevent its complications. In this study we used 'Prodigy Preferred blood Glucose Meter' for testing fasting blood glucose to diagnose diabetes. The study was conducted from 2012 to 2015. Random sampling method was used to select participants. Fasting plasma glucose of the 400 participants of >_ 31 years of age was done at a 'Free Friday Clinic' of the study area. Out of 400 participants 38 (09.50%) were diabetic. Among the participants (n=400), 45.50% were male and 54.50% were female. We found a high prevalence of DM in the rural Bangladeshi adult population (9.5%). The present study found that about one in ten Bangladeshi adults has diabetes (9.5%). This finding is consistent with many other studies from low-and middleincome countries including India (8.6%), Sri Lanka (8.0%), China (9.6%), Nauru (13.7%), and Panama (9.5%). Our study together with previous study confirms that prevalence of diabetes is increasing in Bangladesh.Faridpur Med. Coll. J. Jan 2018;13(1): 20-23

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Srivastava, Brijendra Kumar, R. M. Anjana, Amit Singla, S. Jebarani y Mohan Viswanathan. "Combination Therapy With Premixed & Basal Insulin Analogues in Asian Indians With Type 2 Diabetes". Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (1 de mayo de 2021): A467—A468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.954.

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Abstract Many individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) eventually need insulin for better glycaemic control. Different insulin regimens like basal, premixed, basal plus, split mixed and basal bolus are used in T2DM management. There is not much literature on a combination of premixed insulin in the morning along with basal insulin at night. Such a regimen is preferred by people with T2DM, who do not want to take an afternoon insulin dose due to inconvenience. To study the effect of a premixed insulin given in the morning and long acting basal insulin analogue given at night in T2DM subjects, we looked into this combination. We performed a retrospective study to look into the effects of premixed and basal insulin analogue combination in patients with T2DM (in addition to oral antidiabetic agents). From the diabetes electronic medical records of a tertiary care hospital for diabetes at Chennai in South India, 648 patients on premixed and basal insulin analogue combination, who came for a follow-up visit were included in the final analysis. Baseline characteristics included body weight, BMI, blood pressure, fasting lipid profile, fasting and post prandial plasma glucose and HbA1c were analysed at baseline, and a change in the parameters was studied at the first follow up visit between 5 to 7 months. Mean age of the study population was 60.7± 13.1 years with mean diabetes duration of 20.5 ± 8.0 years. Out of 648 patients included, three fifths were male. Statistically significant improvement was observed in body weight, BMI, HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, lipid profile, fasting blood sugars (P < 0.001) and post prandial blood sugars (P= 0.005) in comparison to baseline values. Significant reduction in HbA1c (1.7 %, p < 0.0001) was observed in those with in the highest tertile of HbA1c (11.3 ± 1.0 %) in comparison to the baseline values. At follow up, nearly a third of study subjects achieved a HbA1c target of < 8% (30.1 % vs 18.4 0%, p =0.0005) in comparison to the baseline values. 28.7 % patients on combination therapy achieved a fasting blood sugar value of < 130 mg/dl at follow up compared to 18.2 % patients at baseline (p <.0001). Similarly, 22 % of the patients on combination therapy also achieved post prandial blood sugars of <180 mg/dl at follow up, compared to 12.2 % (P<.0001) at baseline. This study shows that in T2DM subjects, a simple regimen of premixed and basal insulin analogue combination helps in improving the glycaemic control.

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Biswas, Tonmoy, Sunil Kumar Biswas y Tonmoy Biswas. "Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Infection among First-Time Blood Donors in Faridpur, Bangladesh: A Cross-sectional Study". International Journal of Medical Students 4, n.º 1 (10 de abril de 2016): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2016.143.

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Background: Hepatitis B infection is a global threat for people of all age groups and is common in Bangladesh and other South Asian countries. Blood donors and blood donation can present important risk for hepatitis B infection. Our objective was to identify seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus among blood donors in Faridpur, Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 719 blood donors in the Faridpur district of Bangladesh from April to July 2013. Data was collected by non-probability convenient sampling maintaining inclusion and exclusion criteria. Face-to-face interview, blood grouping test, and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) screening were conducted. Results: About 30% of the blood donors were between 19 and 23 years of age, and 87.5% of them were males. Two-thirds (64.1%) of the donors were replacement donors, while the remaining 35.9% of them were voluntary donors. The overall seropositivity of HBsAg was found to be 1.5%. All infected blood donors were males. Hepatitis B infection was more prevalent in the 34–38 years age group and least prevalent among those older than 48 years of age. About 2% of replacement blood donors were infected with hepatitis B virus, compared to 0.7% among voluntary blood donors. Conclusion: Hepatitis B infection among blood donors is relatively lower than in other high-risk groups for hepatitis B infection in Bangladesh. Predominance of HBsAg among older adult groups, replacement donors, and the male gender can be a matter of public health concern.

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Kumar Jha, Birendra, Raman Mishra, Rajeeb Kumar Jha y Buddha Ram Prasad Yadav. "A study on Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Dengue Fever Patients in Janakpurdham, Madhesh Province, Nepal". International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies 4, n.º 3 (17 de junio de 2024): 982–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.62225/2583049x.2024.4.3.2884.

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Background: Over 350 million people are estimated to get the counter with flavivirus each year, causing dengue one of the most common arboviral diseases. Following the COVID-19 outbreak, there has been a recorded rise in the prevalence of dengue fever in the South Asian countries. In 2022, there was a significant dengue outbreak in Nepal. Data on haematological and biochemical parameters, which are crucial for the clinical management of dengue patients, are lacking in Nepal's Madhesh Province. The purpose of this study was to present the first baseline data on the haematological and biochemical parameters of dengue virus-infected patients. Methods: The data was extracted from admitted patients at Janaki Medical College, Teaching Hospital (JMCTH) and Janaki Health Care and Teaching Hospital (JHCTH) diagnosed with dengue fever between August to November-2023. Hematological and biochemical parameters were recorded from the medical records and analyzed. Results: There were 74 serologically positive dengue cases in all, with 32.4% being female and 67.6% being male. Of the 74 patients, one-fourth had NS1 positive, 24.3% had IgM, and 21.6% had IgG. Leucopenia (87.2%) and thrombocytopenia (66.2%) were the most frequent haematological findings, whereas serum glutamic-oxaloacetate transaminase (76.6%) and Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (58.1%) were the biochemical markers with higher levels. Conclusion: The study explores the most common haematological and biochemical parameters of the patients diagnosed with dengue that may alarm clinicians of the possibility of dengue virus infection in the study region.

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Jenkins, Gill. "Statins in South Asian people". Practice Nursing 16, n.º 6 (junio de 2005): 297–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2005.16.6.18159.

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Das-Munshi, Jayati, Chin-Kuo Chang, Peter Schofield, Robert Stewart y Martin J. Prince. "Depression and cause-specific mortality in an ethnically diverse cohort from the UK: 8-year prospective study". Psychological Medicine 49, n.º 10 (5 de septiembre de 2018): 1639–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718002210.

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AbstractBackgroundDepression is associated with increased mortality, however, little is known about its variation by ethnicity.MethodsWe conducted a cohort study of individuals with ICD-10 unipolar depression from secondary mental healthcare, from an ethnically diverse location in southeast London, followed for 8 years (2007–2014) linked to death certificates. Age- and sex- standardised mortality ratios (SMRs), with the population of England and Wales as a standard population were derived. Hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality were derived through multivariable regression procedures.ResultsData from 20 320 individuals contributing 91 635 person-years at risk with 2366 deaths were used for analyses. SMR for all-cause mortality in depression was 2.55(95% CI 2.45–2.65), with similar trends by ethnicity. Within the cohort with unipolar depression, adjusted HR (aHRs) for all-cause mortality in ethnic minority groups relative to the White British group were 0.62(95% CI 0.53–0.74) (Black Caribbean), 0.53(95% CI 0.39–0.72) (Black African) and 0.69(95% CI 0.52–0.90) (South Asian). Male sex and alcohol/substance misuse were associated with an increased all-cause mortality risk [aHR:1.94 (95% CI 1.68–2.24) and aHR:1.18 (95% CI 1.01–1.37) respectively], whereas comorbid anxiety was associated with a decreased risk [aHR: 0.72(95% CI 0.58–0.89)]. Similar associations were noted for natural-cause mortality. Alcohol/substance misuse and male sex were associated with a near-doubling in unnatural-cause mortality risk, whereas Black Caribbean individuals with depression had a reduced unnatural-cause mortality risk, relative to White British people with depression.ConclusionsAlthough individuals with depression experience an increased mortality risk, marked heterogeneity exists by ethnicity. Research and practice should focus on addressing tractable causes underlying increased mortality in depression.

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Kalbandkeri, Lakshmi R., Boramma G. y Shreeshail Ghooli. "A study to assess the knowledge and practice of road safety measures among undergraduate medical students of M. R. Medical College, Kalaburagi". International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, n.º 4 (23 de marzo de 2018): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20181241.

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Background: Road traffic injuries claim more than 1.25 million lives each year and have a huge impact on health and development. They are the leading cause of death among young people aged between 15 and 29 years globally. In the South East Asian region of the World Health Organization, India alone accounted for 73 percent of these Road traffic accidents (RTA) burden. The importance of road safety measures needs to be emphasized in the prevention of the road traffic accidents. The objectives of the study were to assess the knowledge and practice of road safety measures among undergraduate medical students.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 310 medical undergraduates of M.R. Medical College from 1st September to 1st October 2016. Data was collected using pre-tested, semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 16. Statistical analysis was done using relevant statistical tests.Results: Out of the 310 students 54.19% were males and 45.81% were females. 90.9% of the participants had driving licence, 32.1% of the students had taken training for driving the car and 66% of the students did not wear helmet. Female students had high knowledge of the road safety measures when compared to male students.Conclusions: The overall knowledge of road safety measures was high among the study participants. Regarding practice behaviours they were not desirable like practice of wearing helmet and exceeding speed limit. Undertaking proper road safety measures are the best available interventions to curb the epidemic of RTA.

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Filimonova, Alina L. "From Eunuchs to Transgenders: the Issue of “Third Gender” Terminology in Pakistan". Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, n.º 5 (2023): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080026530-0.

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The research focuses on the specifics of defining and classifying individuals with non-binary gender identity in Pakistan. On the one hand, within Muslim society which is oriented toward traditional values such persons are largely marginalized and perceived as a wholesomely negative phenomenon, scrutinizing which is reprehensible per se. However, we have determined a considerable number of terms which are applied to “third gender” (and applied rather randomly, due to the disparaging attitude to such people). The main reason behind existing terminological variety is that the “third gender” is traditionally viewed in Pakistan through the prism of hijra – unique South Asian communities that include those who, while not being biological females, are unwilling or unable to act according to societal expectations from the male gender. Thus, the unsystematic character of contemporary approach to non-binary gender discourse in Pakistan is predetermined by deep historical roots of this phenomenon and its autonomous development in the region. Upon analyzing a broad range of sources, we classified their suggested terms for “third gender” in the light of theoretical works on gender. It allowed us to establish five discourses (physiological, psychological, Islamic, colonial, legal) with their own specific nomenclature, the practical applicability of which was assessed in this article. Comparative analysis of existing classifications demonstrates that various nomenclatures exist autonomously, which considerably hinders the unification of terminology. This situation can be regarded as an instance of a larger problem within Pakistani society – namely, incoordination of different societal fields and mechanisms of political and legal action.

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MARTINS, Kamila Rosa, Joniel Mendes de ARAÚJO, Álefe Cardoso CRUZ y Anderson LUIZ-FERREIRA. "EPIDEMIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE IN THE WESTERN REGION OF MINAS GERAIS STATE". Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 58, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2021): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-2803.202100000-63.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), two of the main inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), have been increasingly diagnosed in South America. Although IBD have been intensively studied in the last years, epidemiologic data in Brazil are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical and epidemiologic profile of IBD patients treated in the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Uberlândia from 1999 to 2014. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of the medical records of patients diagnosed with IBD, according to the international classification of diseases (ICD) - ICD K50 for CD and ICD K51 for UC - confirmed by endoscopic examination in the case of both diseases. We analyzed the following variables: age; sex; ethnicity; smoking habit; primary diagnosis; site of disease manifestation; main clinical manifestations; IBD-related complications; extraintestinal manifestations; and established drug and/or surgical treatment. RESULTS: We evaluated 183 IBD cases (91 UC and 92 CD cases). The estimated prevalence rate of UC was 15.06/100.000 inhabitants and of CD was 15.23/100.000. The CU and CD female to male incidence ratios were 1.7 and 1.8, respectively. The average age of patients diagnosed with UC was 39.4 years and of those diagnosed with CD was 31.1 years. White-skinned people were the most affected by UC (66.0%) and CD (69.0%). Few patients were submitted to surgical procedures as treatment alternative. CONCLUSION: The estimated prevalence of IBD in this population was low compared to that of populations of North America, but high compared to that of other regions considered to present low incidence, such as some Asian and Latin American countries.

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Un Nabi, Quazi Md Rashid, Kazi Istiaque Sanin, Mostafa A. Sumon, Sk Akhtar Ahmad, Md Jahangir Kabir y Md Shamim Iqbal. "Factors Associated with Ophthalmic Complication among Diabetic Patients aged 40 Years or More: Findings of a Hospital-based Study". Sir Salimullah Medical College Journal 29, n.º 2 (7 de abril de 2022): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ssmcj.v29i2.58852.

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Background: Estimates in 2017 indicate that in South-East Asian region, 8.5% of the adult population (82 million people) aged 20-79 years are diabetic. Diabetic Retinopathy is most common among the ophthalmic complications being the fifth leading cause of global blindness. Our objective was to find out the socio-demographic and varied risk factors related to the development of ophthalmic complications in Bangladesh. Methodology: We conducted a cross sectional study among diabetic patients attending the out-patient department of Bangladesh Institute of Health Science General Hospital from July 2017 to June 2018. The study population included 289 diabetic patients aged e”40 years. The impact of age, physical exercise, duration of diabetes, fasting blood glucose level, treatment with insulin and co-morbidity with hypertension, dyslipidaemia and nephropathy on the likelihood of developing ophthalmic complications was assessed using binary and multivariable logistic regression. Results: The average age of the patients was 60.2±9.3 years and 181 (63.0%) patients were male. Most of the respondents (97.9%) were suffering from type 2 diabetes. Participants have been suffering from diabetes for on an average of 10.9±7.9 years. From multivariable logistic regression we found that those who had been suffering from diabetes for over 10 years, were almost 4 times more likely to have ophthalmic complications. Patients aged more than 60 years had 3 times greater odds for having ophthalmic complications when adjusted for other variables. Conclusion: Patients with older age and greater duration of diabetes are more susceptible to ophthalmic complication, thus public health interventions must be formulated accordingly. Sir Salimullah Med Coll J 2021; 29(2): 87-94

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Parajuli, Pradip. "Gender Disparities- Issues on Sexual and Reproductive Health; Knowledge and Practices on Decision Making". Patan Pragya 7, n.º 1 (31 de diciembre de 2020): 160–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pragya.v7i1.35207.

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Sexual and Reproductive health rights are key human rights instruments. Since last few decades, sexual and reproductive health and rights has been recognized as a major topic in the international health and development agenda. Sexual and reproductive rights of women became recognized as universal human rights in 1994, violations of which happen in some reproductive health areas including gender concern. But in the developing countries like ours, patriarchal society rooted deeply that male control over women's mobility, sexuality and reproduction. Men’s control over women’s mobility like imposition of Parda, restriction on leaving domestic space, strict separation of public and private space and limits on interaction between the sexes. Male controls over women’s sexuality like women are obliged to provide sexual services to their men when they desire, the legal and moral values restrict women’s sexuality outside marriage, men may force their women in sex trade. Even in reproduction male control over them. Men also control over women’s reproductive power in many societies by no freedom to decide how many children they want and when, cannot decide to use the contraceptive or terminate the pregnancy. In most of the South Asian countries women are forced to give birth to a son or her place is not secured so she is compelled to give several births if she cannot produce son. Sexual and reproductive health and rights are important rights in themselves, but can also greatly enhance possibilities for empowering girls and women and for achieving gender equality. Reproductive health stresses people rights to sexuality, reproduction, and family planning, and the information to actualize these rights, which has been inseparably linked to development. We examine how sexual and reproductive health and rights interventions can have positive and lasting impacts not only on the health outcomes of girls and women, but can also enable women’s access to opportunities across social, economic and political life. Many efforts had been done in these issues nationally and internationally.

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Malhotra, Jaideep. "Sex Selection – Cultural and Ethical Issues". Fertility & Reproduction 05, n.º 04 (diciembre de 2023): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2661318223740754.

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This lecture on “Sex Selection – Cultural and Ethical Issues” delves into the complex and controversial topic of sex selection, exploring its technological, cultural, and ethical implications. While there is an argument of parent autonomy and their rights to choose and have the option to control and design their family structure, the topic of designing one’s own family is still considered highly contentious as well as controversial. At first glance, such a practice seems quite justifiable as the technology enables parents to avoid having disabled children and serious genetic disorders and maintain balance in the family structure. Yet, on the slippery slope and fine line drawn between what is justifiable and acceptable and what is a definite strong NO, people have become increasingly misguided and ill steered into a rather dark and mischievous side of the practice of sex selection. The lecture begins by discussing the cultural aspects of sex selection, examining how different societies view gender preferences and how these preferences impact reproductive choices. It explores historical perspectives and cultural norms that influence the desire for a specific sex, highlighting variations across regions and communities. The existing patriarchal traditions in most of the Asian countries, masculine hegemony, female seclusion, social and cultural norms with regards to gender roles all contribute to a male biased sex selection. As the Chinese say, “With one son you have a descendant, with ten daughters you have nothing”, and Amartya Sen has rightly stated the concept of ‘missing girls’, the social norms of preference for a son has led to a situation of ‘floating men’ or ‘bare branches’ or ‘surplus males’. These skewed sex ratios are a threat to the society in ways that may not be realised at the moment. Women-trafficking, expansion of prostitution, young surplus males failing to find partners will be prone to pursue satisfaction through vice and violence, which may intensify socially disruptive behaviour, low self-esteem, rape, anti-social behaviour, threatening regional and international security. While at the national level, all south Asian countries have taken a paternalistic approach by making strict regulations regarding the abortion and female feticide (sex selective abortion SSA), what remains to be addressed is the society’s mind-set towards ending discrimination at the womb. Couples in such societies are under constant coercive forces in their family and outside, for sex selection, and may perhaps be stigmatized by their society for not having a male child. So, is it even up-to the parents at all to decide their family structure? The evidence shows that banning SSA is not enough to control SSA; banning SSA resembles treating a disease but not the cause of the disease. Women’s devaluation in many Asian societies is embedded in religious beliefs and traditional cultural practices, and uprooting this culture may not be easy and immediate. A good stewardship approach is what is the need of the hour, wherein, the countries develop and implement policies, legislations, and programs within a holistic context, addressing women’s education deficit, rights, socioeconomic disadvantage, health, and nutrition, living conditions, so that they are not perceived as ‘Paraya Dhan’, meaning someone else’s property, but seen as independent, empowered members of the society.

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Braithwaite, Tasanee, Nevile Q. Verlander, Tunde Peto, Debra Bartholomew, Frank Deomansingh, Petra Bridgemohan, Ayoub Saei et al. "National Eye Survey of Trinidad and Tobago (NESTT): prevalence, causes and risk factors for presenting vision impairment in adults over 40 years". British Journal of Ophthalmology 104, n.º 1 (26 de marzo de 2019): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313428.

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AimTo estimate the prevalence, causes and risk factors for presenting distance and near vision impairment (VI) in Trinidad and Tobago.MethodsThis is a national, population-based survey using multistage, cluster random sampling in 120 clusters with probability-proportionate-to-size methods. Stage 1 included standardised, community-based measurement of visual acuity. Stage 2 invited all 4263 people aged ≥40 years for comprehensive clinic-based assessment. The Moorfields Eye Hospital Reading Centre graded fundus photographs and optical coherence tomography images independently.ResultsThe response rates were 84.2% (n=3589) (stage 1) and 65.4% (n=2790) (stage 2), including 97.1% with VI. The mean age was 57.2 (SD 11.9) years, 54.5% were female, 42.6% were of African descent and 39.0% were of South Asian descent. 11.88% (95% CI 10.88 to 12.97, n=468) had distance VI (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR] >0.30), including blindness (logMAR >1.30) in 0.73% (95% CI 0.48 to 0.97, n=31), after adjustment for study design, non-response, age, sex and municipality. The leading causes of blindness included glaucoma (31.7%, 95% CI 18.7 to 44.8), cataract (28.8%, 95% CI 12.6 to 45.1) and diabetic retinopathy (19.1%, 95% CI 4.2 to 34.0). The leading cause of distance VI was uncorrected refractive error (47.4%, 95% CI 43.4 to 51.3). Potentially avoidable VI accounted for 86.1% (95% CI 82.88 to 88.81), an estimated 176 323 cases in the national population aged ≥40 years. 22.3% (95% CI 20.7 to 23.8, n=695) had uncorrected near VI (logMAR >0.30 at 40 cm with distance acuity <0.30). Significant independent associations with distance VI included increasing age, diagnosed diabetes and unemployment. Significant independent associations with near VI included male sex, no health insurance and unemployment.ConclusionsTrinidad and Tobago’s burden of avoidable VI exceeds that of other high-income countries. Population and health system priorities are identified to help close the gap.

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50

Holt, Paula. "Type 2 diabetes in south Asian people". Nursing Standard 26, n.º 35 (2 de mayo de 2012): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2012.05.26.35.42.c9083.

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