Literatura académica sobre el tema "Maison de commerce"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Maison de commerce"
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Fathi, Jean. "La maison du diacre Fatḥī". Journal of Eastern Christian Studies 74, n.º 1-2 (24 de agosto de 2022): 73–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17831520-20220001.
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Résumé Aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles, la maison du diacre Amīršāh Fatḥī de Diyarbakır se trouvait à l’épicentre des événements concernant la communauté ancienne-syrienne d’héritage syriaque dans l’Empire ottoman, ayant un mot à dire dans l’élection des patriarches à Mardin et les tentatives d’union entre l’Église syrienne-orthodoxe d’Antioche et l’Église catholique. Les Cogias Fatḥī dérivaient leur autorité des moyens générés par leur maison de négoce, qui participait dans les années 1700 au commerce international entre la Perse, les territoires ottomans et l’Europe. Leur histoire est contée à partir d’une vingtaine d’archives en Orient et Occident.
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Matringe, Nadia. "Le dépôt en foire au début de l’époque moderne: Transfert de crédit et financement du commerce". Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 72, n.º 2 (junio de 2017): 381–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264917000580.
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RésuméÀ partir des archives privées d'une banque marchande de premier plan au xvie siècle (la maison Salviati de Lyon), cet article apporte un éclairage sur un important instrument de financement du commerce au début de l’époque moderne : le dépôt en foire. Si l'histoire financière a souvent fait du dépôt bancaire et des activités des banques d'affaires des sujets d’étude distincts, cet article démontre qu'un type spécifique de dépôt bancaire a émergé au xvie siècle sur les places de foire, en lien étroit avec les activités de banque d'affaires et le commerce international. Il apparaît que le dépôt en foire, tel que révélé par l'analyse des livres de la maison Salviati, est tout à la fois un instrument de compensation et un instrument de crédit, et qu'il participe largement au financement des grands échanges commerciaux européens. Le crédit, issu principalement du commerce international et de la banque, s'y trouvait ainsi immédiatement réinjecté. Les investissements étaient stimulés par les nombreux avantages qu'offraient les foires de Lyon, notamment la licéité du prêt avec intérêt, les options d'investissement et les possibilités d'achats et de transferts rapides. Les prêts aux hommes d'affaires locaux et étrangers stimulaient le commerce des marchandises et, surtout, le change, en conférant à Lyon une position unique dans le système du commerce et des changes en Europe. Cette forme de dépôt bancaire était étroitement liée au développement des banques d'affaires qui travaillaient principalement sur commission et en tiraient des bénéfices substantiels, sans pour autant se spécialiser dans le dépôt ni même devenir des banques de dépôt.
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Bergkamp, Lucas y Nicolas Herbatschek. "The “Once an Article, Always an Article” Approach". European Journal of Risk Regulation 6, n.º 1 (marzo de 2015): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00004402.
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OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERAL KOKOTT delivered on 12 February 2015 in Case C-106/14, Fédération des entreprises du commerce et de la distribution (FCD) and Fédération des magasins de bricolage et de l’aménagement de la maison (FMB) v Ministre de l’écologie, du développement durable et de l’énergie.
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Vaughan, Steven. "A Battle of the Norms in EU Chemicals Regulation Space: Reflections on the Court of Justice Decision on the Concept of “Articles” Under REACH". European Journal of Risk Regulation 6, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2015): 665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00005249.
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Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) delivered on 10 September 2015 in Case C-106/14, Fédération des entreprises du commerce et de la distribution (FCD) and Fédération des magasins de bricolage et de l’aménagement de la maison (FMB) v Ministre de l’écologie, du développement durable et de lʼénergie.
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Atamian, Astrig. "Commerce Est-Ouest et caviar : le cas de la maison Petrossian". Relations internationales 187, n.º 3 (22 de septiembre de 2021): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ri.187.0093.
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Li, Dongrui. "Research on the Problems Existing and Marketing Strategy Optimization of Maison Goyard". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 8, n.º 1 (13 de septiembre de 2023): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/8/20230319.
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Every luxury businesss future growth relies heavily on marketing strategies and product optimization for high-end goods. Understanding the causes and mechanisms behind how the symbolic worth of luxury brands is formed is crucial for customers who want to maintain composure and create a rational consumption mindset, as well as for society as a whole. This paper uses case study and comparative analysis methods to analyze the Current Situation in the Luxury Industry. This paper finds the characteristics of Goyard Target Customers are rich/wealthy and crave exclusiveness/ secretiveness. In addition, this paper proposes the current problem identified by Maison Goyard. Based on the analysis, this paper proposes that the marketing strategy optimization of Maison Goyard includes: Implementing more advertising and more exposure to the market; Celebrity endorsements (such as Instagram/ Facebook) to attract new customers; Collaborations with other luxury brands/ New Limited Editions to increase popularity in the mass market; Start on E-commerce to face the new generations/ millennials. This article explores Maison Goyards current difficulties and optimization objectives, which have contributed to the brands promotion and will continue to do so in the future.
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Ruggiero, Alain. "1838 : La faillite de la maison de commerce Gioan, un évènement à éclaircir". Cahiers de la Méditerranée, n.º 62 (15 de junio de 2001): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/cdlm.64.
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Lemercier, Claire. "Un litige entre un commis voyageur et sa maison de commerce en 1827". Entreprises et histoire 66, n.º 1 (2012): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/eh.066.0228.
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Regis, Helen A. "Ships on the Wall: Retracing African Trade Routes from Marseille, France". Genealogy 5, n.º 2 (25 de marzo de 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy5020027.
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With this essay on decolonizing ways of knowing, I seek to understand the phantom histories of my father’s French family. Filling in silences in written family accounts with scholarship on Marseille’s maritime commerce, African history, African Diaspora studies, and my own archival research, I seek to reconnect European, African, and Caribbean threads of my family story. Travelling from New Orleans to Marseille, Zanzibar, Ouidah, Porto-Novo, Martinique and Guadeloupe, this research at the intersections of personal and collective heritage links critical genealogies to colonial processes that structured the Atlantic world. Through an exploration of family documents, literature, and art, I travel the trade routes of la Maison Régis.
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Brière, Jean-François. "Le commerce triangulaire entre les ports Terre-Neuviers français, les pêcheries d’Amérique du Nord et Marseille au 18e siècle : nouvelles perspectives". Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française 40, n.º 2 (20 de agosto de 2008): 193–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/304443ar.
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RÉSUMÉ Grâce à une documentation exceptionnellement riche, constituée de la correspondance entre des armateurs granvillais et malouins avec un des principaux consignataires marseillais, pour la vente des cargaisons de morue sèche au 18e siècle, la maison Roux, cet article analyse le commerce triangulaire reliant les ports du Ponant, le Canada et Marseille. Ce commerce qui occupait 30 à 45 bâtiments par saison en temps de paix avec des arrivages annuels d'une valeur de deux à quatre millions de livres atteint, au 18e siècle, un haut degré de complexité où le succès de la campagne dépendait de la rapidité aussi bien des navires qui devaient boucler leur périple triangulaire dans l'année que de l'échange d'informations commerciales. Les nombreuses et fréquentes lettres échangées entre les armateurs et le consignataire révèlent les espoirs, les inquiétudes et les déceptions de ces hommes d'affaires et permettent une analyse microéconomique des conditions dans lesquelles se déroulait ce trafic. En soulignant les risques énormes encourus par les marchands, l'article met également en évidence l'importance du consignataire qui non seulement vendait le poisson et s'occupait de trouver une cargaison de retour, mais aussi prenait souvent part aux armements et assurait les navires.
Tesis sobre el tema "Maison de commerce"
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Sofi, Maria. "Maisons de commerce grecques dans les régions danubiennes pendant le dix-neuvième siècle : le cas de la maison de commerce "I. Stamou" à Bucarest". Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010580.
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A travers cette étude, nous suivons la marche des membres d'une famille et spécialement de Ioannis Stériou sur le plan commercial et social en Europe du Sud Est (Empire ottoman et et Valachie) durant les premiers deux tiers du dix-neuvième siècle. La famille Stamou, originaire de Metsovo en Epire, fait son apparition dans le secteur du crédit sur un plan local avec Nitsos Dimitrios Stamou. Par la suite, les frères Stamou développèrent des activités commerciales à Bucarest en Valachie, collaborant et s'associant là-bas avec d'autres commerçants et plus tard avec I. Stamou s'employèrent très tôt dans les affaires de type bancaires. Ioannis St. Stamou fut envoyé en Valachie où s'employa dans tous les domaines des activités : la circulation de l'entrepreneurdes lettres de change, le commerce de transit des produits avec l'Epire, le commerce des monnaies. Il s'associa en permanence depuis 1832 et jusqu'en été 1834 à Constantinople avec Dimitrios Kyrgousos, avec lequel il fit le commerce de différentes marchandises et des céréales. Plus tard, I. Stamou s'employa systématiquement et longuement à l'affermage de grands domaines et de commerce des céréales. Le rôle de l'entrepreneur grec dans les Pays Roumains au 19e siècle était un rôle double, réactionnaire-conservateur concernant les sujets des changements sociaux dans le monde agricole et dans la nouvelle législation et d'autre part un rôle d'avant-garde et de modernisation qui contribua à sa façon au développement de l'économie locale et au refaçonnement de la société locale.
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Gharsalli, Mohamed. "Monographie d'une maison de commerce française à Tunis : Les Fuzier (1785-1823)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COAZ2022.
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La thèse étudie une des maisons de commerce français les plus prospères et les plus actives à Tunis dans la période 1785-1823, la maison Fuzier frères et compagnie. Cette maison marseillaise était connue par l'importance de ses transactions commerciales et surtout par l'expérience de ses gérants. La maison jouissait d'un crédit considérable. En s'appuyant sur les données archivistiques collectées en France et en Tunisie, nous suivons les différentes étapes du parcours des Fuzier établis à Tunis : Etienne-Philippe Fuzier et Jean Fuzier neveu. Ce dernier est le dernier régisseur et représentant de cette firme commerciale. Il est le témoin d'une conjoncture difficile qui a contribué à la faillite de cette maison de commerceThis thesis focuses on one of the most prosperous and active French trading houses in Tunis in the period 1785-1823, the Fuzier brothers and company. This Marseille house was known for the importance of its managers. The house had considerable credit. Based on archival data collected in France and Tunisia, we follow the different stages of the Fuzier family members established in Tunis : Etienne-Phillipe Fuzier and Jean Fuzier nephew. The latter was the last manager and representative of this commercial firm. He witnessed a difficult economic situation that contributed to the bankruptcy of this trading house
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Desbois-Thibault, Claire. "Dynamisme et prospérité d'une Maison de Champagne : Moët & Chandon (1792-1914)". Paris 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040225.
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Au cours d'un large XIXe siècle (1792-1914), la Maison Moët & Chandon est passée d'une petite affaire familiale de commerce de vin à une grande entreprise industrielle de production et de négoce de champagne d'envergure internationale. Bénéficiant d'améliorations techniques (machines et transports) et scientifiques (viticulture et œnologie) ainsi que d'une conjoncture économique globalement favorable, l'entreprise connut une croissance exceptionnelle, alliant l'expansion de ses résultats commerciaux à la consolidation de sa notoriété. Ce dynamisme fut le résultat d'une gestion familiale autofinancée qui assura la prospérité de l'entreprise et de la dynastie des entrepreneurs qui la dirigèrent. Par cette fulgurante réussite, ces derniers attachèrent une renommée universelle à la marque issue de leur patronymeDuring a large XIX century (1792-1914), from a small family business in wine trade, the Moët & Chandon firm has become a big industry in production and trade of champagne in an international large scate. Taking advantages of various technical (machines and transports) and scientific improvements (vine-growing and oenology) as well as a favaurable economical conjuncture, the firm has shown an exceptional growth combining both its growing good results in trade and the strengthening of its notoriety. This dynamism was the result of a prosperity of the firm, as well as the qualities of the fondators who ruled it. With this massive success, these people would give to their own name an international renown
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Muslu, Zülâl. "Mutation à la Maison des Roses : Souveraineté ottomane et tribunaux mixtes de commerce dans le Long XIXème siècle". Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100142.
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Sous l’impulsion d’un commerce croissant, la multiplication des relations interétatiques avec l’Empire ottoman amena celui-ci à encadrer la résolution des conflits mixtes, qui se contentait jusque-là de négociations par voie diplomatique et extrajudiciaire. Le tribunal de commerce mixte (ticaret), une juridiction extraordinaire composée de juges ottomans et étrangers, fut créée à cet effet dans le cadre d’un profond mouvement de réformes sur le modèle européen (les Tanzimat), qui est communément considéré comme le processus dit de modernisation de l’Empire. S’inscrivant dans la droite lignée de la tradition de pluralisme juridique de l’Empire ottoman, le tribunal portait aussi le sceau des capitulations et des privilèges d’exterritorialité qui leur sont inhérents. Le tribunal incarnait à ce titre une grave transgression au droit de souveraineté de la Sublime Porte, offrant aux puissances un cadre institutionnel pour l’implantation d’une hypo-colonie. En mettant la question de cette modernisation à l’épreuve de l’acculturation et des transferts juridiques dans une approche globale, ce travail déconstruit les allégations de passivité orientale. Il examine comment l’appropriation d’une culture juridique -même imposée- a pu servir à l’émancipation et l’affirmation de la souveraineté d’un Etat. Car, dans sa stratégie d’imitation, le mimétisme comporte une force subversiveUnder the impulse of a growing trade, the rise of interstate relations made it necessary to take care of the resolutions of mixed conflicts, which had until then been held through the diplomatic and extrajudicial channels throughout the Ottoman empire. The Mixed Commercial Court (ticaret) —an extraordinary court composed of both Ottoman and foreign judges¬— was set up for this purpose. Its creation happened within a context of profound reform movements based on the European model (the Tanzimat), which is commonly regarded as a so-called modernization process of the Empire.Following the tradition of the legal pluralism of the Ottoman Empire, it also bore the seal of capitulations and extraterritoriality privileges inherent in them. The court thus embodied a serious transgression to the Sublime Porte's right of sovereignty, offering the world’s major Powers an institutional framework for the establishment of a hypo-colony.By questioning this modernization with regards to acculturation and legal transfers in a global approach, this work deconstructs the allegations of Eastern passivity. It examines how the appropriation of a legal culture —even if it has been imposed— has been able to serve the emancipation of the State and the affirmation of its sovereignty. For in its imitation strategy, mimicry has indeed a subversive force
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Penot, Agnès. "L'internationalisation des galeries françaises durant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle : l'exemple de la maison Goupil (1846-1884)". Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010696.
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Entre 1846 et 1884, la maison Goupil fut l'une des galeries d'art françaises les réputées. Elle a développé ses affaires autour du commerce d'estampes, de peintures, de pastels, de sculptures et de dessins d'artistes pour la plupart contemporains, européens et de style académique. La stratégie mercantile de la société s'appuie principalement sur un réseau de succursales et de comptoirs établis dans les grandes capitales: La Haye, New York, Bruxelles, Berlin et Londrès. William Schaus et ultérieurement Michael Knoedler ont développé un marché en Amérique, et Vincent Van Gogh (oncle Cent) a consolidé les relations entre les Pays-Bas et Paris. En parallèle, la société participe aux manifestations internationales marquantes de l'époque comme les Expositions universelles. La réussite de la maison Goupil est évidente. Ce processus général d'internationalisation a permis le renouvèlement de la clientèle et des artistes et garanti la pérennité du nom « Goupil» dans l'histoire et l'histoire de l'art. De nombreuses œuvres conservées dans les musées internationaux proviennent de son stock. Cette thèse analyse les livres d'inventaire qui répertorient les transactions de la galerie de peintures parisienne qui sont devenus une source fondamentale pour la connaissance du marché de l'art au XIXe siècle et l'histoire du collectionnisme et du goût.
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Chamboredon, Robert. "Fils de soie sur le théâtre des prodiges du commerce : la maison Gilly-Fornier à Cadix au XVIIIe siècle (1748-1786)". Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU2A092.
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Presente a cadix durant la quasi-totalite du xviiie siecle, la maison de commerce dirigee successivement par les gilly et les fornier, deux familles d'origine languedocienne, a pu etre plus particulierement etudiee durant la seconde moitie du siecle des lumieres. Portraits des negociants qui y travaillerent, fonctionnement de la societe, reseau de la clientele ont ete successivement presente avant l'etude des affaires : commerce des indes occidentales, negoce d'europe, conjoncture. La richesse des archives privees qui furent a l'origine de ce travail a permis, en particulier, d'exposer le mode de financement des echanges avec l'amerique espagnole a travers l'exemple d'une des plus importantes maisons de commerce etrangeres presentes dans le port andalouPresent in cadix during almost eighteenth century's totality, the business company successively managed by the gilly and the fornier, two languedocians families, could have studied more particularly in the second half of the light's century. Portraits of wholesalers who will work here, functioning of the company, customer's network have been successively presented before business : spanish american trade, european trade, circumstances. The wealth of the private archives wich were originally of this brainwork has permitted, in particular, to expose the financing's mode of spanish american trade throughout one of the most importants foreigns business companies in the andalousian harbour
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Boissarie, Delphine. "La maison Denis Frères (1862-1954) : trajectoire d'un réseau commercial et social entre Bordeaux et l'Extrême-Orient". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BOR30073.
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En 1859, la prise de Saïgon par le corps expéditionnaire français donne aux milieux du négoce de l’Hexagone l’espoir de concurrencer la colonie britannique de Singapour en Extrême Orient. Étienne Denis, capitaine au long cours bordelais envoie ses fils en Cochinchine pour sonder les potentialités de ce nouvel horizon commercial. Fondée en 1862 à Saïgon, la maison Denis Frères développe des activités industrielles, de négoce, de cabotage, s’intéresse au riz et devient en quelques décennies l’une des affaires les plus prospères de la colonie indochinoise, notamment par le développement de son réseau commercial dans la « Méditerranée » Est asiatique. Dans le même temps, la famille Denis s’intègre aux élites saïgonnaises et bordelaises et participe aux réseaux de sociabilités locaux. La consultation des archives privées de la maison Denis Frères d’Indochine, de la famille Denis, d’anciens employés de la Maison complétée par l’étude des archives publiques concernant l’entreprise permet d’envisager à la fois la stratégie de développement de la Maison mais aussi la gestion d’une entreprise en milieu colonial. Cette double implantation, entre Bordeaux et Extrême Orient, invite le chercheur à pratiquer les jeux d’échelles. Elle pose la question de l’adaptation de l’entreprise aux spécificités du marché asiatique, traditionnellement dominé par les Chinois, et de son rôle dans la mise en valeur de la colonie. De fait, la structure de l’entreprise reflète la société coloniale indochinoise et l’évolution de ses mentalités. En métropole, la maison Denis Frères s’inscrit dans un réseau de défense des intérêts coloniaux et permet d’apprécier l’influence du négoce ultramarinIn 1859, the catch of Saïgon by the French gives in the circles of the trade of France the hope of competing with the British colony of Singapore in Extreme East. Étienne Denis, fully-licensed captain of Bordeaux, sends his sons to Cochinchina to poll the potentialities of this new commercial skyline. Founded in 1862 in Saïgon, the Denis Frères company develops industrial activities, trade, coastal shipping, is interested in the rice and becomes one of the most prosperous business of the Indochinese colony, notably by the development of its commercial network in the Asiatic « Mediterranean Sea ». The consultation of archives of the Denis Frères company, of the family Denis, of the ancient employees of the company, supplemented by the study of the public archives concerning the firm and his leaders in France and in Indochina allows to envisage the strategy of developpement but also the management of a firm in colonial background. This double establishment, between Bordeaux and Extreme East, invites the researcher to play the games of ladders. It asks the question of the adaptation of the firm the peculiarities of the Asiatic market, traditionally dominated by the Chineses, and of his role in the emphasizing of the colony. Indeed, the structure of the firm reflects the Indochinese colonial society and the evolution of its mentalities. In France, the Denis Frères company registers in a network of defence of colonial interests and allows to appreciate the influence of ultramarine trade
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Vaxelaire, Marie-Emilie. "Mellerio dits Meller, histoire d’une maison de joaillerie parisienne au XIXe siècle (1830-1870)". Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040082.
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Les Mellerio sont des joailliers français originaires d’Italie. Leurs ancêtres ont bénéficié du privilège de "porter et vendre du cristal taillé, de la quincaillerie et autres menues marchandises" dans tout le royaume de France, en vertu d’un décret royal octroyé en 1613 par la Régente Marie de Médicis. Bien que leur commerce de petite bijouterie prospère vers la fin du XVIIIe siècle c’est au début du XIXe siècle que les Mellerio se fixent définitivement à Paris. Leur maison connaît son apogée, entre la Monarchie de Juillet et le Second Empire, tant d’un point de vue économique qu’artistique. Elle réussit non seulement à s’adapter aux tendances du jour, mais aussi à les devancer. Par l’étude de cette maison familiale, nous abordons toutes les questions relatives à l’histoire, aux catégories, techniques et modes d’élaboration des bijoux, ainsi qu’à l’évolution stylistique et aux influences artistiques des Mellerio durant la période 1830-1870 qui fut la plus révélatrice et féconde pour leur maisonThe Mellerios are French jewellers originally from Italy. Thanks to the grant of a royal decree by the Regent Marie de Medici in 1613, the Mellerios ancestors benefited from the following privilege to ‘wear and sell cut crystal, ironmongery and other trinkets’ throughout the French Kingdom. Even though their small jewellery business prospered around the end of the 18th Century, it was at the start of the 19th Century that the Mellerios were fully settled in Paris. Their business reached its peak, from an economic and artistic view point, between the July Monarchy and the Second Empire. Their business succeeded not only in adapting to the fashions of the day but in setting the trends. Studying this family business leads us to touch upon all questions relative to the history, the types, techniques and methods of designing jewellery, as well as the stylistic evolution and the artistic influences of the Mellerios throughout 1830 – 1870, the most revealing and productive period for their firm
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Lauras, Matthieu. "Méthodes de diagnostic et d'évaluation de performance pour la gestion de chaînes logistiques : application à la coopération maison-mère – filiales internationales dans un groupe pharmaceutique et cosmétique". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7246/1/lauras.pdf.
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Beaucoup d'entreprises s'inquiètent des conséquences sur leurs organisations logistiques, d'un développement important de leurs activités internationales. La mission confiée, par un industriel du secteur pharmaceutique et cosmétique, a consisté à concevoir un outil d'évaluation de ces organisations permettant d'aider à la définition d'axes de progrès. Nous présentons dans cette thèse, les solutions développées pour aider au pilotage de chaînes logistiques et des éléments coopératifs qui les constituent. Dans une première partie, nous proposons un référentiel de diagnostic des chaînes logistiques et de leurs composantes coopératives. L'idée est de structurer la prise de connaissance des acteurs et de leurs interactions. Sur la base de ces informations, nous utilisons des outils d'analyse de données pour établir des taxinomies d'acteurs et d'ententes. Il s'agit là de cartographier les spécificités en présence permettant d'élaborer, ensuite, des solutions adaptées à chacun. Dans une deuxième partie, nous présentons une méthode originale pour la définition d'un système d'indicateurs de performance logistique. L'originalité consiste à permettre une évaluation de la performance en fonction, non plus des seuls résultats des activités qui composent les processus opérationnels, mais de leurs déterminants de la performance. L'ensemble de nos propositions est expérimenté sur le cas des Laboratoires Pierre Fabre, et plus spécifiquement, sur les relations coopératives qui lient la maison-mère et ses filiales à l'étranger. Dans le cadre de cette expérimentation, nous illustrons l'intérêt du pilotage par la performance. Le croisement des solutions proposées en termes d'évaluation de la performance et de caractérisation des acteurs et de leurs interactions, permet effectivement la définition de plusieurs axes d'amélioration. Le plan d'action, ainsi élaboré, vise à accroître la performance globale de la chaîne logistique et de ses ententes. Abstract : Companies seek to anticipate the impacts of their growth on the organization within their Supply Chain. They wish to have tools enabling them to better understand how the industrial agreements should progress. The works presented in this thesis deal with solutions to assist Supply Chain Management with special interest on relationship between Supply Chain actors. In the first part, we propose a two step approach that defines typologies of actors and of cooperation states. Initially, a referential is submitted that allows to structure a supply chain diagnosis, particularly on the agreements. Then, Data Analysis is used to extract representative variables and typologies in order to adapt solutions to each one. The second part deals with the performance evaluation of the supply chain. We propose an original method to define Supply Chain Management performance indicators. The method helps to define indicators on the result of the operational processes, but also on performance determinants and their consequences. All our propositions are tested on Pierre Fabre Laboratories Supply Chain, and more specifically on the cooperative relationships between head-office and foreign subsidiaries. Within this experimentation, we illustrate the interest of managing by the performance. The crossing of suggested solutions in terms of performance evaluation and actor/cooperation characterizations, allows the definition of several improvement axes of the cooperation to increase supply chain global performance.
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Cartonnet, Jean-François. "Veuve Clicquot , une grande maison de Champagne face à la conjoncture, management et gestion financière, 1900-1939". Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040187.
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La pérennité de la maison Veuve Clicquot parmi les grands noms du champagne depuis plus de deux siècles n’est pas l’effet du hasard. Elle est le fruit de la résilience d’une entreprise familiale dotée d’une vision inscrite dans la durée, d’un dynamisme entrepreneurial doublé de prudence patrimoniale, attachée à des rapports sociaux de type paternaliste avec son personnel. Entreprise mondialisée depuis son origine, elle a su très tôt combiner le capital, le marché, l’outil de production, le travail, et conserver sa cohérence. De 1900 à 1939 ses conditions de fonctionnement sont profondément modifiées. Si la Belle Epoque offre un environnement de stabilité, bien qu’entamé par la crise du phylloxéra, l’après-guerre se caractérise par les dommages de guerre, les convulsions des prix et des changes, la crise de 1929, les grèves de 1936 et 1937. Cependant l’entreprise parvient à perpétuer sa stratégie d’expansion en harmonie avec le marché haut de gamme du champagne de qualité. La Maison fait face avec succès aux aléas de la conjoncture, et offre une leçon de modernité. Elle adapte ses prix à l’instabilité monétaire, encadre et dynamise son réseau d’agents distributeurs. Elle pratique une politique agressive d’achats de raisins et de vins faits pour faire face à la demande, développe et modernise ses capacités de production. Une politique sociale généreuse fidélise employés et ouvriers. La succession des générations s’organise dans le consensus familial. Une forte profitabilité nourrit l’autofinancement, conforté par les prêts consentis par les associés, et assure à la famille dividendes, intérêts et gains potentiels en capital. Une structure financière saine et équilibrée assure la pérennité de l’entreprise, même aux pires momentsThe permanence of Veuve Clicquot among the most illustrious names of champagne firms for more than two centuries is not a mere accident. It is the outcome of resilience for a family enterprise with a long term vision, business dynamism coupled with precautionary investment, eager to maintain social relationships of a paternalistic kind with its workers.As a global company since its origin, it could early combine capital, market, production tool, labour, and preserve coherence. From 1900 to 1939, its working conditions are deeply altered. While the Belle Epoque period offered a stable environment, although altered by the phylloxera crisis, the post war years are characterized by war damages, convulsions of prices and exchange rates, the 1929 depression, the 1936 and 1937 strikes. However the firm succeeds in perpetuating its growth strategy in conjunction with the top-of-the-range market of high quality champagne.The firm successfully copes with ups and downs of the economic cycle, and teaches a lesson of modernity. It adjusts its selling prices to monetary instability, drives and stimulates its resellers network. It pursues an aggressive buying policy for grapes and wine, in order to meet demand, develops and modernizes its production capacity. A generous social policy retains workers and staff. The succession of generations fosters family consensus. A high profitability fuels self-financing, consolidated through shareholders loans, while providing the family with dividends, interest and potential capital gains. A sound and balanced financial structure secures the future of the company, even at the worst moments
Libros sobre el tema "Maison de commerce"
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Suchet, Jacques. Histoire d'une maison de commerce. 2a ed. Paris: J. Suchet, 1994.
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Or noir et maison blanche: Comment l'Amérique a vendu son âme pour le pétrole saoudien. Paris: JC Lattès, 2003.
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Vorapheth, Kham. Commerce et colonisation en Indochine: Les maisons de commerce françaises : un siècle d'aventure humaine. Paris: Indes savantes, 2004.
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Vorapheth, Kham. Commerce et colonisation en Indochine (1860-1945): Les maisons de commerce françaises, un siècle d'aventure humaine. Paris: Les Indes savantes, 2004.
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Se lancer en affaires à la maison: Commencez dès aujourd'hui à faire prospérer vos affaires à la maison. Outremont, Québec: Québécor, 1992.
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Zhejiang ji mai ban yan jiu: Zhejiangji maiban yanjiu. Beijing: Zhongguo she hui ke xue chu ban she, 2011.
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Wacks, Britta. Les maisons d'édition allemandes et le marché français du livre. Paris: CIRAC, 1991.
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Elie, R. Jetons et medailles publicitaires français et coloniaux: Commerce et industrie, artisanat, professions libérales, maisons de tolérance. [France]: R. Elie, 1994.
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Les indigènes paysans entre maisons de commerce et administration coloniale: Pratiques et institutions de crédit au Sénégal (1840-1940). Aix-en-Provence: Presses universitaires d'Aix-Marseille, 2007.
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Zhulidov, Sergey. Trade organization. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/987233.
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The book describes the main stages of organization and technology of trade processes at the enterprises of wholesale and retail trade in the market. Separate chapters are devoted to retail trade services, technological solutions shops, as well as the protection of consumer rights and the fundamental rules of trade.
Given the schema, table, topics interdisciplinary course, accompanied by explanatory text. Schemes allow to consider the material on the theoretical and practical level in their unity, which provides the opportunity to see the structure of the problem being studied, its logical relations, theoretical approaches, and therefore provides a more in-depth study of the discipline.
The textbook will help students acquire new knowledge and skills in the field of trade in the sphere of circulation of goods and services and to prepare them for successful practical activity in the conditions of market economy.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of secondary professional education on a speciality "Commerce (on branches)" PM.01 "Organization and management of trade marketing activities of" MDK 01.02 "Organization of trade".
For students on specialities "Commerce (on branches)" and "commodity research and quality expertise of consumer goods" and for listeners of system of improvement of qualification of workers of trade.
Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Maison de commerce"
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de Oliveira, Matthieu. "Index des noms de personnes, banques et maison de commerce". En Les routes de l’argent, 525–39. Institut de la gestion publique et du développement économique, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.igpde.473.
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Dupouy, Madeleine. "Chapitre IV. La maison de commerce Labarthe frères au XVIIIe siècle". En Les Lamaignère, 61–75. Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.pur.104877.
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Ruano, Álvaro Aragón. "« Avec maison ouverte et commerce établi » : intégration sociale et cohabitation des marchands étrangers au Guipúzcoa durant l’époque moderne". En Les villes et le monde, 231–51. Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.pur.123708.
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Park, Joon S. "E-Commerce". En Handbook of Research on Information Security and Assurance, 7–17. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-855-0.ch002.
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E-commerce has grown immensely with the increase in activity on the Internet, and this increase in activity, while immeasurable, has also presented several different security risks. As with any other means of business, it cannot be assumed that all players will abide by a code of moral conduct. This essentially means that all users of e-commerce, whether they are on the consumer or supplier side, must be wary of the problems that this technology can present. Both the legal and illegal services present a unique set of security risks that can present immense problems to anyone who is affected by them. In order to combat these problems, the user must first understand them. Only then will they be able to take proper action, so as to protect themselves from the risks presented by online music files. To build this foundation of understanding, this chapter is going to first focus on not only the benefits of e-commerce, but also the security threats and risks that it presents, along with the main problems organizations and individuals face as a result. Lastly, the discussion will go on to argue some of the proposals that have been established that have the goal of making e-commerce more secure.
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San-Martín, Sonia y Nadia Jiménez. "A Typology of Firms Regarding M-Commerce Adoption". En Mobile Commerce, 550–65. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2599-8.ch029.
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Nowadays firms are actively considering the mobile phone as a means of marketing and should also analyze its potential as a means of selling. In this study, the authors present the survey results from a sample of 125 firms, in Spain. They outline four types of firms (innovators, followers, laggards and traditionalists) on the basis of factors that drive or inhibit this type of selling and the main variables from TOE (technological, organizational and environmental) framework. The authors also characterize those four types of firms according to their size, sector, experience and use of ICT marketing strategies. To the best of their knowledge, scarce studies have analyzed mobile selling in Spain and proposed an exhaustive characterization of mobile vendor firms and strategies. Both academic and managerial implications of interest are derived from this study.
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Ramos de Luna, Iviane, Francisco Montoro-Ríos y Francisco J. Liébana-Cabanillas. "New Perspectives on Payment Systems". En Mobile Commerce, 1487–507. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2599-8.ch070.
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The technological developments in the mobile industry during the last few years have led companies to increase the functionalities of mobile phones. According to many authors in the field, the NFC mobile payment has become one of the payment systems of the future thanks to its numerous advantages. This chapter revises the importance of this payment system within the mobile commerce strategy that many companies are adopting. The model used in the research is based on the classic variables of the technological acceptance model, together with other variables from recent studies. The results obtained in this research show the decisive impact of perceived compatibility, attitude, and subjective norms on the future intention to use this system. Finally, the authors underline the main implications for management, as well as some strategies that strengthen this new business in the context of the new technical developments.
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Abdallah, Salam y Bushra Jaleel. "Online Shopping in the United Arab Emirates". En Mobile Commerce, 668–90. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2599-8.ch033.
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The aim of this paper is to empirically explore the perception of a group of United Arab Emirates (UAE) web users towards e-commerce transactions, study their willingness to trade online, and isolate factors that drive these users towards purchase decisions. The study finds that web users largely use functional characteristics to assess the effectiveness of e-commerce websites, and are driven towards online purchase decisions by factors such as greater security, better value, and convenience. Overall, web experience was defined by the users in terms of three main dimensions; website features, credibility and trust, and transaction value. Practitioners can use these findings to improve their websites and online offers to better serve this market. The paper fills an identified gap in the literature by investigating the perceptions of the UAE web users, and makes a contribution towards studying the concept of online shopping in this region.
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Nasır, Süphan y Bengi Kurtuluş. "Technology Is Transforming Shopping Behavior". En Mobile Commerce, 1508–29. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2599-8.ch071.
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The advancement of information communication technologies has been creating new opportunities for the retailers and shaping the retail landscape. The mobile device is always with shoppers and it is one of the biggest influencers of in-store shopping behavior. Technology is changing our traditional concept of in-store shopping behavior. The main purpose of this study is to discover how consumers are using mobile devices throughout their purchase journey in the store from an emerging country perspective. A survey was conducted with 593 respondents from Turkey and the findings of this study indicate the importance of in-store mobile phone usage and the high level of acceptance of this trend. In-store mobile phone usage phenomenon referred here as a “trend” will soon become an inevitable life style for whole consumers in this age of technological developments. And this new life style may either be an opportunity or an obstacle for traditional brick and mortar retailers depending on their response towards in-store technology usage.
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Izquierdo-Yusta, Alicia, Victoria Labajo, Ana Isabel Jiménez-Zarco y María Pilar Martínez-Ruiz. "Online Distribution Strategies". En Mobile Commerce, 340–61. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2599-8.ch018.
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The growing importance of online channels, social media, and mobile commerce (m-commerce) has given rise to new retail formats, that use only channel used and which have enabled many new consumers to access certain establishments despite geographical barriers. The fashion sector may be one of the most heavily affected by these developments, due to the highly seasonal nature of the products, keen competitive rivalry, widespread reliance on outsourcing, high brand power variety of pricing policies, and strong emotional implications for consumers, who identify with specific brands. This chapter aims at analyzing the main strategies that retail operators are currently following in the industry in order to differentiate from other retailers. A special interest will be placed on the role of the brand, examining how retailers in the industry use private labels as a differentiation resource. The authors also review the case of ASOS, a global retailer which has proven able to adapt to every market, with a view to determining how it has dealt with the myriad challenges involved
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Zhu, Fangming y Sheng-Uei Guan. "SAFER E-Commerce". En Internet Commerce and Software Agents, 190–206. IGI Global, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-930708-01-3.ch011.
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As electronic commerce (e-commerce) booms, the demands for intelligent tools to streamline transactions are increasing. This motivates the development of the next generation of e-commerce, agent-based e-commerce. This chapter proposes a Secure Agent Fabrication, Evolution, & Roaming (SAFER) architecture for agent-based e-commerce. SAFER provides services for agents in e-commerce and establishes a rich set of mechanisms to manage and secure them. The definitions and functions of the various components in the SAFER architecture are elaborated. This chapter also illustrates three main aspects in the SAFER architecture: agent fabrication, agent evolution, and agent roaming.
Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Maison de commerce"
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Y. Lee, Choong. "A New Marketing Strategy For E-Commerce". En 2003 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2622.
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The purpose of this article is to explore e-commerce issues, such as marketing and logistics problems, and create viable recommendations. The issues that e-commerce faces will be examined through the marketing mix. Exploring the ideas of product, place, price and promotion, and applying them to e-commerce problems is the main focal point of this article. It is believed that the four concepts of the marketing mix equally play a critical part in the success of e-commerce. Therefore, concentrating on these concepts will prove to be of the utmost importance as an e-commerce provider.
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TIME, Andrei, Sorin IONESCU y Diego Augusto de Jesus PACHECO. "INCORPORATING TECHNICAL AND BUSINESS PERSPECTIVES OF LOGISTICS IN THE E-COMMERCE ENVIRONMENT: Systematic literature review, current tendencies, and avenues of inquiry". En International Conference of Management and Industrial Engineering. Editura Niculescu, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56177/11icmie2023.59.
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Among the most prominent issues currently facing E-commerce service optimization and study is comprehension of how to effectively implement different logistics optimization approaches and paradigms under a coherent framework, connecting them to the company’s business functions and objectives. The current empirical E-commerce-related logistics literature contains knowledge gaps regarding the business process and technical aspects of E-commerce business models. Therefore, this study systematically reviews extant empirical studies regarding ways in which E-commerce logistics processes could be more efficiently managed in organizations by integrating technical and business perspectives. One of the gaps identified, is the empirical testing of a consistent business strategy regarding the E-commerce business model incorporating the view of customer-perceived performance concerning the E-commerce logistics architecture. Because of the analysis and processing of the findings, this study offers a perspective of the status of the literature in the field as well as providing a view of the main dimensions in optimizing a logistics system in an E-commerce environment. Statistical analyses regarding the main countries of origin, institutional affiliations and thematic distribution of the studies selected in the sample used in this article were performed. This article contributes to the E-commerce logistics body of knowledge by covering the trends the current literature regarding the most prolific topics, countries of origin and publications as well as identifying knowledge gaps and thereby offering actionable insights into E-commerce business practice and logistics optimization. Thereby, this study is guiding managers’ approach to managing E-commerce logistics optimization projects by underscoring the need for a holistic approach that incorporates all approaches in a structured manner by viewing the technological and business dimensions as interconnected. Lastly, promising future research opportunities are identified to move the E-commerce logistics research forward.
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Babics, Igors y Rosita Zvirgzdiņa. "Study of e-commerce trends based on customer characteristics in Latvia". En CARMA 2022 - 4th International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics. valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carma2022.2022.15068.
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The current topics of e-commerce studies in Latvia are examined and basic directions of research are highlighted. The key trends of e-commerce development processes in the country are analyzed, based on the study of the main characteristics and preferences of e-costumers. The main problems in the development of e-commerce in Latvia and further steps to address them are substantiated. The aim of this article is to investigate trends in Internet commerce in Latvia on the basis of the characteristics of e-customers and to determine the future prospects and ways in which Latvian businesses can take advantage of the opportunities offered by the Internet. Based on the research results, author can note that there is significant e-commerce development potential in Latvia and, in particular, by local businesses, which, however, is practically not used nowadays. Most Latvian businesses have not yet adapted to new aspects. At the same time, users in the country are increasingly active in online shopping. Thus, there is a need for active development of e-commerce in Latvia, which requires further research into the reasons holding companies back from entering the online segment and identifying incentives for its activation.
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Rajapova, Madina. "E-Commerce Models for Trading Intellectual Products and Services in Knowledge Economy". En International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02096.
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In this digital era, we cannot imagine modern economy, especially knowledge economy without using information technologies and systems as well as electronic business and electronic commerce models. Traditional e-commerce focuses on physical products trading, however intellectual products and services has becoming more efficiently and popular. In this article main aims are theoretical aspects of e-commerce in market of intellectual products and services, algorithm of using e-commerce model in this field, and ways of improving though our suggestions and recommendations. Research methods and tools are econometric analysis of the hypothesis in StataSE 12 programs, which gives results of both positive and negative factors to develop, design and implementation of e-commerce model for trading of intellectual products and services.
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Jekabsone, Inga y Ina Gudele. "Factors contributing to the regional development of e-commerce in Latvia". En 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.020.
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E-commerce contributes to the improvement of communications between the company, producers, distributors and customers. However, it should be noted that success in e-commerce depends upon determining effective factors in e-commerce. There is a set of effective inside organisational and outside organizational factors in e-commerce which should be taken into consideration during the development of e-commerce. According to the recent results of DESI Index, Latvia lags behind the EU average on integration of digital technology by businesses. Despite excellent connectivity and good digital public services, Latvian SMEs do not use effectively online selling, social media, cloud computing and big data possibilities. At the same time, it is recognised nationally that e-commerce provides good opportunities to develop business, including in the regions. Taking into account the before-mentioned, the aim of the paper is to analyse the factors contribution to the development of e-commerce in the regions in Latvia. Main results of the research: in general, factor groups “Technological development” and “Social factors (human skills)” were assessed the highest among Latvian entrepreneurs. Such individual factors as desire to develop, employee knowledge, and managerial attitude, technological development in the world, and managerial knowledge and existence of financial resources in the company were evaluated the highest in terms of effect on usage of e-commerce in the business. In case of regional cross-cut, in Kurzeme, Riga and Latgale regions entrepreneurs are rather in favour of technological development factors affecting the usage of e-commerce, while entrepreneurs in Zemgale and Vidzeme regions think that social factors affect the development of e-commerce the most.
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Jílková, Petra y Petra Králová. "Customer purchase behaviour and shopping in B2C e-commerce". En Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.085.
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Purpose – digitalization of business processes, cultural backgrounds and consequences on behavioral differences make a direct impact on customer purchase behavior across different countries. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of the economic situation in the selected countries regarding the e-commerce business. Research methodology – first, the paper presents a theoretical model for customer purchase behavior and the develop-ment of the theory in the B2C e-commerce context. Second, it is analyzed the main aspects of shopping behavior in se-lected countries. Findings – a difference between traditional and e-commerce customer purchase behavior model was found. Next, the re-search shows the main characteristics of shopping in B2C and provides a better understanding of the impact of digitaliza-tion. Research limitations – research will focus on the shopping in B2C e-commerce market in the Czech Republic, Lithuania and in the European Union. The data is based on the Czech Statistical Office, which covers a period from 2010 to 2018 and the respondents of the survey purchased online in the 12 months prior to 2018. Practical implications – the paper confirmed the fact that the B2C e-commerce market in the Czech Republic is developed and has potential to grow nationally and internationally. It is necessary to further investigate the relationship between cus-tomer purchase behavior, e-commerce, and other economic indicators, possibly including other factors. Originality/Value – the paper investigates online shopping for the period between 2010–2018. Finally, the authors dis-cuss the theoretical and practical implications of these results.
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Gusarova, Svetlana A., Igor V. Gusarov y Margarita S. Smeretchinskii. "E-commerce in BRICS Countries". En Sustainable and Innovative Development in the Global Digital Age. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.xlji8995.
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In an effort to cope with the problems that arose as a result of the pandemic and led to a decrease in the volume of the economies, the BRICS countries are helping each other by expanding Intra-group economic cooperation. One of the innovative forms of their interaction is the development of e-commerce of the five countries. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that e-commerce is a driver of economic growth in developing countries, including the BRICS countries. The study concluded that China is the world's largest e-commerce market. It was revealed that the Internet of things, cloud computing, etc. contribute to the growth of this sector of the economy. It is noted that despite the fact that Russia has the largest number of Internet users in Europe, the volume of e-commerce in the country is small. The conclusion is made about the prospects for further development of e-commerce in the BRICS countries, about the importance of stimulating this process. As a result of the study, the advantages and bottlenecks of e-commerce, as well as the main directions of its development in the BRICS countries, were identified.
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Rajaguru, Krishanthi. "A Fly in the Ointment; Undue Liability on E-commerce Platforms". En SLIIT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCEMENTS IN SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES [SICASH]. Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, SLIIT, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54389/tjpg2930.
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Trade is now largely internet-centric, meaning internet is the medium through which most commercial transactions take place in today’s (information) economy. E-commerce has not only provided a greater market, but it also has changed the way businesses operate. This is indeed a platform economy. E-commerce is considered one of the main drivers of recent economic and social developments globally. In Sri Lanka e-commerce is emerging and in its infancy. The industry is currently expected to be operating within the margin of the law and selfregulated. In the absence of a separate law for e-commerce, e-commerce platforms (ecommerce marketplaces) meaning digital storefronts that connect sellers and customers to transact online, are exposed to a higher risk of being unreasonably penalized by applying the existing laws without mitigation. On the other hand, the platform users are left in a desperate situation with no remedy for harm caused. This article explores the responses of advanced jurisdictions such as China, the EU and the USA which are giant e-commerce markets, regarding platform liability. This study concludes that facilitating a business-enabled environment with holistic and innovative strategies that are aligned with social and economic status of the country with a businessfriendly legal landscape that matches the reality of the industry is imperative. Keywords: E-commerce, platform liability; platform law; policy consideration; law reforms.
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Turcan, Rina y Iuliu Turcan. "The role of electronic commerce in the development of entrepreneurship through statistical analysis". En 4th Economic International Conference "Competitiveness and Sustainable Development". Technical University of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52326/csd2022.13.
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The development of global entrepreneurship nowadays cannot even be imagined without the use of digital technologies, namely e-commerce techniques. E-commerce has managed to radically change the business strategies of enterprises and their development vision, giving them the opportunity to expand globally, easily conquering markets around the world. On the one hand, ecommerce has managed to infiltrate companies around the world, but on the other hand, the degree of use of these digital tools differs considerably in the regional profile, being influenced by multiple influencing factors. In this context, this article aims to examine the theoretical approaches of various scholars regarding electronic commerce and its role in the development of entrepreneurial activity, based on the analysis of statistical data that aims to argue the theoretical assertions. In order to argue the development trends of e-commerce, in this paper there are presented the analysis of the statistical data related to the dynamics of retail e-commerce sales worldwide and the dynamics of e-commerce as percentage of total retail sales worldwide, also examining their spatial distribution. As a particular case, this article examines the dynamics of the e-commerce revenue in the Republic of Moldova by category of goods, which argues that even in developing countries e-commerce is enjoying a fierce development. An important role in this article belongs to the examination of the main benefits of online shopping worldwide argued from the point of view of consumers and from the point of view of economic agents.
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Parishev, Aleksandar, Goran Hristovski, Petar Jolakoski y Viktor Stojkoski. "E-COMMERCE IMPACT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH". En Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2020.0017.
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Ever since the dawn of merchanting, traders have sought ways to ease the cost of transactions. The recent growth of information and communication technology provided a wide range of solutions for international and national transactions by introducing ecommerce. As a result of this development, e-commerce recently emerged as a dominant transaction activity with a significant impact on the national economies. In recent years the potential of e-commerce has been widely discussed, with a particular focus on its effects on greater economic welfare and prosperity. Yet, despite an abundance of studies that have been done on investigating the role of e-commerce in an economy, a thorough and detailed econometric examination on its impact is still an underexplored avenue. This paper attempts to bridge this gap by investigating the impact of volume of online transactions (e-commerce) and gross capital formation on economic growth, using panel data on 31 European countries covering a 16 years’ period. The empirical panel data model is estimated by employing the Generalized Method of Moments. The main findings from the study show that e-commerce and gross capital formation have positive and significant effects on GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity, with e-commerce having a weaker development-enhancing effect in comparison to gross capital formation. In addition, this paper proposes a fruitful discussion on how to provide balance between the growth of e-commerce, the focus on improving other aspects and generating optimal economic welfare and prosperity. Our paper ends with directions for future research.
Informes sobre el tema "Maison de commerce"
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Beverinotti, Javier, Gustavo Canavire-Bacarreza y Alejandro Puerta. Understanding the Growth of the Middle Class in Bolivia. Inter-American Development Bank, julio de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003407.
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In this paper we aim to disentangle how sectoral economic growth affects the growth of the middle class size using state-level data of Bolivia from 2000 to 2017, a country with limited data, breaking the three main economic activities into subsectors aiming for more specific results. By means of a Bayesian hierarchical longitudinal model for small samples, we find that the commerce and services sectors have the biggest impact, even though mining and agriculture also have a positive effect on the increase of the middle class in Bolivia. Our results also suggest that both formality and public social investment have a significant, yet smaller, effect.
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Chotelal, Shreshta, Marla Dukharan, Jeetendra Khadan y Melissa Marchand. Financial Inclusion and FinTech in Suriname. Inter-American Development Bank, febrero de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003988.
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This paper examines the potential role FinTech can play to support Surinames financial inclusion efforts. Financial technologyor “FinTech”describes the integration of technology into financial services to improve their use and delivery to customers. More importantly, it has the potential to meet the needs of those population segments that are not the main target of traditional financial services models. FinTech applications include mobile banking, mobile money, point-of-sale, e-commerce, and digital currencies. These solutions have contributed to financial inclusion, strengthening financial development, economic growth, poverty reduction, and socioeconomic development. We find that Suriname is making progress in promoting the development and use of FinTech. Still, there is room for further improvement, especially in fostering an enabling environment to harness FinTech opportunities, strengthening broader financial sector policies, addressing potential risks, promoting international collaboration, and addressing critical country-specific challenges.
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Jones, Emily, Beatriz Kira, Anna Sands y Danilo B. Garrido Alves. The UK and Digital Trade: Which way forward? Blavatnik School of Government, febrero de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-wp-2021/038.
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The internet and digital technologies are upending global trade. Industries and supply chains are being transformed, and the movement of data across borders is now central to the operation of the global economy. Provisions in trade agreements address many aspects of the digital economy – from cross-border data flows, to the protection of citizens’ personal data, and the regulation of the internet and new technologies like artificial intelligence and algorithmic decision-making. The UK government has identified digital trade as a priority in its Global Britain strategy and one of the main sources of economic growth to recover from the pandemic. It wants the UK to play a leading role in setting the international standards and regulations that govern the global digital economy. The regulation of digital trade is a fast-evolving and contentious issue, and the US, European Union (EU), and China have adopted different approaches. Now that the UK has left the EU, it will need to navigate across multiple and often conflicting digital realms. The UK needs to decide which policy objectives it will prioritise, how to regulate the digital economy domestically, and how best to achieve its priorities when negotiating international trade agreements. There is an urgent need to develop a robust, evidence-based approach to the UK’s digital trade strategy that takes into account the perspectives of businesses, workers, and citizens, as well as the approaches of other countries in the global economy. This working paper aims to inform UK policy debates by assessing the state of play in digital trade globally. The authors present a detailed analysis of five policy areas that are central to discussions on digital trade for the UK: cross-border data flows and privacy; internet access and content regulation; intellectual property and innovation; e-commerce (including trade facilitation and consumer protection); and taxation (customs duties on e-commerce and digital services taxes). In each of these areas the authors compare and contrast the approaches taken by the US, EU and China, discuss the public policy implications, and examine the choices facing the UK.
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Thomson, Sue, Nicole Wernert, Sima Rodrigues y Elizabeth O’Grady. TIMSS 2019 Australia Highlights. Australian Council for Educational Research, diciembre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-616-1.
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Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) is an international sample study that assesses the mathematics and science achievement of Year 4 and Year 8 students every four years. Australia has participated in all cycles of TIMSS since it commenced in 1995 and over this 24-year period has collected rich data about trends in mathematics and science achievement. This document provides the highlights from Volume I of the main report TIMSS 2019 Australia. Volume I: Student performance. Volume I and these Highlights focus on the achievement results, detailing Australia’s results within the international context, as well as the results for the Australian jurisdictions, and for different demographic groups within Australia.
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Konijnenburg, Jan. Certification Approaches for Weigh-In-Motion Systems in Law Enforcement Applications. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.2200-05.
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Every day, overweight and excessively heavy vehicles cause damage to roads, bridges, and other vehicle-based infrastructure. To protect the vital transportation infrastructure for the U.S., states have imposed weight limits for commercial and fleet transport vehicles. A common way for enforcing these weight limits is to guide trucks off the road to weigh stations where the vehicles can be weighed using static truck scales. A disadvantage of these dedicated weigh stations is that they take up a substantial amount of space (which is not always available) and time to conduct weighments, as well as cause delays to traffic flow that may impede commerce based on truck transport. A solution to these problems is the use of high-speed weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems that are installed in the road and weigh vehicles as they pass by while maintaining their speed. For jurisdictions to effectively use a WIM system for direct enforcement of weight limits, the system must be evaluated against a recognized standard to establish suitability for its intended application. The vast majority of weighing instruments used for legal metrology purposes (including law enforcement) need to comply with the requirements in NIST Handbook 44 Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices. However, the NIST Handbook 44 does not (yet) cover WIM systems for direct enforcement. Although state and local jurisdictions use NIST Handbook 44 to certify legal metrological instruments, it does not exclude jurisdictions from using additional technical standards to certify certain instruments. New York City recently certified a WIM system to protect a critical section of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (BQE) by designating it as a pilot project while efforts were made to amend NIST Handbook 44 to include WIM systems for direct enforcement. This publication discusses the main characteristics of WIM systems and how they can be used for direct enforcement. An overview of several alternative documentary standards that can be applied for certification of WIM systems is also provided, with further explanation regarding how the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) implemented the certification of the WIM system to begin issuing citations to overweight vehicles in an effort to protect the BQE.
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Catherine, Hugo. Étude comparative des services nationaux de données de recherche Facteurs de réussite. Ministère de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche, enero de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52949/6.
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Ce travail a pour objectif de nourrir la réflexion en présentant un état des lieux de différents services nationaux de données. Il porte sur sept infrastructures de services qui se sont développées dans des contextes différents mais qui partagent un grand nombre de points communs, à commencer par offrir un accès à un service de données à l’ensemble des chercheurs, à l’échelle nationale. Que ce soit pour faciliter l’accès et le partage de l’information scientifique ou répondre aux exigences des bailleurs de fonds, les services nationaux de données qui font l’objet de cette étude se sont développés autour d’un noyau de fonctionnalités communes : - un service de dépôt, - un service d’archivage pérenne, - un service d’assistance et d’accompagnement à la gestion des données. La plupart d’entre eux ont aussi choisi de proposer un service de signalement et d’accès qui s’appuie soit sur un outil de découverte interne, soit sur un moteur de recherche fédérant l’accès à des données provenant de services externes à celles déposées dans leurs entrepôts. Fruit de projets au long cours, les services nationaux de données restent des initiatives plutôt récentes, l’une d’entre elles doit ouvrir ses services au début de l’année 2021. Compte tenu du contexte très dynamique qui voient se multiplier les projets d’entrepôts institutionnels, le “temps long” qui caractérise la mise en place de services nationaux incite les opérateurs à opter pour des solutions techniques et organisationnelles flexibles, de manière à pouvoir s’adapter à l’évolution des usages et des attentes des utilisateurs. Dès le stade du projet, la consultation des acteurs clés et représentatifs de la diversité des écosystèmes scientifiques s’avère incontournable pour construire l’offre de services au plus près des attentes des publics visés. Une fois le service mis en place, ce principe de co-construction prévaut tout autant : rôle déterminant des institutions partenaires au sein des comités consultatifs, appels à projets de service, implication des chercheurs pour développer de nouveaux outils (ex. retours exprimés par les utilisateurs, recueil des besoins, tests). De la même manière, les services de données inscrivent leur activité au sein de réseaux nationaux et internationaux, ce qui participe à définir et renforcer leur rôle. La majeure partie de ces infrastructures nationales s’appuie sur le financement structurel assuré par le ministère de la recherche ou un bailleur de fonds public. En s’appuyant sur la collaboration ou la fédération, l’objectif de ces initiatives nationales est aussi de réduire les coûts pour l’ensemble des partenaires. Ces économies d’échelle, l’évaluation continue des services, l'interopérabilité des outils avec les écosystèmes existants et la fiabilité des solutions techniques représentent des points d’attention déterminants pour l’ensemble de ces dispositifs car ils conditionnent leur pérennité.
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Führ, Martin, Julian Schenten y Silke Kleihauer. Integrating "Green Chemistry" into the Regulatory Framework of European Chemicals Policy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, julio de 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627727.
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20 years ago a concept of “Green Chemistry” was formulated by Paul Anastas and John Warner, aiming at an ambitious agenda to “green” chemical products and processes. Today the concept, laid down in a set of 12 principles, has found support in various arenas. This diffusion was supported by enhancements of the legislative framework; not only in the European Union. Nevertheless industry actors – whilst generally supporting the idea – still see “cost and perception remain barriers to green chemistry uptake”. Thus, the questions arise how additional incentives as well as measures to address the barriers and impediments can be provided. An analysis addressing these questions has to take into account the institutional context for the relevant actors involved in the issue. And it has to reflect the problem perception of the different stakeholders. The supply chain into which the chemicals are distributed are of pivotal importance since they create the demand pull for chemicals designed in accordance with the “Green Chemistry Principles”. Consequently, the scope of this study includes all stages in a chemical’s life-cycle, including the process of designing and producing the final products to which chemical substances contribute. For each stage the most relevant legislative acts, together establishing the regulatory framework of the “chemicals policy” in the EU are analysed. In a nutshell the main elements of the study can be summarized as follows: Green Chemistry (GC) is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Besides, reaction efficiency, including energy efficiency, and the use of renewable resources are other motives of Green Chemistry. Putting the GC concept in a broader market context, however, it can only prevail if in the perception of the relevant actors it is linked to tangible business cases. Therefore, the study analyses the product context in which chemistry is to be applied, as well as the substance’s entire life-cycle – in other words, the six stages in product innovation processes): 1. Substance design, 2. Production process, 3. Interaction in the supply chain, 4. Product design, 5. Use phase and 6. After use phase of the product (towards a “circular economy”). The report presents an overview to what extent the existing framework, i.e. legislation and the wider institutional context along the six stages, is setting incentives for actors to adequately address problematic substances and their potential impacts, including the learning processes intended to invoke creativity of various actors to solve challenges posed by these substances. In this respect, measured against the GC and Learning Process assessment criteria, the study identified shortcomings (“delta”) at each stage of product innovation. Some criteria are covered by the regulatory framework and to a relevant extent implemented by the actors. With respect to those criteria, there is thus no priority need for further action. Other criteria are only to a certain degree covered by the regulatory framework, due to various and often interlinked reasons. For those criteria, entry points for options to strengthen or further nuance coverage of the respective principle already exist. Most relevant are the deltas with regard to those instruments that influence the design phase; both for the chemical substance as such and for the end-product containing the substance. Due to the multi-tier supply chains, provisions fostering information, communication and cooperation of the various actors are crucial to underpin the learning processes towards the GCP. The policy options aim to tackle these shortcomings in the context of the respective stage in order to support those actors who are willing to change their attitude and their business decisions towards GC. The findings are in general coherence with the strategies to foster GC identified by the Green Chemistry & Commerce Council.
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Financial Infrastructure Report 2022. Banco de la República, junio de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2022.
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Banco de la República's monitoring of the local financial market infrastructure is an additional contribution to the country's financial stability. One of the products of that monitoring has been the Payment Systems Report, which is now known as the Financial Infrastructure Report. The change in name, as of this edition, is intended to reflect in a broader way the issues that are addressed in the report. The 2022 edition includes several changes that are the result of a comparative study of financial infrastructure reports prepared by other central banks. These changes seek to make the report more fluid and easier to read, including main points and selected key figures for the different interest groups to which it is addressed. The report shows the financial infrastructure continued to render its services without interruption, with general evidence of good performance in 2021. Additionally, the resilience of the Central Counterparty Risk of Colombia (CRCC) and the Large-value Payments System (CUD) to extreme events was validated, based on stress tests conducted according to international standards (focused on liquidity and credit risk). As for retail payments, transactional information indicates the use of electronic instruments increased in terms of value during 2021 compared to 2020 (credit and debit cards, checks and electronic funds transfers). The use of debit and credit cards in payments rose to levels similar to those reached in the pre-pandemic year. Meanwhile, electronic funds transfers continued to grow. Although the results of the BR 2022 survey show cash continues to be the instrument most used by the public for regular payments (like the situation in other countries), the perception of its use decreased significantly to 75 % (87 % in 2019). Also, in commerce, cash was the preferred instrument for customers. However, in this measurement, several retail channels such as hairdressers, drugstores and restaurants joined the group that has traditionally received electronic payments for a value greater than 10% of their sales (hypermarkets and gas stations). Likewise, for nearly 50% of the population, cash payments are lower than before the pandemic. This is consistent with the transactional increase in electronic payment instruments that was observed in 2021. Banco de la República continues to monitor the technological developments that have expanded and modernized the supply in the international and local payments market, as these are issues of interest to the industry that provides clearing and settlement services. This report outlines the Pix case for instant payments in Brazil, the projects that are underway regarding the possible issue of digital currency by central banks (CBDC) for cross-border payments, as well as an approach to the Fintech ecosystem in Colombia, with an emphasis on companies that provide payment services. Leonardo Villar Governor Main points: 2022 The local financial infrastructure was safe and efficient throughout the year. The services of the financial infrastructure were proved on a continuous basis, showing good performance overall. Less momentum in the large-value payment system CUD activity declined versus the previous year because of fewer government deposits with BanRep. This was offset partially by growth in repos to increase money supply and in retail-value payments (electronic funds transfers, checks and cards). Increased momentum in financial market infrastructures. Larger amounts were cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository (DCV) due to an increase in the market for sovereign debt. Operations managed by the Central Counterparty Risk of Colombia (CRCC) increased due to inclusion of the foreign exchange segment and the positive evolution in non-delivery forward peso/dollar contracts. Added confidence in the peso/dollar spot foreign exchange market due to CRCC interposition. Number and value of trades grew, mainly due to the adjustment of therisk management model for the FX segment and the increase in the limiton net selling positions in dollars. Stress testing with international standards to validate CRCC and CUD resilience Stress tests conducted independently by the SFC, BanRep and the CRCC, like those done in England and the United States, concluded that the CRCC's risk management model allows it to withstand extreme market events and simultaneous defaults by its main members. Based on the experience of other central banks, BanRep strengthened its intraday liquidity risk stress exercises in the CUD by incorporating temporary payment delays. It calculated that a two-hour delay by a key participant increases the system's liquidity needs by 0.5%. Electronic payments increased during 2021 According to transactional information, all electronic payment instruments increased in value versus 2020 (electronic funds transfers, checks and debit and credit cards). Electronic funds transfers continued to grow (80% from legal entities), with the participation of closed schemes driven particularly by the use of mobile wallets (35% of the number of intra-transfer transactions). The use of debit and credit cards for payments climbed to levels similar to those witnessed in the pre-pandemic year. Cash continues to be the instrument most used by the public for regular payments. The results of the BanRep survey in 2022 show that the perception of the use of cash declined significantly to 75% (87% in 2019), and about 50% of the population perceive their cash payments as being lower than those they made before the pandemic. Electronic funds transfers were second most used instrument, having increased to 15% (3% in 2019). Also, in commerce, cash was the preferred instrument of payment for its customers; however, several commerce channels received more than 10% of the value of their sales in electronic payments (hypermarkets 35%, gas stations 25%, hairdressers 15%, drugstores 14% and restaurants 12%). Continuous technological developments have broadened, and modernized services offered in the payments market. Pix (instant payments in Brazil). The high level of adoption of instant transfers in Brazil motivated a review of its strengths; namely, the possibility of different use cases between individuals, businesses, and government; high participation by financial and payment institutions; free of charge for individuals and the possibility of charging legal entities, and simple user experience. Digital currencies in central banking. Several groups of countries have joined forces to conduct pilot projects with wholesale CBDCs for cross-border payments. Flows generated by international trade, foreign investment and remittances between individuals can be processed more efficiently, transparently, and securely by reducing their cost and increasing their speed. Due to the constant progress being made on this issue, BanRep will continue to monitor all CBDC-related matters. The fintech ecosystem for payments in Colombia. A high percentage of existing FinTech companies in the country are dedicated to offering digital payment services: wallets, payment gateways, mobile devices (point-of-sale terminals) and acquisition. These have driven innovation in payment services.
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Cadre de travail sur les opportunités 2020: Identifier les opportunités d’investissement dans la sécurisation des droits de tenure collectifs au sein des forêts des pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire. Rights and Resources Initiative, junio de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/jwjy2279.
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Les peuples autochtones, les communautés locales et les Afro-descendants (PA, CL & AD) — près de 2,5 milliards de personnes — gèrent de façon coutumière plus de 50% de la masse terrestre mondiale, mais les gouvernements ne reconnaissent la légalité de leur propriété que sur 10% (RRI, 2015). Heureusement, des progrès ont été réalisés ces dernières années pour remédier à cette injustice historique, car les gouvernements ont commencé à adopter des lois et à parvenir à des décisions de justice reconnaissant l’utilisation et la propriété historiques et coutumières de ces terres. Un récent bilan montre que depuis 2002, au moins quatorze nouveaux pays ont adopté des lois obligeant les gouvernements à reconnaître ces droits. De même, des décisions de justice allant dans le bon sens ont été rendues au niveau national et régional dans de nombreux pays en faveur de la reconnaissance officielle des droits fonciers et forestiers collectifs des peuples autochtones, des communautés locales et des Afro-descendants. Les études de RRI démontrent que si seulement sept pays mettaient en œuvre ces nouvelles lois, politiques et décisions de justice, plus de 176 millions d’hectares seraient transférés du gouvernement vers les autochtones, les communautés locales et les Afro-descendants, ce qui bénéficierait à plus de 200 millions de personnes (RRI, 2018). L’objet de ce rapport, et du Cadre de travail lui-même, se limite à la reconnaissance formelle des droits fonciers et forestiers (c’est-à-dire la délimitation, la cartographie, l’enregistrement, etc.). Il n’évalue pas les étapes importantes et ultérieures du renforcement de la gouvernance communautaire ou territoriale, l’application de ces droits par les gouvernements ou les capacités nécessaires pour permettre aux organisations autochtones, locales et d’Afro-descendants de gérer ou d’exploiter leurs ressources ou de s’engager dans des entreprises ou des activités de développement économique – qui sont toutes essentielles pour une conservation et un développement durable et autodéterminé. Ce Cadre de travail se concentre sur la première étape de ce processus plus long.