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1
Blay, S. K. N. "New Trends in the Protection of the Antarctic Environment: The 1991 Madrid Protocol." American Journal of International Law 86, no. 2 (1992): 377–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203243.
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In June 1991, the Antarctic Treaty states, meeting in Madrid, Spain, approved the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (the Madrid Protocol). The Protocol was adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties and opened for signature on October 4, 1991. Negotiated over a three-year period, the Protocol, together with its annexes, is the most comprehensive multilateral document ever adopted on the international protection of the environment. It promises to be a significant blueprint for preserving the Antarctic. An ironic feature of the Protocol is that, while it bans mining in Antarctica, it had its origins in the 1988 Convention for the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities (CRAMRA), which permitted mining.
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Inagaki, Osamu. "Legal Issues concerning DROMLAN under the Antarctic Treaty System." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 12, no. 1 (2021): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427_012010006.
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The purpose of this paper is to explore possible legal issues concerning the Dronning Maud Land Air Network (DROMLAN) under the Antarctic Treaty system. By examining the recent discussion concerning DROMLAN within the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) and relevant State practice, this paper argues that States parties have difficulty in fully complying with the obligations of advanced notice under Article VII (5) of the Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Impact Assessment under Article VIII (2) of the Madrid Protocol for DROMLAN’s operation. Finally, this paper suggests that good communication among relevant States parties and private actors is important for enhancing compliance with these obligations.
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Shah, Rohani Mohd, Rugayah Hashim, and Norha Abu Hanifah. "Antarctic Treaty System and Madrid Protocol 1991: Transformation of Legislation." APCBEE Procedia 1 (2012): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.03.013.
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Tari, Adrienn. "István Bethlen, el primer ministro de Hungría en España." Acta Hispanica 14 (January 1, 2009): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/actahisp.2009.14.19-30.
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There have been little to no investigations in Hungarian historiography concerning the visit of István Bethlen, Prime Minister of Hungary between 1921 and 1931, to Madrid. Unfortunately, the Hungarian National Archives only disposes of the text of the treaty drawn by the Hungarian-Spanish arbitrary committee. On the other hand, the Archive of the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs holds numerous documents in relation with the treaty, amongst them, the correspondence between the heads of the ministries of foreign affairs. The Hungarian and Spanish press of the era also presents a detailed picture of the negotiations. Bethlen timed his Madrid visit to coincide with the congress of the League of Nations in the same city during the first days of June in 1929. The agenda of the congress contained two items that concerned Hungary, both related to the accords established in Trianon concerning the frontiers: the arrangement of the situation of double Romanian and Hungarian, and Serbian Hungarian nationality, respectively, and the question of minorities. After signing the treaty of the Hungarian-Spanish arbitrary committee, Bethlen also participated in the negotiations of the League of Nations. The aim of this paper is to analyze the reasons why Bethlen's visit generated such an impact, mostly in the countries of the Little Entente, and to discuss the importance of the treaty drawn up by the Hungarian-Spanish arbitrary committee for Hungary, an important milestone also in the relations between the two countries.
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Tamm, Sune, Julia Jabour, and Rachael Lorna Johnstone. "Iceland’s Accession to the Antarctic Treaty." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 9, no. 1 (2018): 262–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427_009010012.
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On 13th October 2015, Iceland quietly submitted its instrument of accession to the Antarctic Treaty to the US Department of State (the depositary for the Antarctic Treaty). Iceland’s accession was not accompanied by any official declaration or public discussion in Iceland or elsewhere. This paper investigates some of the factors that are likely to have spurred the decision to join the Antarctic treaty system, examines current Icelandic interests in the Antarctic and proposes constructive policies to enhance Icelandic involvement in Antarctic governance and cooperation following the accession. The authors conclude that logistical operations and adventure tourism involving Icelandic companies in the Antarctic are the most likely triggers for the accession and they propose that Iceland consider ratification of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (Madrid Protocol).
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Foster, Caroline E. "Due Diligence and Compliance with the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 13, no. 1 (2022): 154–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427_013010008.
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Abstract Due diligence standards have been read into treaty provisions for the protection for the environment and beyond in a wide range of international legal settings. The compliance provision of the Madrid Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, Article 13, invites a similar analysis. Despite the doubts of ten years ago that a due diligence standard would be sufficient and appropriate for protecting the Antarctic environment the concept has arguably evolved to the point where it can provide an effective framework for operationalising States’ responsibilities under the Protocol as well as more widely in international environmental law, subject to adequate contextualisation.
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Gleb, Perepiliak. "Madrid Treaty of 1750. Repartition of Spain and Portugal’s overseas territories." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 3 (2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0013681-8.
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Nash, Marian. "Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law." American Journal of International Law 86, no. 3 (1992): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203968.
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The material in this section is arranged according to the system employed in the annual Digest of United States Practice in International Law, published by the Department of State.Alan J. Kreczko, Deputy Legal Adviser of the Department of State, appeared before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on April 8, 1992, to testify in support of various pending treaties, among them four extradition treaties: the Extradition Treaty between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, signed at Nassau on March 9, 1990; the Protocol Amending the Treaty on Extradition between the United States of America and Australia, signed on September 4, 1990, at Seoul, Republic of Korea (where the Asia-Pacific Attorneys General Conference was being held); the Supplementary Treaty to the Treaty between the United States of America and the Federal Republic of Germany concerning Extradition, signed at Washington on October 21, 1986; and the Second Supplementary Treaty on Extradition between the United States and Spain, signed at Madrid on February 9, 1988.
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Lyon, James M. B. "Will Bosnia Survive Dayton?" Current History 99, no. 635 (2000): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2000.99.635.110.
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A review of the Dayton Peace Accords four years after its signing shows that the ethnic cleansers have won: Bosnia is ethnically divided and significant portions of the treaty remain unimplemented. In the words of the December 1998 Madrid meeting of the Peace Implementation Council, ‘Bosnia and Herzegovina's structure remains fragile. Without the scaffolding of international support, it would collapse.’
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Ferreira Furtado, Junia. "Portuguese America under Foreign Threat and the Creation of the Concept of uti possidetis in the First half of the 18th Century." Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie IV, Historia Moderna, no. 34 (October 30, 2021): 109–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfiv.34.2021.29359.
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The aim of this article is to discuss the relationship between invasions, cartography, and possessory law in the context of diplomatic relations between Portugal and Spain in the first half of the eighteenth century, in South America territories. The Castilian siege of Colônia do Sacramento and the French invasion of Fernando de Noronha island (1736 and 1737), awoke in the Portuguese ambassador D. Luís da Cunha the need to change the foundation on which the frontiers of Brazil were negotiated. He began to use the concept of uti possidetis as a strategy, which would become the directive for the diplomatic negotiations in the 1750 Treaty of Madrid. Despite its acceptance as a resource to demarcate frontiers, uti possidetis created various controversies at the moment of the demarcation of the territories and the Treaty was annulled by the Treaty of El Pardo (1761), when the legal frontiers returned to their previous positions.
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Álvarez García, Beatriz. "Opposing peace: English political pamphlets against the Treaty of Madrid in 1630." European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire 27, no. 3 (2019): 370–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2019.1662376.
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BURD, RAFAEL. "A consolidação de uma liderança indígena durante a revolta causada pelo Tratado de Madri: o caso de Sepé Tiaraju, entre o confronto e a negociação * The consolidation of an indigenous leadership during the revolt caused by the Madri Treat..." História e Cultura 3, no. 2 (2014): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.18223/hiscult.v3i2.980.
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<p><strong>Resumo:</strong> Quando falamos em História Indígena, um dos momentos de maior destaque é a chamada “Guerra Guaranítica”, ocorrida em decorrência do Tratado de Madri (1750). Essa rebelião indígena é apontada como um momento de resistência ao invasor europeu. Seu principal líder foi o guarani Sepé Tiaraju. Mas geralmente se esquece que, na metade do século XVIII, muitos indígenas já conheciam bem os códigos culturais europeus, pois o contato já havia sido feito havia mais de cem anos. Este artigo se propõe a pensar como Sepé Tiaraju agiu de acordo com sua condição de guarani membro de uma redução afetada pelo Tratado de Madri e teve que ir às armas como um indivíduo que sabia como articular negociações com os ibéricos.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave:</strong> Missões Guarani-Jesuíticas – Tratado de Madri – Lideranças Indígenas – Mediadores Culturais.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong> One of the most remarkable moments of the Indigenous History is the “Guaranitic War”, that took place due to the Madri Treat (1750). This indigenuos rebelion is pointed out as a moment of resistance against the european invader. Its main leader was the guarani Sepé Tiaraju. Nevertheless, many people ignore that, in the middle of the 18th century, many indigenous have already know quite well the european cultural codes, for the first contact was held a hundred years ago. This article aim to think how Sepé Tiaraju acted accordingly to his condition of member of a reduction affected by the Madri Treat and had to take arms as an individual knowing how to articulate negotiations with the iberians.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Indigenous Leaderships – Guaraní Reductions – Treaty of Madrid – <em>Passeurs Cultureuls.</em></p>
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Lapidoth, Ruth. "Security Council Resolution 242 at Twenty Five." Israel Law Review 26, no. 3 (1992): 295–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700011031.
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There is hardly any United Nations resolution which is quoted and referred to as often as 242. It has become the cornerstone for all stages in the settlement of the Arab-Israel conflict, as, for example, the Camp David Frameworks (1978) and the Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel (1979). In addition, it has been referred to by the conveners of the Madrid Conference (1991) as the basis for the negotiations which were started at that Conference and are going on as this article is being written.According to the letter of invitation to the Madrid Conference, the parties are invited to achieve peace through direct negotiations along two tracks, between Israel and the Arab States, and between Israel and the Palestinians. The latter are to be part of a joint Jordanian-Palestinian delegation. With respect to the negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians, they are to be conducted in phases, beginning with talks on interim self-government arrangements which should last five years.
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Uryupova, Ekaterina, and Vasily Spiridonov. "Russia and the environmental protection of Antarctica: the 25th anniversary of the Madrid Protocol." Polar Record 53, no. 4 (2017): 376–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247417000250.
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ABSTRACTIn 2016, we marked the 25th anniversary of the signing of the Protocol on the Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, or the Madrid Protocol. The Protocol signalled a commitment to address issues of climate change and the protection of the Antarctic resources. Russia exerted appropriate efforts pursuant to scientific research programmes, tourism and all other governmental and non-governmental activities. In the light of the commemoration of the anniversary, this paper highlights major steps of the Russian Federation toward the implementation of the international agreement and application of scientific principles for environmental protection and management in Antarctica.
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Lewis Williams, Elizabeth. "Creating poetry from the BAS archives: Commentary on, and extracts from, a new poetic sequence, “Met Obs”." Polar Record 55, no. 5 (2019): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247419000512.
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AbstractThe Antarctic Treaty of 1959, which dedicates the continent to peace and international scientific cooperation in the face of rising east–west tensions, is informed in part by a shared scientific imaginary created by the UK and other nations which maintained scientific bases in Antarctica at the time. In this article, the poet offers works extracted from her longer sequence “Met Obs,” based on meteorological reports and journals from the UK station at Port Lockroy written in advance of the 1957–1958 International Geophysical Year (IGY). The poems engage with the work and circumstances which helped foster such an imaginary, as well as with the nexus of Antarctic “values” endorsed by the Treaty, and the later Madrid Protocol. The commentary further contextualises these literary responses in terms of the attitudes of the men working there as well as the “wilderness and aesthetic values” recognised by the later Protocol on Environmental Protection. The world of the poems may belong to 1950s Antarctica, but their observations reach beyond that experience, making a case for the continued relevance of Treaty values, and for the importance of artistic, as well as scientific, responses to the environment in a world under threat from accelerating climate change and competition for resources.
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WOOD, KEVIN R. "The Uncertain Fate of the Madrid Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty in the Maritime Area." Ocean Development & International Law 34, no. 2 (2003): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908320390209618.
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Blay, Sam, and Julia Green. "The practicalities of domestic legislation to prohibit mining activity in Antarctica: a comment on the Australian perspective." Polar Record 30, no. 172 (1994): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400021008.
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AbstractAfter its rejection of the Minerals Convention adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties (ATCPs) in 1988, Australia took a major step in its domestic law by enacting the Antarctic Mining Prohibition Act of 1991 (AMPA), to reinforce its general objection to mineral resource activities in Antarctica and its commitment to the protection ofthe Antarctic environment. With the adoption of the Protocol on Environmental Protectionto the Antarctic Treaty (the Madrid Protocol) – which required the parties to take steps to implement its provisions, including the enactment of domestic legislation – Australia enacted the Antarctic Treaty (Environmental Protection) Act (ATEPA). The ATEPA is meant to replace the AMPA once the Madrid Protocol comes into force. The Protocol bans mineral resource activities in Antarctica and adopts a comprehensive regime toregulate all human activity in Antarctica in an effort to protect the region's environment. As legislation to implement the Protocol, the principal objectives of the ATEPAare to prohibit mineral resource activities in the Australian Antarctic Territory and toregulate all human activity that may have a direct impact on the environment in the area. It also prohibits Australian nationals from engaging in mineral resource activities elsewhere in Antarctica. Like Australia, a number of ATCPs have either adopted legislationor are developing legislation in their domestic legal systems to implement the Protocol.It is one thing for the Protocol to demand the adoption of domestic legislation to ensure compliance with its provisions, including the ban on mining; it is quite another thingto develop effective domestic legislation on the issue. Given the absence of any knowncommercially exploitable deposits of minerals in Antarctica, the likelihood of any mineralresource activity in the region is very remote. But should mining activity occur in Antarctica in breach of the Protocol, the enforcement of the ban could be fraught with practical, legal, and policy difficulties. This paper examines the domestic legislative efforts by Australia as a leading ATCP to ban mining activity in Antarctica. Even though the discussion focuses on Australia by examining its legislation, the problems and the issues raised in the Australian context are also relevant to other ATCPs generally and to claimants in particular.
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Rothwell, Donald R. "Australian and Canadian initiatives in polar marine environmental protection: a comparative review." Polar Record 34, no. 191 (1998): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400026012.
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AbstractIncreasing attention has been given to the protection of the polar marine environment throughout the 1990s. In the case of the Antarctic Treaty System, in addition to a number of recommendations and measures adopted at Antarctic Treaty Meetings, the 1991 Madrid Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty contains a number of measures that will enhance marine environmental protection in the Southern Ocean. In the case of the Arctic, the 1991 Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy identified marine pollution as being one of the major environmental issues in the Arctic, and a number of initiatives have since been developed to encourage the Arctic states to deal with the problem collectively and individually. However, while the collective responses of the polar states have been helpful in giving prominence to the importance of marine environmental protection in polar waters, it is the coastal states of the polar regions that need to take responsibility to give effect to these initiatives. Australia and Canada are two of the most prominent polar states in Antarctica and the Arctic, respectively. Both have large maritime claims and have also developed a range of domestic legal and policy responses to enhance marine environmental protection in the polar regions. A review is undertaken of the respective global and regional marine environmental protection regimes that apply in the polar regions, followed by a comparative analysis of the Australian and Canadian initiatives.
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Beck, Peter J. "The 1991 UN session: the environmental protocol fails to satisfy the Antarctic Treaty System's critics." Polar Record 28, no. 167 (1992): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400028047.
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ABSTRACT1991 saw the ninth successive United Nations (UN) discussion on the ‘Question of Antarctica.’ The adoption of two more resolutions critical of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), including South African participation therein, reaffirmed the unchanging nature of the UN episode and the lack of consensus on the management of Antarctica. Key developments affecting Antarctica continue to occur away from New York: during 1990—91 the negotiations conducted at Vifia del Mar and Madrid for the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (PREP) and the measures agreed at the Bonn Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting proved the point. The critics of the ATS were appeased by neither PREP and its mining prohibition nor the recent dismantling of the apartheid regime in South Africa.Two UN reports were published on the state of the Antarctic environment as well as the proposed establishment of a UNsponsored research station in Antarctica. One resolution adopted in December 1991 called for annual UN reports on the Antarctic environment, although fiscal and other considerations meant that the research station proposal was effectively shelved. Another resolution urged South African exclusion from ATS meetings. The tenth annual UN discussion on Antarctica is scheduled for the close of 1992. There exists growing evidence that the critical campaign is losing momentum, although it seems premature to anticipate Antarctica's imminent demise as an UN agenda topic.
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SOMMER, BARBARA A. "Cracking Down on the Cunhamenas: Renegade Amazonian Traders under Pombaline Reform." Journal of Latin American Studies 38, no. 4 (2006): 767–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x0600160x.
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The 1750 Treaty of Madrid prompted Portuguese civil and ecclesiastical authorities under Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo (later the Marquis of Pombal) to strengthen crown control of the Brazilian Amazon. Pombal's brother, Francisco Xavier de Mendonça Furtado, governor and captain-general of the State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, and Bishop Fr. Miguel de Bulhões e Sousa sought to supplant the missionaries, especially the Jesuits, and rein in autonomous backwoods Indian traders, called cunhamenas (Tupi for male in-law). The Lisbon Inquisition collaborated by prosecuting the infamous mameluco Pedro de Braga, a powerful interethnic intermediary on the Rio Negro, who was condemned for practicing indigenous rites and accepting multiple wives from tribal chiefs.
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Timokhin, K. V. "The Antarctic treaty and the evolution of its institutional mechanisms." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 4 (March 23, 2020): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2019-4-104-113.
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INTRODUCTION. The article dwells on the issue of evolution of mechanism created to manage the Antarctic region: Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM) and Committee on Environmental Protection (CEP). In the paper the main stages of the development of an ATCM as a main “political” body within the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) are analysed.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article is based on the analysis of the founding documents of the mentioned bodies – Antarctic Treaty of 1959 and Madrid Protocol to it of 1991, as well as the Rules of Procedure of the said bodies. Moreover, functioning of ATCM and CEP is compared to that of the other organs of the ATS – CCAMLR and its Scientific Committee.RESEARCH RESULTS. The author comes to a conclusion that the Consultative Parties throughout the existence of ATCM managed to effectively use the flexibility built in the Antarctic Treaty by adjusting ATCM to the particular challenges that the they were facing. The efficiency of such an approach is illustrated by the examples of the other organs of the ATS. In particular, the similarities between pairs of ATCM-CEP and CCAMLR - Scientific committee of CCAMLR are demonstrated.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The analysis and classification of ATCM variations as well as of the other fora under the ATCMs has been comprehensively analysed in Russia last in 2002. With regard to this the tendency of attributing more power to CEP is highlighted. In recent time, this is done to the detriment of the ATCM functioning, when its role is sometimes diminished to only approving decisions taken by the CEP. As a conclusion the opinion is expressed that the attempts to politicise the process and manipulate the statuses of different ATS bodies is counterproductive.
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Costov, Ana, and Jessica Appelmann. "Exploitation of Antarctic Iced Freshwater: A Call To Unfreeze Legal Discourse." Groningen Journal of International Law 9, no. 1 (2021): 60–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/grojil.9.1.60-77.
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While discussed within the Antarctic Treaty System during the 1970s-1980s, the idea of iceberg harvesting was laid on ice due to the lack of adequate technologies and scientific knowledge on the potential environmental implications. However, the State Parties to the ATS envisioned the possibility of reopening the legal discourse. For that purpose, iced freshwater resources exploitation was excluded from the scope of the Madrid Protocol containing a ban on all mineral mining activities within the scope ratione loci of the ATS. However, during the negotiations, it was agreed that if the prospect of iceberg harvesting was ever to be realised, the environmental protection provisions under the Madrid Protocol should apply. The present paper provides an analysis of whether the potential exploitation of iced freshwater resources proves realistic within the existing legal framework under the Antarctic Treaty System and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and discusses which rules States would need to adhere to when engaging in such activities. It arrives at the conclusion that, as to now, there is no prohibition of iceberg harvesting for freshwater use under international law. Nevertheless, both within the scope of the ATS and in the high seas, environmental regulations restrict the implementation of the activity and, therefore, require comprehensive environmental impact assessments to be conducted before the commencement of the activity. Furthermore, as ownership allocation of icebergs is not regulated under the relevant treaties, the present paper examines two legal regimes that may potentially govern iceberg acquisition in the high seas, namely, res nullius and res communis. Finally, as private efforts have become more far-reaching in the recent decades, an overview of the current state of practice is presented, highlighting the observed advantages and potential drawbacks. Conclusively, the present paper advocates for the reopening of the legal discourse on the subject matter before the commencement of exploitation activities so as to ensure that the fragile Antarctic environment is protected and preserved for the benefit of all humankind in accordance with the object and purpose of the ATS.
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Chabat, Jorge. "Mexico's Foreign Policy in 1990: Electoral Sovereignty and Integration with the United States." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 33, no. 4 (1991): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165877.
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Mexico's Foreign Policy of 1990 was marked by an acceleration of trends that began a few years ago, producing a pattern of relationships that would have been almost unimaginable only a decade ago. On the one hand, its most obvious characteristic — begun during the de la Madrid sexenio and heightened during Salinas's first year in office — was that economic recovery became the focal point of government strategy: i.e., there was an “economization” of foreign policy. On the other hand, and reflecting the weight given to economic issues, the movement toward integration with the United States — a trend already apparent in the previous administration — picked up speed and acted as a direct complement of the development strategy. This move became more concrete as preliminary talks got under way preparatory to signing a joint free trade treaty.
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Santos da Silva, J. G., and G. L. Debona. "The use of steel structures to enable the design and construction of the main symbol of the verticalization process of Porto Alegre/RS." Metálica, no. 26 (December 31, 2022): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30779/cmm_metalica_mi26_04.
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The city of Porto Alegre, capital of the state of Rio Grande do Sul/ RS, was founded on March 26, 1772. The municipality in question is considered the southernmost capital of Brazil [1]. With an area of almost 500 km², the city has a very diversified geography, with hills, lowlands, and a large lake, the Guaíba, which skirts the city in a 70 km stretch of riverfront, being the most striking geographical expression of the gaucho capital [2]. Currently with a population estimated at around one and a half million inhabitants, the settlement of the region began with the arrival of only 60 Portuguese Azorean couples, brought by means of the Madrid Treaty (an agreement between Portugal and Spain to settle territorial disputes between the two nations in America).
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Connor, M. A. "Wastewater treatment in Antarctica." Polar Record 44, no. 2 (2008): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224740700719x.
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ABSTRACTSince the exploration of Antarctica began, procedures for dealing with human wastes have changed considerably. The establishment of research stations made it necessary to provide for sewage disposal. However, the introduction of advanced wastewater treatment processes has been driven largely by an intensifying concern to protect the Antarctic environment. A key step was the adoption by Antarctic Treaty nations of the so-called Madrid Protocol, in which minimum standards for sewage treatment and disposal are prescribed. The provisions of this protocol are not particularly onerous and some countries have elected to go beyond them, and to treat Antarctic research station wastewater as they would at home. Transferring treatment technologies to Antarctica is not simple because the remoteness, isolation, weather and other local conditions impose a variety of unusual constraints on plant design. The evolution of advanced treatment plant designs is examined. Most countries have opted for biofilm-based processes, with Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC) favoured initially while more recently contact aeration systems have been preferred. Sludges are now generally repatriated, with a diversity of sludge dewatering techniques being used. The evolution of treatment process designs is expected to continue, with growing use, especially at inland stations, of sophisticated processes such as membrane technologies and thermally efficient evaporative techniques.
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Silva, Gutemberg De Vilhena, and Stephane Granger. "TERRITORIAL FORMATION OF THE GUIANAS REGION." Raega - O Espaço Geográfico em Análise 52 (September 2, 2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/raega.v52i0.76301.
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For more than 9,500 years, the indigenous people reigned supreme in the construction of territorialities in the Guiana region, a part of the Amazon between the Orinoco and Amazon rivers, which borders the Atlantic Ocean. With the encounter of both worlds, a metaphor that refers to the contact of the indigenous people with the European explorers, everything changed and the last five centuries have been marked by wars, killings, and various territorial restructurings in the Guianas. Through a geopolitical perspective as a methodological fulcrum, and anchored in literature review and thematic cartography, this text examines the local-global relationship of the region over the five centuries of contacts, demarcating important facts and contexts in Europe that imprinted significant changes on the political space of the Guianas. Of the relevant moments, the great navigations, the bourgeois revolutions, and the Cold War were the most important for the transformations that occurred in the region. In addition, boundary treaties played a crucial role, with special attention to two of them: the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) and the Treaty of Madrid (1750). The text concludes that the search for riches and moments of instability in Europe, whether due to territorial recompositions there or conflicts, determined important reorganizations in the Guianas that made it what it is today, a complex region from the geopolitical point of view.
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Camenzuli, Danielle, Kirstie A. Fryirs, Damian B. Gore, and Benjamin L. Freidman. "Managing legacy waste in the presence of cultural heritage at Wilkes Station, East Antarctica." Polar Record 51, no. 2 (2013): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247413000740.
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ABSTRACTThe Antarctic Treaty has been the principal governing force in Antarctica since 1961. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (Madrid Protocol) requires that all past and present work and waste-disposal sites are cleaned up unless doing so would cause greater environmental damage or the site is considered to be a monument of significant historical importance. Despite this requirement, legacy waste issues remain unresolved in parts of Antarctica. Clean-up operations in Antarctica are complicated by a combination of restricted access, extreme weather, financial limitations and logistical constraints. Further complications arise at sites such as Wilkes Station, where the requirement for clean-up coexists with the desire to preserve potentially valuable heritage items.Several buildings and artefacts with potential heritage value remain at Wilkes Station. However, Wilkes Station is not officially designated as a historic site or monument under the Antarctic Treaty, nor is it a national or world heritage place under Australian domestic legislation. Consequently the buildings and relics at Wilkes Station are afforded little protection under the existing relevant domestic and international legislative frameworks.This paper uses Wilkes Station as a case study of the complexities associated with conducting clean-up operations at contaminated sites with informal heritage value in Antarctica. The legislative and environmental considerations surrounding clean-up operations at Wilkes Station are also investigated. Furthermore, we argue the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach to operations which facilitate the clean-up of legacy waste and preservation of the potential heritage values at Wilkes. Finally, we recognise that the complexities discussed in this paper have wider applicability and we investigate the relevance of these issues to other Antarctic contaminated sites with formal or informal heritage value.
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Agüero Carnerero, Cristina. "Diplomacy and Noble Culture: the 10 th Admiral of Castile and the Extraordinary Embassy of the Duke of Gramont in Madrid." Culture & History Digital Journal 11, no. 1 (2022): e005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2022.005.
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The marriage of Louis XIV of France and Maria Theresa of Spain sanctioned the end of the Franco-Spanish war (1635-1659). The terms of the peace treaty and the marriage agreement were the result of a long negotiation which conclude with the extraordinary embassy sent to Madrid, led by Antoine III Gramont, marshal of France and duke of Gramont. In this article, we examine different aspects of the entry, reception and regalement of the French embassy at the court of Philip IV. For this purpose, we have considered an extensive corpus of textual sources (accounts, diaries, memories, poetical compositions and archival documents) that supply information about those events. We have focused our attention on the role played by the nobility -in particular, by Juan Gaspar Enríquez de Cabrera, 10th Admiral of Castile-, considering at the same time the relevant function of the material culture in early modern diplomacy.
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Soler i Lecha, Eduard. "NATO looks south: priorities, strategies and instruments." Notes Internacionals CIDOB, no. 279 (September 29, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24241/notesint.2022/279/en.
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The Russian invasion of Ukraine has changed the way the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) addresses security challenges on its southern flank. At the Madrid summit (29-30 June 2022), the allies acknowledged the importance of the Mediterranean, North Africa, the Sahel and the Middle East as a space of global geopolitical competition and an area with worrying levels of human insecurity and foci of instability. NATO could play a more constructive role on its southern flank by: 1) improving stabilisation and crisis management approaches and instruments; 2) finding ways to transform partners from security consumers to security providers; 3) enhancing NATO maritime capabilities and partnerships; 4) strengthening coordination and cooperation with the European Union (EU) and, when possible, with other regional organisations; 5) exploring common ground among NATO’s Mediterranean members; 6) increasing anticipation capacities, including by cultivating a more structured relationship with political, economic and social experts and research centres.
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Starzhynskaya, Olga. "Riots in the governorate of the Río de la Plata in 1750-1754. Transmigration of the seven missions according to the Jesuit sources." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 9 (2023): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0027278-4.
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The article examines in detail the events associated with the transfer of territories of 7 Jesuit missions to Portugal, that took place in the governorate of Rio de la Plata between the signing of the Treaty of Madrid in 1750 and the beginning of the Guarani War with the troops of the metropolitan countries, which clearly show that during their life in the missions, the indigenous peoples not only did not lose their identity, but also strengthened so much, that they could resist, morally and physically, both to the Jesuits, as well as to the colonists and the troops of the metropolitan countries, which is clearly confirmed by the considered primary sources. In its light the image of the Jesuits, mythologized by political and anti-religious opponents of the Society of Jesus, the distortion of which influenced the fate of the order and the Guarani, is cleared of many accusations.
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Garbowski, Christopher. "The Ukrainian War." Polish Review 68, no. 3 (2023): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/23300841.68.3.03.
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Abstract This article presents the Polish perspective together with Poland's response to the war in Ukraine. Because the situation is quite dynamic, the report documents the early period, that is, approximately the first half year of the conflict. Social consequences such as the flood of refugees from the war-torn country to Poland are examined, also with a view of how it affected resident Ukrainians at the time. In its position as a North Atlantic Treaty Organization eastern flank country, the organization's summit in Madrid at the end of June 2022 and how it was evaluated by Poles is of significance. Moreover, the acceptance of the candidacy of Ukraine as a potential member in the European Union led to a robust discussion in Poland that merged with the discussion on the results of the NATO summit. The internal situation in Ukraine and the military situation is not studied except where it arises in the discussion of Poles or EU members.
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VLADU, Mircea. "Considerații privind concepția Alianței Nord-Atlantice și cea a Uniunii Europene vizând protecția infrastructurilor critice." Gândirea Militară Românească 2023, no. 3 (2023): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/gmr.2023.3.10.
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU) agree that the strategy of conflict management has undergone fundamental changes in that the neutralisation of critical infrastructure has become an element that facilitates success much more easily than the neutralisation of an adversary’s forces, as it triggers chain reactions leading to the destabilisation of society. According to NATO and EU experts, an infrastructure can only be considered critical when it becomes essential and of particular importance to the functionality of a system and when some or all of its components become vulnerable to certain threats. From this perspective, NATO’s concerns for the protection of critical infrastructure are set out specifically in Directives 114/2008 and 2557/2022, and those of the EU have been extended in particular after the terrorist attacks of 11 March 2004 in Madrid. With this in mind, the following are some considerations regarding the need to prevent the neutralisation or destruction of critical infrastructure, presented from NATO and EU perspectives.
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VLADU, Mircea. "Considerations on the NATO and EU Approach to Critical Infrastructure Protection." Romanian Military Thinking 2023, no. 3 (2023): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2023.3.10.
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU) agree that the strategy of conflict management has undergone fundamental changes in that the neutralisation of critical infrastructure has become an element that facilitates success much more easily than the neutralisation of an adversary’s forces, as it triggers chain reactions leading to the destabilisation of society. According to NATO and EU experts, an infrastructure can only be considered critical when it becomes essential and of particular importance to the functionality of a system and when some or all of its components become vulnerable to certain threats. From this perspective, NATO’s concerns for the protection of critical infrastructure are set out specifically in Directives 114/2008 and 2557/2022, and those of the EU have been extended in particular after the terrorist attacks of 11 March 2004 in Madrid. With this in mind, the following are some considerations regarding the need to prevent the neutralisation or destruction of critical infrastructure, presented from NATO and EU perspectives.
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Altic, Mirela. "Missionary Cartography of the Amazon after the Treaty of Madrid (1750): The Jesuit Contribution to the Demarcation of Imperial Frontiers." Terrae Incognitae 46, no. 2 (2014): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0082288414z.00000000032.
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Dimitrova, Svetoslava, Tereza Trencheva, Evelina Zdravkova, and Kamelia Planska-Simeonova. "Global Intellectual Property Applications and Active IP Rights (2015-2020) – Result of IP Education." Digital Presentation and Preservation of Cultural and Scientific Heritage 12 (September 7, 2022): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.55630/dipp.2022.12.7.
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The purpose of this paper is to compare data, covering four types of industrial property – patents, utility models, trademarks, and industrial designs in the period 2015-2020, based on the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Indicators. In the category patents and utility models are compared percentage shares of total patent applications by the top five offices; patent applications for the top 10 offices; top 10 Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) applicants; utility model applications for the top 10 offices. In the category trademark are compared percentage shares of total trademark filing activity by the top five offices; application class counts for the top 10 offices; Madrid international applications for the top 10 origins. In the category industrial design are compared percentage shares of total design filing activity by the top five offices; application design counts for the top 10 offices; designs in Hague international applications for the top 10 origins. The analysis shows the development in all areas of intellectual property (IP), which is directly related to raising awareness of IP issues in university environment.
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Lyons, David. "Environmental impact assessment in Antarctica under the Protocol on Environmental Protection." Polar Record 29, no. 169 (1993): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400023561.
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ABSTRACTThe background to the development and implementation of environmental impact assessment procedures in Antarctica is reviewed and the principles and procedures of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (the Madrid Protocol of 1991) are outlined. The difficulties in determining the appropriate level of assessment and the practical, operational aspects of carrying out the evaluations are examined. Particular attention is given to the meaning of terminology in the Protocol, the interpretation of environmental principles and standards, alternatives to the proposed activity, the requirements for sufficient information, the process of obtaining and taking into account public comment, the monitoring of environmental indicators, and the practical implications where an activity needs to be suspended, cancelled, or modified. The workloads generated by the procedures and the credibility of the processes are discussed in view of a possible perception that the exercises may amount to little more than ‘red tape’ to justify decisions that would be taken in any case. Recommendations are made that could improve the EIA process in Antarctica.
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French, Duncan. "Sustainable development and the 1991 Madrid protocol to the 1959 Antarctic treaty: The primacy of protection in a particularly sensitive environment." Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 2, no. 3 (1999): 291–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880299909353935.
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KOVALEV, YURI. "FIVE YEARS OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT: THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF THE GLOBAL CLIMATE TREATY." History and modern perspectives 3, no. 1 (2020): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2021-3-1-20-29.
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The article presents an analysis of the main stages in the development of climate diplomacy on the eve of the Paris Agreement and the specifics of the negotiation process at the very summit in Paris in November-December 2015. The main provisions of the Paris Climate Agreement are described, its “strengths” and “weaknesses” are shown. The development of the negotiation process within the framework of the post-Paris climate policy at the Conference of the Parties in Marrakesh (2016), Bonn (2017), Katowice (2018) and Madrid (2019) was considered. The main decisions and conclusions of the Conference of the Parties on the further improvement of mechanisms for combating global climate change and adaptation to its consequences have been identified. An increasing tendency in many countries of the world towards the creation of a national carbon-neutral economy by 2050, their rejection of “dirty” technologies and the declaration of a deep ecological modernization of sectors of national economies are noted. The groupings of countries participating in the negotiation process under the UN climate change convention are analyzed. Shown are the vanguard countries of the negotiation process and the states blocking or “inhibiting” the negotiation process. The high dependence of the Russian economy on the extraction and export of fuel resources complicates the processes of environmental modernization. The country is dominated by a negative narrative about climate change. It sees the urgent ecological modernization of the country’s economy as a threat to the “key” sectors of the economy. Russia is one of the last countries in the world to ratify the Paris Agreement (October 2019) and to submit its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the UN in the fight against global climate change (November 2020). In the conclusion, generalizations are made and prospects for the further development of climate diplomacy are presented.
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Hillebrand, Claudia. "Guarding EU-wide Counter-terrorism Policing: The Struggle for Sound Parliamentary Scrutiny of Europol." Journal of Contemporary European Research 7, no. 4 (2011): 500–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v7i4.328.
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Since the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington, DC (2001), Madrid (2004) and London (2005), the European Union (EU) has stepped up its efforts to develop new instruments and reinforce existing ones to fight terrorism jointly. One of the key aspects of the EU-wide fight against terrorism and serious crime is the facilitation and enforcement of information and intelligence exchange among law enforcement authorities and, to a limited extent, security and intelligence services. This article examines how far the EU’s commitment to democracy, accountability and transparency is actually fulfilled with respect to its efforts at fighting terrorism by drawing on the example of the activities of the European Police Office (Europol). Taking the European Parliament (EP) and National Parliaments (NPs), but also inter-parliamentary forums, into account, the article analyses how, and to what extent, mechanisms of democratic accountability and, in particular, parliamentary scrutiny are in place to hold EU-wide counter-terrorism actors, such as Europol, to account. This is a particularly timely question given that Europol’s parliamentary scrutiny procedures are currently subject to considerable changes due to the change in its legal mandate as of 1 January 2010 and the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty.
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Jelisavac, Sanja. "International regulation of intellectual property rights." Medjunarodni problemi 56, no. 2-3 (2004): 279–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0403279j.
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Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and works of art, as well as symbols, names, images, and designs that are used in commerce. Intellectual property is divided into two categories industrial property, which includes inventions (patents), trademarks industrial designs, and geographic indications of source; and copyright which includes literary and works of art such as novels, poems and plays films, musical works, works of art such as drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures, and architectural designs. Rights related to copyright include those of performing artists in their performances, producers of phonograms in their recordings, and those of broadcasters in their radio and television programmes. 1883 marked the birth of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, the first major international treaty designed to help the people from one country obtain protection in other countries for their intellectual creations in the form of industrial property rights, known as: inventions (patents), trademarks, industrial designs. In 1886, copyright entered the international arena with the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. The aim of this Convention was to help nationals of its member States obtain international protection of their right to control, and receive payment for the use of their creative works such as: novels, short stories, poems plays; songs, operas, musicals, sonatas; and drawings, paintings sculptures, architectural works. The Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) was adopted in 1952 and formalised in 1955, as a complementary agreement to the Berne Convention. The UCC membership included the United States, and many developing countries that did not wish to comply with the Berne Convention, since they viewed its provisions as overly favourable to the developed world. Patent Cooperation Treaty, signed on June 19,1970, provides for the filing of a single international patent application which has the same effect as national applications filed in the designated countries. An applicant seeking protection may file one application and request protection in as many signatory states as needed. On November 6, 1925, the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs was adopted within the framework of the Paris Convention. Under the provisions of the Hague Agreement, any person entitled to effect an international deposit has the possibility of obtaining, by means of a single deposit protection for his industrial designs in a number of States with a minimum of formalities and of expense. The system of international registration of marks is governed by two treaties, the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks, which dates from 1891, and the Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement that was adopted in 1989. It entered into force on December 1, 1995, and came into operation on April 1, 1996. The reason for adopting the much more recent Protocol, following the original Madrid Agreement of 1891 (last amended at Stockholm in 1967), was the absence from the Madrid Union of some of the major countries in the trademark field, for example, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. The Protocol is intended to make the Madrid system acceptable to more countries. The Rome Convention consists basically of the national treatment that a State grants under its domestic law to domestic performances, phonograms and broadcasts. Apart from the rights guaranteed by the Convention itself as constituting that minimum of protection, and subject to specific exceptions or reservations allowed for by the Convention, performers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting organisations to which the Convention applies, enjoy in Contracting States the same rights as those countries grant to their nationals. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is an international organisation dedicated to promoting the use and protection of works of the human spirit. These works, intellectual property, are expanding the bounds of science and technology and enriching the world of the arts. Through its work, WIPO plays an important role in enhancing the quality and enjoyment of life, as well as creating real wealth for nations. In 1974, WIPO became a specialised agency of the United Nations system of organisations, with a mandate to administer intellectual property matters recognised by the member states of the UN. With headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, WIPO is one of the 16 specialised agencies of the United Nations system of organisations. It administers 21 international treaties dealing with different aspects of intellectual property protection. The Organisation counts 177 nations as member states. One of the successes of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS Agreement), which came into effect on 1 January 1995, and up to date it the most comprehensive multilateral agreement on intellectual property. The TRIPS Agreement is a minimum standards agreement, which allows Members to provide more extensive protection of intellectual property if they wish so. Members are left free to determine the appropriate method of implementing the provisions of the Agreement within their own legal system and practice On January 1, 1996, an Agreement Between the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Trade Organization entered into force. It provides for cooperation concerning the implementation of the TRIPS Agreement, such as notification of laws and regulations and legal-technical assistance and technical co-operation in favour of developing countries. In the 21st century intellectual property will play an increasingly important role at the international stage. Works of the mind - intellectual property such as inventions, designs, trademarks, books, music, and films, are now used and enjoyed on every continent on the earth. In the new millennium international protection of intellectual property rights faces many new challenges; one of the most urgent is the need for states to adapt to and benefit from rapid and wide-ranging technological change, particularly in the field of information technology and the Internet.
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Anderson, Jennifer L. "Better Judges of the Situation: Environmental Realities & Problems of Imperial Authority in the Bay of Honduras." Itinerario 30, no. 3 (2006): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300013371.
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In 1786, Britain and Spain concluded the Convention of London, a treaty renewing permission for Anglo woodcutters to cut timber within a designated area in the Bay of Honduras. In exchange, Britain affirmed once again Spain's sovereignty over this valuable section of the Central American coast. As a revision of several earlier treaties, this new agreement differed in that, while allowing mahogany cutting for the first time, it attempted to strictly define and limit the boundaries within which the woodcutters (or Baymen as they called themselves) could operate, and took decisive steps to restrict their settlement's expansion. While the two nations hailed the Convention as a welcome bilateral solution to a long-standing inter-imperial conflict, many of the Baymen, especially members of the local white oligarchy, reviled the outcome. In a memorial to George III, the treaty's critics in the Bay dismissed it as the misguided product of presumptuous diplomats:[T]he court of Madrid may amuse the court of London, with the number of miles and leagues which have been ceded to […] the British Settlement as long as the court of London is pleased to be amused with it. But […] your Memorialists with infinite respect to the superior Abilities and Knowledge and Wisdom of both Courts, most humbly pretend to be better Wood-cutters and better judges of the Soil, the Situation, and the Trees […] than all the courts of Europe […] They speak, and have always spoken, from their Knowledge and Experience.
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Anikeeva, Natalia, and Natalia Kapitonova. "The Problem of Gibraltar in British-Spanish Relations in the Context of Brexi." Contemporary Europe 99, no. 6 (2020): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope620206475.
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The article deals with the problem of Gibraltar in British-Spanish relations in light of Brexit. The provisions of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 do not allow the UK and Spain to reach a compromise and move forward in resolving the dispute over Gibraltar. From Britain’s perspective, the Gibraltar issue appears to be a permanent and irritating element in relations with Spain. Gibraltar does not seek to return to the jurisdiction of Spain, as indicated by the results of referendums held in Gibraltar in 1967 and 2002. During the negotiations on regional cooperation in 2004, the parties announced the creation of the Forum "Dialogue on Gibraltar". In 2006, within the framework of the first ministerial meeting of the Forum, the Cordoba agreement was signed, which does not mention the problem of sovereignty, as well as other controversial issues of the Gibraltar problem, but specifically settles inter alia the problem of freedom of movement according to one of the fundamental principles of the EU. Spain considered Brexit as an opportunity to resolve a long-running historic dispute with London. According to Madrid, all parties lose from Brexit. At the same time, Spain managed to strengthen its position on the Gibraltar issue, having enlisted the support of the European Commission and the European Council. The UK as a whole voted to leave the European Union. This puts the Gibraltar in a difficult position: they do not want to leave the EU, but at the same time intend to keep belonging to the British crown.
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Reiss, M. L. L., R. S. da Rocha, R. S. Ferraz, et al. "DATA INTEGRATION ACQUIRED FROM MICRO-UAV AND TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER FOR THE 3D MAPPING OF JESUIT RUINS OF SÃO MIGUEL DAS MISSÕES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 15, 2016): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b5-315-2016.
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The Jesuit Missions the Guaranis were one of the great examples of cultural, social, and scientific of the eighteenth century, which had its decline from successive wars that followed the exchange of territories domain occupied by Portugal and Spain with the Madrid Treaty of January 13, 1750. One of the great examples of this development is materialized in the ruins of 30 churches and villages that remain in a territory that now comprises part of Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. These Churches, São Miguel das Missões is among the Brazilian ruins, the best preserved. The ruins of São Miguel das Missões were declared a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage in 1983 and the Institute of National Historical Heritage (IPHAN) is the Brazilian Federal agency that manages and maintains this heritage. In order to produce a geographic database to assist the IPHAN in the management of the Ruins of São Miguel das Missões it was proposed a three-dimensional mapping of these ruins never performed in this location before. The proposal is integrated data acquired from multiple sensors: two micro-UAV, an Asctec Falcon 8 (rotary wing) and a Sensefly e-Bee (fixed wing); photos from terrestrial cameras; two terrestrial LIDAR sensors, one Faro Focus 3D S-120 and Optec 3D-HD ILRIS. With this abundance of sensors has been possible to perform comparisons and integration of the acquired data, and produce a 3D reconstruction of the church with high completeness and accuracy (better than 25 mm), as can be seen in the presentation of this work.
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Reiss, M. L. L., R. S. da Rocha, R. S. Ferraz, et al. "DATA INTEGRATION ACQUIRED FROM MICRO-UAV AND TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER FOR THE 3D MAPPING OF JESUIT RUINS OF SÃO MIGUEL DAS MISSÕES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 15, 2016): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b5-315-2016.
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The Jesuit Missions the Guaranis were one of the great examples of cultural, social, and scientific of the eighteenth century, which had its decline from successive wars that followed the exchange of territories domain occupied by Portugal and Spain with the Madrid Treaty of January 13, 1750. One of the great examples of this development is materialized in the ruins of 30 churches and villages that remain in a territory that now comprises part of Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. These Churches, São Miguel das Missões is among the Brazilian ruins, the best preserved. The ruins of São Miguel das Missões were declared a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage in 1983 and the Institute of National Historical Heritage (IPHAN) is the Brazilian Federal agency that manages and maintains this heritage. In order to produce a geographic database to assist the IPHAN in the management of the Ruins of São Miguel das Missões it was proposed a three-dimensional mapping of these ruins never performed in this location before. The proposal is integrated data acquired from multiple sensors: two micro-UAV, an Asctec Falcon 8 (rotary wing) and a Sensefly e-Bee (fixed wing); photos from terrestrial cameras; two terrestrial LIDAR sensors, one Faro Focus 3D S-120 and Optec 3D-HD ILRIS. With this abundance of sensors has been possible to perform comparisons and integration of the acquired data, and produce a 3D reconstruction of the church with high completeness and accuracy (better than 25 mm), as can be seen in the presentation of this work.
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Yurchik, E. E. "Russian diplomats in Spain and Antonio Ugarte (1812-1813): the controversial cooperation." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 11, no. 1 (2023): 146–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2023-11-1-146-162.
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The article focuses on several cases in the history of Russian-Spanish diplomatic relations during the Spanish War of Independence, especially during the first year of the Alliance treaty between the two powers. Basing on the Russian and Spanish archives, the author studies the interaction of Pavel Mohrenheim and Yuly Wallenstein, Russian diplomats in Spain, with Antonio Ugarte y Larrazábal, the Spanish bureaucrat, responsible for the property and archive of the Russian mission in Madrid in 1812 – 1813. The article tends to reveal the characteristics of Russian diplomatic activity in the extraordinary war situation and in the absence of a plenipotentiary representative of Russia in Spain. The initial period of Russian-Spanish relations in the Iberian Peninsula after the conclusion of the treatise in Velikiye Luki is still presented in historiography in the most general form; the biographies and activities of its participants have not been studied in details. The primary sources used in the article enable to reconstruct the historical context and the relationship between Russian and Spanish diplomats, their perception of allied cooperation, and the obstacles they had to overcome. Thanks to the orders of Pavel Mohrenheim, the Chargé d’Affaires of Russia, given before his compelled departure from Spain, the interests of Russian Empire were ensured by balancing the official activities of the Spanish representative and the activity of the Russian agent Wallenstein, whose diplomatic status was doubtful. Ugarte, a trustee of the Russian mission, was guided by the instructions of the Regency Council and sought to establish his monopoly on the affairs of the Russian mission, including informing the Government of the Russian empire about the situation in Spain. Despite the personal rivalry between the Russian and Spanish representatives, both sides managed to avoid conflict and created the basis for the development of allied relations between Spain and Russia.
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Benito, Agueda. "The European Higher Education Area: An Interesting Opportunity to Contribute to Global Advancement." Higher Learning Research Communications 2, no. 3 (2012): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18870/hlrc.v2i3.77.
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"><span style="font-size: small;">Throughout the ten years of development of the Bologna process, or creation of the European Higher Education Area, active participation from universities and students was encouraged and the number of countries that adhered to the treaty grew. Governments modified their laws, at their own pace, and many universities put communication plans and faculty training programs into place. Beyond the formal and legislative changes brought about by the EHEA, the main challenge is the idea of offering college students a holistic education that effectively prepares them to become successful professionals and citizens for the future society. The redefinition of Higher Education's goals as assumed by the convergence process requires a profound change in the educational approach formerly used in most universities. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">The development of the Bologna Process has brought profound changes to the organization and approach in many universitites. Universidad Europea de Madrid began its adaptation plan in 2003.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Along with other universities and the support of the Agency for Quality Assurance, Accreditation and Prospects for the Community of Madrid a tool was developed to measure progress in the construction of the European Higher Education Area.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The tool became essential for the improvement of quality throughout the university.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 2008, it was the first Spanish private univeristy to take on Bologna's great challenge.</span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></strong></span></p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span>
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De la Torre Espinosa, Mario. "Simone Trecca, Filmicidad / Literariedad / Teatralidad: la diseminación intermedial de tres clásicos españoles. Madrid: Visor, 2019. ISBN: 978-84-9895-217-9. 178 pp." Talía. Revista de estudios teatrales 2 (July 8, 2020): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/tret.67239.
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Migueláñez González, Daniel. "José-Luis García Barrientos (dir.), Análisis de la dramaturgia uruguaya actual. Madrid: Antígona, 2018. ISBN: 978-84-16923-78-6. 322 pp." Talía. Revista de estudios teatrales 2 (July 8, 2020): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/tret.69504.
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Caballero López, Daniel. "Hacia una crítica de la razón histórica: la historia filosofante de Kant." LOGOS Revista de Filosofía, no. 134 (February 11, 2020): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.26457/lrf.v0i134.2531.
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Resumen En el presente artículo (i) se desarrolla una crítica al discurso histórico-filosófico de Kant para explicitar sus condiciones de posibilidad, desde lo cual se erige un modelo hermenéutico que (ii) hace inteligible la historia filosofante de la filosofía presente en Los progresos de la metafísica desde los tiempos de Leibniz y Wolff, mostrando cómo las condiciones operan allí y constituyen una determinada narrativa que da cuenta de las perspectivas desde las cuales se ofrece la historia; después (iii) se realiza la interpretación de la historia desde el modelo con el fin de señalar su sostenibilidad; al final, (iv) se vincula la historia filosófica con la propia filosofía trascendental de Kant, legitimando con ello al modelo y señalando cómo el horizonte del proyecto crítico es esa misma historia.
 Palabras clave Metafísica: Historia; Razón; Teleología; Discurso.
 Referencias
 
 Allison, Henry E., Kant’s Transcendental Idealism. An Interpretation and Defense, USA: Yale University Press, 2004.
 Allison, H. E., Editor’s Introduction, a What real progress has metaphysics made in Germany since the time of Leibniz and Wolff?, en Kant, Immanuel, Theoretical Philosophy after 1781, edit. Henry Allison, Peter Heath, Cambridge University Press, USA, 2002.
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